Skeletal System

Functions and Long bones

Functions

1. Framework– The bones form a

framework to support the body’s muscles, fat, and skin

Functions

2. Protection

Bones surround vital organs for protection

Functions

3. LeversMuscles attach to bones

to help provide movement

Functions

4. Production of blood cells

- Bones help produce red and white blood cells and platelets

5. Storage

- Bones store most of the calcium supply of the body

Review

• What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

Long Bones

Skeletal System

• Axial Skeleton– Skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone

• Appendicular skeleton– Shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, leg

bones

Skull

• Cranium– Made of eight bones

• One frontal, two parietal, two temporal, one occipital, one ethmoid, and one sphenoid

• Facial– Made of 14 bones

• One mandible, two maxilla, two zygomatic, two lacrimal, five nasal, two palatine

Skull

• Sutures– Areas where the cranial bones have joined

together

• Sinuses– Air spaces in the bones of the skull

• Foramina– Openings in bones that allow nerves and

blood vessels to enter or leave the bone

Review

• How many bones make the cranium?

• Name all the bones of the cranium.

• How many bones comprise the facial bones?

Spinal Column

• Made of 26 bones called vertebrae

• Protect the spinal cord and provide support for the head and trunk

Ribs

• 12 pairs of ribs– First seven are called

“true ribs” because they attach directly to the sternum

– Bottom five pairs are called “false ribs”

Sternum

• Breastbone– Manubrium– Gladiolus– Xiphiod process

Shoulder Girdle• Consists of

– 2 Clavicles– 2 Scapulas

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Review

• How many vertebrae make up the spine?

• What are the two functions of the spine?

• How many pairs of ribs do humans have?

• What is the proper name for the “breastbone”?

• What bones make the shoulder girdle?

Arm

• Humerus– Upper arm

• Radius– On thumb side

• Ulna– Larger of the two lower arm bones

• Carpals– wrist

• Metacarpals– Palm of hand

• Phalanges– fingers

Review

• What bones comprise the upper extremity?

• Which side is the radius located?

Pelvic Girdle

• 2 Os Coxae (hip bones)

• Join with sacrum

Review

• What is the name of the two bones that join the sacrum to comprise the pelvic girdle?

Bones of the lower extremity

• Femur• Patella• Tibia• Fibula• 7 tarsals

– ankle

• 5 metatarsals– Instep of foot

• Phalanges– toes

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Fibula

What is the weight What is the weight bearing bone of the bearing bone of the lower leg?lower leg?

TibiaTibia

Review

• Which bones comprise the lower extremity?

• How many tarsal bones do you have?

• How many metatarsals do you have?

Joints

• Areas where two or more bones join together

• Three main types of joints– Diarthrosis– Amphiarthrosis– Synarthrosis

Joints

• Diarthrosis– Freely movable; examples include the ball-and-

socket joints of the shoulder and hip, or the hinge joints of the elbow and knee

Joints

• Amphiarthrosis– Slightly movable; an

example is the attachment of the ribs to the thoracic vertebrae

Joints• Synarthrosis

– Immovable; an example is the cranium

Review

• What are the three main type of joints?

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

• Arthritis– Inflammation of the joints

• Bursitis– Inflammation of the busae (small fluid-filled sacs

surrounding the joints)

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

• Fracture– Crack or break in a

bone

• Dislocation– When a bone is

forcibly displaced from a joint

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

• Sprain– Twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint

• Osteomyelitis– Bone inflammation usually caused by a

pathogenic organism

• Osteoporosis– Increased porosity or softening of the bones

Diseases and Abnormal Conditions

• Ruptured Disk– Herniated or slipped pad separating the

vertebrae

Abnormal curvatures of the spine

• Kyphosis– “hunchback”

• Scoliosis– Side-to-side or lateral curvature

• Lordosis– “swayback”

Review

• List at least five diseases or abnormal conditions of the skeletal system.