Skeletal systemBy: SCA 6th grade students 2017-18

The skeletal system is located throughout the body. The major function of the skeletal system is to support the body, produce movement, protect internal organs, blood cell production, and mineral storage.

Major Functions of the skeletal system

▪Cell production

▪Movement

▪Endocrine regulation

▪Blood cell production

▪Calcium storage

▪Support and protection

Joints ▪ The hinge joints limit the movement in only

one direction so that the angle between the bones can increase or decrease ant the joint. Its located at the knee and elbow.

▪ The pivot joint allow rotation at only one axis. However it rotates along a long axis. Its located at the neck .

▪ The ball and socket are the only joints that can move in a full circle and rotate around there axis .they are lotated at the shoulder and hip .

diagram/major organs

The skeletal system has three major organs. These organs are bones, ligament, and cartilage. The skeleton’s mass is made up of nonliving bone matrix and many tiny bone cell. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue that forms the embryonic system. Ligaments are a short band of tough flexible and fibrous connective tissue that connect two bones together.

Interaction/working with other systems

The skeletal system work with the muscular, immune, circulatory and respiratory and nervous systems. The skeletal system works with the …..

▪Muscular system by working together to allow movement of the body

▪ Immune system by producing white blood cells

▪Circulatory to produce blood cells

▪Circulatory and respiratory by the ribs protecting the heart and lungs

▪Nervous system with the cranium protecting the brain

Disorders of the Skeletal System

Osteoarthritis is associated with normal aging of the joints and affects the joints as well and surrounding tissues (ligaments, cartilage, bone, and lining).

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder wherein the body attacks and destroys the lining of the joints (synovial membrane), causing inflammation. Other surrounding tissues including the cartilage and bone can also erode over time.

Diseases of the Skeletal System and How to Keep it Healthy

Leukemia: This is a cancer of the white blood cells.

Rickets, disease of infancy and childhood characterized by softening of the bones, leading to abnormal bone growth and caused by a lack of vitamin D in the body.

Maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding activities that can injure the joints help prevent the onset of arthritis. Regular exercise and a healthy diet, rich in dark green vegetables, are the best ways to keep your skeleton healthy.

5 facts about the skeletal system

Fact 1The skeletal system is also an important storage site for minerals such as calcium. Most of the calcium in your body is located in your bones.

Fact 2The skull is composed of 22 bones fused

together; You are born with 270 bones as a child; some fuse together with age to leave 206 as an adult.

Fact 3The spongy bone is inter region of the bone that contains many tiny holes; A compact bone is a hard outer layer of the bone.

Fact 426 Vertebrae form the Vertebral column

Fact 5 There are two divisions

of the skeletal bones the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton;

Axial skeleton runs along the body's mid- line axis;

Appendicular skeleton made up of 126 bones.

Muscular system

The Muscular System is located throughout the body. The major function of the Muscular system is to cause involuntary and voluntary movement.

Major function 3 Types of Muscle

The muscular system consists of layers of muscles that cover the bones of the skeleton, extend across joints, and can contract and relax to produce movement. There are three types of muscle tissue: Visceral(smooth), cardiac, and skeletal.

Types of muscles

Smooth: Smooth muscle is found in the walls of many organs, such as the bladder, the womb, and the intestines, where it contracts to propel food along. It has short, spindle-shaped fibers.

Skeletal: Skeletal muscle is also called striated or striped muscle. The stripes, which can be seen clearly when a piece of muscle is viewed under a microscope, are caused by the arrangement of myofilaments in individual muscle fibers. These lead to the appearance of alternating light and dark bands.

Cardiac: Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart. Cardiac muscle contracts tirelessly throughout life to pump blood from the heart to the lungs and around the body. It is made up of a network of branching muscle fibers.

Diagram/ major muscles of the muscular system

There are 15 major muscle found in the human body. They are biceps, oblique abdominis, sartorius, deltoid, orbicularis oculi, sternomastoid,gastrocnemius, pectoral ,temporalis, gluteus Maximus, quadriceps, tibialis, masseter, rectus abdominis, and triceps.

Interactions/working with other systems

The muscular system interacts with the……..

• Skeletal system to allow movement.

• Digestive system to push food through the digestive process and to eliminate waste.

• Respiratory system to move the diaphragm to control breathing.

• Circulatory system to control pumping blood out of the heart.

• Nervous system to control all muscle contractions through reflexes, innate behavior responses, and learned behavior responses.

Muscular diseases and disorders, and how to keep it healthy

Tendinitis is inflammation (redness, swelling, heat, soreness) that occurs when the body’s immune system detects an injury and responds.

Tendinosis is a degenerative injury to the tendon that doesn’t provoke an immune response. It occurs when repetitive, unrelenting stress over time causes the breakdown of collagen, growth of abnormal blood vessels, and thickening of the tendon’s sheath (covering).

Tetanus is caused by a bacterial pathogen that causes severe muscle spasms.

Muscular Dystrophy is an hereditary disorder that causes degeneration of the body’s muscles.

Muscle health is best kept by proper diet and strength exercises (weight lifting).

5 interesting facts

Attached to the bones of the skeletal system are about 700 named muscles that make up roughly half of a person’s body weight.

Skeletal muscle makes up about 40 percent of body weight.

As well as producing movement, some muscles remain partially contracted for long periods to maintain the body’s posture.

Our muscles and bones allow us to collect food, water, and other life essentials; and to escape from danger!

If humans were a sedentary, unmoving species like sea sponges, we would never be able to get enough calories to feed our big brains! Skeletal muscle groups are formed by two skeletal muscles that do opposite things.

Muscles always work in pairs

The agonist always pairs with an antagonist muscle that produces the opposite effect on the same bones. For example, the biceps brachii muscle flexes the arm at the elbow. As the antagonist for this motion, the triceps brachii muscle extends the arm at the elbow. When the triceps is extending the arm, the biceps would be considered the antagonist.

Bibliography

“Explore Human Anatomy and Physiology.” Edited by Eric Rodriguez, InnerBody, InnerBody.com, Jan. 2018, www.innerbody.com/htm/body.html.

“Human Body Systems.” Carolina Biological Supply: World-Class Support for Science & Math, Carolina Biological Supply, Mar. 2018, www.carolina.com/teacher-resources/Interactive/human-body-systems/tr40161.tr.

“Musclar System." Fact Monster. © 2000–2017 Sandbox Networks, Inc., publishing as Fact Monster. May 2018. <https://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/science/endocrine-system/>.

“Reproductive System." Fact Monster. © 2000–2017 Sandbox Networks, Inc., publishing as Fact Monster. May 2018. <https://www.factmonster.com/dk/encyclopedia/science/endocrine-system/>.