Six basic characteristics of a morden grid …...A grand challenge World's population to double in...

The Six (6) Basic Characteristics of a Mordent GridDon Tan

2E Systems, LLC

June 27, 2016

A grand challenge World's population to double in 2050 Energy consumption per capita to double in 2050

Grid modernization Grid modernization is a win-win-win

Six (6) basic physical characteristics of a modern grid Electronictization Fractal structure of a modern grid Structured microgrids for renewable integration and grid support Fault isolation, resiliency, and asynchronous generation

Fractal Grid Structures Facing the grand challenge

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Outline

A Grand Challenge in EnergyAPRA-E 2016

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A Grand Challenge: Energy Consumption World energy consumption grows by 53% from 2015 to 2050

“World Energy Assessment,” United Nations Development Program, 2000

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565.5 in 2015

866.6 in 2050

1.53x increase

A Grand Challenge: Population Growth World population to grow by 32.8% from 2015 to 2050

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/2015-report.html

World energy consumption is to double by 2050

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9.7/7.3=1.328

Aging Infrastructure Age of hardware

70% of transformers 25 years or older 60% of circuit breakers 30 years or older 70% of transmission lines 25 years or older

Potential Impact 1x loss of transformer power outage for 500,000 homes ~ 2 years to replace a transformer Weather related power outage $28-$169B in US

Over-loaded transmission lines The transmission lines are loaded <50% on average in order to deliver

the peak power Bottle neck is the weakest link in the transmission Congestion cost $1 - $2B in the last decade, a report from PJM

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Golden opportunities for new technology insertion

The Six (6) Basic Characteristics of a Modern Grid

Modern Grid

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Large Investment Projected Total investment of $1.1 Trillion For reliability and replacement purposes

Net investment $338B - $476B in 20 years (EPRI), realization of “smart

grid” values

Transmission and Distribution Market size reached $39.5 - $46.5B in 2013

……

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Grid modernization will broaden the traditional investment pool to include government agencies, grid owners, grid

operators, and consumers

Grid Modernization: A Basic Question Where would we prefer to invest for our future? Continue with the traditional synchronous generator-

based central generation and passive/static controlOr

Develop an electronic storage-based distributed generation and active/dynamic control

Or Leverage and modernize the existing infrastructure with

electronic storage-enabled distributed generation and active/dynamic control

Grid modernization is a transformation of the grid with the potential for win-win-win

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Electronictization: Laying the foundation Fractal architecture: Ensuring energy grid to be

infinitely expandable Structured microgrids: Integrating naturally renewables

into the grid Fault-Tolerance: Fault isolation Resiliency: Self-recovery from dead bus (black start) Asynchronous (bulk) generation: Regional sync only,

reducing cost and improving operational robustness

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The Six (6) Basic Characteristics

A Modern Grid is Electronic, Fractal, Structured, Fault-Tolerant, Resilient, and Asynchronous, Beneficial to All Stake Holders

Electronictization: a FoundationGrid Modernization

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Before Digitized, It Has to Be Electronictized

Steve W. Blume, Electric Power System Basics, IEEE Press & Wiley Inter-sciences, 2007

Electronic Active Dynamic

Electric and Electromechanical

Power Electronics & Systems (PE&S), as a system of technologies, brings a suite of technologies to help

transform the grid from passive, electric, and electro-mechanical to active, electronic, electric, and electro-

mechanical

Electronic, Electric and Electromechanical

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All Things Grid Connected

Grid Connected

Power Interface

Converters

Flexible AC Transmission

Systems (SATCOM, VSC, APF,

SSSC, UPFC, etc.)

Intelligent Solid-State

Transformers

Intelligent Solid-State

Circuit Breakers,

Smart Fuses

Bi-Directional Power

Distribution & Control

Units

Electronictization: A Foundation for Grid Modernization

D. Tan, “Electronictization – A Foundation for Grid Modernization,” Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, No.1, March, 2016 , pp. - (Invited)

Synergy among various hardware is critically important

More functionality and performance to break price barrier High reliability to compete with traditional “dumb”

hardware Adiabatic* power conversion for high power (>98.5%) Small size and footprint for easy installation Low cost to enable wide acceptance and deployment Location and load insensitive Interoperability of various hardware types National and international regulatory requirements Policy support for adaptation of new technologies with local

economic benefits

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Electronic Hardware Challenges

Challenge: Obtain efficiency, cost and size simultaneously

Technology

Policies and Standards

* D. Tan, "Power-Conversion Technology Is Going Adiabatic," in IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, vol. 2, no. 4, Dec. 2015, pp. 47-53

Fractal in NatureModern Grid

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A modern grid needs to be infinitely expandable in order to serve us well into the next century Traditional grid? – No Hierarchical grid? – No, not in the global sense Energy Internet? – No

Information : Transmission of data does not required current in theory; If you don’t use it, you keep it; When there is a failure, you just loose it (The ability for consumers to add an information server “freely,” as long as you follow the three protocols: RJ45 Ethernet i/f, TIP/IP, and HTML)

Energy: Transmission of energy does require current (Infinite expandable=Infinite area in the limit); If you don’t use it, you loose it; When there is a failure, you destroy the equipment, leading to potential blackouts

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Fractal Structure of a Modern Grid

Modern grid’s fractal structure can serve us well into next century

A tree structure

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One Example of Fractal Structure

0th iteration

1st iteration

2nd iteration

3rd iteration

8th iteration

http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/recursion.html

Three (3) fundamental characteristics of fractals Simple rules for infinite iterations Self similarity to scale Non-integer dimensions

Modern grid’s fractal nature Infinite expandable in length But with finite footprint (area) Environment friendly Iterative structure ensured through structured microgrids

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Fractal Structure of a Modern Grid

Challenge: ID minimum invariant structure for a fractal grid

Classical calculus is

inadequate in describing

the complexity

of the modern grid

Structured Microgrids for Natural Renewable Integration

Modern Grid

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Structured Microgrids: A Definition

DoE: A group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DERs) with clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid (and can) connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected or island mode.

Extension of the DoE Definition* Integrated with loads, energy sources, storage devices, sensors, and data bus, a

structured microgrid is an autonomous subsystem that features 1. Balanced energy over the intended operation/capacity

2. Reconfigurable for stand alone or grid connected 3. Resilient with fault tolerance/fault isolation

4. Bidirectional power flow5. Modular/scalable - Definition can be extended for multi-port cases

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*D. Tan, "Emerging System Applications and Technological Trends in Power Electronics," IEEE Power Electronics Magazine, vol. 2, no. 2, , June 2015, pp. 38-47

Structured Microgrids (cont’d)

Power GridGrid Control/Data

The structured microgrids is conducive to a modern grid that is: Fractal* in nature and structured with building blocks in architecture Infinite extendable, but only with finite footprint, environment friendly Resilient together with asynchronous generation, transmission and distribution

*Fractal: Simple rules for infinite iterations, self similarity to scale, and non-integer dimensions

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An Illustration of DC-Dominant Microgrid

Circuit Breaker

Circuit Breaker

DC/ACConvert

DC Bus AC Subbus

AC Loads

AC Loads

DC Loads

DC Loads

Grid Power

Wind Power

Solar Power

Back-Up

Sensors, Control , and Processing

Grid Control / Data CMD/

TLM

A DC-dominant microgrid Illustration

AC/DC Bi-dirConvert

Battery Storage

AMCL1

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F1

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A Fractal Radial Distribution with SMs

Bulk Transmission

AMCL1

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F1

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F21

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F22

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3211AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3212AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3221AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3222

3MC – 3M ConverterAMC – Area microgrid controlRES – Renewable energy sourceG – GeneratorsS – StorageL - Loads

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…

Fault Isolation, Resiliency, and Asynchronous Generation

Modern Grid

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Fast Protection Essential The September 8, 2011 event clearly indicates the need for

fast protection

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Challenge: Interrupt high current and limit high voltage effectively

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A First Resilient DC Microgrid (IEEE ECCE’15 Keynote, D. Tan)

Fault Tolerance Example: Fuse Clearing

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Fault Tolerance Example: Fuse Clearing (cont’d)

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Resiliency Example: Dead Bus Recovery

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A modern grid can be connected asynchronously through, for instance, back-to-back (BtB) dc converters Connection for different frequencies (50 Hz vs. 60 Hz) Connection of regional or (micro)grids to form a larger grid

with similar but not synchronized frequencies BtBs can provide asynchronous connection, fault isolation,

and local energy generation/storage As proven during the August-2003 US-Canada Blackout

between the Midwest-Quebec interconnect New local storage will allow local generation with renewables

to be integrated

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Asynchronous (Bulk) Generation/Distribution

Challenge: Identify the minimum interface protocol to enable asynchronous generation and fault isolation simultaneously

Asynchronous Bulk Generation

BtB

Only area control of frequency in synchronism only

Fractal Grid StructuresInaugural eT&D, 2016

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Structured Microgrid (SM): Basic Structure

Bulk Transmission

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F1

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F2

3MC


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A Radial Distribution with SMs

Bulk Transmission

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F1

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F2

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F5


Bulk Transmission

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A Mesh Distribution w/ Structured Microgrids

Bulk Transmission A

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F1

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F2

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4


Bulk Transmission B

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A Fractal Radial Distribution with SMs

Bulk Transmission

AMCL1

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F1

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F21

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F22

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3211AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3212AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3221AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3222


AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…AMC

L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4…

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A Fractal Mesh Distribution with SMs

Bulk Transmission A

AMC L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F1

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F2

AMC L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3

AMC L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4


Bulk Transmission B

AMC L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F5

3MC 3MC

AMC L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F5

AMC L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F5

AMC L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F5AMC L

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F5

3MC

3MC 3MC

3MC

Synchronous Bulk Generation

Frequency , f, is the regulating quantity in synchronism

Asynchronous Bulk Generation

BtB

Only area control of frequency in synchronism only

Grid Edge

Structured Microgrids

Distribution

MVDCMVDC, & LVDC

Transmission

HVDC & HVAC

Bulk Generation

Asynchronous & Synchronous

Generation

Evolution towards a Mordent Grid

Telecom Sensor Network C&DH

Progress will be from grid edge onwards

Foundation Technology

PE&S

Systems

Converters

Components

All Things Grid Connected

1C

2W3M

Foundation technology: 3M, 2W, & 1C

Releasing the Power of Consumer Investment

ConsumersConsumers

Grid Owner & Grid Owner & Independent Independent

OperatorsOperators

Policies & Policies & EconomicsEconomics

Grid Grid Infrastructure Infrastructure ModernizationModernization

A win-win-win situation

FRACTAL-Grid Contents Fractal: Invariant minimum structure Autonomous Structured Microgrids: Interface protocol Electronic: Adiabatic power conversion, high reliability and low

cost Asynchronous: Back-to-back dc/dc for fault isolation and enable

asynchronous (bulk) generation Resilient: Dead bus recovery for mix energy sources Fault tolerant: Circuit breaker, current limiter, voltage limiter,

and smart fuses Name Fault-tolerant Resilient Asynchronous EleCTronic Autonomous-

Structured Fractal Grid

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Contents Fractal: Invariant minimum structure Autonomous Structured Microgrids: Interface protocol Electronic: Adiabatic power conversion, high reliability and low

cost Asynchronous: Back-to-back dc/dc for fault isolation and enable

asynchronous (bulk) generation Resilient: Dead bus recovery for mix energy sources Fault tolerant: Circuit breaker, current limiter, voltage limiter,

and smart fuses Name Fault-tolerant Resilient Asynchronous EleCTronic Autonomous-

Structured Fractal GridFRACTAL-Grid

Facing the Grand ChallengeAPRA-E 2016

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Facing the Grand Challenge Grid capacity is typically two (2) times of daily average

Pete Shoemaker, “Basics of PV systems for grid-tied applications,” PE&G Tutorial, 2012

Grid capacity is over sized and largely underutilized

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A Radial Distribution with SMs

Bulk Transmission

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F1

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F2

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F3

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F4

AMCL

S RES

3MC

G

3MC

F5


Bulk Transmission

With 100% balanced, the bulk transmission can be a peak power provider

Facing the Grand Challenge PE&S technologies have the potential to enable the grid to

meet the world’s 2050 energy demand (100% growth) without having to increase the grid’s transmission and distribution capacity by Integrating renewable energy through structured microgrids Improving the transmission and distribution efficiency Enhancing flexibility through dynamic control Strengthening grid fault tolerance and resiliency

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PE&S technologies will help enable us to meet next century’s energy growth challenge and reduce environmental footprint in

electricity generation, transmission and distribution

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TPE:TPE:Technical Performance ExcellenceTechnical Performance Excellence

Six basic characteristics of a morden grid …...A grand challenge World's population to double in...

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