Skeletal Study Tips
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Transcript of Skeletal Study Tips
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SKELETAL STUDY TIPSANATOMYIsengard
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Study Plan of ACTION Look over all labeling & notes from pp. 2-6 In your
notebook. ( It would help to cover tables and labels and have
someone quiz you). Look at the Chapter 5 Summary p. 157 and focus on your
weakpoints. Ask Mrs. Isengard when in doubt! Hematopoiesis-Red Blood Cell formation (Where does it
occur?) Classify between axial and appendicular skeleton bones. Distinguish between shapes of bones-flat, irregular, long
and short. Draw the parts of an Osteon-Bone Structure (Haversian
Canal) Distinguish between Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts Provide an example of each kind of skeletal joint (starts on
p. 145)
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Joint Mobility & Bone Growth
Joint Mobility: Synarthrotic (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Diarthroses (freely movable)
Differences between Spongy & Compact Bone p.118 Stages of Bone Cell Formation & Repair p. 122 & 124 Bone Projections (Example, Foramen, Trochanter,
Tuberosities (Table p. 119) Bone Growth (Epiphyseal Plates/ Fontanelles) Why
are these important and where are they located? Distinguish between true, floating and false # of ribs Distinguish and vertebrae (general location)-CTLSC
(p.132)
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Record this Image (Osteon)
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BONE MARKINGSEvery bump, groove, and hole has
a name on your bones
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Bone Markings Two types of bone markings:
Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone
Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone
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Joint Projections 1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection
Condyle
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Joint Projections 2) Head: bony
expansion on a narrow neck
3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
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Joint Projections 4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
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Ligament/Tendon Projections
1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)
2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle
ULNA
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3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection
4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection
5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection
(only on femur)
Proximal Tibia
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6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection
Thoracic Vertebrae
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DEPRESSIONS Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass
through.
1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube
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Depressions2) Fossa: shallow
basin
3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening
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Depressions4) Sinus: Cavity
within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes
5) Foramen: Round or oval opening
Foramen Magnum
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Depressions6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow
depression
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Review:Projections1) Condyle2) Head3) Facet4) Ramus5) Crest6) Epicondyle7) Tubercle8) Tuberosity9) Trochanter10) Spine
Depressions1) Meatus2) Fossa3) Fissure4) Sinus5) Sulcus or Groove or Furrow
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BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
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BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
Bone and cartilage = 2 strongest and most supportive tissues
Embryos = all hyaline cartilage entirely replaced in young child by
bone the only cartilage remaining in adult is
in nose, ears, parts of ribs, joints
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BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
Bone formation = ossification except for flat bones, hyaline cartilage
serves as a template
2 step process hyaline cartilage template is completely
covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts (bone forming cells)
enclosed cartilage is digested away leaving the medullary cavity
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BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
By birth, only 2 hyaline cartilage areas remain
articular cartilage – stays for life Epiphyseal plates – provide longitudinal
growth for childhood
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BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
As new cartilage is continually formed on external face of articular cartilage the old underneath is broken down and replaced by bony matrix. controlled by growth hormones and sex
hormones ends during adolescence as epiphyseal
plates are converted to bone
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BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
Bone is dynamic (not static) remodeling in response to
o Calcium levels in bloodo Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton
calcium levels drop → parathyroid releases PTH → activates osteoclasts (bone destroying cells) → break down matrix → release calcium → calcium levels are homeostatic
calcium levels are too high → calcium is deposited in bone matrix as calcium salts
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BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
Remodeling – occurs at sites where bones bear the most weight and where bulky muscles are attached, projections are formed Osteoblasts lay down new matrix and become trapped in it; once trapped = osteocytes
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BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
control of this process o PTH determine IF bone is to be broken down in response to need for more calcium in blood
o stresses of muscles and gravity determine WHERE bone matrix is to be broken down or formed
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HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Lack of calcium or vitamin D needed to absorb calcium
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Sample Test Questions Compact bone is characterized by ________, whereas
spongy bone is characterized by ________. A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses
B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones
C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space
D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous
E)having red marrow; having osteons
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Sample Test Questions Compact bone is characterized by ________, whereas spongy
bone is characterized by ________. A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses
B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones
C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space
D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous
E)having red marrow; having osteons
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Sample Test Questions A structure found on the femur is the:
A) intertrochanteric crest
B) lateral malleolus
C) intercondylar fossa
D) anterior crest
E) medial malleolus
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Sample Test Questions A structure found on the femur is the:
A) intertrochanteric crest
B) lateral malleolus
C) intercondylar fossa
D) anterior crest
E) medial malleolus
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Sample Test Questions The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________,
wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ________.
A) vitamins; minerals
B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex hormones
C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts
D) minerals; vitamins
E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Sample Test Questions The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________,
wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ________.
A) vitamins; minerals
B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex hormones
C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts
D) minerals; vitamins
E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Sample Test Question The foramen magnum passes through the:
A) axis
B) occipital bone
C) temporal bone
D) coxal bone
E) atlas
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Sample Test Question The foramen magnum passes through the:
A) axis
B) occipital bone
C) temporal bone
D) coxal bone
E) atlas