Six Sigma Revisited - Master Your Project · Six Sigma Revisited EuroSPI2 2006 – 13th October...
Transcript of Six Sigma Revisited - Master Your Project · Six Sigma Revisited EuroSPI2 2006 – 13th October...
Six Sigma Revisited
EuroSPI2 2006 – 13th October 2006
Dr. Thomas Fehlmann
Euro Project Office AG
www.e-p-o.com
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 2 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
What is Six Sigma? How to apply it for Software?
Defect Elimination with Six Sigma for Software
Knowledge Management for Software Development
The Convergence Factor
Use of the Convergence Factor for Defects Elimination
Agenda
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 3 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
What is Six Sigma? How to apply it for Software?
Defect Elimination with Six Sigma for Software
Knowledge Management for Software Development
The Convergence Factor
Use of the Convergence Factor for Defects Elimination
Agenda
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 4 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Statistical Process Control
Output Input Output
Specifications Checklists Templates
Methods Tools
ICT–Support
Process
Resources
Output
= 1/6 -
6 s =
LSL USL Cp
LSL USL
6s
Outside tolerance!
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 5 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Statistical Process Control
Output Output Input
Specifications Checklists Templates
Methods Tools
ICT–Support
Process
Resources
-
6 s =
LSL USL Cp > 1
LSL USL
6s
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 6 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Design for Six Sigma –
Critical Parameter Management
1. Measure process capability Cp per
development phase
Select the critical parameters using Quality
Function Deployment (QFD)
Analyze the transfer function between phases
2. Aggregate process capability to predict
development success
Process response per phase
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 7 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Six Sigma Value Chain with CPM “Critical Functional Response”
Cp1=ok!
Cp2 ok!
Cp3 =ok!
Cp4 =ok!
System
Requirements
Subsystem
Requirements
Subassembly
Requirements
Component
Requirements
Manufacturing
Process
System
Response
Subsystem
Response
Subassembly
Response
Component
Response
Manufacturing
Specification
Response ok!
Response ok!
Not ok!
Not ok! Wuff!
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 8 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Transfer Functions
Y = f(x):
Response to Business‘s Needs
is a function of the Use Case
Solution BN = f(UC)
Select critical parameters
Representative profiles for
business and technical
requirements
Given technical requirements
profile x = <x1,…,xn>, response
profile to business needs is
Y = f(x) = <1(x), …, m(x)>
Use Case Solution (UC )
Business Needs (BN)
x
Y =
f(x
)
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 9 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
What a Software Development
Process must be able to do
Develop with known Process Capability
Cp – Metrics
USL = Upper Specification Limit
LSL = Lower Specification Limit
s = Standard Deviation
Keep requirements variation under control
-
6 s =
LSL USL Cp
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 10 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
SW Product
Deployment
Unit Tests (UT)
Business Needs (BN)
SC BN
SW UC
Use Cases (UC)
SW Components
(SW)
UT SW
Realization of
customer requirements
Comprehensive
Quality Function
Deployment (QFD)
Process Capability
Statistical samples
Cp = ?:
How to get Cp?
From data collected?!
Analysis
Design
Implementation ?
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 11 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
What is SPC? How to apply it for Software?
Defect Elimination with Six Sigma for Software
Knowledge Management for Software Development
The Convergence Factor
Use of the Convergence Factor for Defects Elimination
Agenda
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 12 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
What is Software?
Software is a service offered
over time and space
Ready-to-call Knowledge
Ready-to-use Know-how
Knowledge Acquisition
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 13 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
A-Defects and B-Defects
Wrong or missing
requirements
Customer’s or user’s
needs not detected
Bad communication
Missed deadlines
Wrong estimates
Wrongly implemented
requirements
Missed specifications
Program malfunction
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 14 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Critical Parameter Management
for SW Requirements
For each topic level, select representative
requirements sample
Must be New, Unique and Difficult (NUD)!
Establish knowledge transfer functions
From solution concept to business
From engineering to solution concept
Include for process and quality requirements
Establish statistical relevance of the sample
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 15 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
The Deming Value Chain for SW
Voice of the Customer (VoC)
Competitive Analysis (LT)
Technology (Arch)
Realization Decision
Enablers
BN LT
Unit Tests (UT)
Application Test (AT)
Acceptance Test (AcT)
Business Needs (BN)
Use Cases (UC)
SW Components (SC)
UC BN
SC UC
UT SC
AT UC
AcT BN
#FP
#Bugs
#Bugs
#Bugs
#Market Share #Opinion polls
Critical to Quality (CtQ)
Arch BN
Capability Maturity (CMM)
#CMMI level
BN VoC
…
CtQ BN
CMM CtQ
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 16 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
What is SPC? How to apply it for Software?
Defect Elimination with Six Sigma for Software
Knowledge Management for Software Development
The Convergence Factor
Use of the Convergence Factor for Defects Elimination
Agenda
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 17 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Knowledge Management
How to describe the goals?
Select representative NUD goals g1, g2 , …
Profile them according value for the customer
What is the best solution?
Use domain know-how and business knowledge
Select the best solution approach {s1, s3, s7}
for each of the representative NUD goals
Associate solutions to the goals they support {s1, s3, s7} g1
Use Ishikava–diagrams (Fishbone) for association!
g1: Business Need
s3: Solution
Element
s7: Solution
Element
s1: Solution
Element
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 18 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
s 1:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
s 3:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
s 7:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
g1: Business Need
The Origin of
Quality Function Deployment
g1: Business Need
s3: Solution
Element
s7: Solution
Element
s1: Solution
Element
g3: Business Need
g4: Business Need
g5: Business Need
g6: Business Need
g7: Business Need
gj:
Bu
sin
ess
Nee
ds
si: Solution Elements
g2: Business Need
g1: Business Need 9 Strong Dependency:
3 Medium Dependency:
1 Weak Dependency :
3
9
9
9
9
9
9 3
3
3 3 3
3
3
3
3 1
1
1
s 2:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
s 4:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
s 5:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
s 6:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
s 1:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
s 3:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
s 7:
So
luti
on
Ele
men
t
{s1, s3, s7} g1
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 19 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Knowledge Terms
The QFD matrices (= Ishikava diagrams) are knowledge terms that describe the cause/effect relationships of the software system under development
NUD requirements are a statistical sample from the potentially infinite set of all knowledge terms about the system (“all” requirements)
Statistical analysis for SW requirements explains how representative the samples are
Well-known techniques exist for NUD requirements selection:
Voice of The Customer
Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP)
Quality Function Deployment
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 20 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
What is SPC? How to apply it for Software?
Defect Elimination with Six Sigma for Software
Knowledge Management for Software Development
The Convergence Factor
Use of the Convergence Factor for Defects Elimination
Agenda
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 21 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Quality Function Deployment for
Cause/Effect Analysis
Goal Profile
Goals
(WHAT) Importance of selected goals
Goal profile
is known
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 22 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Quality Function Deployment –
Analysis of Influence Factors
Cause/Effect matrix Goals
(WHAT)
Importance of selected goals
(WHAT)
Influence Factors & Handles
(HOW)
= strong relation
= medium relation
= weak relation
HOW MUCH: Find profile
for Influence Factors!
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 23 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Quality Function Deployment –
Analysis of Influence Factors
Cause/Effect matrix Goals
(WHAT)
Importance of selected goals
(WHAT)
Influence Factors & Handles
(HOW)
Effects of
Influence Factors
= strong relation
= medium relation
= weak relation
9
1
9
1
3
9 3
9
9
3
9
1
3
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 24 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
The Convergence Factor
mm
yz m..1j
2
jj=
-
=-
=
= Minimum! Goals
(WHAT) Goal vs. Effect Profile Influence Factors (HOW)
9
1
9
1
3
9 3
9
9
3
!!!
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 25 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
The Convergence Factor
The Convergence Factor measures the gap
between
the importance of solution requirements, and
the response they effectuate on the goal topic
Small gap means robust selection of
solution components
The transfer function yields repeatable results!
Even if we don’t know much more than the
three level cause/effect relationships
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 26 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
What is SPC? How to apply it for Software?
Defect Elimination with Six Sigma for Software
Knowledge Management for Software Development
The Convergence Factor
Use of the Convergence Factor for Defects Elimination
Agenda
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 27 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
SW Product
Deployment
Unit Tests (UT)
Business Needs (BN)
SC BN
SW UC
Use Cases (UC)
SW Components
(SW)
UT SW
Check requirements on
all levels with QFD
Check whether
implemented profiles
match planned profiles
For SW Components
For Use Cases Design
For Business Needs
Result is a product that
meets business needs
E.g. gain market
acceptance according
Lanchester Theory
Then measure it using
Functional Sizing #FP
Analysis
Design
Implementation Wow
!
< 0.2
< 0.2
eff < 0.2
eff < 0.2
Customer satisfied!
More Market Share
#FP
29-Sep-2006 SPC for SW, Slide 28 © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG © Copyright 2006: Euro Project Office AG
Conclusion
QFD provides Critical Parameter
Management for software requirements
Convergence Factor is quality metric for
cause/effect analysis
Detects A-defects: Missing requirements!
Works both for process and product quality
Deming Value Chain for Software