Skeletal System Functions Support Protection of organs Framework for movement Calcium storage Blood...
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Transcript of Skeletal System Functions Support Protection of organs Framework for movement Calcium storage Blood...
Skeletal System Functions
• Support
• Protection of organs
• Framework for
movement
• Calcium storage
• Blood cell production
(bone marrow)
Axial vs. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial:
• Skull, rib cage,
vertebrae
Appendicular:
• Arms and legs
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Connective tissue and cartilage
• Tendons - attach muscles to bones (muscles pull on bones to create movement)
• Ligaments - connect bones to other bones at joints
• Cartilage - provides cushioning and lubrication at joints
*all three are found at most joints (area where two or more bones meet)
Types of muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac (heart)
• Smooth (blood vessels and organs (ex. stomach)
* only skeletal is voluntary (we have conscious control over it)
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Functions of skeletal muscle
• Movement of the skeleton
• Maintaining Posture
• Stabilize joints
• Generate heat
Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle
fascicle
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Sarcomere: Made of actin and myosin proteins
(fiber)
Muscle
Actin and Myosin
• Actin and myosin are proteins that cause muscles to contract
• Myosin attaches to actin and pulls on it to cause a muscle contraction
• Form the sarcomere
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Control of muscle contraction
• Nerve cells called motor neurons signal muscles to contract at our command
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Nervous System
FUNCTION: Allows for all parts of the body to communicate with the brain and spinal chord so we can sense our environment
• Central Nervous System - made of the brain and spinal chord
• Peripheral Nervous System - all nerve cells outside of the CNS (2 types of nerve cells): sensory neurons - for your sense of sight, touch, hearing,
tasting, etc. motor neurons (for controlling movement of your muscles
and control of other organs and glands)
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Communication between nerve cells
• Neurons (nerve cells) communicate with each other using electrical signals called action potentials (nerve impulses) and chemical messengers called neurotransmitters
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Structure of a Neuron (a nerve cell)
• Axon - transmits nerve impulses to communicate with other cells and organs
• Dendrites - receive signals from other neurons
• Myelin sheath - fatty coating on axon that speeds up impulses
• Neurotransmitters - chemicals released from one neuron that allow signals to pass to other neurons
• Axon terminals - end of the axon where neurotransmitters are released
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Neurotransmittersreleased from here
Circulatory System
• Transports O2, CO2, and nutrients around the body
• Arteries (carry blood away from the heart)
• Veins (carry blood towards the heart)
• Capillaries (where nutrients and O2 diffuse into your body tissues and cells)
Blood Cells and Platelets
• Red Blood Cells - transports O2 and CO2 in the blood
• White Blood Cells - help to defend the body against foreign invaders and cancer cells
• Platelets - function in blood clotting
* All are produced in bone marrow
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Arteries (red) capillaries
The Heart
• Consists of 4 chambers
• Pumping chambers are the ventricles:
- Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
- Left vent. pumps blood to rest of body
• Receiving chambers are the atria
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Path of Blood Through the Heart
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2. To lungs2. To lungs
3. from lungs3. from lungs
1. O2 poor bloodfrom body
1. O2 poor bloodfrom body
4. O2 rich blood (to body)
Coronary Blood Vessels
• Coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients
• Heart attacks occur when a blockage occurs in a coronary artery
Respiratory System
FUNCTION: To take in oxygen and exchange it for carbon dioxide.
• Larynx - contains vocal chords• Trachea - “windpipe”; air passes
through this tube on way to the lungs• Bronchi - branches of trachea going
to each lung • Bronchioles - smaller branches of the
bronchi• Alveoli - air sacs surrounded by
capillaries where oxygen is exchanged for CO2 - (blood returns to heart from here)
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Digestive System and Excretory System
FUNCTION: Breakdown food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the bloodstream AND elimination of wastes
• Mechanical digestion - physical breakdown of food (chewing, churning of the stomach)
• Chemical digestion - breakdown of food by enzymes (occurs in saliva, stomach, and small intestines)
• Elimination of wastes (large intestine (feces), liver and kidneys (remove wastes from blood))
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Esophagusmuscular tube throughwhich food and drinktravel to the stomach
Stomachfood is mixed withenzymes and acids
Small intestine-nutrients absorbed intobloodstream
Large intestine-Undigested food is eliminated in feces
Liverremoves wastesfrom the blood and produces bile to helpdigest fats
Gallbladderstores bile and sendsit to small intestine
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Urinary System
• Kidneys filter toxins out of the blood and produce urine
• Each kidney contains small filtering units called nephrons
• There are 1 million nephrons per kidney
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