• Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs

• Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain

• Movement- bones act as levers for muscles

• Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate

• Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis

• Long Bones- legs and arms

• Short Bones- hands and feet

• Flat Bones- rib, pelvis, scapula, skull, sternum

• Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones, carpals, tarsals

• Sesamoid- patella

Distal

epiphysis

Proximal

epiphysis

diaphysis

yellow marrow

epiphyseal line

periosteum

compact bone

spongy bone

Endosteum

hyaline cartilage

Sharpey’s fibers

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

Lumbar Vertberae (5)

SacrumCoccyx

Cervical Vertebrae (7)

Thoracic Vertebrae (12)

Lumbar Vertberae (5)

SacrumCoccyx

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

Sternum

True Ribs (7)

False Ribs (3)

Floating Ribs (2)

The Thoracic CageThe Thoracic Cage

Bones of the Pectoral GirdleBones of the Pectoral Girdle

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

8 Carpals

14 Phalanges

5 Metacarpals

Ischium

Ilium

Acetabulum

Pubis

Ischium

Obturator foramen

Pelvis (lateral view)

Male Pelvic Girdle

                                         

       Female Pelvic Girdle

Patella

The Lower Limb (Legs)

The Lower Limb (Legs)

Femur

TibiaFibula

5 Metatarsals14 Phalanges

7 Tarsals

metatarsals

phalanges

tarsals

metatarsals

phalanges

tarsals

Immovable Joints (synarthrosis)

suturesuture

pubis symphisispubis symphisis

Slightly Movable Joint (ampharthrosis)

femur

ligaments

pelvis

(diarthrosis)- freely moveable

femur

pelvis

hyaline cartilage synovial

cavity

joint capsule

Abduction

Extension

RotationFlexion

Adduction

Synovial Joint Movement

275 bones12 weeks (6-9 inches

long)

cartilagecalcified cartilage

bone

epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal line

Endochondral Ossification

2o ossification

center

Fetus: 1st 2 months

AdultChildhood

Just before birth

hematomacallus bony callus

bone remodeling

Diseases of the Skeletal System:

Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier

Factors: • age, gender (more in women)• estrogen and testosterone decrease• insufficient exercise (or too much)• diet poor in Ca++ and protein• abnormal vitamin D receptors• smoking

Spinal Curvatures

Rickets- vitamin D deficiency

Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D

Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodeling

Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction

Diseases of the Skeletal System: