Skeletal and Muscular Skeletal and Muscular SystemsSystems

HHS BiologyHHS Biology

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Composed of the Composed of the body’s bones and body’s bones and associated associated ligaments, ligaments, tendons, and tendons, and cartilagescartilages

FunctionsFunctions

SupportSupport ProtectProtect Movement: skeletal Movement: skeletal

muscle use the bones muscle use the bones as levers to move the as levers to move the bodybody

Reservoir for minerals Reservoir for minerals like calcium and like calcium and phosphorousphosphorous

Blood cells are made Blood cells are made in the marrowin the marrow

Bone StructureBone Structure

Bones are organs. Bones are organs. They are composed of They are composed of tissues.tissues.

- fibrous connective - fibrous connective tissuetissue

- cartilages- cartilages

- vascular tissue- vascular tissue

- lymphatic tissue- lymphatic tissue

- adipose tissue- adipose tissue

- nerve tissue- nerve tissue

Bone StructureBone Structure

All bones consists All bones consists of a dense, solid of a dense, solid outer layer known outer layer known as compact bone as compact bone and inner layer of and inner layer of spongy bone.spongy bone.

JointsJoints

Joints allow Joints allow movement to occurmovement to occur

Bone MarrowBone Marrow

Bone marrow is the Bone marrow is the soft tissue soft tissue occupying the occupying the medullary cavity of medullary cavity of a long bone.a long bone.

Blood cells are Blood cells are formed in the formed in the marrowmarrow

FractureFracture

Despite its mineral Despite its mineral strength, bone strength, bone may crack or even may crack or even break if subjected break if subjected to extreme loads, to extreme loads, sudden impacts, sudden impacts, or stresses from or stresses from unusual directionsunusual directions

Nutritional Effects on BoneNutritional Effects on Bone Normal bone growth Normal bone growth

and maintenance and maintenance cannot occur without cannot occur without sufficient dietary intake sufficient dietary intake of calcium and of calcium and phosphate saltsphosphate salts

Calcium and phosphate Calcium and phosphate are not absorbed in the are not absorbed in the intestine unless vitamin intestine unless vitamin D is presentD is present

Vitamin C, A, K, and Vitamin C, A, K, and B12 are all necessary B12 are all necessary for bone growth as wellfor bone growth as well

Clinical Clinical ConditionCondition

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis Bone mass drops and Bone mass drops and

bones become bones become increasingly porousincreasingly porous

Compression fractures Compression fractures of the vertebrae and of the vertebrae and fractures of the femur fractures of the femur are commonare common

Often seen in Often seen in postmenopausal postmenopausal women because of women because of rapid decline in rapid decline in estrogen secretionestrogen secretion

Clinical Condition Cont.Clinical Condition Cont.

RicketRicket Signs include Signs include

bowed legs, bowed legs, deformities of the deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and pelvis, ribs, and skullskull

Malnutrition- Malnutrition- deficiency of deficiency of calcium, calcium, phosphorous, and phosphorous, and vitamin D causes vitamin D causes ricketricket

Clinical Condition Cont.Clinical Condition Cont.

Tendonitis- refers to Tendonitis- refers to the inflammation of the inflammation of tendons that can tendons that can occur in many areas of occur in many areas of the body. Tendons are the body. Tendons are thick fibrous cord of thick fibrous cord of tissue that attach tissue that attach muscle to bone. muscle to bone. Symptoms are pain, Symptoms are pain, restricted movement, restricted movement, burning sensation, burning sensation, and swelling.and swelling.

Clinical Condition Cont.Clinical Condition Cont.

Arthritis: painful Arthritis: painful condition of the joints condition of the joints and bones. The main and bones. The main types of arthritis are types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. rheumatoid arthritis. Symptoms include Symptoms include stiffness, pain, stiffness, pain, restricted movement, restricted movement, swelling, warmth or swelling, warmth or redness of the skin redness of the skin above the joint.above the joint.

Muscular SystemMuscular System

Structure- The Structure- The muscular system muscular system consists of the consists of the body’s muscles.body’s muscles.

Functions- The Functions- The contraction of contraction of these muscles these muscles moves the skeletal moves the skeletal system to provide system to provide movementmovement

Types of Muscle TissueTypes of Muscle Tissue

SkeletalSkeletal CardiacCardiac SmoothSmooth

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle

Is voluntary Is voluntary musclemuscle

Is attached to Is attached to bones to facilitate bones to facilitate movementmovement

Are called fibers Are called fibers and are striatedand are striated

Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle

Is found in the Is found in the walls of heartwalls of heart

Is involuntary Is involuntary Are highly Are highly

branched and branched and striatedstriated

Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle

Is involuntary and Is involuntary and without striationwithout striation

Lines the walls of Lines the walls of the organs and the organs and blood vesselsblood vessels

Muscle CoordinationMuscle Coordination

During movement During movement some muscles some muscles tighten and others tighten and others relaxrelax

Body builder use Body builder use these coordination these coordination to build musclesto build muscles