sivrce, sazogadoeba, politikassp.tsu.ge/data/file_db/Program/krebuli.pdf · Writings of John...

sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Faculty of Social and Political Sciences

Second International Scientific Conference

SPACE, SOCIETY, POLITICS

Scientific Works

#2

25-27 June, 2014

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

meore saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia

sivrce, sazogadoeba, politika

samecniero Sromebis krebuli

#2

25-27 ivnisi, 2014

samecniero redaqtorebi:

revaz gaCeCilaZe

Tamar dolbaia

korneli kakaCia

revaz jorbenaZe

manana SamiliSvili

teqnikuri jgufi:

marex deviZe

miranda miqaZe

Editors:

Revaz Gachechiladze

Tamar Dolbaia

Korneli Kakachia

Revaz Jorbenadze

Manana Shamilishvili

Technical group:

Marekh Devidze

Miranda Mikadze

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 2015

ISBN 978-9941-13-434-0 ISSN 2346-7959

5

sarCevi

zviad abaSiZe

eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi

evropuli politikis konteqstSi ............................................... 13

melor alfeniZe

Savi zRvis napirebis daraioneba morfodinamikuri

niSnebis mixedviT (afxazeTis magaliTze) ................................ 29

nikoloz beruCaSvili, neli jamaspiSvili,

levan beruCaSvili

xeluxlebeli landSaftis dacva, rogorc

saqarTvelos perspeqtiva .............................................................. 43

marina burZeniZe, Teona mataraZe

danaSaulis, patimrebisa da maTi socialuri

statusis aRqma Tbilisis mosaxleobis mier ........................... 55

revaz gaCeCilaZe

eskizi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis demografiuli

situaciis SedarebiTi analizisTvis ......................................... 70

zurab daviTaSvili

SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos integracia dasavleTTan?

(civilizaciuri gansxvavebis faqtori) .................................... 80

marex deviZe

konfliqtis trasformacia organizaciebSi

`lokalebs~ da `kosmopolitebs~ Soris .................................... 90

Tamar dolbaia

sazRvao porti, rogorc qalaqwarmomqneli faqtori ....... 100

valerian doliZe

socialuri cvlilebebi da politikuri

dinamikis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi ........................................ 111

naTela donaZe

Tanamedrove qarTuli socialuri

6

institutebi studentur fokusSi ........................................... 130

salome dundua

muslimi qarTvelebi da samoqalaqo

integraciis problemebi ............................................................. 146

nodar elizbaraSvili

mcxeTis geografiuli kvanZi da misi

samarTlebrivi regulaciebi ...................................................... 159

nino kereseliZe

disciplinaTaSorisi midgoma da Serwymuli

politika sazRvao mekobreobis mimarT .................................. 177

giorgi kvinikaZe

geoekonomika da axali ekonomikuri geografia ................... 188

manana kvaWantiraZe

agora. qronotopis rekonstruqcia

(XX—XXI ss. qarTuli literaturis gamocdileba) ............... 198

iuho korhoneni

zRva, rogorc Tanamedrove

saxelmwifoTa liminaluri logika .......................................... 210

roman maisuraZe, Tengiz gordeziani,

revaz Tolordava, neli jamaspaSvili,

Tamar xarZiani

aWaris da zemo svaneTis SedarebiTi

landSaftur-ekologiuri Sefaseba ......................................... 217

roman maisuraZe, levan beruCaSvili,

nikoloz beruCaSvili, Tamar xarZiani,

neli jamaspaSvili

saqarTvelos landSaftebis turistul-rekreaculi

mniSvneloba da maTi potencialis Sefaseba .......................... 231

giorgi melaZe

saqarTvelo da meore demografiuli

gadasvla rogorc globaluri movlena ................................. 239

7

ada nemsaZe

imperiuli, sabWoTa da postsabWoTa sivrcis

mxatvruli transformacia oTar WilaZis `godorSi~ ....... 251

dali nikolaiSvili, revaz Tolordava

sofeli aibgis teritoriuli mikuTvnebulobis

istoriuli analizi kartografiuli wyaroebis mixedviT ... 265

dali osefaSvili

ojaxuri Zaladobis gaSuqeba qarTul beWdur

mediaSi da Jurnalisturi eTikis problemebi ...................... 280

tatiana sasCuki

socialuri problematikis prezentaciis formebi

ukrainuli gamocemebis analitikur masalebSi .................... 291

ioseb saluqvaZe, giorgi melaZe

migraciuli procesebi saqarTveloSi

da misi demografiuli Sedegebi ................................................ 301

nana talaxaZe

nacionaluri identobis problemebi sabWoTa

periodis disidentur mediaSi (`oqros sawmisisa

da saqarTvelos moambis magaliTze~) ...................................... 315

avTandil tukvaZe

aSS-is, britaneTisa da saqarTvelos

politikuri kulturis SedarebiTi analizi ........................ 332

jaba urotaZe

humanitaruli intervencia: adamianis

uflebebi VS saxelmwifo suvereniteti ................................. 345

ekaterine fircxalava

gadaadgilebis gavlena qorwinebis procesze muslim

mesxebs Soris amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ........................ 359

Tamar qaraia

monumentalizmi da mexsierebis politika

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi ........................................................ 373

8

marine qevxiSvili

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis roli sajaro

seqtorSi politikis gatarebisas ............................................. 393

manana SamiliSvili

politikuri simbolo qarTul vizualur mediaenaSi ......... 402

vladimer CxaiZe

sivrciTi monacemebis erovnuli infrastruqtura,

saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba ......................................................... 415

Tamar Carkviani, ana WeliZe

interkulturuli dialogi da kulturuli

mravalferovnebis mimReoba

(bolnisisa da ninowmindis magaliTze) .................................... 429

mari wereTeli

„civi omis~ drois kontrastuli sivrceebis

interkulturuli aspeqtebis gaazrebisaTvis

(jon stainbekisa da nodar dumbaZis

Jurnalisturi nawerebis mixedviT) ......................................... 443

aleqsandre wurwumia

sazRvao Zalisa da saxmeleTo Zalis

dapirispirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi ......................................... 458

neli jamaspaSvili, roman maisuraZe, Tamar xarZiani,

nikoloz beruCaSvili, levan beruCaSvili

landSaftur-ekologiuri karkasi, rogorc

saqarTvelos tyeebis menejmentis instrumenti .................. 467

ediSer jafariZe

evrointegraciis saTaveebTan ................................................... 479

marine jaRiaSvili-kakiaSvili

jgufTaSorisi urTierToba da „Sida favoritizmi“ .......... 506

revaz jorbenaZe, nata mefariSvili

transis mdgomareobis miRwevis simboluri

markerebi qarTul SelocvebSi .................................................. 523

9

Contents

Zviad Abashidze

Ethnic minorities in Georgia in the Context of European Politics/Policy ..... 13

Melor Alpenidze

Black Sea Coast Zoning According to Morpho-Dynamic Features

(on the Example of Abkhazia) .................................................................. 29

Nikoloz Beruchashvili, Neli Jamaspashvili, Levan Beruchashvili

Protecting Virgin Landscapes: A Georgian Perspective ........................... 43

Marina Burdzenidze, Teona Mataradze

Perception of Crime, Prisoners and theirs

Social Status by Tbilisi Residents ............................................................. 55

Revaz Gachechiladze

Comparative Aspects of Demographical

Situations in Georgia and Armenia ........................................................... 70

Zurab Davitashvili

Is Georgia's Integration into the West Possible?

(Factor of Civilization Deference) ............................................................ 80

Marekh Devidze

Conflict Transformation between “Locals” and

“Cosmopolitans” in Organizations .......................................................... 90

Tamar Dolbaia

Sea Port, as a City-Forming Factor .......................................................... 100

Valerian Dolidze

Social Changes and the Mechanisms of Political Dynamics in Georgia .... 111

Natela Donadze

Modern Georgian Social Institutions in the Students’ Focus .................. 130

Salome Dundua

Muslims Georgians and Civil Integration Problems ................................ 146

10

Nodar ElizbaraSvili

Geographical Knot Mtskheta and legal features of her regulation .......... 159

Nino Kereselidze

Interdisciplinary Approach and Hybrid Policy to Maritime Piracy ........ 177

Giorgi Kvinikadze

Geoeconomics and the New Economic Geography ................................. 188

Manana Kvachantiradze

Agora. The Reconstruction of Chronotope

(Experience of the XX–XXI cc. Georgian Literature) ............................. 198

Juho Korhonen

The Sea(s) as the Liminal Origins of the Logic of Modern States .......... 210

Roman Maisuradze, Tengiz Gordeziani,

Revaz Tolordava, Neli Jamaspashvili,

Tamar Xardziani

Adjara and Svaneti Comparative Landscape – Ecological Assessment ..... 217

Roman Maisuradze, Neli Jamaspashvili,

Nikoloz Beruchashvili, Tamar Xardziani

Tourist-Recreational value of the Georgian

Landscapes and Evaluation of their potential .......................................... 231

Giorgi Meladze

Georgia and Second Demographic Transition as a Global Phenomenon ..... 239

Ada Nemsadze

Artistic Transformation of the Imperial, Soviet and

Post-Soviet Space in “The Basket” by Otar Chiladze ............................. 251

Dali Nikolaishvili, Revaz Tolordava

The Historical Analysis of Territorial Belonging to the

Village Aibga According to the Cartographic Sources ............................ 265

Dali Osepashvili

Covering on Domestic Violence in Georgian Print

Media and Problems of Journalism Ethic ................................................ 280

11

Tatyana Saschuk

Presentation Forms of Social Problems

In the Analytical Materials of Ukrainian Editions .......................... 291

Joseph Salukvadze, Giorgi Meladze

Migration Processes in Georgia and their Demographic Consequences .... 301

Nana Talakhadze

National Identity Problems in Post Soviet Period Dissident Media

(on the Examples of “Golden Fleece” and “Georgian Moambe) ............. 315

Avtandil Tukvadze

Comparative Analysis of the USA,

British and Georgian Political Cultures ................................................... 332

Jaba Urotadze

Issues of Humanitarian Intervention Definition ...................................... 345

Ekaterine Pirtskhalava

Displacement Effects on the Marriage Process

among Muslim Mesketians in the USA .................................................. 359

Tamar Karaia

Monumentalism and Politics of Memory in Modern Georgia ................. 373

Marine Kevkhishvili

The Role of Civil Society in Public Policy Making Process ................... 393


Political Symbol within Georgian visual Media Language .................... 402

Vladimer Chkhaidze

National Spatial Date Infrastructure (NSDI), International Importance ..... 415

Tamar Charkviani, Ana Chelidze

Intercultural Dialogue and Acceptance of Cultural Diversity

(Example of Ninotsminda and Bolnisi) ................................................... 429

Mari Tsereteli

For Understanding Intercultural Aspect of Contrasting Spaces

During the ,,Cold War~ (According to Journalistic

12

Writings of John Steinbeck and Nodar Dumbadze) ............................ 443

Alexander Tsurtsumia

Main Aspect of the Sea Power and Land Power Confrontation .............. 458

Neli Jamaspashvili, Roman Maisuradze, Nikoloz Beruchashvili,

Levan Beruchashvili, Tamar Xardziani

Landscape–Ecological Carcass as an Instrument

for Forest Management Georgia .............................................................. 467

Edisher Japharidze

At the Beginnings of the European Integration ....................................... 479

Marina Djagiashvili-Kakiashvili

Intergroup Relations and the “Internal Favoritism” ............................... 506

Revaz Jorbenadze, Nata Meparishvili The Symbolic Markers of Trance State in Georgian Spells .................... 523

eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi evropuli politikis konteqstSi

13

zviad abaSiZe

asistent profesori, Tsu

eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi

evropuli politikis konteqstSi

saqarTvelos erT umTavres problemaTagan, romlis daZle-

va jer kidev ver SeZlo, eTnikuri mravalferovnebiT gamowveu-

li socialuri daqsaqsulobaa. mocemul procesze, upirvele-

sad, ra Tqma unda qveynis Sida faqtorebi moqmedeben, magram mis-

Tvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania sagareo konteqsti, romlis far-

glebSic xdeba axalgazrda qarTuli eri-saxelmwifos mSeneblo-

ba.

warmodgenili statiis mizania, ZiriTad konturebSi Suqi

mofinos im sagareo viTarebis gagebas, romelic gansakuTrebul

rols TamaSobs saqarTveloSi eTnikuri erTierTobebis regu-

laciis saqmeSi. am mxriv, Cveni mTavari yuradReba gadatanili

iqneba evrokavSiris da, zogadad, evropuli institutebis rol-

ze, romlebsac isini asruleben qarTul realobaSi. 2014 wlis

zafxulSi evrokavSirTan gaformebulma asocirebis SeTanxmebam

kidev ufro gazarda mocemuli viTarebis Seswavlis saWiroeba.

aRniSnuli xelSekruleba ufro metad aaxloebs saqarTvelos

evropul samyarosTan, rac mis winaSe mdgari amocanebis gadaW-

ris met saWiroebas moiTxovs. warmodgenil statias, misi forma-

tidan gamomdinare, ra Tqma unda, ar aqvs miznad sakiTxis sru-

lad Seswavla. misTvis mTavaria zogad evropul konteqstSi mo-

xazos is viTareba, romlis gamklavebac mouwevs axalgazrda

qarTul demokratias rogorc amJamindel, ise samomavlo per-

speqtivaSi, romelic ki eTnikuri urTierTobebis da samoqalaqo

integraciis sakiTxebs exeba.

zviad abaSiZe

14

1. èTnikuri~ / èrovnuli~ umciresobis cneba

sanam uSualod, statiis umTavresi kiTxvis ganxilvaze gada-

valT, sainteresoa Tvali gadavavloT eTnikuri/erovnuli um-

ciresobis cnebis samarTlebrivi definiciis sakiTxebs, radga-

nac mocemuli definicia, SemdgomSi didad gansazRvravs kon-

kretuli politikuri qmedebis CarCos.

dRemde sakmaod didi dava arsebobs cneba èTnikuri~ da

èrovnuli~ umciresobebis Sesaxeb. rogorc wesi, dasavleT ev-

ropul samyarosa da aSS-Si upiratesoba gaaCnia èTnikuri~ um-

ciresobebis konceficas, radganac misTvis èri~ didi samoqa-

laqo erTobaa da Sesabamisad, erT èrSi~ kidev danarCeni ère-

bis~ arseboba anaqronizmia. evropis SedarebiT aRmosavleT na-

wils da aziaSi, upiratesoba cneba èrovnul umciresobas~ eni-

Weba, radganac mocemul geografiul sivrceSi istoriuli gan-

viTarebebis gamo eris eTnikuri diskursia gabatonebuli da,

Sesabamisad, èTnikuri~ jgufi èrovnul jgufTan~ igivdeboda.1

istoriulad, erovnuli/eTnikur umciresobebis problema,

me-19-20 saukuneebis nacionalizmis `damatebiTi produqtia~.

gamalebuli homogenizaciis da franguli asimilaciis Sedegad,

ver moxerxda konkretul sazogadoebebSi kulturuli gansxva-

vebulobis mospoba da sazogadoebebi kvlavac heterogenulni

darCnen.

`sxvaTa~ mimarT tolerantobis pirveli talRa me-15-18 sau-

kuneebis evropis istoriaSi unda davZebnoT. mocemuli procesi

gansxvavebuli religiuri aRmsareblobis pirebis mimarT tole-

rantul mopyrobaSi gamoixateboda da sxvadasxva religiur

jgufTa Tanaarsebobas uwyobda xels. aseTi precedentebi iyo

magaliTad: 1436 wels bohemieli da moravieli husitebis SeTan-

xmeba imperator sigizmundTan. germaniaSi msgavs process adgi-

li hqonda 16-17 saukuneebSi, romelic gamovlinda augsburgis

1555 wlis da vestfaliis 1648 wlis SeTanxmebiT, romlebmac, zo-

gadad, kalvinistebis da kaTolikebis urTierTobebis daregu-

lireba moaxdina. magram tolerantobis koncefciis farTod

1 mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb ixileT klasikuri naSromi: Kohn, Hans. The

Idea of Nationalism: A Study of Its Origins and Background. First ed. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1944


15

ganvrcoba ganmanaTleblobis ganviTarebam da 1848 wlis movle-

nebis Semdgom ganviTarebulma konstituciurma reformebma ga-

moiwvia. zogadad, me-19 saukuneSi umciresobebis sakiTxi kerZo

sferod iqna gamocxadebuli da misi regulirebis sajaro wese-

bis valdebulebiToba ar arsebobda.1

saerTaSoriso samarTali ar gansazRvravs èrovnuli/eTni-

kur umciresobis~ kategorias. samarTlebrivi definiciis sir-

Tulidan gamomdinare, sakiTxis saboloo ganmarteba saxelmwi-

foTa individualuri prerogativaa (magaliTad: safrangeTi, sa-

berZneTi da TurqeTi sruliad uaryofs sakuTar teritoriaze

èrovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobis~ arsebobas).2 dasavlur rea-

lobaSi pirveli oficialuri xseneba èrovnuli umciresobisa~

moxda 1992 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac generalurma asableam mii-

Ro deklaracia pirebze, romlebic erovnul/eTnikur, religi-

ur da lingvistur umciresobebs ekuTvnian. xSiria SemTxvevebi,

roca èrovnuli umciresoba~ sxvadasxvagvarad iTargmneba sxva-

dasxva enebze, arsebuli kulturuli gansxvavebulobis gamo.

èrovnuli umciresobebis~ samarTlebrivi gasazRvris mcdelo-

ba evropaSia mxolod warmatebuli. misi pirveli arapirdapiri

ganmarteba moxda evropis sabWos mier 1992 wels miRebul umci-

resobebis da regionuli enebis evropul deklaraciaSi. masSi

upiratesoba lingvistur gansazRvrebas eniWeba, romelic erov-

nul umciresobad moixseniebs xalxs, romelic umravlesobis

enisgan gansxvavebul enaze saubrobs. am SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwi-

foSi mxolod e.w `Zveli enebis~ arseboba igulisxmeboda. amis

miuxedavad, amgvari definicia araa universaluri xasiaTis da

mas ufro evropuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, evrosabWos mier 1994

wlis èrovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCo konvenciaSi~ ar aris

mocemuli èrovnuli umciresobis ganmarteba~.3

am mxriv sainteresoa samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis viTareba,

romelic kargad gamoxatavs aRniSnul gaurkvevlobas. magali-

1 Daniel Smihula / Definition of national minorities in International law / Oct. 2009,

Volume 6, No. 5 (serial No. 48), Journal of US-China Administration, ISSN 1548-6591, USA, pp. 45

2 Minority issues mainstreaming in South Caucasus: a practical guide. Tbilisi, 2011. pp.8 http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/Minority_Issues_South_Caucasus_fulltext.pdf

3 ibid: pp. 46-60.

zviad abaSiZe

16

Tad, somxeTSi, rodesac cdilobdnen ganesazRvraT ùmcireso-

bis~ cneba erovnuli umciresobebis kanonis miRebisas, ver mox-

da sakiTxze Sejereba. azerbaijanis Sida kanonmdebloba miniSne-

bas akeTebs, èrovnuli umciresobebis~ Sesaxeb, magram ar akon-

kretebs, Tu romeli jgufebi igulisxmebian mocemuli umcire-

sobebSi. 2009 wels saqarTveloSi miRebuli `Semwynareblobis da

samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli koncefcia~, zogadad, aRia-

rebs ùmciresobebis~ arsebobas, magram Tavs aridebs mis Sem-

dgom konkretizacias.1

amdenad, ùmciresobebis~ sakiTxis mkacri samarTlebrivi

regulirebis sakiTxi jer kidev sakamaToa da ar arsebobs misi

universaluri ganmarteba. amitomac, yoveli saxelmwifo praq-

tikulad Tavisufalia, raTa TviTon gansazRvros ùmcireso-

bis~ da maT Soris èTnikuri erovnuli umciresobis~ forma, Si-

naarsi da sakuTari gamocdilebis da saWiroebis mixedviT imoq-

medos. mTavaria, amgvaria qmedeba ar modiodes winaaRmdegobaSi

universalur saerTaSoriso humanitarul samarTalTan.

2. eTnikuri/erovnuli umciresobebis evropuli regula-

ciebis safuZvlebi

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi CarCoebi erovnuli da

eTnikuri umciresobebis Sesaxeb, meore msoflio omis Semdgom

Camoyalibda, romlebSic igulisxmebian, umTavresad, gaeros,

evropis sabWos da euTos sarekomendacio da samarTlebrivi

dokumentebi. amave dros, unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove

evropul regulaciebs safuZvlad saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

regulaciebi udevs, romelTaganac aRsaniSnavia ramdenime:

a) evropis sabWos 1950 wels miRebuli àdamianis uflebebis

da fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis evropuli konvencia~ pirve-

li samarTlebrivi dokumentia, romelmac antidiskriminaciul

samarTlebriv tradicias Cauyara safuZveli. konvenciam aRiara

ùmciresobas~ mikuTvnebulobis Tavisufleba da umciresobas

mikuTvnebul pirebs ufleba misca Tavdacvis saerTaSoriso sa-

marTlebrivi meqanizmebi gamoeyenebina, magaliTad, rogoricaa

1 Minority issues mainstreaming in South Caucasus: a practical guide. Tbilisi, 2011. pp.9

http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/Minority_Issues_South_Caucasus_fulltext.pdf


17

strasburgSi arsebuli evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamar-

Tlo.

b) gaeros mier 1965 wels miRebuli `saerTaSoriso konvencia

rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb~;

g) gaeros mier 1966 wels miRebuli `saerTaSoriso konvencia

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb;

d) gaeros 1992 wels miRebuli mcire dokumenti `erovnul/

eTnikur, religiur da enobriv umciresobebs mikuTvnebuli pi-

rebis uflebebis deklaracia~. mocemuli dokumentebi aris baza

yvela samarTlebrivi donisa, romelic ki erovnuli/eTnikuri

umciresobebis sakiTxebs exeba. mocemul dokumentebs igive da-

mokidebuleba aqvs, umciresobebis evropuli politikis gan-

sazRvrebisas. Sesabamisad, yoveli evropuli regulacia moce-

muli zogadi konvenciebis regionul konkretikas warmoadgens.

evropul doneze eTnikuri/erovnuli umciresobebis sa-

kiTxebs ramdenime dokumenti da procesi aregulirebs, romle-

bic, umTavresad, araa savaldebulo xasiaTisa, magram mkacrad

sarekomendacio Seferilobisaa, romlis Sesruleba evropul

politikas sxvadasxva formiT daaxloebul yvela saxelmwifos

moeTxoveba, ama Tu im formiT.

es dokumentebi Semdegia:1

1. 1992 wels, evropis sabWos mier miRebuli `regionuli da

umciresobebis enebis qartia~, romlis umTavresi mizania xeli

Seuwyos evropaSi arsebuli istoriuli da gaqrobas piras misu-

li enebis dacvas da ganviTarebas. saamisod, evropis sabWos wevr

saxelmwifoebs, igi avaldebulebs, xeli Seuwyos mocemuli ene-

bis Tavisufal gamoyenebas rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro sivrceSi,

rac SeiZleba gamoixatebodes am enebze ganaTlebis miRebis sa-

SualebaSi, sajaro/saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi gamoyenebaSi,

am enebze masmediis ganviTarebaSi da a.S. evropis sabWos wevrebis

daaxloebiT mxolod naxevaria SeerTebuli mocemul qartias,

sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo.

samxreTi kavkasiis qveynebidan, mxolod somxeTia srulad

SeerTebuli mocemul qartias (2001 wels xeli moawera, xolo

1 Minority issues mainstreaming in South Caucasus: a practical guide. Tbilisi, 2011. pp.17

http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/Minority_Issues_South_Caucasus_fulltext.pdf

zviad abaSiZe

18

2002 wels misi ratificireba da ZalaSi Sesvla moxda). azerbai-

janma xeli moawera qartias, magram ratifikacia jer ar mouxde-

nia. saqarTvelos jer arc xeli mouweria da, Sesabamisad, arc mi-

si ratificireba momxdara, misi evropis sabWoSi wevrobis miuxe-

davad.

2. evropis sabWos mier 1994 wels miRebuli da 1995 wels xel-

mowerili ~erovnuli umciresobebis dacvis CarCo konvencia~.

mocemuli konvenciis mizania konkretul geografiul arealSi

macxovrebeli umciresobebis dacva da maTi Tanasworobis uz-

runvelyofa qveynis danarCen mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi. Sesa-

bamisad, uzrunvelyofili unda iyos, erovnuli umciresobebis

mier sakuTari specifikuri kulturis gamoyeneba, cxovrebis

yvela sferoSi. aRniSnul konvencias evropis sabWos wevri qvey-

nebis udidesi nawilis mieraa xelmowerili, Tumca arsebobs ga-

monaklisebic. saqarTvelo 2006 wlis Semdgomaa mierTebuli aR-

niSnul konvencias.

mocemuli konvenciis Sesrulebis monitoringisTvis arse-

bobs evropis sabWos zedamxedvelobis specialuri jgufi, rome-

lic Tvalyurs adevnebs, ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi mocemuli kon-

venciis Sesrulebis process. Sesabamisad, garkveuli interva-

lebSi, yvela saxelmwifo valdebulia evropis sabWos warudgi-

nos specialuri moxseneba sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

3. rasizmis da Seuwynareblobis evropuli komisia. mocemu-

li komisia, evropis sabWos specialuri organoa, romelic wevr

saxelmwifoebSi Tvalyurs adevnebs rasizmis, antisemitizmis da

sxva msgavsi tipis radikaluri ganwyobebis Tu moZraobebis gan-

viTarebas. wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian moxsenebebi

waradginon sakuTar qveynebSi arsebuli viTarebebis Sesaxeb. 4. euTos mier miRebuli dokumentebi. euTo 1989 wlis Sem-

dgom CarTulia adamianis uflebebis da, maT Soris, erovnuli-

/eTnikuri umciresobebis monitoringis da regulaciebis saqme-

Si. saamisod mas miRebuli aqvs ramdenime dokumenti da Seqmnili

aqvs specializebuli organoebi, rogoricaa erovnuli umcire-

sobebis sakiTxebis umaRlesi komisariati, romlebic sxvadasxva


19

kuTxiT axerxeben aRniSnuli sakiTxebis regulaciebs.1 konkre-

tuli Tematikis mixedviT, umaRlesi komisris egidiT gamocemu-

lia ramdenime rekomendacia:

a) erovnuli umciresobebis ganaTlebis miRebis haagis reko-

mendaciebi (1996);

b) erovnuli umciresobebis lingvisturi uflebebis oslos

rekomendaciebi (1998);

g) sajaro sakiTxebSi erovnuli umciresobebis efeqturi

monawileobis lundis rekomendaciebi (1999);

d) saarCevno procesebSi erovnuli umciresobebis efeqtu-

ri monawileobis varSavis gzamkvlevi (2001);

e) samauwyeblo mediaSi umciresobebis enebis gamoyenebis

gzamkvlevi (2003)

v) multieTnikur sazogadoebebSi sazogadoebrivi marTl-

wesrigis dacvis rekomendaciebi (2006).

z) erovnuli umciresobebis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi urTier-

Tobebis regulirebis bolcanos rekomendaciebi (2008).2

mocemul dokumentebs savaldebulo samarTlebrivi xasiaTi

ar gaaCniaT, magram euTos wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis normatiu-

li xasiaTisaa da sarekomendacioa maTTvis, romlebic evropis

kavSiris wevrobas mieltvian.

aqve aRsaniSnavia erTi faqti. evropis kavSirs, rogorc or-

ganizacias ar gaaCnia eTnikuri/erovnuli umciresobebis regu-

latoris mandati da, Sesabamisad, es sakiTxi umTavresad misi

CarCos gareT moqmedebs, iseTi instituciis mier, rogoric mag.,

evropis sabWoa. amis miuxedavad, evropis kavSiris mier miRebul

dokumentaciebSi gabneulia umciresobebis sakiTxebi. sakiTxi,

umTavresad, daqvemdebarebulia zogadi adamianis uflebebis

problemebs da misgan bolomde gamocalkevebuli ar aris. Tum-

ca, mag: maastrixtis da amterdamis xelSekrulebebSi (da kidev

mTel rig dikumentebSi) xasgasmulia kulturuli da regionuli

mravalferovnebis dacvis sakiTxebi, magram igi zogad humanita-

rul samarTals emorCileba. is ufro arapirdapir ereva umci-

1 ibid. pp.19-25. 2 ibid. pp. 25-35.

zviad abaSiZe

20

resobebis sakiTxebis daregulirebaSi da pirdapiri zemoqmede-

bis Zala ar gaaCnia.1

evrokavSiris politikaSi umciresobebis sakiTxma, ufro mi-

si gafarToebis konteqstSi hpova asaxva. Tumca, aqac igi gamo-

calkevebulad ar dgas, magram realuri molaparakebebis da ga-

farToebis politikis zepir SeTanxmebebSi, sakiTxma gacilebiT

meti aqtualoba SeiZina. amitomac, yvela saxelmwifo, romelic

ki evropis kavSirs, ama Tu im formiT uaxlovdeba, uwevs yu-

radReba gaamaxvilos eTnikuri umciresobebis problemebze da

misi sxvadasxva formiT aqtualizacia moaxdinos. TumcaRa,

formalurad es sakiTxi, oficialur dRis wesrigSi ar dgas da,

ZiriTadad, zepiri SeTanxmebebis dros ganixileba, rac unda iT-

qvas, rom ar akninebs mis mniSvnelobas.2

3. saqarTvelo evropul institutebTan urTierTobis

konteqstSi

2014 wlis 2 maiss saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo antidis-

kriminaciuli kanonmdebloba, romelmac xazi gausva diskrimina-

ciis, maT Soris eTnikuri diskriminaciis, yvela formis aRmof-

xvras.3 imis miuxedavad, rom mocemul sakiTxs, ase Tu ise aregu-

lirebda saqarTvelos konstitucia da kidev ramdenime samar-

Tlebrivi aqti (samoqalaqo kodeqsi, sisixlis samarTlis kodeq-

si da kidev sxva), igi miRebuli iqna evropis kavSirTan asocire-

bis xelSekrulebis daadebis winare konteqstSi da mxolod da-

moukidebel qarTul gadawyvetilebas ar warmoadgenda. aRniS-

nuli kanonis miRebis Semdgom, 2014 wlis 27 ivniss,4 saqarTvelom

xeli moawera, xolo 18 ivliss ratificireba moaxdina evropis

kavSirTan asocirebis SeTaxmebisa,5 romelmac saqarTvelo in-

stituciurad mWidrod daukavSira mocemul organizacias, imis

miuxedavad, rom es aqti evropis kavSirSi saqarTvelos wevrobas

ar niSnavs. sxva mraval sakiTxTan erTad, mocemul xelSekrule-

1 Judi Toth / Kin Minority, Kin-state and Neigbourhood policy in the Enraged Europe,

pp.73-74. https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no9_ses/05_toth.pdf 2 ibid: p.75. 3 http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=28143 4 http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=28408 5 http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=28505


21

bis erT-erTi punqti yuradRebas amaxvilebs umciresobebis sa-

kiTxebis mogvarebaze, Tumca igi zogadi adamianis uflebebis sa-

kiTxebs aris daqvemdebarebuli da masze gansakuTrebuli apeli-

reba ar xdeba. xelSekruleba xazs usvams, agreTve, konfliqte-

bis mSvidobiani mogvarebis saWiroebas, rac pirdapir, Tu ara-

pirdapir eTnikuri urTierTobebis normalizaciis garkveul

normatiul bazas Seicavs.1

qarTul viTarebaze, pirdapir Tu ara pirdapir moqmedeben

zemoaRniSnuli regulaciebi da didwilad gansazRvraven saxel-

mwifos momaval Tu arsebul politikas eTnikur umciresobeb-

Tan mimarTebaSi. eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxis regulire-

bisTvis, saqarTvelosTvis ufro qmediTi evropis sabWos miRe-

buli dokumentebia. saqarTvelo praqtikulad mierTebulia yve-

la saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokuments, romelic ki adamia-

nis uflebebs Seexeba. magram, konkretul evropul regulacieb-

Tan mimarTebaSi, zogierTi regulaciis xelmowerisgan jerje-

robiT Tavs ikavebs da, Sesabamisad, maTi danergva jer kidev sru-

lad ar momxdara.

magaliTad, iseTi dokumenti, rogoric regionuli da umci-

resobebis enebis qartiaa, jer kidev araa xelmowerili qarTuli

mxaris mier, imis miuxedvavad, rom evropis sabWoSi gawevrianebi-

sas, saqarTvelom valdebuleba aiRo xeli moewera mocemuli

dokumentisTvis. am SeTxvevaSi, qarTuli mxaris TavSekavebis mi-

zezi aSkaraa. Tu ki mas mouwevs, mocemuli qartiis xelmowera,

garkveuli mosazrebebiT, man SesaZloa aRiaros 19-mde umcire-

sobis enis arseboba, romelTa `gadarCenasa~ Tu `ganviTarebaze~

mouwevs zrunva. aq gansakuTrebiT sakamaToa svanuri da megru-

li enebis sakiTxi. mravali qarTveli mecnieri maT Camoyalibe-

bul, umwerlobo enebs uwodebs, xolo mecnierTa garkveuli na-

wilis azriT, es enebi saerTo qarTuli enis mxolod idiomaturi

ganStoebaa da maTi calke enebad aRiareba safrTxes uqmnis qar-

1 ასოცირების שესახებ שეთანხმება, ერთი მხრივ, ევროკავשირს და ევროპის

ატომური ენერგიის გაერთიანებას და მათ წევრ სახელმწიფოებს და, მეორე მხრივ, საქართველოს שორის /http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_-id=30&info_id=17011

zviad abaSiZe

22

Tul identobas da, saerTod, qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas1. ama-

ve dros, am ènebTan~ erTad, saqarTvelos SesaZloa mis far-

glebSi arsebuli yvela eTnikuri umciresobis enis formaliza-

cia mouwios, ama Tu im saxiT, rac qarTuli mxaris perspeqtivi-

dan qveynis Semdgom dezintegraciad moCans. aq mniSvnelovania

is faqtic, rom mag: somxurs an azerbaijanuls gadaSenebis saf-

rTxe ar emuqrebaT, radganac am eTnikur jgufebs gaaCniaT saku-

Tari istoriuli samSoblo, sadac dRemde arseboben saxelmwi-

foebi mocemuli saxelmwifo enebiT. mokled rom vTqvaT, qar-

Tuli mxare gaurbis sakuTar teritoriaze arsebuli yvela um-

ciresobis enis formalizacias (Tumca afxazeTis teritoriaze

afxazurs saxelmwifo enis statusi aqvs qarTuli konstituci-

iT), radganac igi miaCnia erovnuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis

mTavar Semaferxebel faqtorad, ramac SesaZloa misi saboloo

dezintegracia ufro gaaRrmaos. mocemuli SiSi arcTu usafuZ-

vloa, Tu ki saqarTvelos post-komunisturi ganviTarebis eTni-

kuri separatizmis istorias gadavxedavT. garkveuli eTnosepa-

ratizmis tendenciebis arseboba jer kidev araa bolomde aR-

mofxvrili garkveuli araqarTuli regionebidan da, Sesabami-

sad, regionuli da umciresobebis enebis qartia, sakmaod bevri

admianis mier moralurad friad aralegitimurad gamoiyureba

saqarTvelos politikur sinamdvileSi. rogorc samarTlianad

aRniSnavs zogierTi avtori, aRmosavleT-centraluri evropis

SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri politikis CamoyalibebaSi didi rols as-

rulebs uSiSroebis sakiTxebi. ùSiSroebizaciad~ axasiaTeben

dasavleli mecnierebi aRmosavleT-centraluri evropis eTno-

politikur ganwyobebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi gaziarebulia azri,

rom umciresobebi Sekrulni arian sxva, mter saxelmwifoebTan

da maTi dakveTiT muSaoben.2 es viTareba zustad asaxavs saqar-

Tvelos damokidebulebas aRniSnul qartiasTan.

amis miuxedavad, saqarTvelo SeerTebulia erovnuli umcire-

sobebis dacvis evropul CarCo konvencias 2006 wlidan da aqtiu-

1 tariel futkaraZe, ènis qartia da Tanamedrove saqarTvelos enobrivi

situacia~ http://www.putkaradze.ge/cigni%20dasrulebuli/links/2.3.2.htm 2 John Rex and Gurhapal Sigh / Muliticulutralism and Political Integration in Modern-

Nation-States – Thematic Introduction / Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS), Vo. 5, No. 1, 2003:3-19 ISSN 1817-4574, www.iunesco.org/shs/ijms, pp.3-4.


23

rad monawileobs mis danergvaSi. am sakiTxis yvelaze reliefuri

gamoxatuleba 2008 wels miRebuli `Semwynareblobis da samoqa-

laqo integraciis erovnuli koncefciaa~, romelic qmnis garkve-

ul normatiul bazas imisa, Tu rogor unda warimarTos samomav-

lo politika samoqalaqo integracias da eTnikur umciresobeb-

Tan mimarTebaSi. mocemuli CarCo konvenciidan gamomdinare, qar-

Tuli saxelmwifo valdebulia drodadro angariSi waradginos

evropis sabWos winaSe, raTa ganixilos, Tu rogor mimdinareobs

samoqalaqo integraciis da CarTulobis procesi mis teritoria-

ze. imis miuxedavad, rom saqarTvelo formalurad asrulebs mis

winaSe dakisrebul movaleobebs, mas gaaCnia garkveuli probleme-

bic, rogorc magaliTad, eTnikuri umciresobebis ganaTlebiT an

samuSao adgilebiT uzrunvelyofaa. amgvari problemis aRiare-

bisgan arc qarTuli politikuri klasi ikavebs Tavs, Tumca mas

miaCnia, rom es sakiTxebi, zogadad, qveynis arcTu saxarbielo so-

cialur-ekonomikuri problemebiTaa gamowveuli da ara raime Se-

faruli diskriminaciuli politikis gatarebiT.

saqarTvelo, jerjerobiT srulad ver/ar asrulebs evropis

sabWos winaSe arebul valdebulebas, e.w. `Turqi-mesxebis~ sru-

li repatriaciis sakiTxze, uars ar acxadebs, Tumca konkretu-

li vadebis dazusteba deportirebuli mosaxleobis repatria-

ciisa ucnobia.1

„vardebis revoluciis~ Semdgom ganviTarebulma movleneb-

ma mravali institucionaluri cvlileba SemogvTavaza, konsti-

tuciuri cvlilebebis CaTvliT. mocemuli cvlilebebi Seexo

eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxis institucionalur regulaci-

asac. eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxma gacilebiT sapatio adgi-

li daikava politikur dRis wesrigSi. es ganpirobebuli iyo ro-

gorc Sida politikuri moTxovnilebebiT, ise saerTaSoriso

valdebulebebiT.

2003 wlis Semdeg ramdenime struqtura Seiqmna, romelTac

evalebodaT eTnikur umciresobaTa sakiTxebis gaZRola. 2004

wlis Semdeg, mocemul politikaze pasuxismgebeli iyo saxelmwi-

1 Minority issues mainstreaming in South Caucasus: a practical guide. Tbilisi, 2011.

pp.120-125 http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/Minority_Issues_South_Caucasus_fulltext.pdf

zviad abaSiZe

24

fo ministris aparati samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebSi, mag-

ram 2008 wlis samTavrobo cvlilebebis Sesabamisad, pasuxis-

mgebloba reintegraciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo ministris apa-

rats daekisra. amave dros, 2005 wels, Seiqmna Semwynareblobis

da samoqalaqo integraciis sabWo, romelTan erTadac preziden-

tis mrCevelma samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebSi daiwyo moce-

mul politikaze muSaoba. maTi meSveobiT Seiqmna Semwynareblo-

bis da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli koncefcia, romelic

mTavrobam 2009 wlis 8 maiss daamtkica. 2006 wlidan ZalaSi Sevi-

da erovnuli umciresobebis dacvis CarCo konvencia da saqar-

Tvelom aiRo valdebuleba SeuerTdes regionuli da umcireso-

bebis enebis evropis qartias.1 prezidentTan arsebul Semwyna-

reblobis da samoqalaqo integraciis sabWos daevala saxelmwi-

fo koncefciis da politikis SemuSaveba umciresobebTan dakav-

SirebiT. sabWom miiRo „Semwnynareblobis da samoqalaqo integ-

raciis erovnuli koncefcia da samoqmedo gegma~.2

amJamad, eTnikuri umciresobebis da samaqalaqo intergaci-

is sakiTxs ramdenime uwyeba uZRveba. es kompetencia ramdenime

saxelmwifo uwyebis kompetenciaSia gabneuli da centralizebu-

li xasiaTi ar gaaCnia. mocemul uwyebebs koordinacias Serige-

bis da samoqalaqo Tanasworobis saministro uwevs, magram mis

xelSi araa Tavmoyrili sakiTxis yvela kompetencia.

sakanonmdeblo struqturebidan mocemul sakiTxebs pirda-

pir uZRveba adamianis uflebebis dacvis da samoqalaqo integra-

ciis saparlamento komiteti. danarCeni ramdenime komiteti

arapirdapir arian dakavSirebulni eTnikuri umciresobebis da

samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebs. mocemul struqturebs ema-

tebaT saxalxo damcvelis ofisTan arsebuli erovnul umcire-

sobaTa sabWo, romelic ufro uflebrivi dacvis TvalsazrisiT

awarmoebs saqmianobas.3

1 giorgi sordia, erovnul umciresobaTa marTvis institutebi

saqarTveloSi, mimoxilva; ECMI – samuSao moxseneba 43, seqtemberi 2009, www.ecmigeorgia.org

2 Semwynareblobis da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli koncefciis da samoqmedo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb / www.diversity.ge

3 iqve.


25

mocemuli saxelwifo organoebis uflebamosilebebi xSirad

aRreulia erTmaneTSi. saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis warmomad-

genlebi iTxoven Seiqmnas calke dawesebuleba, romelic specia-

lurad imuSavebs rasizmis da Seuwynareblobis sakiTxebze da

aRWurvili iqneba yvelanairi resursebiT. miuxedavad amgvari

moTxovnisa, aseTi struqtura jerjerobiT ar arsebobs.1

daskvna

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi. evropis kavSirTan

daaxloebis politika ar gulisxmobs saqarTvelos mimarT raime

regulatoruli funqciebis pirdapir gaaqtiurebas evropis kav-

Siris mxridan, mas ar gaaCnia arc Sesabamisi normatiuli da arc

pirdapiri regulatoruli funqciebi da miznebi. samagierod,

evropul instituciebTan daaxloebiTi urTierTobebi mkacrad

efuZneba adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis pativiscemas da,

Sesabamisad, yvela im dokumentaciis pativiscemas da Sesrule-

bas, romelsac ki saqarTveloa mierTebuli. imis gamo, rom ro-

gorc wesi, calke arsebuli regulaciebi ar arsebobs, romelic

ki erovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxebs exeba, es ar niS-

navs sakiTxis ugulebelyofas da igi mkacradaa damorCilebuli

adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebs. es xazgasmulia evropis kavSir-

Tan asocierebis xelSekrulebis SeTanxmebaSic. amitomac, saqar-

Tvelos mouwevs samomavlod meti yuradRebis gamaxvileba aR-

niSnul sakiTxebze da, Sesabamasad, mis mimarT moTxovnebic ga-

cilebiT gaizrdeba, vidre es aqamde iyo. aqve gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia is faqtic, rom saqarTvelo evropis sabWos sruluflebiani

wevria da mis winaSe dgas mTeli rigi valdebebulebebisa, rome-

lic adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebs da, Cven SemTxvevaSi, umcire-

sobebis problemebs exeba. marTlia evropis sabWo evropis kavSi-

ris gareT arsebuli instituciaa, magram asocirebis xelSekru-

leba arapirdapir moaxdens aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrule-

bis aqtualizacias, rasac qarTuli saxelmwifo instituciebis

1 eTnikuri umciresobebis samoqalaqo integraciis politikis analizi

btkk-politikis kvlevis jgufi, eTnikuri umciresobebis programa, Tbilisi 2008, www.btkk.ge

zviad abaSiZe

26

warmomadgenlebic adastureben, romlebic CarTulni arian ev-

ropul instituciebTan urTierTobebSi, romelic ki eTnikuri

umciresobebis da samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebs exebaT.1

amitomac, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom samoqalaqo intergacia ara

mxolod qarTuli saxelmwifos ufleba da saWiroebaa, aramed es

misi saerTaSoriso valdebulebacaa garkveulwilad.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. giorgi sordia, erovnul umciresobaTa marTvis institute-

bi saqarTveloSi, mimoxilva; ECMI – samuSao moxseneba 43,

seqtemberi 2009, www.ecmigeorgia.org

2. eTnikuri umciresobebis samoqalaqo integraciis politi-

kis analizi, btkk-politikis kvlevis jgufi, eTnikuri umci-

resobebis programa, Tbilisi 2008, www.btkk.ge

3. tariel futkaraZe, `enis qartia da Tanamedrove saqarTve-

los enobrivi situacia~ http://www.putkaradze.ge/cigni%20dasru-

lebuli/links/2.3.2.htm

4. Daniel Smihula / Definition of national minorities in International law /

Oct. 2009, Volume 6, No. 5 (serial No. 48), Journal of US-China Adminis-

tration, ISSN 1548-6591, USA, pp. 45.

5. Hans. The Idea of Nationalism: A Study of Its Origins and Background.

First ed. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1944.

6. Minority issues mainstreaming in South Caucasus: a practical guide. Tbi-

lisi, 2011. pp.8. http://www.ecmi.de/uploads/tx_lfpubdb/Minority_Is-

sues_South_Caucasus_fulltext.pdf

7. Judi Toth / Kin Minority, Kin-state and Neigbourhood policy in the En-

raged Europe, pp.73-74. https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/pub-

lish/no9_ses/05_toth.pdf

8. John Rex and Gurhapal Sigh / Muliticulutralism and Political Integration in

Modern-Nation-States – Thematic Introduction / Journal on Multicultural

Societies (IJMS), Vo. 5, No. 1, 2003:3-19 ISSN 1817-4574, www.iunes-

co.org/shs/ijms, pp.3-4

1 interviu Tina RoRelianTan, samoqalaqo integraciis sammarTvelos

ufrosi, Serigebis da samoqalaqo Tanasworobis saministro, 10/06/14.


27

wyaroebi

9. ასოცირების שესახებ שეთანხმება, ერთი მხრივ, ევროკავשირს და ევროპის ატომური ენერგიის გაერთიანებას და მათ წევრ სახელ-მწიფოებსა და მეორეს მხრივ, საქართველოს שორის /http://mfa.-

gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=30&info_id=17011 10. Semwynareblobis da samoqalaqo integraciis erovnuli kon-

cefciis da samoqmedo gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb www.di-

versity.ge

11. interviu Tina RoRelianTan, samoqalaqo integraciis sam-

marTvelos ufrosi, Serigebis da samoqalaqo Tanasworobis

saministro, 10/06/14.

12. http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=28505



Zviad Abashidze

Assistant Professor


Ethnic minorities in Georgia

in the context of European politics/Policy

Resume

Georgia has traditionally been a multi-religious and multi-ethnic society.

Consequently, there has always been, at least on the public level, the problem of

peaceful coexistence between different segments of society within one political

space.

Despite the fact that Georgia has achieved some success in building a

democratic state, democratic institutions are still weak in the country. Having

weak democratic institutions makes it very difficult to transform diverse reli-

gious and ethnic groups into one civil unit. Absence of trust towards political

institutions on the one hand, and weakness of these institutions on the other

zviad abaSiZe

28

hand, determines mutual alienation and isolationism of different segments of

society.

Since 1996, Georgia has started to strengthen the relationships with EU.

Gradually, such relationships have become closer and vibrant. One of the key

ideas of such relationships, along with security issues of wider Europe, is to

promote the democratic state-building in order to approach Georgia with

European general standards.

In 2003-2004 the EC proposed a new foreign policy for the EU - the

`European Neighbourhood Policy~ - with the objective of avoiding the emer-

gence of new dividing lines between the enlarged EU and its neighbours and

strengthening instead the prosperity, stability and security of all concerned. The

inclusion of Georgia in the European Neighbourhood Policy on 14 June 2004

marked a significant step forward in EU – Georgian relations. The principal idea

of such policy is to build ties in new areas of cooperation and encourage and

support Georgia’s objective of further integration into European economic and

social structures.

In spring 2009, the EU launched the Eastern Partnership with the objective

of supporting political and socio-economic reforms in Georgia, as well as

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine. The Partnership re-

presents a specific Eastern dimension within the European Neighbourhood

Policy. Along with other ideas, the principal aim of Partnership is to promote

democracy and good governance. The result of such policies will be the

Associational Agreement signature in June of 2014.

In sum, EU’s similar approaches have significant influence on current and

future fate of Georgian transitional democratic Policy. In successful democracy-

building and democratic consolidation process the role of ethnic minorities and

successful civic integration is invaluable, especially in such an ethnically

weakly consolidated country as Georgia.

Savi zRvis napirebis daraioneba morfodinamikuri niSnebis mixedviT

29

melor alfeniZe

profesori

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

Savi zRvis napirebis daraioneba

morfodinamikuri niSnebis mixedviT

(afxazeTis magaliTze)

zRvebisa da okeaneebis sanapiroebis regionuli kvlevis au-

cilebel etaps geomorfologiuri daraioneba warmoadgens,

romlis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia napirebis reliefis ier-sa-

xis, agebulebis, struqturuli niSnebis, sivrcobrivi da droi-

Ti ganviTarebis logikuri aRqma, aseve rigi praqtikuli mniSvne-

lobis amocanebis — resursebis gonivruli aTvisebis, zRvispi-

reTis teritoriuli organizaciisa da napirdacvis swori poli-

tikis gatareba.

sakiTxis istoriis ganxilvis gareSe datovebis miuxedavad

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis regionebis daraio-

nebis Sesaxeb gasuli saukunis monografiebSi srulad veraa asa-

xuli napirTa morfologiis aspeqtebi, sanapiro zonis morfo-

dinamikuri niSnebi, gansakuTrebiT ki anTropogenuri zemoqme-

debebiT gamowveuli negatiuri cvlilebebi, napirdacviTi Ro-

nisZiebebis realuri Sedegebi, ganviTarebis tendenciebi da

prognozis sakiTxebi.

sanapiroebis klasifikaciisa da regionuli diferenciaciis

mecnieruli principebis Camoyalibeba me-20 saukunis mkvlevar-

Ta farTo gansjis sagans warmoadgenda. napirebis Sesaxeb mecni-

eruli dargis safuZvlebis (Зенкович, 1946, 1962) formirebis ga-

riJraJze miTiTebuli iyo, rom napirebis Sesaxeb klasifikaciam

unda moicvas reliefis yoveli tipi da saxesxvaoba, asaxos gene-

tikuri niSnebi da kavSirebi, areklos napiris Tanamedrove mor-

melor alfeniZe

30

fodinamika. am CamonaTvalis Semdgomma (Леонтьев, 1961) gamdidre-

bam (reliefwarmomqmneli faqtorebis — talRebisa da mdinaree-

bis urTierTmoqmedeba), napirebis Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi

diferenciaciis Sesaxeb sruli warmodgena ver mogvca. amasTan,

napirebis dinamikuri klasifikaciis (Зенкович, 1954) sakmaod Rir-

seul naSromSi warmodgenili sqema (Леонтьев, 1961) geomorfolo-

giur kvlevebSi gamoyenebisa da kartografirebis Tvalsazri-

siT uaRresad rTuli da, amave dros, sakmaod mouqnelia.

am sqemis mixedviT, napirebis diferenciaciaSi sami taqsono-

miuri erTeuli (sanapiro olqi, raionebi da ubnebi) figurirebs:

olqi — Seesabameba msxvil teqtonikur struqturebs, rom-

lebic gansazRvraven napirebis ganviTarebis gamomwvev umTav-

res pirobebs — wiaRis aRnagobas, meoTxeul vertikalur moZra-

obas, terigenuli masalis xasiaTs;

raioni — misi gamoyofa eyrdnoba napiris maxasiaTebeli ti-

pebis Sexamebas, abraziisa da akumulaciis gavrcelebas, hidro-

meteorologiur reJims, klifebis agebulebas, natanis Semos-

vlis pirobebs, aratalRuri faqtorebis moqmedebas, romlebic

ganapirobeben Tanamedrove dinamikasa da ganviTarebas;

ubani — napiris mcire monakveTebis gamoyofa Seesabameba ama

Tu im procesis intensiurobis (Ионин, 1959) konkretul gansxva-

vebulobas.

sanapiroebis daraionebis sqemebi moklebulia mTel rig de-

talurobas. ase, SemoTavazebul (Зенкович, 1958) daraionebaSi

mxolod sami taqsonomiuri kategoriaa (olqebi, raionebi da ub-

nebi) gaTvaliswinebuli. geomorfologiuri daraionebis v. zen-

koviCis sqemis mixedviT (Общая характеристика.., 1977) sakvlevi

zRvispireTi Savi zRvis aRmosavluri (kavkasiuri) olqis far-

glebSia. is sakuTriv afxazeTsa da kolxeTs moicavs. pirveli

maTgani fsou-mzimTis saerTo deltidan md. gumisTis SesarTa-

vamde (102 km) vrceldeba meore — md.md. gumisTisa da enguris Se-

sarTavebs Sorisaa (103 km) moqceuli.

pirvel maTganSi, aRniSnulis garda, msgavsi delturi Sveri-

lebi warmoqmnilia bzifisa (biWvinTis koncxi) da gumisTis (so-

xumis koncxis) deltebis saxiT. koncxebs Soris ki Stormi an-

grevs gagris qedis ZiriTad qanebs, miuseris maRlobis (bzifis


31

Zveli delta) konglomeratebs, mesameuli asakis fxvier (axali

aToni — eSera) naleqebs. meore — kolxeTis raionis Crdilo nawi-

lis napirze — soxumis koncxis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT sakmaod

mozrdili kodoris deltaze iskuriis koncxia formirebuli.

sanapiros am monakveTsa da, mis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT — md. en-

guris SesarTavamde zRvis talRebi meoTxeuli asakis terasebis

nafenebs recxavs.

afxazeTis Savi zRvispira zolis formirebaSi mTavari roli

aluviuri masalis gamotanasa da daleqvas ekuTvnis. aqve, meoTx-

uli wyalqveSa terasebi, Zveli deltebi da Selfis periferia

aluvioniTaa gadafaruli. wyalqveSa viwro ferdobis gaRunvis

xazze fskeris daxriloba 20-350 aRwevs, xolo 100 m siRrmidan

SedarebiT damrecia.

deltebis formireba aluvionis napirisgaswvrivi nakadis

tevadobaze gadametebas ukavSirdeboda. talRebis mier natanis

transportireba delturi samkuTxedebis formirebas iwvevs.

tipuria biWvinTis koncxi, romlis Crdilo monakveTze talRu-

ri tolqmedi (φ=85-950) normalis mimarTulebisaa. cxadia, rom

aq plaJis natani md. bzifis SesarTavisaken sakmaod nela, xolo

samxreTiT — swrafad (200 m/sT) gadaadgildeba (Зенкович и др.,

1962). deltis farglebSi, umTavresad, kenWnari dominirebs, xo-

lo mis dasavlur nawilsa da koncxis Semorkalvis monakveTze —

qviSis fraqciis zrdas aqvs adgili.

analogiuri agebulebisaa gumisTis deltis (soxumis kon-

cxi) plaJic. aq, SedarebiT wvrilmarcvliani natani Warbobs. ko-

doris deltis (iskuriis koncxi) plaJis masala, bzifisa da gu-

misTis deltebisagan gansxvavebiT, wvrili fraqciiT (umTavre-

sad xreSi da msxvili qviSa) xasiaTdeba.

leseliZe-ganTiadis midamoebi gaSlil vakezea, xolo gagris

napirsa da miuseris midamoebSi carculi da iuruli naleqebiT

agebuli maRali klifi aqtiur abrazias ganicdis. mTiswineTebis

zRvispira zolSi, maikopis wyebis Tixebis gaSiSvlebebze, aqtiu-

rma abraziam da anTropogenurma datvirTvebma (saavtomobilo

da rkinigzebis gayvana), axali aTonisa da eSeris mewyrebi (Зарва,

1957) ganaviTares. mewyrebia aseve ambaris, gudauTis, petropav-

lovskis zRvispira ubnebze.

melor alfeniZe

32

kolxeTis ramdenadme nazi formis napiri qviSiani plaJis

zoliTaa Semorkaluli. kenWnari napirisgaswvrivi nakadebi md.

enguris SesarTavamde aRweven. patara mdinareTa SesarTavebi,

rogorc wesi, samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa gadaxrili. es movlena

am mdinareTa wylebis susti nakadebis mier plaJis masalis dag-

rovebaTa garRvevis SeuZleblobiTaa gamowveuli. iSviaTad,

wylis nakadebis mier qviSis barierebis garRvevasa da zRvaSi

SeWras aqvs adgili.

WaburRilebis masalebiT (Руммель, 1900; Балабанов и др., 1981;

Алпенидзе, 1998) dadgenilia, rom mdinareebis mzimTa-fsous,

bzifis, gumisTis, kodoris mier formirebuli deltebis sxeu-

lebSi zRvis akvatoriisagan barieruli celebiT izolirebuli

lagunebis gavrceleba fiqsirdeba.

afxazeTis Savi zRvispireTis mTel perimetrze, viurmuli

gamyinvarebis Semdgomi drois, zRvis donis awevis holocenuri,

istoriuli da Tanamedrove tendenciis pirobebSi, zRvis napi-

rebis `bunebrivi (SefardebiTi) wonasworoba~ napirebis umniS-

vnelo ukan daxeviTa da plaJis zolebis mcire warecxvebiT xasi-

aTdeboda. amasobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, gasul saukunesa da mim-

dinare wlebSi, zRvis donis awevisa da mdinareTa Camonadenis

Semcirebis tendenciis pirobebSi, napirebis degradaciam Seuq-

cevadi xasiaTi miiRo.

bunebriv garemoze adamianis sameurneo datvirTvebisa (hes-

ebis ageba, navsadgurebis mSenebloba, inertuli masalis gazid-

va) da globaluri klimaturi cvlilebebis fonze, anTropoge-

nuri zemoqmedebebisa da teqnogenuri datvirTvebis gamo, saxe-

zea napirebis aqtiuri degradacia, plaJebis warecxvebi, mimde-

bare satransporto Tu samrewvelo industriisa da sakurorto-

turistuli infrastruqturis Zireuli ganadgureba.

Stormuli Setevis Senelebisa da plaJebis warecxvis SeCere-

bis mizniT ekonomikurad araefeqturi da socialurad gaumar-

Tlebeli napirdacvis `betonuri politikis~ gatarebam savala-

lo Sedegebi mogvca: betonis nagebobaTa (buna, talRsamsxvrevi)

mier napirisgaswvrivi nakadebis xelovnuri gawyvetis gamo, `qve-

da garecxvebis~ ganviTrebis pirobebSi, plaJis warecxvis erTi-

orad gazrda; talRamridi kedlebis Ziris gamorecxvisa da pla-


33

Jebis warecxvis gaaqtiureba; napirsamagri nagebobis ngreva da

sanapiro zolis degradacia; abraziul napirebze mewyruli

procesebis gaaqtiureba; napirebis esTetikuri ier-saxisa da at-

raqciulobis moSla; zRvispira sakurorto-turistuli da sam-

rewvelo industriis, satransporto qselisa da socialuri in-

dustriis, istoriul-arqiteqturuli Zeglebis ganadgurebis

saSiSroeba.

napirdacvis aragonivruli warmarTvis gansakuTrebuli ne-

gatiuri Sedegi erTiani bunebrivi liTodinamikuri sistemebis

darRvevaSi gamovlinda.

rogorc Cans, sanapiroze Camoyalibebuli erTiani napiris-

gaswvrivi nakadebis mier Seqmnili morfodinamikuri sistemebi

gawyvetili aRmoCndnen da napirsamagri nagebobebis mier xelov-

nurad Seqmnil sivrcobriv danawevrebas daeqvemdebarnen. aqe-

dan gamomdinare, napirebis xelovnurad Seqmnili ubnebi morfo-

dinamikuri niSnebiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulni aRmoC-

ndnen. amdenad, anTropogenuri gziT Secvlili dinamikuri sis-

temebis Sesabamisi napirebi mokle ubnebad danawildnen.

amJamad miRebuli napirebis sistemuri daraionebis mixed-

viT (Кикнадзе, 1970; 1977) sakvlevi zRvispireTi 7 damoukidebel

dinamikur sistemad iyofa. TiToeul maTganSi plaJebis formi-

reba mdinareTa myari natani masalis mier xorcieldeba, xolo

maT Soris sazRvrebi maxasiaTebeli petrografiuli tipebis

(Кикнадзе, 1977) gavrcelebis mixedviT dgindeba; 1. mzimTa-fsous

deltidan md. bzifamde — 45 km; 2. md. bzifidan biWvinTis yurem-

de — 12 km; 3. biWvinTis yuredan md. hifsTamde — 15 km; 4. md. hif-

sTidan md. gumisTamde — 38 km; 5. md. gumisTidan md. besleTamde

— 10 km; 6. md. besleTidan md. kodoromde — 25 km; 7. md. kodori-

dan md. enguramde — 67 km .

plaJis natansa da mis ZiriTad kvebis wyaros Soris kavSire-

bis, aseve, sanapiro zonaSi formirebuli akumulaciis stadiis

mixedviT aRniSnuli dinamikuri sistemebi qvesistemebadaa `da-

nawevrebuli~. unda vivaraudoT, rom reliefis akumulaciuri

formebis simwifis stadiaSi, kvebis xasiaTis mixedviT, sanapiro-

ze mxolod sami qvesistema (1. mzimTa — fsou — biWvinTa — miuse-

melor alfeniZe

34

ra; 2. miusera — gumisTa — kelasuri — kodori; 3. kodori — engu-

ri) figurirebda.

aRniSnuli sqema sanapiro dinamikuri sistemebis gamoyofis

genetur, paleogeografiul da petrografiul principebs See-

sabameba. sanapiro sistemebi erTmaneTisagan, upirveles yovli-

sa, gansxvavdebian ZiriTadi napiris agebulebiT, napirisgas-

wvrivi nakadebis reJimiTa da natanis biujetiT. maTi gamoyofa

napirebis urTierTmoqmedebebis analizis saSualebas iZleva.

ase, magaliTad, soxumis yureSi plaJis warecxva sxva araferia,

Tu ara reliefis akumulaciuri formis degradacia. Sesabami-

sad, aRniSnuli warecxvebi TviT dinamikur qvesistemebSi mimdi-

nare cvlilebebiTaa Sepirobebuli, rac soxumis koncxis dista-

lur nawilze axal-axali zvinulebis mierTebiT, Selfis Rrma niS-

nulamde gasvliTa da yureSi natanis deficitiTaa gamowveuli.

amgvarad, aRniSnul dinamikur sistemebSi napirebis uaxlesi

ganviTareba, uxvi aluviuri masalis Semotanis pirobebSi, mniS-

vnelovani cvlilebebiT xasiaTdeboda da sanapiro zonaSi Seq-

mnil dRevandel mdgomareobas savsebiT ar Seesabameba.

sanapiroebis amJamad miRebuli geomorfologiuri daraio-

nebis principis (Ионин и др., 1964) mixedviT, sakvlevi napirebis

gaerTianeba SesaZlebelia msxvil geomorfologiur erTeulSi

— olqSi, romelsac SedarebiT izolirebuli teqtonikuri

struqtura Seesabameba da gansazRvrulia napirebis ganviTare-

bis gamomwvevi umTavresi pirobebiT — geologiuri aRnagobiT,

meoTxeulis vertikaluri moZraobebiTa da natanis Semosvlis

xasiaTiT.

aRniSnuli olqebi SeiZleba daiyos SedarebiT martiv erTe-

ulad — raionebad, reliefis formaTa mxolod misTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli mudmivi Sexameba-kombinaciiT. am taqsonomiuri erTe-

ulis farglebSi reliefis wyalqveSa da wyalzeda formebi er-

Tian da mTlian kompleqsur warmonaqmnad ganixileba, rac reli-

efis formebsa da maTi ganviTarebis TaviseburebaTa Soris gene-

tur damokidebulebaSi aisaxeba. ufro mcire, vidre raioni, taq-

sonomiuri erTeuli — sanapiro qveraions warmoadgens. es Seda-

rebiT martivi napiri gansxvavebuli agebulebiT, sakuTari Tana-

medrove dinamikiTa da ganviTarebis faziT xasiaTdeba. mezobel


35

qveraionebs Soris aSkara dinamikuri kavSirebi SeiniSneba, romlis

gamo isini Sesabamis morfodinamikur sistemaSi erTiandebian.

amave dros, sanapiroebis aTvisebis, abraziisa da warecxvi-

sagan napirebis dacvis mizniT, hidroteqnikuri nagebobebis

(navsadgurebis molebi, bunis seriebi, talRasamsxvrevebi, ked-

lebi, Sporebi) mSeneblobam napirebis mcire zomis monakveTebad

dayofa gamoiwvia, romlebsac qveraionebis Sida sanapiro ubnebi

Seesabameba. es ukanasknelni, erTmaneTisagan morfologiuri

niSnebiT gansxvavdebian, xolo maTi sigrZe ramdenime kilomet-

ris farglebSia.

afxazeTis Savi zRvispira zolis (205 km) napirebis bunebrivi

faqtorebiT Camoyalibebuli dinamikuri sistemebis Tanamedro-

ve pirobebSi rRvevisa da sivrcobrivi diferenciaciis amsaxve-

li sqemis SemuSavebis mizniT Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze

miRebuli Sedegi (cxrili #1) gviCvenebs, rom regionis zRvispi-

ra zolSi geologiur-geoteqtonikuri, aseve, terigenuli masa-

lis xasiaTis mixedviT ori msxvili geomorfologiuri olqi

(kavkasiisa da kolxeTis) gamoiyofa. pirveli maTgani md. mzimTa-

fsous gaerTianebuli akumulaciuri koncxidan md. gumisTis

deltamde (110 km) vrceldeba, meore — kolxeTis olqis Crdilo-

dasavluri nawili (samxreT-aRmosavleTi perimetri scildeba

sakvlevi sanapiros farglebs da kur. qobuleTamde vrceldeba)

mdinareebis gumisTisa da enguris SesarTavebs Sorisaa (103 km)

moqceuli.

kavkasiis olqis SemadgenlobaSi 4 raioni (dinamikuri siste-

ma), 14 qveraioni da 45 ubani, xolo kolxeTis olqSi 3 raioni (di-

namikuri sistema), 9 qveraioni da 28 ubani fiqsirdeba. TiTouli

maTganis detaluri aRwera avtors mizanSewonilad ar miaCnia.

cxrilSi motanili suraTi napirebis Tanamedrove mdgoma-

reobas asaxavs. maTi bunebrivi reJimis morfologiur xasiaTs

dinamikuri sistemebi (Кикнадзе, 1977) asaxaven. hifsTa-gumisTis

(gudauTis) dinamikur (raioni, D) sistemaSi (umetesad, bomboris

reidi da gudauTis yures qveraionebi) fskeris masala (Алпе-

нидзе, 1985) da mdinareTa aluvioni yvelgan gvxvdeba. qveda wa-

recxvebma adre formirebuli da gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi

fiqsirebuli (Зенкович, 1956), erTiani da mTliani napirisgas-

melor alfeniZe

36

wvrivi nakadis uwindeli sanapiro naleqebis gaqroba da napiris

ngreva, jer kidev, ver SeZles.

md. gumisTisa da eSeris mewyrebs Soris monakveTi (eSeris

qveraioni) gudauTis dinamikuri sistemis (raionis) napiris na-

tanis akumulaciis bolo monakveTs warmoadgens. mis farglebSi,

yvelaze meti xarisxiT, Cans Zveli napirisgaswvrivi nakadis pet-

rografiuli speqtris memkvidreoba. amJamad aq napiri irecxeba

da gudauTis yuredan transportirebuli kenWnari masala Tan-

daTanobiT qreba.

md. gumisTis SesarTavis samxreT-aRmosavleTi napiris gan-

viTareba gumisTis aluvionis Semosvlisagan nawilobrivi izo-

laciis qveS imyofeba, ramac gumisTa-soxumis qveraionis napi-

rebze axali cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. md. gumisTis natanis napi-

risgaswvrivi nakadis nawilobrivi Sewyveta da soxumis napiris

ngreva qveraionis Sida morfodinamikuri cvlilebebiTaa gamow-

veuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT, winandeli natanis napirisgaswvri-

vi nakadis gawyvetis miuxedavad, gumisTa-besleTis SesarTavebs

Soris sanapiros rogorc uwin, ise amJamad gumisTis dinamikur

sistemaSi gaerTianeba ekuTvnis. am raionis sistemuri erTiano-

ba, jer kidev gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi gamoCnda, roca 1942

wels, soxumis yureSi samxedro gemebis CaZirvam (Алпенидзе, 1978;

1985) napiris adgilobrivi cvlilebebi (soxumis sanapiros 60-

70m-iT ukan daxeva, xolo CaZiruli gemebis win — 125 m-iT gafar-

Toeba) gamoiwvia.


37

cxrili 1

afxazeTis Savi zRvis napirebis

morfodinamikuri daraioneba

ol

qi

raioni (dinamikuri

sistema), qveraioni ubnebi

A. Crdilo-dasavleTi. (md. fsou-md. bzifi) — 35 km

1. mzimTa-xaSufse. 6,0 km A. 1. a. leseliZis; A. 1. b. ganTiadis

2. xaSufse-xolod-naia

reCka. 3,5 km

A. 2. a. ganTiadi 2;

3. civwyala-Txemi. 4,5 km A. 2. a.3. a. civwyalas SesarTavispira; A. 3.

b. anahomsTis;

4. Txemi-Joekvara. 5,0 km

A. 4. a. Txemis bunis seriis napiri; A. 4.

b.bunis seriis napiri — reprua; A. 4. c. re-

pruas aqtiuri gamagrebis; A. 4. d. repruas

aqtiuri gamagreba — md. Joekvaris;

5. Joekvara-bzifi. 16,0 km

A. 5. a. Joekvaras SesarTavis Sverilis; A. 5. b.

Joekvaras SesarTavis Sverili — bunis

seria; A. 5. c. bunis seria; A. 5. d. bunis

seria — md. bzifi

B. dasavleTi (md. bzifi-biWvinTis yure) - 11 km

6. bzifi-biWvinTis konc-

xi. 7,0 km

B. 6. a. md. bzifis deltis napiri; B. 6. b. md.

bzifis delta-koncxi inkiTi; B. 6. c.

koncxi inkiTis momrgvaleba; B. 6. d. inki-

Tis yure; B. 6. e. inkiTis yure-biWvinTis

koncxi

7. biWvinTis koncxi-

biWvinTis yure. 4,0km

B. 7. a. biWvinTis koncxis momrgvaleba; B.

7. b. biWvinTis yures momrgvaleba-bi-

WvinTis yure

C. biWvinTa-hifsTis - 17 km

8. liZava-miusera. 10,0 km

C. 8. a. liZavis; C. 8. b. liZava-miuseras

borcvebi; C. 8.c. miuseris borcvebis ab-

raziuli napiri; C. 8.d. miusera-koncxi

tolsti

S a

v i

z

R v

i s

a

R m

o s

a v

l e

T i

(k

a v

k a

s i

i s

) s

a n

ap

i r

o s

10

2 k

m

9. miusera-ambara-hifs-

Ta. 7,0 km

C. 9. a. koncxi tolstis momrgvaleba; C. 9.

b. ambaris mewyruli napiri; C. 9. c. ambaris

mewyrebi — md. mWiSTa; C. 9. d. mWiSTa —

hifsTis

melor alfeniZe

38

D. hifsTa-gumisTis (gudauTis) 39 km

10. bomboris reidi. 5,0 km

D. 10. a. md. hifsTis SesarTavis; D. 10. b.

koncxi sera-baba; D. 10. c. souk-sus

koncxis momrgvaleba

11. gudauTis yure. 10,0 km

D. 11. a. souk-sus aRmosavleTi napiri; D.

11. b. gudauTis bunis seriis napiri; D. 11.

c. bunis seria-aafsTis

12. aafsTa-arsauli. 8,0 km

D. 12. a. aafsTis SesarTavi; D. 12. b.

petropavlovskis mewyruli; D. 12. c.

arsaulis;

13. axali aTonis. 6,0 km

D. 13. a. fsircxis; D. 13. b.fsircxa-bunis

seriis; D. 13. c. axali aTonis mewyruli I; D.

13. d. axali aTonis mewyruli II;

14. eSeris. 10,0 km

D. 14. a. eSeris III mewyruli; D. 14. b. eSeris

II mewyruli; D. 14. c. eSeris I mewyruli; D.

14. d. eSera-gumisTis

E. gumisTis. 10 km

15. gumisTa-soxumis. 3,0 km

E. 15. a. gumisTis SesarTavis; E. 15. b.

Suquris; E. 15. c. soxumis koncxis

momrgvalebis

16. soxumi-besleTis

(soxumis yure. 7,0 km

E. 16. a.soxumis koncxis aRm. napiri; E. 16. b.

CaZiruli gemebis; E. 16. c. soxumis bunis

seriis; E. 16. d. besleTis;

F. kelasuris. 24,0 km

17. kelasuris. 17,0 km F. 17. a. kelasuris; F. 17. b. kelasuri-

maWaris; F. 17. c. maWara-babuSeris.

18. varCis. 7,0 km F. 18. a. babuSeris; F. 18. b. varCis

G. kodoris. 69 km

19. kodoris delta —

moqva. 25,0 km

G. 19. a. kodoris deltis napiri; G. 19. b.

kindRis; G. 19. c. WaSa-ToumuSis; G. 19. d.

dRamiS-moqvis; G. 19. e. moqvis

20. oCamCiris. 14,0 km G. 20. a. oCamCiris porti-bunis seriis; G.

20. b. bunis seriis; G. 20. c. RaliZgis

21. gudavis. 6,0 km G. 21. a. gudavis; G. 21. b. oqumis; G. 21. c.

sarini arxis

22. boRazis. 8,0 km G. 22. a. maraWis; G. 22. b. buRazi-gagidis

k o

l x

e T

i s

o

l q

i (

10

3 k

m)

23. gagida-ganmuxuris.

16,0 km

G. 23. a. gagida-fiCoris; G. 23. b. gan-

muxuris; G. 23. c. enguris deltis


39

soxumis yures aRmosavleT frTaze qviSiani plaJis kveba

xorcieldeba md. kelasuris natanis mier. aq am mdinaris mxolod

wvrili fraqcia Semodis, xolo kenWnari masala sawinaaRmdego

(natanis difuzia) mxares (alfeniZe da sxv., 2011) miemarTeba. es

faqti gvaiZulebs, rom besleTi-kelasuris napiris monakveTi

ganvaTavsoT kelasuris dinamikur sistemaSi (raionSi). md. kela-

suris SesarTavidan kodoris deltamde dinamikuri sistemis be-

tonis nagebobebiT gawyvetas adgili ara aqvs. Tumca napiris re-

liefis formebis maxasiaTebeli niSnebisa da Tanamedrove pro-

cesebis msvlelobis mixedviT aq oTxi ubani gamoiyo.

kodoris dinamikuri sistemis (kodori-enguri) natanis napi-

risgaswvrivi nakadi (69 km) mxolod oCamCiris misadgomebTanaa

gawyvetili, Tumca natanis napirisgaswvrivi erTiani nakadis

narCenebi (20 aTasi m3/ww) enguris deltamde amJamadac (Зенкович,

1976) aRwevs. natanis napirisgaswvrivi nakadis ara betonis kon-

struqciis nagebobiT, aramed wylis nakadis mier gawyvetis maga-

liTs md. eriswylis kalapotSi gayvanili enguri-hesis sarini

arxis wylis nakadi warmoadgens. misi `SesarTavis~ marjvena

ubanze ganieri (80-110 m) plaJia, xolo mopirdapire napiris ukan

daxeva (12-15 m/ww) fiqsirdeba. am movlenas (Зенкович, 1987) arxis

wylis nakadis `moluri efeqti~ iwvevs da napirisgaswvrivi naka-

dis diskretulobac saxezea. kodoris raionis farglebSi, napi-

ris reliefis formebis dRevandeli cvlilebebis Sesabamisad,

13 ubnis gamoyofa gaxda SesaZlebeli.

amrigad, sanapiroebis ganviTarebis bunebrivi reJimis piro-

bebSi Camoyalibebuli dinamikuri sistemebi (raionebi), droTa

ganmavlobaSi, geomorfologiuri (akumulaciuri koncxebis an

deltebis Selfis kideze gasvla, zRvis donis awevis tendencia,

aluviuri masalis Semcireba) an teqnogenuri (portis molis, bu-

nis seriis, talRsamsxvrevebis ageba) faqtorebis mier, gasuli

saukunis Sua wlebSi, ramdenadme gawyvetili, danawevrebuli da

mcire zomis monakveTebad dayofili aRmoCdnen. erTiani sanapi-

ro zonis dinamikuri sistemebis sivrcobrivi diferenciaciis

xelSemwyob faqtorTa Soris aRmoCndnen mdinareTa nakadebis

xelovnuri (hes-ebis ageba) daregulireba, inertuli masalis da-

muSaveba da gazidva.

melor alfeniZe

40

aRniSnuli faqtorebis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebis maga-

liTad mxolod ramdenimes movitanT: Zvel gagraSi navsadguris

molis agebis gamo, napiris 6-7 km-is perimetrze, `qveda

garecxvebis~ efeqtis Senelebas bunis seriis mSenebloba da wa-

recxvis axali monakveTebis gaCena mohyva; gagris yures dasav-

leTiT, sof. grebeSokis midamoebSi, rkinigzis xazis zRvispira

konturis dacvis mizniT, bunis seriis mier (32 buna da 3 tal-

Rsamsxvrevi) natanis napirisgaswvrivi nakadi gawyvetili aRmoC-

nda. mogvianebiT, bunis seria natani masaliT (30 aTasi m3/ww)

Seivso (Пешков, 1987), xolo `qveda warecxvebi~ 5-6km-is manZilze

dafiqsirda; analogiuri movlena fiqsirdeba gagris, gudauTis,

axali aTonis, oCamCiris midamoebSi. rkina-betonis bunis seriisa

da fasonuri konstruqciebis (tetrapodebi, dipodebi), aseve

talRsamsxvrevebis meSveobiT abraziis lokaluri xasiaTis Se-

Cerebas SesamCnevi qveda warecxvebi mosdevda.

amgvarad, afxazeTis Savi zRvis napirebis bunebrivi reJimis

pirobebSi ganviTarebuli morfologiuri niSnebisa da anTro-

pogenuri zemoqmedebebis Sedegad miRebuli Tanamedrove mdgo-

mareoba morfodinamikur taqsonomiur erTeulebSi (olqi, dina-

mikuri sistema (raioni), qveraioni, ubani) aisaxa. maTi Sedarebi-

dan aSkaraa napirebis sivrcobrivi diferenciacia da erTiani —

mTliani dinamikuri sistemebis mokle nawilebad dayofa.

napirebi, danawevrebulia ra damoukidebel da mokle, pla-

Jis masalas met-naklebad moklebul ubnebad, natanis umniSvne-

lo, kenWnar-qviSiani monakveTebis monacvleobiT xasiaTdeba.

plaJis zolebis gareSe darCenili napirebi qveda garecxvebis

ubnebs Seesabameba, xolo mezobeli ubnidan natani masalis Se-

mosvlis sruli ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi mkafiod Cans masalis

nivTieri Sedgenilobis aSkara araerTgvarovneba.


1. alfeniZe m., lomTaTiZe z. Savi zRva: abioturi da bioturi

procesebis dinamika. abioturi faqtorebi. nawili pir-

veli. afx. mecn. erovnuli akademia, Tbilisi, 2011.


41

2. Алпенидзе М.Д. О новейших изменениях береговой линии Сухумс-

кого района. Сообщ. АН ГССР, 1978, т. 90, № 2, с. 397-399.

3. Алпенидзе М.Д. Особенности развития морского берега Сухум-

ского района. Геоморфология, 1983, № 3, с. 56-61.

4. Алпенидзе М.Д. Донное питание вдольберегового потока наносов.

Геоморфология, № 2, М., 1985.

5. Алпенидзе М.Д. Морфология и динамика берегов Черного моря

средней части Абхазии. Автореф. дисс... канд. географ. наук, Суху-

ми, 1987. -15 c

6. Алпенидзе М.Д. Развитие дельты р. Гумисты в голоцене. (на Гру-

зинском языке). В сборнике «Сообщения Сухумского филиала

ТГУ», т.1, изд. ТГУ, Тбилиси, 1998.

7. Ионин А.С. Берега Берингова моря. Изд-во АНСССР, М., 1959.

8. Ионин А.С., Каплин П.А., Медведев В.С. Типы берегов и робережий

Мирового океана, их классификация и районирование. В сб.:

Теоретические вопросы динамики морских берегов, М., Наука, 1964,

с. 19-32.

9. Кикнадзе А.Г. Применение литологического метода к исследова-

ниям динамики береговой зоны (на примере Черноморского побере-

жья Кавказа). Дис..кгн. МГУ, 1970. – 17 с.

10. Кикнадзе А.Г. Динамические системы и бюджет наносов вдоль

Черноморских берегов Грузии. В сб.: Человек и окружающая среда,

Сухуми, Алашара, 1977, с. 59-67.

11. Пешков А.М. Искусственные галечные пляжи в морской берегоза-

щите. АН СССР. Комиссия по проблемам Мирового океана. М.,

Наука,1987. с. 165-171.

12. Зарва А. В. Оползны с подводной зоной размыва. ВНИИ транспор-

тного строителства, сообщ. № 86, М., Транспортиздат, 1957. – 47 с.

13. Зенкович В.П. Динамика и морфология морских берегов. часть

I,волновые процессы. Морской транспорт. М-Л-д., 1946 – 496 с.

14. Зенкович В.П. Динамическая классификация морских берегов. Тр.

Ин-та океанологии АН СССР. 1954, сб. 36.

15. Зенкович В.П. Потоки наносов вдоль советских берегов Черного

моря. Тр. Гос. ин-та по проектир. моских портов и судоремонтных

предприятий, №3. М.: Морской транспорт, 1956, с. 3-44.

melor alfeniZe

42

16. Зенкович В.П. Берега Черного и Азовского морей. Географгиз.1958.

– 370 с.

17. Зенкович В.П. Основы учения о развитии морских берегов. Наука,

М., 1962. – 810 с.

18. Зенкович В.П. Ожидание изменения морского берега на севере

Колхиды. Сообщ. АН ГССР 83, №3, 1976

19. Зенкович В. П. Исследования береговой зоны Черного моря в

пределах Грузии. В сб.: Природные основы берегозащиты. //под.

ред. В.П. Зенковича, Е.И. Игнатова, С.А. Лукянова. М.: Наука, 1987.

45-51.

20. Зенкович В.П., Ионин А.С. О движении галечного материала в

береговой зоне. Океанология, 1962, № 5.

21. Леонтьев О.К. Основы геоморфологии морских берегов. МГУ, М.,

1961. 419 с. Л

22. Общая характеристика и история развития рельефа кавказа. // под.

ред. Н.В. Думитрашко и др., Наука, М., 1977.288 с.

Melor Alpenidze

Professor

Sokhumi State University

Black Sea coast zoning according to Morpho-dynamic features

(on the example of Abkhazia)

Resume

To be considered: Issues regarding the development of a picture (scheme)

of spatial separation of dynamic systems (regions) along with anthropological

changes of Black Sea (Abkhazia) coastal zone.

Results: on the basis of spatial study of the uniform coastal Dynamic Sys-

tems, partition scheme of the coastal Morpho-dynamic Taxonomic units is rece-

ived, among them: 2 – districts, 7 – Dynamic Systems (regions), 23 – subregi-

ons, 73 – areas.

Protecting Virgin Landscapes: A Georgian Perspective

43

Nikoloz Beruchashvili*, PhD Student

Neli Jamaspashvili*, Dr. Geography

Levan Beruchashvili*, PhD Student *Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University


ABSTRACT

In Europe, humans have intensely transformed virgin landscapes. If we

survey the history of land development in Europe, we discover that over the past

few centuries virtually all the European forests - from Norway to Bulgaria, and

Spain to the Northern Urals - have been felled, consistently and repeatedly.

About 2000 years ago virgin landscapes covered 80% of Europe. These

landscapes were further destroyed in the 20th century. Now they make up no

more than 1% of all of Europe. By the beginning of the 21st century, virgin

landscapes were preserved only in a few geographical locations, including

Europe's northeast, the Caucasus, and Georgia (N.N.Beruchasvili, in “Biological

and Landscapes Diversity of Georgia”, 2000).

Whit Gibbons, an environmental professor, has defined virgin forests as:

The original meaning is simple, from the word meaning "chaste," representing a

forest that has never been timbered and in which the dominant, old-growth tree

species have reached their maximum ages. The International Union of Forest

Research Organizations extends this view to include young growth: There

seems to be general agreement that not every virgin or primeval forest is of

great age; that young stands may be of virgin or primeval character although

they are not old growth. These would be stands that have regenerated after

natural disturbances and have not been subjected to human disturbances.

Virgin landscapes are unique natural complexes that, among other things:

• regulate climate; for example, they store large amounts of carbon

dioxide that would otherwise contribute to greenhouse gases

• maintain water cycles and freshwater resources


44

• ensure the survival of unique and endangered species

• protect one-of-a-kind mountain meadows, marsh tracts and other

ecosystems within their territory

• prevent soil erosion and flooding of streams

• provide ecological refuges for indigenous knowledge

Why protect Georgia's virgin landscapes?

• The virgin landscapes of Georgia are especially valuable because of

their rich biodiversity and uniqueness. They are the fundamental natural wealth

of the country.

• Forests cover about 38%, of which a small percentage is virgin. The

ecosystems are diverse, ranging from sub-alpine to flood-plain forests.

However, human activity is beginning to destroy these landscapes. A great

number of projects, have been planned or carried out recently. These include:

• the transport corridor "Europe-Caucasus-Asia"

• new oil pipelines

• a government forestry development project that wants to escalate

logging, which may eventually destroy most of Georgia's forests

• economic development projects such as agriculture and tourism in

Georgia

All these projects have, to a certain extent, environmental issues and

concerns that must be resolved. The entire area potential virgin landscapes of

Georgia amounts to 7,024 square km., or 10% of Georgia's territory

(N.N.Beruchasvili, 2000). Georgia has one of the last tracts of virgin European

mountain forests. These forests are not only of scientific interest, but they are

also an important resource. They are home to a high level of biodiversity.

Combine this with the rich cultural-historical heritage of this ancient country,

and you have the makings of a place that is beautiful in its environment and in

its society.

Key words: potential, virgin landscapes, mountain, forests.

INTRODUCTION

Landscapes of Europe are intensely transformed by man. If 2000 years ago

virgin landscapes, untouched by human activity, had covered 80 percent of

Europe’s territory, towards the end of the 19th century their area had been

reduced to 10-15 percent. These landscapes were destroyed with particular


45

intensity in the 20th century. Their areas decreased by more than 10 times and

now they make up no more than one percent of all of Europe, By the beginning

of the 21st century virgin landscapes were preserved only in Europe’s northeast,

the Russian Federation’s Republics of Komi and Karelia, and in the Arkhan-

gelsk and Perm regions [12], [11]. Another estimable tract of virgin landscapes

is found in the Caucasus, particularly on the territory of Georgia (Fig.1).

Georgia is a small country and it is not rich in mineral resources. It does

not have large deposits of oil, or deposits of strategically important metals. But

Georgia does possess significant natural resources, which consist of the

country’s biological and landscape diversity. Virgin landscapes of Georgia are

the fundamental natural wealth of our country. Their sustainable development

and conscientious use can produce significant economic benefit. The fun-


46

damental problems of geography and ecology of Georgia is Identifying and

Mapping Virgin Landscapes. This problem is important not only for Georgia,

but for all of Europe, as it is in our country that the last tracts of virgin European

mountain forests are preserved. Several concrete tasks arise from this problem.

They are: Developing the methodology of identifying virgin Landscapes;

Mapping of potential Virgin Landscapes of Georgia; Verification the Map of

potential virgin landscapes; Analyses the Map of potential virgin landscapes [5].

Virgin landscapes are unique natural complexes that represent the natural

areas least affected by human economic activity. These landscapes ensure the

survival of the most vulnerable plant and animal species. Here, forests, one-of-

a-kind mountain meadows, marsh tracts and other ecosystems are preserved in

their virgin state. These landscapes are uninhabited by humans and unmarked by

roads or highways, and thus serve as the most reliable reservoirs of clean air.

A landscape is understood as a natural complex that is formed under the

conditions of a homogenous geological basis, in a single type of dominating

relief (for example, alpine ancient glacial, flat-country accumulative, etc.) and

homogenous climate (humid subtropical, moderate dry, etc.). In these conditions

the combination of vegetation and soil characteristic to the landscape is formed.

It is of great significance that a landscape is a result of the successive joining of

smaller natural complexes – the facies. They are closely interconnected and

dependent on one another in creating the framework of the landscape. The area

of landscapes in mountainous countries ranges from a few square kilometers to

dozens upon dozens of square kilometers. Landscapes are transformed to some

extent by man. The extent of man’s effect depends on the amount of the area of

the landscape that is occupied by cultivated land, cities a nd villages, as well as

industrial and hydro-technical constructions, roads and other units. The

anthropological influence on a landscape can be defined as follows [3], [4], [1]:

1.Virtually unchanged landscapes – less than 5 percent of the landscape has

been changed as the result of human activity; 2 Slightly changed – 5-20 percent;

3. Moderately changed – 20-50 percent; 4. Considerably changed – 50-80

percent; 5. Greatly changed – 80-95 percent; 6. Almost entirely changed – 95-

100 percent.

Virgin landscapes constitute special “zero” groups [5]. Their areas are

altogether unmarked by evidence of human activity. For extended periods of

time these sites have remained untouched by human habitations, cultivated

parcels, roads, or industrial units. These landscapes cannot be used for intensive


47

tourism. If visitors attend these landscapes it is very seldom and their presence

does not result in any changes in the landscapes. Thus, a virgin landscape is a

rather large territory of more than a number of square kilometers, which posse-

sses the entirely preserved framework of its natural complexes, and is virtually

untouched by immediate human activity.

MATERIALS and METHODS

Methodic of landscape research is represented in different scientific

research works. They are Beruchashvili, Zjuchkova, 1997) [3], monograph

“Geosisteme at Paysages”[4].

Towards compiling a plan of unknown virgin landscapes of Georgia a

special methodology has been developed [5], [6]. The essence of this approach

lies in the detailed analysis of topographic maps. Topographic maps with the

scale of 1:50,000 were used to define the outlines of possible virgin landscapes

in Georgia. In defining these borders we were guided by the following

principles: 1.On the territory of virgin landscapes there must not be a single

settlement of either a permanent or temporary population (sheds, winter-shel-

ters, or any structure that could be used as temporary lodgings). 2.The distance

from a virgin landscape to the nearest permanent settlement must be no less than

2 km. and access to the virgin landscape must be limited by natural obstacles –

rocky or very steep slopes, deep ravines or canyons, forests with Colchian ever-

greens and their nearly impassable undergrowth, etc. 3.The distance from the

site of a temporary population, a nomads’ camp, for example, must be no less

than 0.5 km. and, as previously mentioned, access must be limited by natural

obstacles. 4.The territory of a virgin landscape must not be crossed by a single

motorway, road or footpath. The distance from the nearest path must not be less

than 0.2-0.5 km, and natural obstacles must limit access from the path to the

virgin landscape. 5.When selecting possible virgin forests in alpine and winter

pasture regions used for livestock grazing, great attention was paid to the relief.

Only very steep slopes (above 35-400) rocks, glaciers and territories with an

elevation above 2800-3000 were qualified as virgin landscapes. 6.A great

importance was attached to the general evaluation of phisico-geographical

situations and to the ethnographic employment traditions of the territories. For

instance, the Svans, Khevsuretians and other mountain people exploit alpine

territories more intensively than the Abkhazians or Kakhetians. Because of this,


48

one must employ stricter criteria than in Kakheti or Guria while selecting

possible territories of virgin landscapes. 7. Finally, by definition, a virgin

landscape must be a landscape and not a facies. It must be a complete natural

structure, and not a tract fragmented into separate parts. In principle, separate

virgin fatsias can occur in the immediate surroundings of Tbilisi. However large

territories of virgin landscapes are not found in the surroundings of large cities.

As previously mentioned, virgin landscapes within Georgia cover areas of more

than a few square meters. Thus, the criterion has been established that the area

of a virgin landscape must be no less than 1000 hectares (10 sq.km.). It is also

admirable that there are virgin territories with smaller areas, but only a field

expedition could reveal them. This is why the criteria of 10 sq. km. for all of

Georgia has been accepted.

RESULTS

The Selection of a Virgin Landscape on a Topographic Map scaled 1:50

000. This landscape was selected on the southern slopes of the Kakheti

Caucasus, in the Kvareli region. The territory includes the gorge of the river

Baskintela. While compiling the map of potential virgin landscapes of Georgia,

220 sheets of topographic maps (1:50,000) were analyzed. It was hard and

labor-consuming work. Of 220 sheets of maps scaled at 1:50,000, possible

virgin landscapes were found on 80 sheets.

As a result of GIS analyses a map has been compiled showing the

distribution of virgin forests over Mkhare and over the landscapes of Georgia.

Most of the area in Samegrelo and Upper Svaneti is covered by virgin

landscapes. This area exceeds 25 percent of the entire area of the region. In all

provinces of west Georgia, as well as in Mtskheta-Mtianeti and Kakheti, indices

are above average. Relatively low indices are found in the districts of central

Georgia – Kvemo, Shida Kartli, and Samtskhe-Javakheti. The basic scientific

result of our work is a compiled map of potential virgin landscapes of the Oni

district. If the map verification results of Oni are to be considered satisfactory,

its precision should be accurate to 80-90 percent. This allows the possibility of

conducting GIS analyses of the map, as well as some scientific generalizations.

The entire area of potential virgin landscapes of Georgia amounts to 7,024

square km., or 10 percent of Georgia’s territory. Of these areas: Marshes are


49

presented by 5 areas and 162 square km.; Virgin forests – by 187 areas, 4015

sq.km.; Alpine landscapes – 88 areas, 2828 sq.km.

Virgin landscapes spread show that they are part of the Greater Caucasus

Range, the west part of the Lesser Caucasus Range (Adjarian – Imeretian range)

and most of the Kolkhian lowlands. There are an especially significant number

of virgin landscapes situated on the “triangle” of Greater and Lesser Caucasus

ranges, facing the Black Sea – the Gagrian, Bzibian, Egrisian, and Ajara-

Imeretian ranges. Along with the complex and inaccessible relief, quite a warm

and humid climate is observed in this region. This climate is favorable for the

formation of the impenetrable Colkhian mountainous forest and evergreen

undergrowth. Quite a few virgin landscapes are found on the Kakhetian

Caucasus as a solid wall.

The steep slopes of the Greater Caucasus range are juxtaposed over the

fertile Alazani Valley. These slopes are impermeable and rarely visited by the

local population; this factor creates favorable conditions for preserving the

region’s virgin forests. It is notable that in regions populated by mountain-

dwellers (Svaneti, Racha, Khevsureti, Khevi and Tusheti) virgin forests are

comparatively rare. This is conditioned by the fact that mountain-dwellers have

been accustomed since ancient times to their landscapes’ style of life and have

historically made use of virtually all kinds of territories for hay mowing,

pastures and land-cultivation. In addition, they intensively use forest resources.

This is the reason that the virgin forests are scarce there. Yet large areas of

alpine virgin landscapes free from any traces of human impact are preserved on

steep, rocky slopes, often covered with glaciers.

In the eastern part of the Lesser Caucasus, on the Trialeti range, the number

of virgin landscapes are few. The range is distinguished by a great number of

raised, leveled surfaces. The region’s relatively dry and warm climate, along

with its gentle slopes, is favorable for land cultivating. Virgin landscapes are

virtually not found on the plateau of Akhalkalaki and Dmanisi and the whole in

between - the mountainous lowlands of Georgia, from Samegrelo to Kakheti

and Kvemo-Kartli. Virgin landscapes are primarily spread in mountainous and

especially alpine landscapes. These data are provided in table and chart format

(Fig. 2). Glacial landscapes almost completely belong to the virgin category. A

high percentage of virgin landscapes are found in alpine meadows, Kolkhian

mountainous and mid-mountainous beech-coniferous landscapes. Virgin

landscapes are virtually absent in east Georgia’s (Kakhetian) temperate-humid


50

landscapes and in the mountainous steppe landscapes of Javakheti and

Samtskhe. Virgin landscapes are found in the reserves of plateau and foothill

steppe landscapes.

Figure 2

PROTECTED AREA, VIRGIN LANDSCAPES, OTHER TERRITORIES BY LANDSCAPES OF GEORGIA

-2000

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Landscapes

Are

a, s

q.km

.

Other Territories

Virgin Landscapes

Protected area

Other Territories 8775 2243 8786 226 7448 3189 5861 3792 6825 10873 0

Virgin Landscapes 162 0 0 0 1635 0 652 0 1340 2101 675,8

Protected area 335 3 918 48 382 201 181 0 856 346 0

Lowland moist

Colkhic

Plain broadleaf forest of

SteppesSemidesrt

s

Moist Colkhic

mountain

Mountain coniferous forests

Low mountain broadleaf

Middle mountain broadleaf

Mountain steppes

High-mountain grassland

Nival zone

CONCLUSIONS

At the conclusion of our work, it should be noted once more that we have

compiled the preliminary mapping of the spread of virgin landscapes. In order to

compile a final map, it is necessary to carry out field research expeditions. The

most important task of geography and ecology in Georgia is to describe and

create a GIS system and plan further activities towards to conservation of virgin

landscapes. It should be remembered that virgin landscapes of Georgia are not

only of scientific interest, but are also an important resource of our country.

Virgin landscapes are the important resources for developing the “extreme

tourism”. Why Georgia and not tropical woods of southern America, desert of

Africa or taiga of Siberia and Canada? Because here are favorable natural

conditions – there are no extremely high or low temperatures, high humidity,


51

mosquitoes, poisonous snakes or the dander of catching the topical fever. In

contrast with these countries, Georgia possesses high level of landscape

diversity and on a small territory, extraordinary diversity of natural landscapes

are found; finally, here natural landscapes are combined with rich cultural-

historical heritage of this small but ancient country. Through the rational use of

this resource, recreation and tourism, for example, the virgin landscapes of

Georgia can be of great economic benefit to our country.

References

1. Beruchashvili N.L., Chauke M., Sanchez-Crispin A. Geographical perspec-

tives on Sustainable Development. Rome. Moscow, Beijing, 2004 (CD in

English, Spanish, Chinese language) 64 p.

2. Beruchashvili N.L. The Caucasus: Landscapes, Models, Experiments -

UNEP, GRID Arendal, WORLD BANK, Tbilisi, Ed. Tbil.St.Univ., 1995,

314 p. (in Russian, Englich).

3. Beruchashvili N.L., Zjuchkova V.K. Methods for complex physical-

geographical investigation: The Manuel. – Moscow University Press, 1997.

- 320p. (in Russian).

4. Rougerie G., Beruchashvili N.L. Geosystems et Paysages. Bilan et

Methodes", Paris, Armand Colin, 1991, 302 p.

5. Beruchashvili N.N. Potential Virgin Landscapes of Georgia. Book

«Biological and Landscape Diversity», WWF-WB, 2000, Tbilisi, pp.211-

226.

6. Beruchashvili N.N. Use Remote Sensing for Study of Virgin Landscapes, in

Abstract Book of 53rd IAF Congress, European Student Outreach Pro-

gramme, October 10-19, 2002 – Houston, Texas, USA, p.161.

7. Beruchashvili N.N. Use Remote Sensing for Study Behavior of Landscapes

in Time and Methodology of Creation of Cartographical Animation Films

Based on GIS, in Abstract Book of 55th IAF Congress, Student Participation

Programme, October 4-8, 2004 – Vancouver, Canada, p.32.

8. Jamaspashvili N., Maisuradze R., Seperteladze,Z., Beruchashvili N.N.,

Inashvili N., Khardziani T. Book: Georgia Landscape Map and Geographic

Information System. Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, TSU,

Tbilisi, 2012, 488 p.


52

9. Georgia: Conservation of Forests and Sustainable Use, (WWF edition,

1999).

10. Global Biodiversity Assessment, V.H. Heywood & R.T. Watson (Eds.),

Cambridge University Press, 1995, 1037 p.

11. Rodenburg E, Tunstall D, van Bolhuis F., Environmental Indicators for

Global Cooperation, Washington, World Bank, UNEP, 1996, 40 p.

12. Valuing the Global Environment: Action and Investments for a 21st

Century, Global Environment Facility, Washington, 1998, 162 p.

nikoloz beruCaSvili

doqtoranti, Tsu

neli jamaspaSvili

geografiis akad. doqtori, Tsu

levan beruCaSvili

doqtoranti, Tsu

xeluxlebeli landSaftebis dacva:

saqarTvelos perspeqtiva

reziume

landSaftebi ama Tu im xarisxiT gardaqmnili arian adamia-

nis mier. imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra farTobi uWiravs lan-

dSaftis farglebSi sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebs, qalaqeb-

sa da soflebs, samrewvelo da hidroteqnikur nagebobebs, gzebs

da sxva. obieqtebs, romelic Seqmnilia adamianis saqmianobiT, ga-

moyofen:

1. praqtikulad ucvleli landSafti — sameurneo saqmiano-

bis Sedegad Secvlilia landSaftis farTobis 5%-ze nak-

lebi.

2. sustad Secvlili — 5-20%

3. zomierad Secvlili — 20-50%

4. mniSvnelovnad Secvlili — 50-80%

5. Zlier Secvlili — 80-95%


53

6. praqtikulad mTlianad Secvlili — 95-100%.

xeluxlebeli landSaftebi Seadgenen gansakuTrebul `nu-

lovan~ jgufs. mat teritoriaze saerTod ar aris adamianis ze-

moqmedebis kvali. aq arasdros (an Zalian didi drois ganmavlo-

baSi) ar yofila dasaxleba, gza, sasoflo-sameurneo savargule-

bi da, miTumetes samrewvelo obieqtebi. es landSaftebi ar SeiZ-

leba warmoadgendes intensiuri turizmis obieqts.Tu maT xalxi

mainc ewveva, isic Zalian iSviaTad da am wvevis Sedegad, araviTa-

ri cvlileba landSaftSi ar xdeba.

evropis landSaftebi intensiurad gardaiqmneba adamianis

mier. Tu 2 aTasi wlis win xeluxlebeli, praqtikulad adamianis

mier xelSeuxebel landSaftebs ekava evropis teritoriis 80%,

XIX saukunis bolos ki maTi farTobi Semcirda 10-15%-mde. gan-

sakuTrebiT intensiurad nadgurdeboda es landSaftebi XX sk-

Si.maTi farTobi Semcirda 10-jer ufro metad da dRevandel

dRes Seadgens evropis ara umetes 1 %-isa. Tu gadavxedavT mi-

waTsargeblobis istorias evropaSi, aRmoCndeba, rom bolo sau-

kuneSi praqtikulad yvela tye norvegiidan bulgareTamde da

espaneTidan dasavleT uralamde iCexeboda da amasTan araer-

Txel. aseTsave Zlier anTropogenur zemoqmedebas eqvemdebare-

ba evropis sxva landSaftebic - mSrali xmelTaSuazRviuri lan-

dSaftebidan dawyebuli skandinaviisa da kolis naxevarkunZu-

lebis tundris landSaftebamde.

XXI sk-nis dasawyisidan xeluxlebeli landSaftebi Semoina-

xa mxolod evropis Crdilo aRmosavleTSi, ruseTis federacia-

Si, kerZod komis da kareliis respublikebSi, arxangelskis da

permis olqebSi. sxva msxvil xeluxlebeli landSaftebis Zvir-

fas masivs warmoadgens kavkasia da gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos

teritoriis farglebSi.

dResdReobiT xeluxlebeli landSaftebi umowyalod nad-

gurdeba tyis Wris procesSi, axali satransporto magistrale-

bisa da samrewvelo dawesebulebebis mSeneblobisas, mTis mde-

loebis da zamTris saZovrebis gadaWarbebuli Zovebisagan.

odesRac nayofieri miwebi gadaiqcnen `bedlendebad~ — unayofo

erodirebuli ferdobebi da kldeebi, moklebuli niadag-mcena-

reul safars.


54

saqarTvelo patara qveyanaa, romelic ar aris mdidari sa-

sargeblo wiaRiseuliT. Cven ar gvaqvs arc navTobis msxvili sa-

bado, arc strategiulad mniSvnelovani metalebis budobi. Tum-

ca, saqarTvelos gaaCnia mniSvnelovani bunebrivi resursi, ro-

melic vlindeba mis biologiur da landSaftur mravalferov-

nebaSi. gansakuTrebul faseulobas warmoadgens saqarTvelos

xeluxlebeli landSaftebi. Cveni xeluxlebeli landSaftebi —

Cveni qveynis erT-erTi ZiriTadi bunebrivi simdidrea. maTma ra-

cionalurma gamoyenebam SeiZleba mogvitanos mniSvnelovani

ekonomikuri sargebloba.

danaSaulis, patimrebisa da maTi socialuri statusis aRqma Tbilisis mosaxleobis mier

55

marina burZeniZe


Teona mataraZe


danaSaulis, patimrebisa da maTi socialuri

statusis aRqma Tbilisis mosaxleobis mier

nebismieri sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba danaSauli, iseve ro-

gorc yvela socialur organizacias aqvs danaSaulis socialu-

ri kontrolis meqanizmi. karl harteris mixedviT, samarTleb-

rivi sistema Seiqmna `aracivilizebuli~ da `Zaladobrivi~ sazo-

gadoebis kontrolis mizniT (Harter, 1999). socialuri kontroli

formaluri da araformaluri saxisaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom

formaluri socialuri kontrolis meqanizmi aTaswleulebs iT-

vlis da misi formebis daxvewa xangrZlivad mimdinareobda, am

meqanizmma saboloo saxis miReba teritoriuli erTeulebis mi-

xedviT formirebuli eri-saxelmwifoebis farglebSi daiwyo.

Tuki socialuri kontroli ganisazRvreba rogorc deviantur

da danaSaulebriv qmedebaze reaqcia, socialuri disciplina em-

saxureba socialuri ganwyobebisa da qcevis formebis avtori-

tarul wesebTan moyvanis SesaZleblobas. amitomac rogorc

formaluri, ise araformaluri socialuri kontroli sociali-

zacias unda emsaxurebodes. Tavdapirvelad, iZulebiT dawese-

buli normebis internalizacia unda moxdes ramac sazogadoe-

bis wevrTa TviTdisciplinirebas unda Seuwyos xeli (Harter,

1999). Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi sistemis mTavari mizani aris

danaSaulis aRkveTa da damnaSaveTa dasja, Tumca am sistemis mi-

zani aseve normebis internalizaciisaTvis xelSewyoba, damnaSa-

veTa gamosworeba da danaSaulis prevenciaa. amas garda, samar-

Tlebrivi sistema unda efuZnebodes kanonis uzenaesobas, rome-


56

lic mxolod kanonis ZaliT da mis farglebSi aRasrulebs sasa-

marTlos ganaCens.

2012 wlis seqtemberSi sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi msjav-

rdebulebis wamebis amsaxveli video masalebis gasajaroebam sa-

qarTvelos mosaxleobis farTo masebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia,

rasac mohyva demonstraciebi da, faqtobrivad, saparlamento

arCevnebis bedi gadawyvita. saparlamento arCevnebis Semdgom ki

msjavrdebulTa masiur gaTavisuflebas mohyva debatebi imis

Sesaxeb, rom gaizarda danaSaulis done. ukanasneli ori wlis

ganmavlobaSi sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi mimdinare movlene-

bi, msjavrdebulebi da danaSaulis Tema aqtualobas ar kargavs.

warmodgenili statia swored am Tematikis mimarT mosaxleobis

ganwyobebis Seswavlas emsaxureba.

warmodgenil statiaSi ganvixilavT oTx Temas:

Tbilisis mosaxleobis mier danaSaulis, danaSaulis Ca-

denaze gavlenis mqone faqtorebis da sasjelis aRqma;

ganwyobebi damnaSaveebis da yofili patimrebis mimarT;

damokidebuleba 2012 wlis seqtemberSi gamoqveynebuli

cixis kadrebis mimarT;

damokidebuleba 2012-2013 wels patimrebis masiuri gaTa-

visuflebis mimarT.

statias safuZvlad udevs 2013 wlis mais-ivnisSi TbilisSi

Catarebuli sociologiuri kvleva. kvlevis ganxorcielebaSi

monawileobas iRebdnen iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis socialur da politikuri mecnierebaTa fakul-

tetis studentebi, risTvisac did madlobas vuxdiT maT.

meTodologiuri nawili

warmodgenili sociologiuri kvleva pragmatizmis msof-

lmxedvelobas efuZneba da problemis Seswavlazea orientire-

buli. misi mizania konkretul droSi, socialur da politikur

konteqstSi Seiswavlos movlena da uars ambobs samyaros ro-

gorc absoluturi unitaruli sistemis xedvaze (Creswell, 2008).

warmodgenili sociologiuri kvlevis sagani iyo Tbilisis

mosaxleobis damokidebulebis gamovlena danaSaulisadmi, sas-


57

jelaRsrulebis sistemaSi moxvedrili adamianebisa da dasjis

formebisadmi. kvlevis farglebSi gamoyenebul iqna raodenob-

rivi kvleva, kerZod ki, masobrivi gamokiTxva pirispiri intervi-

us meTodiT.

SerCevis dizaini iyo mravalsafexuriani klasteruli Ser-

Ceva. kvlevis generalur erTobliobas warmoadgenda Tbilisis

mosaxleoba. SerCevis zoma iyo 540, cdomilebis koeficienti

4.2% (95% sandoobisaTvis).

danaSaulis, dasjis formebisa da pirobebis aRqma

qmedeba, romelic ugulebelyofs da arRvevs saxelmwifos

mier dadgenil kanons, aris danaSauli. saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsis mixedviT danaSauli aris amave kodeqsiT gaT-

valiswinebuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba (sa-

qarTvelos parlamenti, 1999). Tbilisis mosaxleoba danaSaulis

cnebas mxolod sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls ar ukavSirebs (ase-

Ti mxolod gamokiTxulTa 44%-ia), danaSaulis cnebaSi aerTia-

nebs rogorc moraluri normebis (gamokiTxulTa 29%), aseve so-

cialuri normebis darRvevas (24%), anu Tbilisis mkvidrTa TiT-

qmis naxevari danaSaulisa da deviaciis cnebebs erTgvarovnad

miiCnevs. danaSaulis aRqmaze gavlenas axdens iseTi damoukide-

beli cvladi, rogoricaa ganaTlebis miRweuli done. ganaTle-

bis ufro dabali cenzis mqone pirebi metad miiCneven, rom dana-

Sauli socialuri da moraluri normebis darRvevaa, vidre uf-

ro maRali ganaTlebis cenzis mqone pirebi.

kiTxvaze — romeli ufro mZime danaSaulia — sazogadoebi-

saTvis Tu pirovnebisaTvis miyenebuli ziani? — pasuxebi ase ga-

danawilda. gamokiTxulTa naxevarze meti (52%) Tvlis, rom ori-

ve danaSauli mZimea, 29% sazogadoebisaTvis miyenebul zians mi-

iCnevs ufro mZimed, xolo 19% ki — pirovnebisaTvis miyenebul

zians. mocemuli kiTxvis pasuxebi gansazRvrulia iseTi damou-

kidebeli cvladiT, rogoricaa sqesi. mamakacebi ufro xSrad

axdenen am ori tipis danaSaulis diferencirebas (mamakacebis

56.7%, qalebis 43.6%) da sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil dana-

Sauls ufro mZimed miiCneven.


58

socialuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis paralelurad gaizar-

da mecnierTa interesi danaSaulis gamomwvevi mizezebis mimarT.

mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli gvxvdeba danaSaulis bio-

logiuri, fsiqologiuri Tu socialuri Teoriebi (demonolo-

gia, frenologia, lombrosianuli Teoria, klasikuri Teoria,

marqsistul-leninuri Teoria, konfliqtis Teoria, iarliyebis

Teoria, stigmatizaciis Teoria da a.S.) (Giddens, 2009) (OpenStax

College, 2012). kvlevis procesSi danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxor-

cielebaze gavlenis mqone faqtorebi respondentebs Sevafase-

bineT. maT mivawodeT pirvel (Tvisebriv) etapze gamovlenili 8

faqtori. maT unda SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad axdens gavlenas

TiToeuli maTgani adamianis mier danaSaulis Cadenaze.

rva faqtors Soris yvelaze xSirad gavlenis mqoned gamo-

kiTxulebma afeqti (90%), ekonomikuri siduxWire (85%), same-

gobro wre (85%), aRzrda (81%) da ojaxuri problemebi (80%) da-

asaxeles. danaSaulze gavlenis mqone faqtorad mentaluri daa-

vadebebi daasaxela 77%-ma, xolo garemo gamaRizianebeli 75%-

ma. genetikuri faqtori danarCen faqtorebs Soris yvelaze nak-

lebma respondentma miiCnia danaSaulis gamomwvevad, Tumca am

respondentebis wili 54%-ia.

genetikuri faqtoris mniSvnelobis Sefasebaze gavlenas ax-

dens respondentTa asaki, ojaxuri mdgomareoba da eTnikuri

kuTvnileba. asakis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba genetikuri faqto-

ris danaSaulis Cadenaze gavlenis mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba (ge-

netikuri faqtori danaSaulis Cadenaze gavlenis mqoned axal-

gazrdebis 45%-ma, xolo asakovnebis 64%-ma daasaxela). geneti-

kur faqtors naklebmniSvnelovnad miiCneven dauojaxebeli pi-

rebi da eTnikuri somxebi da qarTvelebi. afeqtis gavlenis Sefa-

sebaze iseTi damoukidebeli cvladebi axdens gavlenas, rogo-

rebicaa asaki da ojaxuri mdgomareoba. axalgazrda responden-

tebi ufro metad usvamen xazs afeqtur mdgomareobaSi danaSau-

lis Cadenis SesaZleblobas, vidre Sua asakis da xandazmuli

respondentebi. mentaluri daavadebebis gavlenas danaSaulis

Cadenaze gansakuTrebiT usvamen xazs asakovani da daojaxebuli

respondentebi. kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom damokidebule-

bebSi asaki mniSvnelovani determinantia. asakovan xalxSi ufro


59

Zlieria askriptuli statusis rwmena (genetika, ojaxuri warmo-

mavloba, socialuri garemo), maSin roca axalgazrdebi danaSa-

uls ufro individualistur faqtad miiCneven da danaSaulze

gavlenis mqone faqtorebs Soris aqcents akeTeben afeqtsa da

garemo gamRizianebelze. miuxedavad sxvadasxva asakobriv jgu-

febs Soris gansxvavebuli tendenciebisa, Tbilisis mkvidrni,

zogadad, danaSaulze gavlenis mqone socialur, biologiur, Tu

fsiqologiur faqtorebs kombinirebulad asaxeleben. danaSau-

lis mizezebis kvlevisagan ukve karga xania mecnierebma uari so-

cialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis sasargeblod Tqves. `ada-

miani politikuri cxovelia. is Tu rogoria zrdasruli adamia-

ni, ZiriTadad, imis Sedegia, ra iswavla man bavSvobaSi, mozrdi-

lobasa Tu axalgazrdobaSi. misi pirovneba mxolod nawilobriv

aris determinirebuli memkvidreobiTa Tu biologiuri faqtore-

biT. misi priovneba, ZiriTadad, xalxTan kavSiris gamovlenaa. ada-

miani is aris, rac man iswavla rom iyos“ (Clemmer, 1958 (1940), p. 1).

erT-erTi sakiTxi iyo imis garkveva, Tu rogori damokidebu-

leba aqvT mosaxleobas dasjis formebis da sasjelaRsrulebiT

sistemaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis mimarT. respondentebs mive-

ciT 13 faqtori da unda ganesazRvraT ramdenad mniSvnelovania

patimrisaTvis TiToeuli maTganis maRali xarisxiT miwodeba.

Zalze mniSvnelovan faqtorebs Soris aris sanitarul-higienu-

ri pirobebi (94%), kveba (93%) da samedicino momsaxureba (95%).

mniSvnelobis mixedviT maT mohyveba iseTi cvladebi, rogorebi-

caa sufTa haerze gasvla (85%), kvalificiuri personali (86%),

fsiqologis momsaxureba (87%), sasuliero pirTan Sexvedrebi

(88%), reabilitaciis kursis gavla (85%). mniSvnelovnebis mi-

xedviT mesame rigis faqtorebia saganmanaTleblo programebi

(76%), socialuri muSakis momsaxureba (78%), biblioTeka (78%),

gadacemuli informaciis konfidencialobis dacva (68%). nak-

lebmniSvnelovan faqtorebs Soris Sedis televizoris (49%) da

kompiuteris (29%) floba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli faqtorebis miwodebis mniS-

vneloba sasjelaRsrulebiT sistemaSi gansxvavebulad Sefasda,

zogadad, mosaxleobis da nasamarTlevi pirebis mier (romelTa

raodenoba SerCeviTi erTobliobis 6.1%-s Seadgenda). mosaxle-


60

oba ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebs faqtorebs, romlebic

msjavrdebulebis resocializacias, sulieri da saganmanaTleb-

lo deficitebis Sevsebas Seuwyobs xels (fsiqologis momsaxu-

reba, sasuliero pirTa Sexvedrebi, reabilitaciis kursis gav-

la, saganmanaTleblo programebSi CarTva), maSin roca yofili

patimrebi ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWeben servisebs, romlebic

maT sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi yofnas Seamsubuqebs (sufTa

haerze gasvla, informaciis konfidencialobis dacva, socia-

luri muSakis momsaxureba, kvalificiuri personali).

sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi myofi pirebis saWiroebebis

gansxvavebuli aRqma mosaxleobis da nasamarTlevi piris mier

vlindeba sxva SemTxvevaSic: mosaxleoba Tvlis, rom yofili pa-

timrebis integracis mizniT saxelmwifom isini saWiro unarebiT

unda aRWurvos (fsiqologis, socialuri muSakis momsaxureba,

profesiuli gadamzadeba), maSin roca nasamarTlevi pirebi sa-

xelmwifosagan maTi mdgomareobis gamaumjobesebel mza pro-

duqts (maRali xarisxis samedicino dazRveva, upiratesi dasaq-

meba) da maT mimarT arsebuli ganwyobebis Secvlas (yofili pa-

timris mimarT dadebiTi ganwyobis Seqmas) moelian.

kvlevis farglebSi gamovavlineT Tbilisis mosaxleobis da-

mokidebuleba sasjelis usastikesi formis — sikvdiliT dasjis

— mimarT. dedaqalaqis rezidentebis ganwyobebi sami sxvadasxva

kiTxviT gamovavlineT: aqedan ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego de-

bulebis mimarT ganwyobis rigis skalaze Sefaseba iyo, xolo me-

same situaciuri kiTxva, sadac proeqciulad unda gamovlenili-

yo latenturi ganwyobebi. debuleba - „sicocxle RmerTisgan

boZebulia da aravis aqvs xelyofis ufleba da maT Soris saxel-

mwifos“ — ar gaiziara gamokiTxulTa 13%-ma; xolo debuleba —

`gansakuTrebiT mZime danaSauli unda isjebodes sikvdiliT~ —

gaiziara gamokiTxulTa 20%-ma. kiTxvaze — „Tqven rom mosamar-

Tle yofiliyaviT da gqonodaT arCevanis Tavisufleba, ra sas-

jels miusjidiT andres breiviks? — Tbilisis mcxovrebTa 28%-

ma sikvdiliT dasja upasuxa. rodesac religiuri poziciebidan

vekiTxebiT, mosaxleoba humanistur ganwyobebs amJRavnebs, Cve-

ulebrivad dasmul kiTxvaze ufro imatebs sikvdiliT dasjis

momxreTa ricxvi, xolo konkretuli mZime danaSaulis Camdeni


61

adamianis sikvdiliT dasjas ki ukve yoveli meoTxe gamokiTxuli

uWers mxars.

Tbilisis mosaxleobis informirebuloba danaSaulis rao-

bis, misi gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb arcTu ise Rrmaa da xSirad

gansazvrulia iseTi damoukidebeli cvladebiT, rogorebicaa

ganaTleba da asaki. zogadad mosaxleoba Tvlis, rom sasjelaR-

srulebaSi myofi pirebi Rirseul pirobebSi unda cxovrobdnen

da saxelmwifom unda izrunos maT sazogadoebaSi reintegracia-

ze. adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxebloba mniSvnelovania gamo-

kiTxulTa umravlesobisaTvis, Tumca humanuri ganwyobis mqone-

Ta ricxvi mcirdeba, maSin roca konkretuli mZime danaSaulis

Camdeni piris dasjas exeba sakiTxi.

yofili patimrebis mimarT arsebuli ganwyobebi

yofili patimrebi sazogadoebis erT-erTi mowyvladi jgu-

fia, romelTa sazogadoebaSi reintegracia sakmaod mniSvnelo-

vani gamowvevaa rogorc samarTlebrivi sistemisaTvis, aseve sa-

zogadoebisaTvis. yofili patimrebis mimarT stereotipuli

ganwobebis arseboba dadasturda warmodgenili kvleviTac. Tbi-

lisis mosaxleobis 58% miiCnevs, rom danaSaulis Camdeni piri

potenciuri deviantia da mis mier danaSaulis xelmeored Cade-

nis albaToba aris maRali. damnaSavis mimarT recidivis riske-

bis rwmena damokidebulia iseT damoukidebel cvladze, rogo-

ricaa piradi gamocdileba. nasamarTlevi pirebi ufro nakle-

bad miiCneven, rom damnaSave potenciurad deviantia (am debule-

bas maTi 22.6% iziarebs, maSin roca mTlianad SerCeviT erTob-

liobaSi es maCvenebeli 58%-ia).

yofili patimrebis mimarT Tbilisis rezidentebis ganwyo-

bebi vikvlieT bogardusis skalis mixedviT. bogardusis skalaze

SevitaneT mciredi cvlileba da davumateT kategoria „movanaT-

vlinebdi bavSvs.“ interaqciis xuTi formidan pirvel sam urTi-

erTobis formaze (vimezoblebdi, vimegobrebdi, davasaqmebdi)

gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 90% ar ityoda uars. yofili pati-

mars bavSvs ar moanaTvlinebda respondentTa 38%, xolo ojaxis

wevrad ar miiRebda respondentTa 37%. liberaluri da neitra-


62

luri ganwyobebi yofili patimrebis mimarT respondentTa daax-

loebiT mesameds uqreba, rodesac maTTan danaTesavebasa da

maTTan sulier kavSirze dgeba sakiTxi. yofili patimrebis mi-

marT stereotipuli ganwyobebi, erTi mxriv, gamowveulia imiT,

rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis ufro didi nawili sasjelaRsrule-

biTi sistemis daniSnulebad damnaSaveebis izolirebas miiCnevs

(80%), vidre damnaSavis gamosworebas (65%). Sesabamisad, Tuki pe-

nitenciaruli sistema damnaSaves resocializacias ver axer-

xebs, maSin am sistemis datovebis Semdeg nasamarTlevi piri

kvlav sazogadoebisaTvis saSiS movlenas warmoadgens. es gan-

wyoba kvlevis sxvadasxva komponentebSic Cans.

mosaxleobis damokidebuleba 2012 wlis seqtemberSi

gamoqveynebuli cixis kadrebis mimarT

kvlevis procesSi Tbilisis mosaxleobaSi dafiqsirda sas-

jelaRsrulebiT sistemaSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarT didi

interesi. gamokiTxulTa 87% miiCnevs, rom sapatimroebSi mimdi-

nare movlenebi sazogadoebisaTvis cnobili unda iyos. savarau-

dod, sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi mimdinare movlenebis mimarT

interesi da faqtebis gasajaroebis survili 2012 wels gamoqvey-

nebuli cnobili cixis kadrebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg gaizarda.

Tbilisis mcxovrebTa 77%-s 2012 wlis seqtemberSi gamoqvey-

nebuli cixis kadrebis avTenturobaSi eWvi ar epareba, radgan

maTi umravlesoba (71%) miiCnevs, rom patimrebze msgavsi Zala-

doba sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi nacionaluri moZraobis

mmarTvelobis periodSi gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo. aRsaniSna-

via, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis 51% miiCnevs, rom sasjelaRsru-

lebis sistemaSi patimrebis wameba da Rirsebis Semlaxavi qmede-

bebi sabWoTa kavSirSi gavrcelebuli praqtika iyo. 42% miiCnevs,

rom es praqtika moqalaqeTa kavSiris mmarTvelobis periodSic

arsebobda.

sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi momdinare Zaladobis amsaxve-

li video masalis gamoqveynebis winaaRmdegi gamokiTxulTa 30%-

ia. kadrebis gasajaroebis mowinaaRmdege respondentTa 29%

Tvlis, rom kadrebi tramvuli sanaxavi iyo da ar unda gamoqvey-


63

nebuliyo, 20% Tvlis, rom kadrebi politikuri manipulaciis

iaraRad iqna gamoyenebuli da amitom ewinaaRmdegeba maT gasaja-

roebis faqts. kadrebis gamoqveynebis mowinaaRmdegeTa mesamedi

Tvlis, rom problema videoebis gamoqveynebisas wesebis dacvaSi

iyo - amaTgan 20% ambobs, rom kadrebis gasajaroebisas dairRva

eTikuri standartebi, xolo 13% Tvlis, rom saeTero dro ar

iyo sworad SerCeuli. sasjelaRsrulebis sistemaSi patimarTa

wamebis amsaxveli kadrebis gasajaroebis mowinaaRmdegeebi amis

mizezad mciredi sixSiriT, magram mainc asaxeleben moZaladis

ojaxis wevrebis usafrTxoebas (9%), videoebis araavTenturo-

bas (6%), patimarTa stereotipizacias (0.5%) da maTi naTesavebi-

saTvis miyenebul fsiqologiur tramvas (0.5%).

cixis kadrebSi asaxuli wamebisa da Rirsebis Semlaxavi faq-

tebis gasajaroebiT gamowveuli rezonansi, vecadeT, gvekvlia

ufro Rrmad. respondentebs calk-calke vekiTxebodiT Tu ram-

denad SemaZrwunebeli iyo TiToeuli faqti. respondentebis

98%-isaTvis SemaZrwunebeli iyo gaupatiurebis amsaxveli kad-

rebi, 95%-isaTvis — msjavrdebulTa gaSiSvlebis faqtebi, 94%-

isaTvis ki jgufuri cemis faqtebi. Tbilisis macxovrebelTa

13% ar aRuSfoTebia msjavrdebulTa cemis faqts, 24% — maT da-

cinvas, 29% — patimebis mimarT gamoxatul muqaras, xolo 31%

maT sityvier Seuracxyofas. am Sedegebidan SegviZlia davas-

kvnaT, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis aRSfoTeba, ZiriTadad,

cixis kadrebis asaxulma seqsualurma Zaladobam gamoiwvia.

es Tezisi kidev erTxel gadavamowmeT proeqciuli formiT

dasmuli kiTxviT. saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqmis gaxsnis

mizniT yovel mesame gamokiTxuls (33%) mizanSewonilad miaCnia

patimris mimarT ganxorcieldes fsiqologiuri zewola, yovel

mexuTe respondents mizanSewonilad miaCnia maTTvis sakvebis

SezRudva (22%) da/an fizikuri Zaladoba (20%). yoveli meeqvse

(16%) gamokiTxuli mizanSewonilad miiCnevs sapatimroSi myofi

pirisaTvis advokatis momsaxurebis SezRudvas. saxelmwifoeb-

rivi mniSvnelobis saqmis gaxsnis mizniT gamokiTxulTa 95% mi-

zanSeuwonlad miiCnevs msjavrdebulis ojaxis wevrebze zewo-

las, xolo 96% mis mimarT Rirsebis Semlaxavi qmedebis ganxor-

cielebas, anu Rirsebis Semlaxavi qmedeba (romelic seqsualur


64

Zaladobasac moiazrebs) aris Zaladobis is tipi, romelic nebis-

mier situaciaSi gaumarTleblad miaCnia qarTul sazogadoebas,

maSin roca instituciaSi ama Tu im tipis Zaladobis formebis

arsebobas dasaSvebad miiCnevs da egueba.

2012-2013 wels patimrebis masiuri gaTavisufleba

kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelmac ukanaskneli ori wlis ganmav-

lobaSi patimrebis Tema aqtualuri gaxada, iyo sasjelaRsru-

lebis dawesebulebebidan msjavrdebulebis masiuri gaTavisuf-

leba. patimrebis amnistias da prezidentis mier patimrebis

Sewyalebas Tbilisis mcxovrebTa 67% dadebiTad afasebs. msjav-

rdebulTa amnistiisa da Sewyalebis faqtebis pozitiuri Sefa-

sebis miuxedavad, kriminaluri situaciis gauaresebaSi respon-

dentebi yofil patimrebs sdeben brals.

gamokiTxvaSi monawile respondentebis 40% (anu 212 adamia-

ni) miuTiTebs 2013 wlis pirvel naxevarSi kriminaluri situaci-

is gauaresebaze (11% pasuxisagan Tavs ikavebda). im responden-

tebis 60%, romelic kriminaluri situaciis gauaresebaze miu-

TiTebs, am informacias sanacnobo wrisgan iRebs, 57% — sain-

formacio saSualebebidan, 22% — piradi gamocdilebidan, xolo

18% internetidan. kriminaluri situaciis gauaresebaSi gamo-

kiTxulTa 31% yofil patimrebis wvlils xedavs, 22% gardama-

val politikur periods. kriminaluri situaciis gauaresebis

mizezad respondentTa mcire nawilma miuTiTa kanonis libera-

lizacia, policiis liberalizacia, ekonomikuri siduxWire, po-

liciis uflebebis SezRudva.

patimarTa aministiisa da Sewyalebis garda, Tbilisis rezi-

dentebs SevafasebineT ukanaskneli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi sas-

jelaRsrulebis sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli da mimdinare sxva

cvlilebebi. gamokiTxulTa 75% pozitiurad afasebs pirobiTi

sasjelis moxsnas, xolo nasamarTleobis moxsnas ki 62% afasebs

dadebiTad. mocemuli xuTi cvlilebidan yvelaze dadebiTad

aris Sefasebuli (90%) socialuri muSakebis CarTva peniten-

ciur sistemaSi.


65

zogadad, Tbilisis mosaxleobis 54% momxrea pirebs moex-

snas nasamarTleoba, xolo aqedan 16% (mTeli SerCevis 1.1 %)

Tvlis, rom yvela nasamarTlev pirs unda moexsnas es statusi.

nasamarTleobis statusis moxsnas yvelaze xSirad arasworad

msjavrdebulebis mimarT miiCneven mizanSewonilad (mTliani

SerCevis 46%), Semdeg politikuri patimrebisaTvis (mTliani

SerCevis 30%) da naklebad mZime danaSaulisTvis gasamarTle-

bulTaTvis (mTliani SerCevis 26%).

miuxedavad imisa, rom nasamarTleobis moxsnasTan dakavSi-

rebiT Tbilisis mosaxleoba liberalur ganwyobebs avlens, ga-

mokiTxulTa 72% miiCnevs, rom piris nasamarTleobis Sesaxeb in-

formacia xelmisawvdomi unda iyos, xolo 25% ki winaaRmdegia

nasamarTlevi piris saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebisa.

nasamarTlevi pirisa da yofili patimrebis mimarT Tbilisis

mosaxleobis damokidebuleba araerTgvarovania. rogorc wesi,

pirdapir dasmul kiTxvebSi, isini standartul da humanur po-

ziciebs amJRavneben, Tumca proeqciul SekiTxvebSi xSirad ga-

mosWvivis yofili patimrebis mimarT arsebuli stereotipuli

da diskriminaciuli ganwyoba.

dabolos, kvlevis miznebidan damoukideblad, iribi kiTxve-

biT gamoikveTa mosaxleobis ganwyoba, zogadad, samarTlebrivi

struqturebis mimarT. imis miuxedavad, rom cixeSi ganxorcie-

lebuli wamebisa da Zaladobis faqtebiT mosaxleoba SeZrwune-

buli iyo da amaSi umravlesoba struqturul da ganmeorebad Za-

ladobas xedavs, maT sasamarTlos da sxva Zalovani struture-

bis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis mimarT ndoba ar daukar-

gavT. nasamarTlev respondentTa 46% samarTlianad miiCnevs

misTvis Sefardebul sasjels, respondentebis 43%, romelTa

ojaxis wevri nasamarTlevi iyo, samarTlianad miiCnevs misTvis

Sefardebul sasjels. es maCvenebeli naTesavTan mimarTebaSi

48%-ia, mezobelTan mimarTebaSi 51%, megobarTan mimarTebaSi

50%, TanamSromelTan mimarTebaSi 33%, nacnobTan mimarTebaSi

62%. es pasuxebi Seesabameba socialuri distanciis normebs. so-

cialuri siaxlove zrdis am piris mimarT loialurobis gancdas

da misi samarTlianobis rwmenis survils, maSin roca socialur


66

distanciaze myofi piris mimarT gamotanili sasjeli ufro met

respondents eCveneba samarTlianad.

Tbilisis mosaxleobis 34% Tvlis, rom cixeSi aravin mox-

vdeba, Tu is amas ar imsaxurebs. 29% ki ufro Sors midis da am-

bobs, rom cixeSi mkacrad mxolod imaT uswordebian, vinc amas

imsaxurebs. amis sapirispirod, sazogadoebis wevrTa samarTlia-

nobas yoveli mesame respondenti eWvqveS ayenebs da Tvlis, rom

nafic msajulebs ar SeswevT unari miiRos swori gadawyvetile-

ba ganaCenis gamotanisas. es ki im tendenciaze miuTiTebs, rom ga-

naCenis gamotanisas isini mosamarTles ufro endobian, vidre sa-

zogadoebis Cveulebriv wevrebs.

daskvna

kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobas er-

Tgvarovani damokidebuleba ar gaaCnia sakvlevi Tematikis mi-

marT. xSirad isini kiTxvebze normatul pasuxebs scemen, xolo

proeqciuli teqnikebis gamoyenebisas realur da ufro arahuma-

nur ganwyobebs amJRavneben.

yvelaze metad erTmniSvnelovani ganwyoba sakvlev erTob-

liobas seqsualuri Zaladobis mimarT aqvs, romelsac yvela si-

tuaciaSi miuReblad miiCnevs. Tumca sasjelaRsrulebis siste-

maSi Zaladobis arsebobas umravlesoba jer kidev sabWoTa kavSi-

ris periodidan moyolebul fesvgadgmul praqtikad miiCnevs da

Zaladobis garkveuli formebis gamoyenebis mimarT araTu pro-

testi uCndeba, aramed maTi gamoyeneba dasaSvebadac ki miaCnia.

sazogadoebis nawili indiferentulia im faqtis mimarT, rom

sastiki da arakanonieri dasjis formebis gamoyeneba samar-

Tlebrivi sistemis Tanamedrove modelisaTvis Seuferebelia da

premodernuli sazogadoebisaTvis ufro aris damaxasiaTebeli.

msgavsi aramarTlzomieri dasjis formebis gamoyeneba danaSau-

lis prevenciis arc Tu ise efeqturi saSualebaa.

respondentTa solidur nawils sasjelaRsrulebis sistema-

Si moxvedrili adamianis mimarT myari stereotipuli ganwyoba

gaaCnia, romelic zogjer maT dadanaSaulebaSi (cixeSi udanaSa-

ulo adamiani ar moxvdeba, cixeSi mxolod damnaSaveebs uswor-


67

debian) da diskriminaciul ganwyobebSic gadadis (nasamarTlevi

piri ar unda dasaqmdes saxelmwifo struqturaSi, nasamarTleo-

bis Sesaxeb xelmisawvdomi unda iyos informacia).

Tbilisis mcxovrebni Zlierad ganicdian socialuri kavSi-

rebisa da mediis gavlenas. amitomac kriminaluri situaciis

damZimebaze saubrisas, ZiriTadad, ara pirad gamocdilebas, ara-

med media saSualebebidan da nacnobebidan miRebul informaci-

as eyrdnobian. kriminaluri situaciis gauaresebaSi mosaxleoba

naklebad xedavs sistemuri cvlilebebis gamo Sesustebul so-

cialur controls da umravlesoba brals yofil patimrebs

debs.


1. Clemmer, D. (1958 (1940)). The Prison Community. New York,

Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, London: Holt Rinehart and Winston.

2. Creswell, J. W. (2008). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and

MIxed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi,

Singapore: Saga Publications.

3. Giddens. (2009). Sociology. London: UK Press.

4. Harter, K. (1999). Social Control and Enforcement of Police-Ordinances

in Early Modern Criminal Procedures. In H. Schilling, & L. Behrisch,

Institutions, Instruments and Agents of Social Control and Discipline in

Early Modern Europe (pp. 39-64). Frunkfurt am Main: Vittorio Klos-

termann.

5. OpenStax College. (2012). Introduction to Sociology. OpenStax College.

6. saqarTvelos parlamenti. (1999). saqarTelos sisxlis sa-

marTlis kodeqsi. sakanonmdeblo macne, N41(48).


68

Marina Burdzenidze

Assistant Professor


Teona Mataradze

Assistant Professor


Perception of Crime, Prisoners and

their Social Status by Tbilisi Residents

Resume

Presented article is based on May-June 2013 sociological survey conducted

by the support of students of the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences (TSU).

Overall, 540 Tbilisi residents were interviewed by face-to-face interview (the

design of sample was multi-stage cluster sampling). The goal of the research

was to study the attitudes of Tbilisi residents towards crime, prisoners, and

forms of punishment. Last time, the topic became very problematic due to two

events: 1. Broadcast of videos about the torture of prisoners in September 2012;

2. Mass discharge of prisoners from penitential system during 2012-2013, which

often was perceived by population as a danger to societal security. Both of these

themes were covered by the research.

The study has revealed that the perception of crime by the population is

broader and often covers the notion of deviation. While categorizing crimes,

half of the respondents regards the crime against a person and against a state as

similar. During the research crime provoking factors were identified, namely

genetic, social, economic e.g., evaluated diversely by the sample unit.

In general, strong negative stereotypes towards convicted persons hinder

the process of their reintegration in the society. The survey results show that the

majority of Tbilisi population does not perceive the social environment of

convicted person as unsecure, although there still are the barriers. For measuring

people's willingness to participate in social contacts of various degrees of

closeness with convicted persons we used the Bogardus social distance scale.

The study showed that the majority will have the close personal friendship or

neighborly relations with convicted persons, while denying the relation on


69

closer level (receiving convicted person as close relative by marriage or being a

godmother/godfather of a child). These results are linked with perception of

penitential system by respondents. The majority of sample unit considers

purpose of penitential system to isolate a criminal from the society, than correct

the offenders’ behavior and attitudes. Furthermore, respondents think that once

someone has committed a crime, the chance of relapse criminal behavior

increases.

Three-quarters of respondents do not doubt the authenticity of prison

records made public in September, 2012, two-thirds considers that these types of

torture of prisoners were widespread in penitential system. In general, Tbilisi

population is interested in ongoing events of prisons and the majority thinks that

these events should be publicly reported. Tbilisi residents have heterogeneous

attitudes towards the questions whether the prison video publishing was ethi-

cally correct or not. Furthermore, the study of the attitude of Tbilisi population

towards the death penalty was also important.

According to the survey results, the majority of Tbilisi inhabitants are alar-

med due to the torture which had sexual connotation, while are more reluctant

about the verbal abuse, beating or pressure of prisoners. In general, Tbilisi re-

sidents think that degrading and violent actions towards prisoners were wi-

despread practice during the Soviet and Post-soviet periods.

Despite the fact, that the respondents do not have the strong negative

attitudes towards prisoners and convicted persons, the solid part of respondents

believes that criminal situation in Georgia deteriorated and was explaining it by

massive release of prisoners.

Реваз Гачечиладзе

70

Реваз Гачечиладзе Профессор общественной географии

Тбилисского государственного университета

им. Иванэ Джавахишвили

Набросок сравнительного анализа демографической

ситуации в Грузии и Армении

Резюме

В статье дается краткий перечень фактов для сравнительного

анализа демографической ситуации сопредельных государств – Гру-

зии и Армении. Эти страны характеризуются определенным сход-

ством исторического социально-культурного развития, что степени

влияет на более или менее одинаковое демографическое поведение на-

селения. В обоих государствах численность населения проявляет тен-

денцию к уменьшению, одновременно происходит депопуляция сельской

местности и чрезмерная концентрация населения в столицах.

Вместе с тем, на разницу в демографических процессах влияет

этническая структура населения и текущие экономические и полити-

ческие факторы; разница проявляется и во внешних миграциях насе-ления.

О б щ е д е м о г р а ф и ч е с к и е п о к а з а т е л и

В Грузии и Армении сложилась в значительной мере сходная демо-

графическая ситуация, характеризующаяся снижением общей численности

населения вследствие падения рождаемости, повышения смертности и

отрицательного миграционного сальдо. В то же время демография обоих

стран характеризуется и довольно значительными различиями.

Набросок сравнительного анализа демографической ситуации в Грузии и Армении

71

Таблица 1 Сравнительные демографические показатели Грузии, Армении

и некоторых сопредельных стран

Страны

Числен.

населе-

ния

(млн)

Годовой

прирост (%)

Коэффиц.

фертильн

ости

Медиан.

возраст

В

возрасте

0-14

(%)

В

возрасте

65

и более

(%)

Грузия 4,936 -0,11 1,77 37,7 17,6 16,2

Армения 3,061 -0,13 1,64 33,7 19,1 9,8

Азербай

джан

9,586 0,99 1,91 30,1 22,7 6,3

Tурция 81,619 1,12 2,08 29,6 25,5 6,6

Источник: CIA World Factbook, 2014

Данные таб. 1 приведены в соответствии с публикуемой ЦРУ США

информацией, которая в свою очередь опирается на местные статистичес-

кие данные, исправленные по единой методике. В случае с Грузией, оче-

видно, учтено население и ее автономий – Абхазии и Цхинвальского реги-

она (″Южной Осетии″), ныне оккупированных Россией, из-за чего данные

таб. 1 об общей численности населения Грузии превышают данные теку-

щей статистики населения (см. таб. 2), которые касаются остальной терри-

тории страны.

Простое воспроизводство населения обеспечено если коэффициент

фертильности (среднее количество детей рожденной женщиной в фертиль-

ном возрасте, т. е. 15-49 лет) составляет не менее 2,11. В Армении и Гру-

зии данный коэффициент гораздо ниже этой нормы, что должно привести

к уменьшению численности населения через естественный прирост. При

этом, если население Армении практически гомогенно, в Грузии коэффи-

циент фертильности оказался чуть выше лишь благодаря высокой фер-

тильности азербайджанских женщин Квемо Картли и Кахети, где прирост

населения довольно высок именно из-за широкого представительства там

этого этноса. Среди этнического грузинского населения коэффициент фер-

тильности почти такой же, как и в Армении.


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Таблица 2

Динамика численности населения Грузии в 1897-2012 гг.

по данным Переписей населения (кроме 1993 и 2012 гг.)

(в тысячах)

Годы

Всего

Изменение по

сравнению с

предыдущей

переписью

(%)

Удельный вес

этнических

грузин

(%)

Городское

население

(%)

Сельское

население

(%)

1897 1894,2 68,3 19,0 81,0

1926 2666,5 +40,8 66,8 22,3 77,7

1939 3540,0 +32,8 61,4 30,1 69,9

1959 4044,0 +14,2 64,3 42,9 57,1

1970 4684,4 +15,8 66,9 47,8 52,2

1979 5014,8 +7,1 68,8 51,9 48,1

1989 5443,4 +8,5 70,1 55,8 44,2

1993 5446,2 +0,01 … 56,0 44,0

2002* 4356,1 -8,0 83,7 55,0 45,0

2012 4497,6 +1,0 ... 53,2 46,8

* Перепись населения 2002 г. не охватывала большую часть территорий

Абхазии и ″Южной Осетии″. Оценка 2012 г. касается лишь основной

территории страны.

Перепись населения Грузии должна быть проведена осенью 2014 г. Бу-

дем надеется, что она будет лишена тех недостатков, которые характеризо-

вали перепись 2002 года и мы узнаем больше о населении нашей страны.

Пока же нам приходится пользоваться не совсем надежной текущей статис-

тикой. Таблица 3

Динамика численности населения Армении в 1897-2011 гг.

по данным Переписей населения (кроме 1995 г.)

(в тысячах)

Годы

Всего

Изменение по

сравнению с

предыдущей

переписью (%)

Удельный вес

этнических

армян (%)

Городск.

население (%)

Сельское

население

(%)

1897 789,0 56.0 12,0 88,0

1926 881,0 +11,7 84,4 19,0 81,0


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1939 1282,3 +45,5 82,2 28,6 71,4

1959 1763,0 +37,5 88,0 50,0 50,0

1970 2491,9 +39,1 88,6 59,5 40,5

1979 3030,6 +21,6 89,9 65,7 34,3

1989 3448,6 +13,8 89,4 68,7 31,3

1995 3260,3 - 5,5 ... 66,4 33,6

2001 3213,0 - 1,5 97,9 64,3 35,7

2011 3021,4 - 6,0 98,1 63,4 36,6

Данные таблицы показывают постоянное население, что отличается

от данных наличного (де-факто) населения. По данным Переписи насе-

ления Армении 2011 года наличное население РА составило 2,872 ми-

ллионов [Источник: Газета ″Новое время″, 1 ноября 2012].

С х о д с т в о

В обеих странах с начала 1990-х годов наблюдается снижение темпа

прироста населения – уменьшение рождаемости, увеличение смертности. По данным грузинского Сакстати в 2005-2012 гг. естественный

прирост населения Грузии колебался в пределах 1-3 промиле. В Армении

аналогичный показатель был в пределах 3-4 промиле.

Ухудшение поло-возрастной структуры видно на рис. 1 и 2 (источ-

ник: данные ЦРУ). В обеих странах ″пирамида″ превратилась в ″елку″:

молодого населения меньше, чем взрослого.

Рис. 1. Поло-возрастная структура населения Грузии (2014)


74

Рис. 2. Поло-возрастная структура населения Армении (2014)

В результате селективных абортов рождается больше мальчиков,

чем девочек. Например, в 2013 году в Армении на каждые 100 девочек

родилось 114 мальчиков при статистической норме 100:104-105. Ана-

логичная тенденция наблюдается и в Грузии.

Продолжению тенденции падения рождаемости способствует и по-

вышение среднего возраста вступления в брак. Если в обеих странах до

1960-х годов для женщин нормальным было выходить замуж в раннем

возрасте, в особенности в сельской местности, в 2001 г. средний возраст

вступающей в первый брак женщины в Армении составлял 23 лет, а в

2010 г. – 25-26 лет, для мужчин, соответственно 26-27 и 29-30 лет. В Гру-

зии средний брачный возраст еще выше.

Сельская местность, которая ранее подпитывала общий рост насе-

ления в обеих странах, ныне характеризуется депопуляцией (т.е. превы-

шением смертности над рождаемостью), что ярко проявляется в некото-

рых регионах, например, в Сюнике (Армения) и Гурии (Грузия). Сель-

ское хозяйство независимых государств недостаточно обеспечено рын-

ками сбыта и испытывает острую конкуренцию с импортной продук-

цией, что в особенности ярко выражено в Грузии. Аграрная реформа вы-

звала дробление земельных участков и в некоторых случаях привело к

фактическому появлению натурального хозяйства. Капиталистическое


75

товарное сельское хозяйство не нуждается в большом количестве работ-

ников. Большое количество занятых в сельском хозяйстве – показатель

неэффективности этой отрасли: Для многих крестьян в обеих странах

сельское хозяйство не отрасль экономики, а образ жизни.

Отрицательный миграционный баланс: оба государства теряют на-

селение в результате превышения количества эмигрирующих над имми-

грующими. Неточность текущей статистики: Перепись населения Армении

2011 года уже показалa что данные текущей статистики были завышены.

Перепись населения Грузии 2014 года покажет то же самое! Причины

″неточности″ почти одинаковые: это косность статистических служб, а

также, заинтересованность правящих элит показать, что ″ситуация не так уж и плоха, наша хорошая экономическая политика имеет положитель-ный демографический результат!″

Изменение в структуре градообразующих факторов: уменьшение

роли промышленой функции (примеры Рустави, Чаренцавана – умень-

шился экономический потенциал и снизилось количесство населения).

Усиление роли обслуживающей и административной функций недоста-

точно для роста больших и средних городов (примеры Кутаиси, Гюмри,

Ванадзора, уменьшився в размерах: они в значительной мере потеряли

индустриальную функцию и стали всего лишь обслуживающими цен-

трами).

Сверхконцентрация населения в столицах – Ереване и Тбилиси,

которые сами по себе количественно уменьшились по сравнению с 1989

годом, но их пропорция в общей численности населения государств

значительно возросла. Ереван и Тбилиси ″опустошают″ сельскую мес-

тность и малые города соответствующих стран. Причинами такого ра-

звития являются относительное, по сравнению с деревней и малыми го-

родами, благополучие в столичных городах, большая возможность най-

ти оплачиваемую работу в столице, резкое усиление административной

функции столиц новых государств по сравнению с советским периодом


76

(появились ранее неизвестные места работы, например, новые мини-

стерства); количественно увеличилась бюрократия, возросла образова-

тельная функция столиц (появилось больше вузов и стало больше сту-

дентов) и т.д.

Р а з л и ч и я

Самое первое из различий, которое приходит на ум после взгляда на

статистические таблицы, это различия в этническом составе населения.

Армения моноэтничная страна с 1988 года, когда количественно

наибольшее этническое меньшинство – азербайджанцы – было вынуж-

дено покинуть ее. Абсолютно и относительно уменьшилась численность

и других меньшинств – русских, езидов, ассирийцев. Перепись

населения 2011 г. показала, что этнические меньшинства в Армении сос-

тавляют менее 2 процентов населения. Поэтому, демографическая ситу-

ация в Армении почти не зависит от этнически выраженных культур-

ных различий.

Грузия, наоборот, остается полиэтнической страной (см. таб. 4).

Даже без тех автономий, которые оккупированы российскими войсками

с 2008 года и откуда большинство этнических грузин было изгнано, по

переписи 2002 г. 16 процентов населения на основной территории

Грузии составляли этнические меньшинства.

В основном культурно-религиозными факторами обьясняются гео-

графические различия в демографической ситуации в Грузии: населе-

ние Квемо Картли и некоторых районов Кахети с превалированием азер-

байджанского (мусульманского и сельского) населения растет быстро, а

районы с почти целиком этническим грузинским элементом – Гурия,

Рача-Лечхуми, Имерети, Мхцета-Мтианети – быстро теряют население

в основном из-за депопуляции и эмиграции.


77

Tаблица 4

Изменения в этнической структуре населения Грузии в

межпереписной период 1989-2002 (тысяч)

* Перепись населения 2002 г. не охватывала большую часть территорий

Абхазии и ″Южной Осетии″.

Географические различия демографической ситуации в Армении

обьясняются в основном экономическими, а не культурно-религиозны-

ми факторами. Например, в марзах, расположенных вокруг г. Еревана,

естественный прирост населения относительно выше (4-5 промиле в год),

т.к. там лучшие в стране условия для сельского хозяйства и люди имеют

хоть какую-то работу, тогда как в северном Лорийском марзе, где на-

блюдается нехватка сельскохозяйственных земель и сократилась индус-

триальная занятость, естественный прирост составлял менее 2 промиле.

Различается географическая направленность миграций: после 2000

года, когда Россия ввела визовый режим с единственной страной СНГ –

Грузией, миграция из этой страны в Россию сократилась, а те мигранты,

Изменения

1989-2002 гг.

Уд. вес во всем

населении (%)

Этнические

группы

1989

2002*

Tысяч % 1989 2002

Всего 5 401 4 372 -1 029 -19,1 100,0 100,0

грузин 3 787 3 661 -126 -3,3 70,1 83,8

азербайджан

цев

308 285 - 23 -7,4 5,7 6,5

армян 437 249 -188 -43,1 8,1 5,7

русских 341 68 - 274 -80,2 6,3 1,5

oсетин 164 38 -126 -76,8 3,0 0,9

греков 100 15 - 85 -85.0 1,9 0,3

украинцев 52 7 - 45 -86,5 1,0 0,2

курдов/

езидов

33 21 -12 -26,4 0,6 0,5

других 178 27 -163 -84,8 3,3 0,6


78

которые были (или считали себя) временно проживающими и рабо-

тающими в России, были вынуждены или получить российское граж-

данство (что было очень затруднено) или остаться там нелегально (ро-

ссийская Перепись населения 2010 г. показала только 159 тысяч этни-

ческих грузин). После 2006 года, когда отношения Грузии и России се-

рьезно осложнились и, тем более, после августа 2008 г., когда произошел

полный разрыв дипломатических отношений между этими странами,

эмиграция граждан Грузии в Россию резко сократилась.

В то же время Россия – основное направление эмиграции из Арме-

нии. По российской переписи населения 2010 г. там проживали 1,2 мил-

лиона армян (неофициально – до двух миллионов).

Эмиграционными направлениями для армян остаются США, стра-

ны Южной Америки, куда грузины отправляются редко.

Разница есть и в иммиграционной политике: тогда как Армения

крайне сдержана в приеме иммигрантов (кроме этнических армян),

Грузия имела весьма либеральную визовую систему до 2013 г. – в 2006-

2011 гг. более 25 тысяч человек официально получили вид на житель-

ство, большинство из которых лица из Индии, Ирана, Турции, Китая.

Предыдущее правительство, а точнее – президент Саакашвили, слишком

расточительно раздавало грузинские паспорта и несколько тысяч

турецких подданных (многие из них считаются ″этническими грузи-

нами″) стали и гражданами Грузии и получили соответствующий допол-

нительный паспорт.

З а к л ю ч е н и е

Демографическая ситуация производная от общеэкономической и

общеполитической ситуации в стране.

Решение о планировании семьи или переезда в другой город или стра-

ну во всем мире и в обоих соседних государствах Южного Кавказа обычно

делается без учета ″эмоционально-патриотической″ составляющей.


79

Мало кто будет оставаться в родном горном селе, откуда боль-

шинство населения уже уехало в город только из-за того, что там оста-

ются ″могилы предков″, хотя такие семьи, безусловно, есть.

Мигрируя за границу люди обычно действуют исходя из реально

создавшейся экономической, социальной или политической ситуации в

стране (регионе, городе) и из личных интересов (включая семейные).

Хотя данная статья является всего-лишь предварительным наброс-

ком сравнительного анализа демографической ситуации двух соседних

стран Южного Кавказа, но основные элементы сходства и различия вид-

ны достаточно ясно. Естественно, необходим более углубленный ана-

лиз, который может иметь и практическое значение.

revaz gaCeCilaZe

profesori, Tsu

eskizi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis demografiuli

situaciis SedarebiTi analizisTvis

reziume

statiaSi mocemulia faqtebis mokle CamonaTvali saqarTve-

losa da somxeTSi arsebuli demografiuli viTarebis Sedarebi-

Ti analizisTvis. am qveynebs axasiaTebT istoriuli da socia-

lur-kulturuli ganviTarebis garkveuli msgavseba, rac gavle-

nas axdens maTi mosaxleobis met-naklebad erTnair demografi-

ul qcevaze. orive qveyanaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba klebis ten-

dencias amJRavnebs, amavdroulad, adgili aqvs sasoflo gansax-

lebis depopulacias da dedaqalaqebSi mosaxleobis koncentra-

cias.

amasTan, demografiuli procesebis gansxvavebulobaze gav-

lenas axdens mosaxleobis eTnikuri struqtura da mimdinare

ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebi; gansxvavebebi gamoxa-

tulia gare migraciul procesebSic.

Zurab Davitashvili

80

Zurab Davitashvili

Proffesor


Is Georgia’s Integration into the West Possible?

(Factor of Civilization Difference)

Foreign political orientation, being understood as determination one’s own

place in international system, is one of the most important political problems of

new independent countries and Georgia is no exception.

The Idea of neutrality of Georgia, which became popular among some

political parties, is not realistic, because Georgia does not meet the obligatory

requirements for neutrality:

a) Neutral state should not be the objective of other state’s political

interest and geographically should be located in the “marginal zone”;

b) The state should be able to defend itself;

c) State should be characterized with the high level of interconnection. If

there is an internal disconnection, other states will certainly intervene

in its internal affairs;

d) The state should reject the establishment of ideological foreign policy.1

Orientation to Russia in terms of integration with European structures is

illogical because Russia will never integrate with Europe. In addition, after

Russian-Georgian war in 2008 and recognition of independence of Abkhazia

and South Ossetia by Russia, Russian orientation became absolutely

unacceptable for Georgian society.

Consequently, integration with the Euro-Atlantic structures must be Geor-

gia’s foreign policy priority. However, western orientation, which is very

popular in the great majority of Georgian political elite, is difficult to achieve.

This difficulty is not only provoked by resistance from Russia.

1 Rondeli A. 1998. P. 161-162.


81

The political orientation of Georgia and its place in the World depends on

the type of the international system. In case of universal system, which auto-

matically excludes existence of poles of force and where the role of international

organizations and non-state actors is extremely high, the problem of foreign

policy orientation loses sense. This kind of international system means the wide

expansion of western values and liberal-democratic ideas, that are reliable

guarantee of the global peace. Although the majority of scholars believe that

future international system will be an universal one, it is obviously long term

perspective.

Despite of the fact that there is only one superpower (USA) in contem-

porary world, the international system is not unipolar and there are some other

poles. What will be the structure of future international system is a disputable

question. I draw attention to the hypothesis of American scholar Samuel

Huntington, who supposes, that XXI century will be the era of the clash of

civilizations and main rivalry is expected between groups of states belonging to

different civilizations (Western, Slavic-orthodox, Islamic, Confucian etc).1 Also,

the main regions of destabilization should be the territories where borders

between civilizations are disappearing. Some difficulties may arise in so called

“torn countries” i.e. countries which belong to one civilization, but they have

political orientation to the other one (Turkey, Greece, Mexico).

Georgia is the country located between the border of different civilizations

(orthodox Christianity and Islamic) and it belongs to the torn countries by its

political orientation. That is why Georgia’s aspiration to Europe requires

overcoming serious obstacles.

In order a torn country to integrate with the other civilization, three condi-

tions must be met: firstly, political and economical elites must strongly support

this decision; secondly, the society must be ready for such reidentification and

thirdly, the civilization must agree to the acceptance of a new member. Because

of the absence these conditions (especially of the third one) Turkey’s member-

ship in European Union is a problematic issue. The similar difficulty appears in

case of Georgia.

As for first condition, it is the fact that recently in some political and

economical group’s antiwestern declarations became more frequent, that were

inconceivable before. Of course one of the main reasons of this change is a

1 Huntington S. (1996A). P. 45-47.

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Russian factor, namely the idea that Georgia is unable solve its problems

without Russia (first of all the problem of territorial integrity), and any step of

Georgia to the West is irritating for Russia. But for us another reason is more

important: the disappointment of some part of Georgian society by the West,

“West is not that we were expected”, “West is another thing than Georgia” etc.

In such case it is logical to refuse Western ideas and become Russian oriented.

The important part is that Georgian businessmen and entrepreneurs have

the similar opinion. They are sure, that for the West it is impossible to

understand characteristics of Georgia and Western recommendations are not

relevant. The final conclusion is: we are unable to be established on the

European market. That is why Georgia must turn to Russia. Finding a common

language with Russians is much easier, than with Europeans and Americans.

Even if all political forces and economical elite of Georgia support the idea

of integration with the West, it is still very challenging to realize this idea,

because two other requests factors are more difficult for Georgia to implement.

There is an increasing number of representatives of Georgian society who

believe that Western living standard is quite different from Georgian traditions

and integration with the west means to vanish Georgian identity. The scientific

and cultural intellectuals, the church and some NGOs, using nationalistic and

patriotic phraseology, played an important role in establishing the public

opinion about cosmopolitan West as a threat to the traditional ethnic cultures

including Georgia.

Of course, supporters of anti-western sentiments are in minority in Georgia,

but it is the fact, that their number is increasing lately.

As for the third condition, that the West should have a wish to accept Geor-

gia, probably, is the most difficult objective to achieve. A lot of people in the

West consider that Georgia is another, not European world and its membership

in the European structures will bring new problems to Europe. Consequently,

they have no interest in receiving Georgia to European family.

As it was mentioned above, Georgia will be ready to be a member of

European structures and the West will accept its membership only by the time,

when Georgian and European societies will have become close to each others.

The question is: what are historical, social, cultural and psychological

factors that differentiate Georgian and European societies, and how their rappro-

chement is possible?


83

In his article “The West Unique, not Universal”1 Samuel Huntington

distinguishes some characteristics about what makes the West western. The

majority of these characteristics are so specific and unique that they are

absolutely strange and unacceptable for other civilizations. But, it is possible

some of them to be adapted by nonwestern peoples and states. In such case they

have the chance to converge with the West and integrate with him.

One of the corner-stones of the western civilization is classical legacy. The

West is successor of the classical civilization, namely, the Greek philosophy and

rationalism, the Roman law and Latin language. Although Islamic and espe-

cially orthodox civilizations also took many things from the classical legacy, the

influence of the classical legacy on the West have been much stronger.

Consequently, the influence of the classical legacy on Georgian culture, as a

part of orthodox civilization, is quite feeble, while the role of Roman law and

Latin language is almost insignificant. From this point of view, Georgia is far

from the West.

One of the important characteristics of the West is Western Christianity

(Catholicism and Protestantism). This was the basis on which the Western unity

was formed. The sense of the similar unity is unknown for orthodox Christians.

Spreading Western Christianity was one of the causes of the conquest of the

World by Western Nations. Reformation, counter-reformation, separation of

Protestantism from Catholicism and its results, as well as renaissance, made the

West Western and opposed the West to all other civilizations. It is not casual,

that in XVII-XVIII centuries, when Georgia was seeking European protection,

in the opinion of some Georgian politicians, the only way for Georgia’s

approachment to the West was taking Catholicism as a state religion. Even now

many believe that the main obstacle for Georgian-European rapprochement is a

religious difference.

Multiplicity of languages is also considered as a characteristic of the

West. According to Huntington, each civilization has one basic language

(Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Russian, Hindi etc.), while in Europe, after XVI

century, when Latin lost position, European cultures have been developing on

the basis of local languages. Neither French in XVII-XIX centuries, nor English

after that time period did not play the same role for the West, as the basic

languages did for other civilizations. However, such affirmation provokes many

1 Huntington S. (1996B). p. 28-46.

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questions. Namely, is Russian a basic language for orthodox Christians and does

it have more influence upon Greeks and Romanians compared to the influence

of English over Dutchmen or Germans? As for Georgian language, we may

underline, that it not only perfectly corresponds to Western model, but even

outstrips European reality, because Georgian culture was always developing on

the basis of Georgian language and no other language can compete with

Georgian. (Unlike European nations, where during centuries cultures were

developing on the basis of Latin, which was a foreign language for the

population).

Another characteristic of Western civilization is separation of spiritual and

temporal authority. According to Huntington religion and politics were

separated only in Western (and Hindi) civilization. “In Islam, God is Caesar; in

China and Japan Caesar is God; in Orthodoxy, God is Caesar’s junior partner. The

separation between church and state that typifies Western civilization has not

occurred in any other civilization. This division of authority contributed

immeasurably to the development of freedom in the West”.1 In Georgia, as in

Orthodox Christian country, church was the part of the state and it was serving to

the government. After losing of political independence (in the beginning of XIX

century), autocephaly of Georgian Orthodox Church was also abolished.

However, when autocephaly was restored, Georgia soon became a part of atheistic

country and the role of church was insignificant. Although contemporary

Georgian constitution states that the church is separated from state, Georgian

Orthodox Church plays more and more important role in political life. Georgian

society is concerned with this situation because many believe that Orthodox

Church puts a serious obstacle in the way of Georgia’s integration with the West.

The rule of law is a very important characteristic of the Western

civilization. The equality of all citizens before the law is a great achievement of

the West. The rule of law was the foundation of the constitutionalism and

human rights, especially the protection of private property that is the best

mechanism against the abuse of power. In all other civilizations the law (except

religious law) plays much less role in the development of society’s habits and

thoughts. It perfectly corresponds to Georgia, where the violation of the law

always was everyday occurrence and ruling class manifestly ignored law,

underlining that law it is not for them, but for the low social strata. The situation

1 Huntington S. (1996B) p. 34.


85

became more difficult after gaining the independence, when ruling elite (mainly

former communist-komsomol activists) felt absolute freedom for their activities.

Only after “rose revolution” in 2003 the situation is changed and now Georgia is

one of the safest and less corrupted countries.

One more characteristic of the West is social pluralism and civil society.

The West was always distinguished by the existence of diverse autonomous

groups that were, not based on blood relationship (monastic orders, guilds etc.).

It gave birth to other associations and unities. For many centuries Europe has

had civil society and at the same time associational pluralism was supplemented

by class pluralism. Western European societies included strong aristocracy and

substantial peasantry that limited absolutism. Such situation sharply contradicts

the poverty of civil society, the weakness of the aristocracy and the strengths of

bureaucracy in non-western civilizations. As for Georgia, it is the fact, that

Georgian feudalism was a typical European feudalism, with strong aristocracy

and private property on the land. But, social pluralism and civil society were

absolutely unknown.

Social pluralism led to the appearance of representative bodies, being one

of the main characteristics of Western democracy. No other civilization can

boast by the century-old elective legislative bodies. Although sometimes these

bodies were limited and even abolished, they were always restored by with

broader political rights especially in self-governance. Medieval European towns

had well developed system of self-government; representative bodies on the

national level were supplemented by local representative bodies. Such co-

existence was absolutely unknown for the other civilizations. As for Georgia,

the attempt of the representative bodies’ formation (parliamentary monarchy)

took place earlier than in Europe, in XII century, but this attempt failed and did

not occur later. Consequently parliamentary life stayed unknown in Georgia.

Finally, one of the main characteristics of Western civilization is indivi-

dualism, mostly expressed as individual rights and liberties. Individualism, that

is practically unknown for nonwestern civilizations, was formed in Europe in

XIV-XV centuries and the right of individual choice has been existed since

XVII century. The notion of equality has century-old history in the West, while

in other regions it became popular only in XX century. According one socio-

logical analysis, out of 20 countries with the highest index of individualism, 19

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86

of them belong to the Western World.1 In the West individualism is much more

dominant than collectivism. In all other civilizations the advantage of the

collectivism is an indisputable fact.

In Georgia, the majority of the population believes, that Georgians are

individualists. This perception is incorrect. Georgia is a country of typical

collectivist culture, but it does not belong to the so called “wide group”

collective culture, that was a characteristic for Russians (“obshtshina’), Indians

(caste) or Muslims (umma). Georgian society is a society of “narrow group”

collective culture (friends, relatives, neighbors). Consequently, the horizon of

Georgian’s traditional thinking is narrow and does not extend to the wide groups

such as the nation and the state.

It is obvious that there is a serious difference between Georgia and the

West from the civilization point of view. Of course some characteristics and

peculiarities (classical legacy, western Christianity, renaissance, reformation

etc) are properties of Western civilization and compared to the West, its

influence on Georgia is quite different. Consequently, according to these data,

Georgia’s rapprochement with the West is impossible and nobody demands it.

But it is entirely possible to implement and strengthen the principles and values

such as separation of spiritual and temporal authorities, the rule of law,

development of social pluralism and civil society, improvement of

representative bodies and finally, changing of a collectivist consciousness with

an individualist one, which is probably a possible transformation of mentality.

One may say that recently Georgia is making a perceptible progress in this

direction. Today the West has few reasons to refuse Georgia’s integration into

the European and Euro-Atlantic structures. However, in terms of the

implementation of Western values (first of all the level of democracy, rule of

law and social pluralism) Georgia is not behind the EU and NATO member

countries of orthodox civilizations such as Romania and Bulgaria. (Not to

mention Albania, Islamic country, member of NATO and probably future

member of EU).

It follows from the above mentioned that civilization difference is not an

obstacle for Georgia’s integration into the Western World. The main argument

of the West is that Georgia does not yet satisfy Western standards. However, it

is a disputable issue, because some countries, not having better compliance

1 Huntington S. (1996B). p. 37.


87

records, already are members of Euro-Atlantic structures. Evidently, the main

reason of the restraint of the West is not to irritate Russia, which believes that

Georgia’s integration into the Euro-Atlantic structures (especially, NATO

membership) decreases Russia’s influence in the Caucasus and is a serious

threat for Russia’s national interests.

References

1. Rondeli A. (1998) – Two Roles of the Small Country: Buffer and

Neutrality. “Georgian Diplomacy” Vol. 5. P. 151-165. Tbilisi University

Press. 1998 (In Georgian)

2. Huntington S. (1996 A) – The Clash of Civilizations and Remaking of

World Order. Simon and Schuster. New York. 1996

3. Huntington S. (1996 B) – The West: Unique, not universal. Foreign Affairs. Volume 75. Issue 6. Nov/Dec. 1996. New York. 1996

ზურაბ დავითაשვილი პროფესორი, თსუ

?ესაძლებელია საქართველოს ინტეგრაცია დასავლეთთანש(ცივილიზაციური განსხვავების ფაქტორი)

რეზიუმე

საქართველოსთვის, ისევე როგორც ყველა სხვა ახალგაზრდა სუვერენული სახელმწიფოსათვის, ერთ-ერთი უმნიשვნელოვანესი პრობლემაა საგარეო პოლიტიკური ორიენტაციის განსაზღვრა და საკუთარი ადგილის პოვნა საერთაשორისო სისტემაשი.

ნეიტრალიტეტის იდეა, რომელიც დროდადრო აქტიურდება ცალ-კეულ პოლიტიკურ ძალებשი არარეალური და განუხორციელებელია საქართველოსთვის, რადგან ქვეყანა ვერ აკმაყოფილებს ვერცერთ პირობას, რომელიც აუცილებელია, რომ მისი ნეიტრალიტეტი აღია-რებული და გარანტირებული იყოს (იგი არ უნდა שედიოდეს დიდი

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ქვეყნების გეოპოლიტიკურ ინტერესებשი, არ უნდა ჰქონდეს שინაგანი გათიשულობისა და ტერიტორიული მთლიანობის პრობლემა, უნდა იყოს ეკონომიკურად ძლიერი, თვითონ უნდა שეეძლოს საკუთარი თავ-დაცვა და ა.ש.).

ორიენტაცია რუსეთზე და ევრაზიული კავשირის იდეა, ფაქ-ტობრივად, სუვერენიტეტზე უარის თქმაა და რუსეთის სატელიტად გადაქცევას ნიשნავს. ამ იდეის გამართლებას მისი მომხრეები იმით ცდილობენ, რომ მხოლოდ რუსეთს שეუძლია საქართველოს ტერიტო-რიული მთლიანობის აღდგენა, მხოლოდ რუსეთის ბაზრის გახსნა იხსნის საქართველოს ეკონომიკას და მხოლოდ ერთმორწმუნე რუ-სეთთან ერთობაשი იგრძნობს თავს საქართველო უსაფრთხოდ და კომფორტულად. თუმცა ამ იდეას ჯერჯერობით ცოტა მხარდამჭერი ჰყავს, მით უფრო, რომ რუსეთის მიერ საქართველოს ტერიტორიების ოკუპაციისა და აფხაზეთის და სამხრეთ ოსეთის დამოუკიდებლობის ცნობის שემდეგ რუსული ორიენტაციის აשკარა მხარდაჭერა ლამის სამשობლოს ღალატთან გაიგივდა.

ამიტომ მთავარ საგარეო პოლიტიკურ ორიენტირად რჩება დასავ-ლეთი, ანუ ევრო-ატლანტიკურ სტრუქტურებשი ინტეგრაცია. ეს გზა როგორც ხელისუფლების, ისე ოპოზიციის და, საერთოდ, მოსახლე-ობის უმრავლესობის მიერ აღიქმება, როგორც ერთადერთი ჭეשმა-რიტი და ლოგიკური გამოსავალი არსებული რთული ვითარებიდან. საქართველოשი ნატოსა და ევროკავשირשი ინტეგრაციას აიგივებენ პროგრესსთან და ცივილიზირებულობასთან და მიიჩნევენ, რომ მხო-ლოდ ეს שეიძლება გახდეს ქვეყნის ტერიტორიული მთლიანობის აღ-დგენის, უსაფრთხოების, გაძლიერების, ეკონომიკური კეთილდღეო-ბისა და კულტურული აყვავების გარანტი და საფუძველი.

მაგრამ იმისათვის, რომ მოხდეს საქართველოს ინტეგრაცია ევ-როპულ და ევროატლანტიკურ სტრუქტურებთან აუცილებელია და-ცული იყოს სამი პირობა: ქვეყნის პოლიტიკური და ეკონომიკური ელიტა ცალსახად უნდა იდგეს დასავლურ ორიენტაციაზე; მოსახლე-ობის დიდი უმრავლესობა მხარს უნდა უჭერდეს ამ ორიენტაციას; და-სავლეთი თანახმა უნდა იყოს მიიღოს ახალი წევრი „თავის წრეשი“. ეს უკანასკნელი ფაქტორი დიდწილად განისაზღვრება იმით, თუ რამდე-


89

ნად ახლობელი და მისაღებია ახალი წევრი დასავლური ცივილიზა-ციისათვის (რა თქმა უნდა სხვა ფაქტორებთან ერთად).

სტატიაשი ყურადღება გამახვილებულია ცივილიზაციურ მსგავ-სებასა და განსხვავებაზე საქართველოსა და დასავლეთს שორის. გან-ხილულია დასავლური ცივილიზაციის მთავარი ღირებულებები (კლა-სიკური მემკვიდრეობა, დასავლური ქრისტიანობა, ენობრივი მრავალ-ფეროვნება, საერო და საეკლესიო ხელისუფლების გაყოფა, კანონის უზენაესობა, სოციალური პლურალიზმი და სამოქალაქო საზოგა-დოება, წარმომადგენლობითი ორგანოები, ინდივიდუალიზმი) და მათი გამოვლინების ხარისხი საქართველოשი.

განხილულის საფუძველზე აשკარა ხდება, რომ დასავლეთის ზო-გიერთი ნიשანი (კლასიკური მემკვიდრეობა, დასავლური ქრისტიან-ობა, რენესანსი, რეფორმაცია) მხოლოდ დასავლეთის კუთვნილებაა და სხვა ცივილიზაციებისათვის მათი მოთხოვნა აბსურდი იქნებოდა. მაგრამ დასავლური ცივილიზაციის მთელი რიგი ნიשნები (საერო და საეკლესიო ხელისუფლების გაყოფა, კანონის უზენაესობა, სოცია-ლური პლურალიზმი და სამოქალაქო საზოგადოება, წარმომადგენ-ლობითი ორგანოების განმტკიცება და ინდივიდუალისტურ საზოგა-დოებად ჩამოყალიბებაც კი) საქართველოსთვის სრულიად მიღწევა-დია და ამ მიმართულებით უკვე საგრძნობი პროგრესი აღინიשნება.

ზემოთქმულიდან שეიძლება გაკეთდეს დასკვნა, რომ ცივილი-ზაციური განსხვავება არ წარმოადგენს მთავარ დაბრკოლებას საქარ-თველოს ევროინტეგრაციის გზაზე. მით უფრო, რომ მართლმადიდე-ბელი ცივილიზაციის წარმომადგენელი ქვეყნები საბერძნეთი, რუმი-ნეთი და ბულგარეთი უკვე არიან ნატოსა და ევროკავשირის წევრები, რომ არაფერი ვთქვათ ალბანეთზე. ცხადია, საქართველოს დასავ-ლეთთან ინტეგრაციის მთავარი დაბრკოლება არა ცივილიზაციური განსხვავება, არამედ რუსეთის გეოპოლიტიკური ინტერესებია.

marex deviZe-mamulaiSvili

90

marex deviZe

doqtoranti, Tsu

konfliqtis trasformacia organizaciebSi

`lokalebs~ da `kosmopolitebs~ Soris

kosmopoliti niSnavs `msoflio moqalaqes. arsebobs sxva-

dasxva kvlevebi, romlebic kosmopolitizms Seiswavlis. erT-

erTi pirvelia r. mertoni (2), romelmac 1957 wels gamoaqveyna

Sroma kosmopolituroba-lokalebis Sesaxeb. is ZiriTadad ge-

ografiul cvlads da politikur orientacias aqcevda yuradR-

ebas. es adamianebi moqmedebdnen an konkretul adgilobriv er-

TobebSi an qondaT gafarToebuli xedva da Tavs erTobis miRma

warmoidgendnen. es ukanasknelni sakuTar Tavs xedavdnen, ro-

gorc moqalaqeebs da ara raime konkretuli erTobis wevrad.

aqedan gamomdinare r. mertoni ganasxvavebs kosmopolit pirov-

nebebs, romlebic arian orientirebulni msoflioze, konkretu-

li erTobis miRma da warmoadgens lokalis opozicias. loka-

lebs aqvT ganxsxvavebuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic maT loka-

lur kulturaSia gavrcobili.

meore damoukidebeli koncefcia SemuSavebulia gouldne-

ris mier (3), romelic kosmopolitoba-lokalobis aqcents gan-

sazRvravs organizaciasTan da profesiasTan kavSirSi. misi Sexe-

dulebiT kosmopolitebi sakuTar Tavs ganixilaven profesias-

Tan da im garemosTan mimarTebaSi, romelSic is muSaobs. Sesaba-

misad, maTi moqmedebebi am sferoSi globalur saxes da standar-

tebs iRebs. sakuTar Tavs xedaven rogorc profesionals, rome-

lic saerTaSoriso dones Seesabameba. organizaciebsac Sesabami-

sad ise irCeven, rom saqmianobiT globalur sferoSi iyos Car-

Tuli. lokalebi muSaoben iseT organizaciebSi sadac erToba

lokaluria, adgilobrivia, da is kosmopolitelTan da kosmo-

politur organizaciasTan kontrastSia. amgvarad, kosmopoli-

konfliqtis trasformacia organizaciebSi `lokalebs~ da `kosmopolitanelebs~ Soris

91

ti orientirebulia obieqtur arsebul standartebze da Sesaba-

mis kompenteciis organizaciaSi meryeobs, xolo lokali Tavis

Tavs moiazrebs organizaciebSi, sadac adgilobrivebis Sesabami-

si komunikaciaa, organizaciuli normebi da zemoqmedebac loka-

lur sferos exeba. kosmopolitebs standartebi instituciona-

lizebuli aqvT, ician socialuri normebi da CarTuli arian in-

terpersonalur aliansebSi. kosmopolitebi samsaxurSi gamoir-

Cevian maTi pasuxismgeblobiT organizaciis da sakuTari profe-

siis mimarT.

samecniero literaturaSi arsebobs Sexedulebebi, sadac

kosmopolitizmi ganxilulia ufro kompleqsurad, vidre go-

uldneris da mertonis SromebSi. ganasxvaveben lokalebs da

non-kosmopolitebs, aseve, ganixilaven kosmopolitebs, loka-

lebs da `mogzaurebs~ (turistebs). es, ZiriTadad, ukavSirdeba

marketingul sferos. aseT SemTxvevaSi kosmopolitebi sakuTa-

ri kulturis sferos CarCoebSi moqmedeben.

u. honeri (4) Tvlis, rom lokaloba-kosmopolitoba farTo

mniSvnelobiT unda iqnes ganxiluli, radgan maTi damokidebu-

lebebi, Rirebulebebi, cxovrebis stili gansxvavebulia. xSirad

turistebs — (`mogzaurebs~) moixseneben, rogorc kosmopoli-

tebs, magram, umetes SemTxvevaSi, isini sxva kategoriaSi xvdebi-

an. namdvili kosmopolitebis identobebi gansxvavebulia, `mog-

zaurebis~ identoba ki SeiZleba lokaluric aRmoCndes. am mid-

gomaSi daSvebulia, rom am tipebs Soris arsebobs tranzitulo-

ba. miCneulia, rom vaWrobis sferoSi momuSaveebi ufro kosmo-

politebi arian. aqedan avtori uSvebs, rom kosmopolitebi da

lokalebi ukidures polarobas ar warmoadgenen.

kosmopolitebi xasiaTdebian maRali pasuxismgeblobiT orga-

nizaciis da profesiis mimarT. es sxvadasxva ganzomilebebia da ara

sapirispiro mdgomareobebi. maT damoukidebeli konstruqtis sta-

tusi eniWebaT. amgvarad, kosmopolitebi SeiZleba moviazroT lo-

kalurebTan mimarTebaSi. kosmopolitebs Tavisi kultura gaaCni-

aT da adgilobrivebisgan gansxvavebuli stiliT cxovroben.

h. qenoni da a. iapraki (5) (Cannon H.M., Yaprak A.) Tavis naSrom-

Si ajameben mertonis da gouldneris kvlevis Sedegebs da gvTa-

vazoben damoukidebel models, romelic maTi SexedulebiT ga-


92

mosadegia globalur marketingul sferoSi, reklamaSi, momxma-

reblis qcevaSi da produqtis segmentirebaSi. maTi azriT mer-

tonis da gouldneris ZiriTadi amosavali principebis Serwyma

unda moxdes. avtorebi gamoyofen or ZiriTad dones: kosmopo-

litur orientacias da lokalur orientacias. kosmopolituri

orientacia, Tavis mxrviv, Sedgeba: 1. kosmopolitebisgan da

2. adgilobrivebisgan. rac Seexeba lokaluri orientaciis do-

nes, aqac ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia gamoyofili: 1. globalu-

ri da 2. lokaluri. maTi mimarTebebi iZleva oTx ZiriTad orien-

tirs. es modeli sqematurad Semdegi saxisaa (sqema 1):

lokaluri orientaciis doneebi

globaluri

lokaluri

kosmopoliti

1

2

adgilobrivi

(lokali)

3

4

avtorTa azriT, aseTi mimarTebebi momxmareblebis qcevis

da saqonlis segmentirebisTvis saukeTesoa, romelTac Sesabami-

si daxasiaTebebi axlavs. amave mimarTebebis safuZvelze SesaZ-

lebelia qcevis aRwerac. SevexoT yovel maTgans. kosmopoliti,

adgilobrivi, globaluri da lokaluri erTmaneTisagan damou-

kidebel erTeulebs (cvladebs) warmoadgens.

kosmopolitebs — aqvT maRali pasuxismgebloba organiza-

ciis da maTi profesiis mimarT, sakuTari qcevis gansazRvris

da Sefasebis orbieqtur kriteriumebs eyrdnobian, yuradRebas

aqceven maT praqtikulobas da es yvelaferi msoflios konteq-

stSia ganxiluli, gansxvavebiT viwro adgilobrivi Rirebule-

bebisa da damokidebulebebze.

ko

sm

op

ol

it

ur

i

or

ie

nt

aci

is

do

ne

eb

i


93

adgilobrivebi — maRali pasuxismgebloba aqvT, magram Se-

fasebisas ufro subieqturni arian. yuradRebas aqceven refe-

rentuli jgufis azrebs, maTi msgavsi jgufebis socialur nor-

mebs da Rirebulebebs iziareben. Sesabamisad, maTi qceva SezRu-

dulia, CarCoebSi moqceuli da qcevac mxolod konkretul ge-

ografiul areals an konkretul adgilobriv organizaciebis

orientirebas Seesabameba.

globaluri — maRali pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba aqvT orga-

nizaciis da TavianTi profesiis mimarT. maTi qceva globalur

standartebs Seesabameba. maTi moqmedebis maStabebic globalur

normebs da Rirebulebebs eyrdnoba.

lokali —pasuxismgebloba aqvT TavianTi lokaluri orga-

nizaciis da konkretuli profesiis mimarT. maTi Rirebulebebi

vrceldeba lokaluri kulturuli arealis farglebSi da Cake-

til komunikaciebSi. lokalur kulturaze dayrdnobiT moqme-

debis arealic Semcirebuli aqvT. maT aqvT TavianT erTobaSi Ca-

moyalibebuli normebi da zemoqmedebis wesebi. amgvarad loka-

lebi lokaluri kulturis warmomadgenlebi arian.

SevexoT mimarTebebs am ZiriTad kategoriebs Soris. mimar-

Tebebi, romelic garkveul profils iZleva: 1. kosmopoliti-

globali, 2. adgilobrivi-globali, 3. kosmopoliti-lokali da

4. adgilobrivi-lokali (ixileT sqema 1). aseTi profilebis ga-

moyeneba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs organizaciebSi adamianis qce-

vebi davaxasiaToT.

1. kosmopoliti-globali — pasuxismgeblobiT asruleben

marketingul programebs, romelic globalur standartebs See-

satyviseba Tavisi kulturiT da statusiT. orientirebulni

arian samuSaoze da mogebaze. unari SeswevT imuSaon saerTaSo-

riso organizaciebSi, aseve sxvadasxva qveyanebSi. ZiriTadad,

ician ori an meti ucxo ena. mizanswrafulebi arian, Zlier aqvT

gamoxatuli individualizmi. umetes SemTxvevaSi, upirispirde-

bian da ar esmiT adgilobrivi-globalebis.

2. adgilobrivi-globali — pasuximgeblobiT asruleben

marketingis programebs, romelic eyrdnoba myidvelis (momxma-

reblis) specifikur moTxovnilebebs da moTxovnebs. umetesad

ar eTanxmebian statusis obieqtur standartebs. aseTi pirovne-


94

bebi, ZiriTadad, arCeven imuSaon sakuTar qveyanaSi ucxour or-

ganizaciebSi da Tavs warmoadgenen, rogorc Suamaval rgolad

saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivebs Soris. floben ramdenime enas,

mizanswrafulebi arian, aRiareben sakuTari kulturis Rirebu-

lebebs da dadebiTi damokidebuleba aqvT adgilobrivi erTobe-

bis mimarT. SesaZloa garkveul sakiTxebSi sapirispiro pozicia

daikavon, vidre kosmopolit-globalebma.

3. kosmopoliti-lokali — pasuxismgeblobiT asruleben

marketingul programebs, romlebic eyrdnoba lokalur kul-

turas, maT moTxovnebs da moTxovnilebebs. amas emateba statu-

sis globaluri standartebis gaziareba, isini axerxeben kavSi-

rebs rogorc saerTaSoriso aseve lokalur doneze. ZiraTadad

muSaoben sakuTar qveynebSi iq, sadac ucxouri investiciebia.

maTSi Rirebulebebi da damokidebulebebi principuladaa war-

modgenili, romelic kosmopolitis da lokalis nazavs warmo-

adgens. floben erT an or ucxo enas, Zalzed afaseben sakuTar

kulturas da pativs scemen sxvisas. maTi ojaxuri cxovreba, Zi-

riTadad, lokalur doneze xorcieldeba. adgilobriv erTo-

bebs da referentul jgufebs did pativs miageben. zogierT sa-

kiTxebSi ver ugeben adgilobriv-lokalebs.

4. adgilobrivi-lokali — pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebian mar-

ketingul programas, romelic lokalur kulturas axasiaTebs,

aseve iziareben im lokalur da adgilobriv moTxovnilebebs da

moTxovnebs, rac maTi regionis momxmarebels gaaCnia. upiris-

pirdebian globalur standartebs, maT statuss. xSir SemTxve-

vaSi ar floben ucxo enas. Tvlian, rom tradiciul Rirebule-

bebs, erovnul `suls~ unda daefuZnos biznesi. ukiduresad da-

debiTi damokidebuleba aqvT tradiciuli faseulobebis mi-

marT. upiratesobas aniWeben koleqtiuri cxovrebis stils, pa-

suxismgeblobiT ekidebian referentuli jgufebis gadawyveti-

lebebs, adgilobriv erTobebs wina planze ayeneben. mocemuli

modeli saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro moxerxebulad davaxasiaToT

organizaciaSi momuSave is pirebi, romlebic diferencirebuli

saxiT warmodgebian da ara polaruli saxiT.

arsebobs sxvadasxva meTodebi, rom SeviswavloT kosmopo-

litoba-lokaluroba. dReisTvis arsebobs sxvadasxva gazomvi-


95

Ti saSualebebi, romlebic kosmopolitebis skalebis saxiTaa

cnobili. magaliTad,

s. Tiurqeni da f.u. rudmini (S.Türken, F.W. Rudmin) (6) asaxele-

ben Semdegs:

1. mertonis (Merton) 10-debulebiani skala — kosmopoliti-

lokalis ganzomileba — 1957;

2. dies (Dye) 5-debulebiani skala — lokal-kosmopolitis

skala — 1963;

3. jeningsis (Jennings) 3-debulebiani skala — kosmopoli-

tizmis skala — 1967;

4. robinsonis da zilis (Robinson & Zill) 5-debulebiani ska-

la — kulturuli kosmopolitizmis skala — 1997;

5. jefris da misi kolegebis (Jeffres et al) 42-debulebiani —

kosmopolitis skala — 2004 (Türken S., Rudmin F.W. 2013) (6).

arsebobs sxva skalebic, sadac, aseve, xdeba damokidebule-

bebis gazomva, romelic korelaciaSia CamoTvlil skalebTan da

maTi zogierTi debuleba Seesatyviseba lokali-kosmopolitis

skalebs. aseTi skalebia — internacionalizmis skala, interna-

cionalizmis-nacionalizmis skala, patriotizmi-nacionaliz-

mis skala, TviTidentobis instrumenti, nacionaluri identobis

instrumenti. ZiriTadi skalebi, romelic kosmopolitoba-lo-

kalobas exeba, izomeba laikertis, an gutmanis tipis skalebze.

migvaCnia, rom mniSvenlovania axali skalis Sedgena, romelic Se-

esatyviseba ama Tu im kulturul Rirebulebebs, radganac erT-

erT skalaSi gamoyofili debuleba `me kargad vazaveb jinss da

toniks~ Cveni kulturisTvis namdvilad ar gamoxatavs kosmopo-

litobas. aseve migvaCnia, rom h.m. qenonis da a. iaprakis mier Se-

moTavazebuli modeli ufro diferencirebulad gvawvdis tipo-

logias vidre sxva skalebi. migvaCnia, rom swored es modeli un-

da iqnas safuZvlad aRebuli rodesac gvsurs axali skalis Sed-

gena. aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom skalis Sedgenamde winaswari

kvleva Catardes CaRrmavebuli intervius meTodis gamoyenebiT.

aq mniSvnelovania miviRoT is informacia, romelic sxvadasxva

organizaciaSi momuSaveebi miaweren kosmopolitebs, globa-

lebs, adgilobrivebs, lokalebs, rogoria maTi Sexeduleba da

ras fiqroben maT dapirispirebaze.


96

am mizniT SevimuSaveT gegma CaRrmavebuli intervius [(Мер-

тон Р., Фиске М., Кендалл П.,) (1)] Casatareblad, sadac gamovyaviT

ramdenime bloki, yoveli bloki Seesatyviseba modelSi gamoyo-

fil tipebs. interviuSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vafiqsirebT

drois erTeulebsac, Tu rogor iyo adre, rogoria exla da ras

fiqroben, rogori iqneba momavalSi. aseve mniSvnelovania vico-

deT Tavs romel tips miakuTvneben. yuradReba gamaxvildeba ti-

pologiis sivrcobriv areze, anu daxasiaTebisas xazgasmuli iq-

neba samuSao da komunikaciebis teritoriuli areali. moxdeba

respodentTa Canawerebis transkripti, romelze dayrdnobiTac

miviRebT am tipoligiis daxasiaTebas. CaRrmavebuli intervius

meTodis CatarebiT dadgenil iqneba standartuli pirobebi, sa-

dac mizani, daxasiaTeba, ZiriTadi nawili, daskvna da Sedegebis

Sejameba procedurulad Sesruldeba. am ganzomilebis gamoye-

nebisas SevagrovebT aseve respodentTa demografiul monace-

mebs da maT yovel sakiTxze davukonkretebT kiTxvebs.

kvlevisTvis gamoyenebul kiTxvebi daaxloebiT Semdegi sa-

xis iqneba:

1. icnobT Tu ara msgavs adamianebs, romlebic sxvadasxva

organizaciebSi muSaoben;

2. ra organizaciaa es;

3. ra samuSaos asruleben;

4. icaven Tu ara pirobebs da im standartebs, romelic am

organizaciaSia ;

5. rogori upiratesoba aqvT sxvebTan;

6. ra Rirebulebebi da damokidebulebebi gaaCniaT maT;

7. sxva `tipTan~ ra saxis konfliqtebi aqvT;

8. rogor cxovroben;

9. rogoria maTi pasuxismgebloba da rogor asruleben

valdebulebebs;

10. iTvaliswineben Tu ara referentuli jgufis moTxovnebs

da ramdenad eqvemdebarebian maT;

11. ramden enaze saubroben;

12. rogor azrovneben, ra Sexedulebebi aqvT;

13. rogori sixSiriT mogzauroben, qveynis SigniT/qveynis

gareT;


97

14. ra saxis Semosavali aqvT;

15. rogoria maTi ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi;

16. samuSaos rogor asruleben;

17. advilad iReben Tu ara sxva kulturis Rirebulebebsa da

normebs;

18. tradiciul kulturas gansakuTrebiT afaseben Tu ara;

19. ramdenad mimRebni da loialurni arian sxva kulturis

mimarT;

20. icxovrebdnen Tu ara ucxo qveyanaSi samuSao rom SesTa-

vazon;

21. rogor ojaxur garemoSi izrdebodnen;

22. ra ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli da sad;

23. mSoblebi qarTvelebi iyvnen Tu romelime iyo sxva eris

warmomadgeneli;

24. hyavdaT Tu ara winapari (bebia/babua) sxva eris warmomad-

geneli;

25. rogor aqvT ojaxi mowyobili;

26. kmayofilni arian Tu ara sakuTari kulturiT;

27. rogor erTobian;

28. rogor icvamen;

29. rogor ikvebebian, tradiciulad, swrafi kvebiT Tu jan-

saRi produqtebiT;

30. rogor saubroben. daxvewilad, JargonebiT, xmarobs ucx-

our sityvebs teqstebSi;

31. yuradRebas aqceven Tu ara janmrTelobas;

32. SeuZliaT Tu ara daqorwindnen sxva eris an rasis warmo-

madgenelze;

33. advilad Sedian Tu ara ucxoelebTan kontaqtSi;

34. ucxoebTan TavSekavebuli arian;

35. ZiriTad informacias ra wyaroebidan iReben;

36. qalaqis cxovreba ufro xiblavT Tu raionuli cen-

tris/dabis/soflis;

37. rogor aRwerdnen am tipis adamianebs;

38. profesiis mimarT yvela standarts icaven, ar arRveven

normebs;

39. gansxvavebiT zrunaven TanamSromlebze;


98

40. gansakuTrebiT zrunaven samuSaos Sesrulebaze;

41. gaxsnili arian TanamSromlebTan urTierTobebSi;

42. ramdenad mowesrigebuli arian;

43. rogor exmarebian TanamSromlebs an momxmarebels...


1. Мертон Р., Фиске М., Кендалл П., - фокусированное интервю м 1991.

2. Merton P. – Социальная теория и социальная структура. М.: ACT,

“Хранитель”, 2006.

3. Gouldner A. W. – (1957) “Cosmopolitians and Locals: Toward an Analysis

of Latent Social Roles”, Administrative Science Quarterly #22. pp: 281-

306

4. Honner Ulf. – (1990) “Cosmopolitians and locals in a World Culture”.

Theory, Culture and Society #7 (June) pp. 237-251

5. Cannon H.M., Yaprak A. – (2001) “Cosmopolitan-Based Cross National

Segmentation in Global Marketing Simulations”. Developments in Business

Simulation and Learning. Vol 28. pp. 23-31

6. Türken S., Rudmin F.W. – (2013) “On Psychological Effects of

Globalization: Development of a Scale of Global Identity”. Psychology

and Society. Vol 5 (2) pp. 63-89.

Marekh Devidze

PhD Student


Conflict Transformation between

“Locals” and “Cosmopolitans” in Organizations

Resume

Organizational working is considered in a global view in XXI century.

There are a lot of transnational organizations which are working in a new type

of relationships. Staff of these organizations has a lot of problems, because there


99

is cultural difference. There are two type staff’s identities in transnational orga-

nizations. Groups are considered as “locals” or “cosmopolitans.” These points

are studied in a context of culture of organization.

Transnational organizations have created since Georgia got independence.

Most of them are in global sphere. Members of these organizations are citizens

of Georgia. One part we call “locals” and other part “cosmopolitans.” Contra-

distinction between them increases in m any spheres. This contradistinction

blocks cultural development. These conflicts make influence on organizational

development. So, it is important to research difference between these two types

and their role in organizational development.

Tamar dolbaia

100

Tamar dolbaia

asocirebuli profesori, Tsu

sazRvao porti, rogorc

qalaqwarmomqmneli faqtori

saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc evropis periferiuli nawilis

ekonomikisTvis, saporto sistemebis Seqmna-ganviTareba auci-

lebeli faqtoria saerTaSoriso ekonomikur sivrceSi CarTvi-

saTvis. istoriulad, qalaqebi baTumi da foTi portebis ir-

gvliv yalibdebodnen da viTardebodnen.

qarTuli portebis qalaqwarmomqmnel funqcias ganvixilavT

ori indikatoris mixedviT, esenia:

1) mosaxleobis raodenobrivi dinamika, radganac vTvliT,

rom qalaqis funqciuri datvirTvis xarisxi korelaciaSia misi

mosaxleobis raodenobasTan.

2) saporto qalaqis meurneobis dargobriv struqturaSi

`sazRvao Semadgenelis~ wili.

XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqalaqo cxovreba saqarTveloSi daq-

veiTebuli iyo epidemiebis, TurqTa Semosevebisa da tyveTa

syidvis gamo.

1860-iani wlebis burJuaziuli reformebis Sedegad, ruseT-

Si dawyebuli ekonomikuri Zvrebi saqarTvelozec aisaxa da eko-

nomikur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis

Sesruleba daiwyo Savi zRvis qarTulma sanapirom. swored am pe-

riodidan aqtiurdeba baTumisa da foTis portebis qalaqwar-

momqmneli funqcia. Tu 1807 wels baTumis mosaxleoba 2000 kacs

Seadgenda, 1878 wels ki 3000-s, 1882 wels 8671-s miaRwia, anu mo-

saxleoba qalaqis TurqeTis batonobidan Tavis daRwevisa da

satransporto da samxedro-administraciuli funqciis SeZenis

Semdeg 4-jer gaizarda. rac Seexeba foTs, is sanavsadguro qala-

qi 1858 wels gaxda da mosaxleobis raodenoba 1865 wlis monace-

qarTuli portebi, rogorc qalaqwarmomqmneli faqtori

101

mebiT 1309 kaci iyo. qalaqis sanavsadguro-satransporto fun-

qciiT datvirTvam ki 1897 wlis ruseTis imperiis sayovelTao

aRweris monacemebiT, mosaxleoba 7 666 kacamde, anu 5,8-jer gai-

zarda, baTumis mosaxleoba, amave monacemebiT, 28 500 kaci gaxda

da 1807 welTan SedarebiT 14,5-jer gaizarda.

sanavsadguro qalaqebSi ekonomikuri cxovrebis aRmavlobam

miizida mosaxleoba, romlis raodenobac Sromis gamoyenebis

sferoebis gamravalferovnebis Sesabamisad swrafi tempebiT iz-

rdeboda ara marto guria-samegrelos soflis mosaxleobis,

aramed TurqeTidan Semosuli somxebisa da berZnebis xarjzec.

baTumisa da foTis mosaxleobis

dinamika XIX — XXI saukuneebSi

38,615

100,600

122,800

29,600

90,200

46,000 48,500 50,90047,200

8,600

57,012

20,000

82,300

136,600

122,200

70,000

48,500

14,96618,000

1,30910,600

19,667

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

1865 1882 1897 1914 1917 1926 1932 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002

baTumi foTi

(wyaro: mosaxleobis aRweris masalebi; kavkasiis kalendari, 1915)

grafikze asaxulia baTumis da foTis mosaxleobis ricxov-

nobis dinamika ruseTis imperiis mosaxleobis pirveli aRweri-

dan damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli aRweris CaTvliT, sa-

dac Cans garkveuli tendenciebi. kerZod:

XIX s-is bolos baTumis mosaxleobis matebis mTavari mizezi

misi saporto, savaWro da samrewvelo funqciebis ganviTareba-

Sia da Tu 1807 wels iq 2000-mde kaci cxovrobda, 1914 wels qala-

qis mosaxleoba 38 615 kaci gaxda, anu 19,3 jer gaizarda. baTumi

XIX saukuneSi dinamikurad viTardeboda da ganviTarebis tempiT

meore adgilze iyo baqos mere.

foTis mosaxleoba 1865-1914 wlebSi 15,0 jer gaizarda, rad-

ganac portis ganviTareba didi raodenobiT muSa xels saWiro-

ebda.

Tamar dolbaia

102

1914-21 da 1939-59 wlebSi baTumisa da foTis mosaxleobis

zrdis tempebi SesamCnevad Senelda, omebisa da baTumis Cixuri

mdebareobis gamo sasazRvro zonaSi.

sabWoTa periodSi portebis qalaqwarmomqmneli funqcia

kvlavac mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenda. 1959-89 wlebSi

sabWoTa saqarTvelos ekonomika swrafi tempebiT viTardeboda

da politikur-ekonomikuri stabiluroba da socialuri dacu-

loba qmnida pirobebs mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdisTvis.

1959-1989 wlamde sakvlevi qalaqebis, baTumisa da foTis mosax-

leoba gaizarda Sesabamisad 1,6 da 1,0-jer, Tumca gasabWoebam-

del tempebs mkveTrad CamorCeboda.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis periodis pirveli aRweri-

dan dRemde baTumis da foTis mosaxleobis raodenobrivi dina-

mika aseTia: baTumis mosaxleoba gaizarda 122 000-dan 2002 wels,

160 000-mde 2013 wels; foTis mosaxleoba 47 100-dan 2002 wels,

47 700-mde 2013 wels. foTis mosaxleobis raodenobrivi cvli-

lebebi umniSvneloa, xolo baTumis mosaxleobis SedarebiTi ra-

odenobrivi zrda gamowveulia mimdebare regionebidan Sida

ekonomikuri da ekologiuri migraciiT.

XIX s-is 80-iani wlebidan mefis ruseTma aWara SemoierTa da

danarCeni saqarTvelosgan mowyvetilma baTumma ekonomikuri

kavSirebis aRdgena daiwyo. amas daerTo rusuli bazris gafar-

Toebis mizniT saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi sarkinigzo xa-

zebisa da dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Soris damakav-

Sirebeli axali gzebis gayvana. 1883 wels daiwyo baTumis navsad-

guris mSenebloba da ganisazRvra misi, rogorc baqos navTobis

msoflio bazarze erTaderTi mimwodeblis specializacia. 1890

wels gaixsna suramis sauReltexilo rkinigza. amierkavkasiis

rkinigzis eqspluataciis dawyebam gamoiwvia kavSirebis gaRrma-

veba baqos, Tbilissa da baTums, anu kaspiisa da Savi zRvis auzebs

Soris, aseve, saqarTvelos SigniT qalaqebsa da sasoflo dasax-

lebebs Soris. mTlianad amierkavkasiis ruseTsa da evropasTan

dakavSirebam ki ganaviTara saerTaSoriso savaWro-ekonomikuri

kavSirebi, gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis Casaxva da feo-

daluri daqucmacebulobidan erTiani Sida erovnuli bazris

Seqmnisken svla.


103

XIX s-is bolos saqarTvelos Savi zRvis auzSi ori mZlavri

sazRvao navsadguri hqonda baTumisa da foTis saxiT.

1,760,000

926,300

702,700

94,30091,000

243,000

1,030,7001,071,400

585,900

172,000

655,600

312,000

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

1884 1887 1890 1902 1905 1908 1910 1912 1913

baTumi foTi

tvirTbrunva

foTis navsadguris tvirTbrunva 1884 wels iyo 172 000 tona,

1902 wels — 585 900tona, 1913 wels ki 1 071 400 tonamde gaizar-

da. portis tvirTbrunvaSi marganecis wili iyo 88%, rac evro-

paSi moxmarebuli marganecis 70%-s Seadgenda.

baTumis navsadguris tvirTbrunva 1883 wels 91 000 tona

iyo, 1902 wels — 1 760 000 tona. 1883 wels navTobproduqtebis

wili tvirTbrunvaSi 54,5%-s Seadgenda, 1902 wels — 74,4%-s. es

iyo navTobis eqsportis piki, ruseTs mTlianad epyra evropis

bazari, magram male konkurenti gamouCnda aSS-is saxiT, rac ba-

Tumis portis tvirTbrunvazec aisaxa.

sabWoTa periodSi amierkavkasiisa da Sua aziis respublike-

bis saerTaSoriso da Sida kavSirebi qarTuli portebis meSveo-

biT xorcieldeboda sabWoTa kavSiris samxreT raionebTan da

sazRvargareTis qveynebTan. Tumca es kavSirebi naklebad inten-

siuri iyo centralizebuli ekonomikisa da socialisturi bana-

kis Caketili sivrcis gamo.

sabWoTa saqarTvelos teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsis

sivrcobrivi struqturis srulyofisa da Tbilisis samrewvelo

aglomeraciis hipertrofiuli ganviTarebis Tavidan acilebis

mizniT, mizanSewonili gaxda saqarTvelos zRvispira mdebareo-

bis rolis wamoweva da SavizRvispireTis sameurneo kompleqsis

Tamar dolbaia

104

ganviTareba, sakavSiro mniSvnelobis baTumisa da foTis sapor-

to-samrewvelo kompleqsebis Seqmnis gziT.

foTi saqarTvelos ZiriTadi porti iyo mSrali tvirTebis

gadazidvaSi. specializacias gansazRvravda WiaTuris margane-

cis eqsporti. porti iRebda ssrk-is samxreTi raionebidan rki-

nasa da qvanaxSirs, importul boqsitsa da marcvleuls amier-

kavkasiis respublikebisTvis.

baTumi qveynis umTavresi satransporto kvanZi iyo. igi akav-

Sirebda amierkavkasias, Sua aziasa da ssrk-is samxreT raionebs

sazRvargareTis qveynebTan. specializebuli iyo navTobis gada-

zidvaze. is Savi zRvis auzis samgzavro da sakruizo xazebis

mniSvnelovani punqti iyo.

sakvlevi qalaqebis samrewvelo ganviTareba ganpirobebuli

iyo iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa maTi zRvispira mdebareobisa

da saporto potencialis srulad gamoyeneba.

baTumis saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsis struqturas

hqonda Semdegi saxe:

baTumis saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsi

I bloki: sazRvao porti, misi momsaxure sawarmoebi, tvirTis

gadazidvisTvis mniSvnelovani satransporto komunikaciebi

II bloki: zRvispira mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli dargebi:

gemTmSenebeli qarxana, navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana,

TevzsaWeri sammarTvelo

III bloki: kvalificiuri muSa-xelis arsebobiTa da portis eq-

sport-importuli operaciebiT ganpirobebuli dargebi: man-

qanaTmSenebeli, eleqtromeqanikuri, transformatorebis, qi-

miur-farmacevtuli qarxnebi

pirveli `bloki~ moicavda sazRvao ports, mis momsaxure sa-

warmoebs, satransporto komunikaciebs, navTobgadamtvirTav

sawarmos. portSi dasaqmebuli iyo 846 kaci. baTumi sazRvao

transportis marTvis respublikur centrs warmoadgenda. iq


105

1967 wlidan moqmedebda saqarTvelos sazRvao sanaosno sammar-

Tvelo, romelic Seiqmna baTumis, foTisa da soxumis portebis

bazaze. sanaosnos balansze 49 sazRvao-satransporto gemi, sami

sazRvao porti da maTi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis saWi-

ro yvela sanapiro organizaciaTa da sawarmoTa kompleqsi iyo,

aRWurvili mZlavri materialur-teqnikuri baziT. baTumis por-

ti, SeinarCuna ra tradiciuli specializacia navTobisa da nav-

Tobproduqtebis eqsportze, gadaiqca maRalganviTarebul sa-

porto-samrewvelo kompleqsad Savi zRvis auzSi.

meore `bloki~ moicavda sawarmoebs, romelTa Seqmna uSua-

lod qalaqis zRvispira geografiulma mdebareobam ganapiroba.

eseni iyo: navTobgadamamuSavebeli da gemTmSenebeli qarxnebi da

aWaris TevzWeris flotis sammarTvelo, romelnic did rols

asrulebdnen baTumis mravaldargovani mrewvelobis SeqmnaSi.

80-ian wlebSi es dargebi iZleoda respublikis mTliani samrew-

velo produqciis 5%-s.

navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana, romlis simZlavre iyo 4

mln nedli navTobi weliwadSi, awarmoebda 20-ze meti dasaxele-

bis produqcias. misi xvedriTi wili maRali iyo ara marto qala-

qis mrewvelobaSi, aramed qalaqis satransporto funqciis for-

mirebaSi, radganac is qmnida mniSvnelovan tvirTnakadebs da

hinterlands portisTvis. qalaqis mrewvelobaSi 1985 wels misi

wili 33,6% iyo, portis tvirTbrunvaSi — 73,9%. masze modioda

saqarTvelos navTobproduqtebiT momaragebis 40%.

baTumis gemTmSenebeli qarxnis produqcia, wyalqveSa frTi-

ani katarRebi `volna~, igzavneboda did britaneTSi, safrangeT-

Si, aSS-Si, ungreTSi, siriaSi, SvedeTSi, argentinaSi, tailandSi,

singapurSi, sul 42-mde qveyanaSi. warmoebuli katerebis 80% sa-

eqsporto iyo.

azov-Savi zRvis auzSi Tevzis mrewvelobis erT-erT mniSvne-

lovan centrs, aWaris TevzsaWeri flotis sammarTvelos, por-

tSi hqonda sakuTari misadgomi da 22-gemiani floti.

mesame `blokSi~ gaerTianebuli sawarmoebis Seqmna ganapiro-

ba orma faqtorma: kvalificiuri muSaxelis arsebobam da baTu-

mis navsadguriT eqsport-importis operaciebis warmoebis Se-

saZleblobam. maT ricxvs miekuTvneboda: manqanaTmSenebeli qar-

Tamar dolbaia

106

xana, romelic uSvebda Cais gadamamuSavebel, Rvinisa da sakon-

servo mrewvelobisTvis saWiro teqnologiur mowyobilobebs.

qarxnis wilad modioda manqanaTmSeneblobis dargis mTliani

samrewvelo produqciis 18, 3%, xolo baTumis mrewvelobis

2,8%. sul baTumis portidan 1980-ian wlebSi saeqsportod gadi-

oda ocdaTerTmeti dasaxelebis produqcia 64 qveyanaSi.

dargobrivi struqtura 60-iani wlebidan 80-iani wlebis bo-

lomde ucvleli iyo. gamoSvebuli samrewvelo produqcia rao-

denobrivad da fulad gamoxatulebaSi ganuxrelad izrdeboda.

mTlianad baTumis samrewvelo kompleqsSi 40 sawarmo iyo. aqedan

saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsmaformirebeli 8 sawarmos sasa-

qonlo produqciaze modioda mTliani produqciis 57,7%; sam-

rewvelo personalis — 49,6%; mogebis 55,7% 1988 wels kompleq-

smaformirebelma dargebma aWaris assr mTliani samrewvelo

produqciis 51% awarmoes, xolo respublikis samrewvelo pro-

duqciis 4,9% (cifrobrivi masala aRebulia aWaris statistikis

sammarTveloSi).

foTis saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsi, moicavda Semdeg

blokebs:

I bloki: sazRvao porti

II bloki: sazRvao mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli dargebi. gem-

TmSenebeli qarxana, saqTevzmrewvi, TevzWeris kolmeurneoba

III bloki: portis eqsport-importuli operaciebiT da kvali-

ficiuri muSa xeliT ganpirobebuli dargebi. wisqvilqarxana,

Cais kombinati, hidromeqanizmebis qarxana, foTieleqtroapa-

rati, transformatorebis qarxana eleqtromeqanikuri gamaZ-

liereblebis qarxana

foTSi XX saukunis 80-iani wlebisTvis 20 sawarmo iyo. 1985

wels gamoSvebuli iyo 197 086 maneTis samrewvelo produqcia.

aqedan saporto-samrewvelo kompleqsis sawarmoebze modioda

163 057 maneTi, anu mTliani samrewvelo produqciis 82%. saeq-

sporto produqcias foTSi awarmoebda 5 samrewvelo sawarmo.

saqoneli gadioda 40 qveyanaSi. gemTmSenebeli qarxana wyalqveSa


107

frTian katarRa `kolxidas~ uSvebda, weliwadSi 45 cals itali-

isTvis, espaneTisTvis, iugoslaviisTvis, saberZneTisTvis. mi-

wismwovi manqanebi gadioda gdr-Si, poloneTSi, rumineTSi, viet-

namSi. dabalvoltiani aparatura — bulgareTSi, alJirSi, korea-

Si, pakistanSi, siriasa da sxv. `foTieleqtroaparatis~ produq-

cia winaRobis yuTebi, magnituri velis gamaZliereblebi, wriu-

li denis mimRebebi, gadioda saeqsportod 40 qveyanaSi alJirSi,

inglisSi, tanzaniaSi, TurqeTSi, siriaSi da sxv. 1985 wels Sromi-

Ti resursebi foTis mosaxleobis 49,7%-s Seadgenda. aqedan

mrewvelobasa da portSi muSaobda — 67,5%; baTumSi SromiTi re-

sursebi mosaxleobis 48,6%-s Seadgenda da mrewvelobasa da

portSi 44,3% muSaobda.

aqve mogvyavs baTumisa da foTis mTliani samrewvelo pro-

duqcia 1970-1985 ww, sadac naTlad Cans saporto-samrewvelo

kompleqsSi Semaval sawarmoTa maRali wili. saporto-samrewve-

lo kompleqsi am qalaqebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis mamoZravebeli, specializaciis ganmsazRvreli da qalaqwar-

momqmneli faqtori iyo.

117.6 127.9 136.9

196.8

31.7 41.276.6 90.9

72.0111.2

59.0

233.2221.3

520.9

372.5

289.3

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1970 1975 1980 1985I I bloki II I bloki danarCeni sul baTumi

baTumi mTliani produqcia

(mln. maneTi)

wyaro: statistikuri krebulebi

Tamar dolbaia

108

43

61

83

108

36 38

53

19 21 25

12

97.0

189.2

70

120.2

160.9

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1970 1975 1980 1985I I bloki III bloki danarCeni sul foTi

ფოთი mTliani produqcia

(mln. maneTi)

wyaro: statistikuri krebulebi

amrigad, baTumisa da foTis saporto-samrewvelo kompleq-

sebi, romlebic viTardeboda uSualod portisa da zRvispira

geografiuli mdebareobis upiratesobebis gamoyenebiT, mniS-

vnelovan qalaqwarmomqmnel faqtorebs warmoadgendnen XX sau-

kunis 90-ian wlebamde.

gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi, meurneobis ganviTare-

bisTvis saWiro materialuri da socialuri resursebis arsebo-

bis miuxedavad, baTumisa da foTis saporto-samrewvelo kom-

pleqsebi (ssk) daiSala da qalaqebi dRemde ver iyeneben zRvispi-

ra mdebareobiTa da portebis funqcionirebiT SesaZlo ganviTa-

rebisa da zrdis saSualebebs.

dReisaTvis baTumSi samasamde sawarmoa registrirebuli da

arcerTi araa dakavSirebuli zRvispira mdebareobasa da saporto

saqmianobasTan. foTis sameurneo profilSi ufro metadaa Senar-

Cunebuli ssk-is specializacia. 250-ze meti daregistrirebuli sa-

warmodan mxolod rvaa moqmedi, maT Soris yofil saporto-samrew-

velo kompleqsSi Semavali wisqvilqarxana, foTihidromanqana da

gemTsaSeni qarxana. mTliani gamoSvebuli samrewvelo produqcia

2009 wels — 1 699 500 aTasi lari iyo. aqedan 502 300 lari swored am

sami qarxnis wilia; kidev 890 200 lari ki sami Tevzis gadamamuSave-

beli qarxnis, rac mTeli samrewvelo produqciis 81%-s Seadgens.

mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebulia 1520 kaci. zemoT CamoTvlil 6 sawar-

moSi mrewvelobaSi mTlianad dasaqmebulTa 45,3%-ia.


109

qarTul portebs dakarguli aqvT qalaqganmaviTarebeli fun-

qcia. saporto qalaqebsa da portebs Soris moSlilia funqciona-

lur-sivrciTi komunikacia da gawyvetilia ekonomikuri kavSirebi,

maSin roca porti da qalaqi erTmaneTisTvis mudmiv socialur, in-

frastruqturul da sameurneo sayrdens unda warmoadgendes. asea

evropaSi, sadac portebi Tavis irgvliv qmnian ekonomikur kvanZebs

da didia maTi partisipacia urbanul ganviTarebaSi.

saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc evropis periferiuli nawilis

ekonomikisTvis efeqturi saporto sistemebis Seqmna-ganviTare-

ba aucilebelia saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi CarTvisa da eqspor-

tze orientirebuli dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis.


1. jaoSvili v. (1996). saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. `mecniereba~.

2. guguSvili p. (1957). mrewvelobis ganviTareba saqarTvelosa

da amierkavkasiaSi XIX —XX s-ebSi. Tbilisi.

3. q. foTisa da baTumis yovelwliuri statistikuri krebulebi.

4. saqarTvelosa da aWaris statistikuri krebulebi.

5. Bartlett R. (1998). The crisis of America’s cities. M.E. Sharpe.Inc. NY.

6. Bernd W. (1981/2). New ports as nodes for industrial and urban development:

the cases of Richards Bay and Saldanha in sought Africa. “Geojournal”. 51-58.

7. Harding A. L. (2007). Seaports and people of Europe. Kessinger Publishing.

Tamar Dolbaia

Associate Professor


Sea Port, as a City-Forming Factor

Resume

For Georgia as part periphery of Europe creation and development of

effective port systems is important for its inclusion in international trade and for

the development of export-oriented fields.

Tamar dolbaia

110

City-forming factors of Georgian ports discussed in this work is evaluated

by two indicators, these are: quantitative dinamics of population and volume of

„sea part“ in economic activities of port cities.

Main city-forming functions of Batumi and Poti in XIX-XX centuries lay

in the development of sea transport and trade, military – administrative and port-

industrial functions.

Today Georgian ports are stripped of their city-developing functions.

Functional-spacial communications and economic connections are split between

portal agglomerations and ports, although port and city represent social, in-

frastructural and economic basis for each other. In Europe ports create economic

links around itself and actively participate in the development of urban econo-

my and infrastructure.

socialuri cvlilebebi da politikuri dinamikis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi

111

valerian doliZe


socialuri cvlilebebi da politikuri

dinamikis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi

politikuri procesi konkretul sazogadoebriv konteq-

stSi warmoiSoba da mimdinareobs. is aqedan iRebs sakuTari

kvlavwarmoebisaTvis saWiro impulsebs, radganac swored sazo-

gadoeba warmoadgens im interesebis wyaros, romelTa artiku-

lacia da agregacia warmoqmnis politikur dinamikas. sazogado-

ebis cxovrebis done, misi socialuri, ekonomikuri da kultu-

ruli ganviTareba, klasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli, rasob-

rivi Semadgenloba, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi,

maTi siRrme da a.S. asaxvas poulobs politikaSi, sadac sazoga-

doebaSi arsebuli interesebi politikur interesebad gardaq-

mnebian. rogorc sazogadoebis Semadgeneli nawilebi, aseve Ta-

vad sazogadoebac, warmoadgenen interesTa artikulaciis sazo-

gadoebriv bazas. interesTa artikulaciis sazogadoebriv bazas

ganvsazRvravT, rogorc saerTo specifikuri niSnis mqone ada-

mianTa erTobliobas, romlis maxasiaTeblis safuZvelzec xdeba

misi saerTo interesebis Secnoba da maTi gardaqmna politikur

moTxovnebad. interesi — es aris yvelaferi is, rasac sargeblo-

bis motana SeuZlia konkretuli adamianebis, maTi jgufebis an

mTlianad sazogadoebisaTvis. aseTi SeiZleba iyos konkretuli

kanoni, magaliTad, im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic sxvebisagan

SeiZleba gamovarCioT iseTi niSniT, rogoric aris mcire bizne-

sis floba, es niSani warmoSobs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis Semo-

Rebis interess, radganac es konkretul sargebels moutans mci-

re biznesis mflobelebs — biznesis gafarToebis saSualebas

miscems maT; interesis sagani SeiZleba iyos iseTi Rrma politi-

kuri cvlilelebi, rogoricaa revoluciebi — frangi glexebi

valerian doliZe

112

dainteresebulni iyvnen revoluciiT, radganac man miwa misca

maT. rac ufro naklebad gansxvavdebian sazogadoebis Semadge-

neli jgufebi erTmaneTisagan, rac ufro sustia maT Soris ar-

sebuli winaaRmdegoba, miT ufro homogenuria interesTa arti-

kulaciisa da agregaciis sazogadoebrivi baza, miT ufro nakle-

bad konfliqturia interesTa artikulacia da agregacia, rad-

ganac ufro naklebia imis albaToba, rom sazogadoebis erTi na-

wilis interesebis dakmayofileba moxdeba sxvebis xarjze. sazo-

gadoebaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis siRrme gansazRvravs Tu

ramdenad aris gaxleCili sazogadoeba, rogor aris warmodgeni-

li sazogadoebaSi gamyofi xazebi, ramdenad Sors dganan erTma-

neTisagan sazogadoebis wevrebi, ramdenad didia maT Soris ar-

sebuli socialuri distancia.

sazogadoebriv konteqstsa da politikur process Soris

arsebul kavSirs SeiZleba davakvirdeT socialur cvlilebebsa

da politikur dinamikas Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis sa-

fuZvelze saqarTvelos ganviTarebis sami SemTxvevis magaliT-

ze. es SemTxveevbi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba sazogadoebis

klasobrivi SemadgenlobiT, koleqtiuri identobebiT, kultu-

ruli da ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, socialuri distanciiT da

a.S. TiToeulma maTganma mogvca gansxvavebuli politikuri di-

namika da warmoSva politikuri ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli veq-

tori. pirveli SemTxveva moicavs 1800-1921 wlebs; meore 1921-

1989 wlebs, mesame — postkomunistur saqarTvelos. meore Sem-

TxvevaSi xdeba pirveli SemTxvevis uaryofa _ yalibdeba misgan

absoluturad gansxavebuli sazogadoeba da Sesabamisi politi-

kuri dinamikis safuZvelze icvleba politikuri ganviTarebis

veqtori; mesame SemTxveva warmoadgens meore SemTxvevis uaryo-

fas, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelo ubrundeba Tavisi ganviTarebis

Tavdapirvel veqtors. amave dros, misi bevri arsebiTi maxasia-

Tebeli imeorebspirvel SemTxvevas, Tumca ufro maRal doneze.

aRsaniSnavia, rom spiralis mesame rkalze saqarTvelo mxolod

iwyebs aRmasvlas, ris gamoc aq mxolod procesebis dasawyisSi

vimyofebiT. amitom msgavsebac pirvel SemTxvevasTan srulad ar

aris ganviTarebuli.


113

saqarTvelos ganviTareba emsgavseba spirals, romlis meore

rkali uaryofs pirvels, mesame uaryofs meores da uaxlovdeba

pirvels, magram ufro maRal doneze. saqarTvelo moeqca ganvi-

Tarebis uaryofis spiralSi.

1. spiralis pirveli rkalze: saqarTvelo ruseTis imperi-

asa da damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi

mefis ruseTis Semadgenlobis arsebobis didi xnis ganmav-

lobaSi (64 weli) saqarTvelo viTardeboda, rogorc batonymuri

qveyana (1800-1864), xolo 53 wlis ganmavlobaSi (1864-1917) baton-

ymobis gadmonaSTebis pirobebSi, sadac miwa, ZiriTadad, Tava-

daznaurobis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. damoukideblobis

wlebSi (1918-1921), glexTa ajanyebebis Sedegad, garkveuli

cvlilebi gatarda agrarul urTierTobebeSi, magram mas radi-

kaluri cvlilebebi ar ganucdia. qarTuli sazogadoebis wev-

rebs Soris didi iyo rogorc qonebrivi da kulturuli, aseve

sazogadoebriv statusebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebac, rac

didi socialur distanciis safuZvels warmoadgenda. sxvadas-

xva klasebisa da wodebebis interesebi radikalurad upirispir-

deboda erTmaneTs, ris gamoc erTi maTganis interesis dakmayo-

fileba saWiroebda sxvebis interesebis Selaxvas. es arTulebda

interesTa agregacias. qveyana iyo agraruli, mosaxleobis um-

ravlesoba uwignuri, rac kidev ufro metad amwvavebda komuni-

kaciis problemas transportis sustad ganviTarebis pirobebSi.

sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli iyo rusuli ena da administracia

(gamonaklisia mxolod damoukidebloblad arsebobis mcire pe-

riodi), komunikaciebi qveynis SigniT Zalian sustad iyo ganvi-

Tarebuli, kuTxeebi erTmaneTisagan izolirebul reJimSi fun-

qcionirebdnen, mcirericxovani iyo qarTuli inteligencia,

qarTveli xalxi ar iyo Camoyalibebuli erad da Sinaganad gaTi-

Suli iyo sxvadasxva wodebebis safuZvelze, arsebobda Turqe-

Tis SiSi. Zalian susti iyo saerTo erovnuli identobis grZno-

ba, ris gaZlierebasac xels uSlida wodebriv-klasobrivi da

kuTxuri identobebi, Rrma klasobrivi winaaRmdegoba da mis sa-

fuZvelze ganviTarebuli Zlieri socialuri distanciis arse-

boba.

valerian doliZe

114

yovelive es warmoSobda Sesabamis moralur-fsiqologiur

klimats, romelsac axasiaTebda wodebrivi da klasobrivi si-

Zulvili da undobloba, gareSe mahmadiani mtrisagan daucvelo-

bis grZnoba, ris gamoc arc saerTo erovnuli idea arsebobda da

arc mis irgvliv gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba. swored es iyo is,

rac aZlierebda ruseTis poziciebs saqarTveloSi. gansakuTre-

biT aqtualuri iyo miwasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. ro-

gorc ivane jvaxiSvili aRniSnavs, saqarTveloSi agrarul moZra-

obas Tavisi xangrZlivi istoria gaaCnia. misi sityvebiT, doku-

mentebi mowmobs, rom mZime politikuri mdgomareobis miuxeda-

vad, mTeli me-18 saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi ar Sewyve-

tila agraruli moZraoba. glexoba umZimes mdgomareobaSi iyo

Cayenebuli sakuTari batonebis mier. amitom ruseTis Semosvlas

saqrTveloSi is, Tavdapirvelad, imedis TvaliT Sehyurebda. Ta-

navadznaurobisagan gansxvavebiT, romelmac rusi Cinovnikebis

sasargeblod dakarga Tavisi mTeli rigi privilegiebi, mas ego-

na, rom ruseTi mis mdgomareobas gaaumjobesebda. amitom, roca

ruseTis batonobis pirvel wlebSi, mTeli Tavadaznauroba qar-

Tl-kaxeTSi ruseTis sawinaaRmdegod ganewyo, qarTveli glexo-

ba jer kidev molodinis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. rogorc

Tavad i.cicianovis erT-erTi glexis qali atyobinebda rus Ci-

novniks, is iseve, rogorc mTeli mamakacebi, rusebis erTgulebi

iyvnen, xolo Tavadebi da aznaurebi ki maT (e. i. rusebs — v.d.) ver

itandnen. (1, 106). amis miuxedavad, saboloo jamSi, glexoba mainc

aqtiurad ebmeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg mimarTul amboxebebSi -

1804 wlis mTiuleTis, 1812 wlis kaxeTis, 1819 wlis imereTis

ajanyebebi. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom qarTul sazogadoebaSi

gadaiWra gansxvavebuli interesebis safuZvelze arebuli wina-

aRmdegobebi da urTierTundobloba. am movlenebidan cota xnis

Semdeg, glexoba isev carizmis moimeded gvevlineba da misgan

elis Svelas sakuTari batonebis winaaRmdeg. exeba ra 1832 wlis

SeTqmulebis warumateblobis mizezebs, ivane javaxiSvili SeniS-

navs, falavandiSvilis Ralatic rom ar yofiliyo, is mainc wa-

rumatebeli iqneboda, radganac glexoba ar uWerda mas mxarso.

istorikosis mowmobiT, am dros sazogadoebaSi kvlav daiwyo

Zlieri moZraoba batonymobisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis. gle-


115

xoba masobrivad cdilobda batonymobisagan ganTavisuflebas

da amisaTvis rusul saxelmwifo dawesebulebs mimarTavda xol-

me. rogorc baroni rozeni aRniSnavda, Sesabamisi dawesebulebi

gadavsebuli iyo Tavisuflebis maZieblebiT da Tu qmediTi Ro-

nisZieba ar iqneboda gatarebuli, maTi raodenoba kidev ufro

gaizrdeboda. rusuli Cinovnikoba, ivane javaxiSvilis mowmo-

biT, glexebs uWerda mxars. amitom, rusuli reJimis simZimis mi-

uxedavad, isini mainc ar gamovidodnen rusi Cinovnikebis winaaR-

mdeg, radganac misgan elodnen daxmarebas sakuTari batonebis

monobisagan ganTavisuflebaSi (1,116 -117). qarTul sazogadoe-

baSi arsebuli Rrma winaaRmdegoba da klasobriv-wodebrivi xa-

siaTis dapirispirebuloba yvelaze naTlad warmoaCina me-19 sa-

ukuneSi samegrelos glexTa ajanyebam koCa Toduas, marTali

Toduas da utu miqavas meTaurobiT. qarTveli glexobis poli-

tikuri portretis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda mah-

madianuri samyarodan momdinare SiSi, romelTanac dakavSirebu-

li iyo qarTveli mosaxleobis motaceba da monebad gayidva ucx-

oeTSi. esec mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo, romelic xels uSlida

saerTo qarTuli identobis ganviTarebas qarTvel glexobaSi.

rogorc noe Jordania igonebs: `aseT atmosferoSi aRzrdili

gurulebi verc ki warmoidgendnen Tavisufal saqarTvelos.

TviT am saxelzedac ar hqondaT namdvili warmodgena. saqarTve-

lo niSnavda qarTls, qarTveli — qarTlels, xandaxan, kaxelsac.

erTi mTliani qarTveli eri, erTi mTliani saqarTvelo mis war-

modgenaSi srulebiT ar arsebobda. is mudam fiqrobda Tavis

dacvaze TaTrebisagan. am saqmeSi mis damxmareT veravis xedavda

garda rusisa~ (2, 101). amitom saxelmwifosa da Tavadaznaurobas

Soris warmoSobili dapirispirebis dros is mTavrobis mxareze

dgeboda xolme. roca mefis Cinovnikma, vinme qiqoZem, guriaSi

yvela kerZo piris tye sadavod gamoacxada, rac TavadaznaurTa

interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda, glexobam xazinas dauWira mxari.

(2, 13). noe Jordanias daxasiaTebiT glexi monarqisti iyo (iqve).

aseTi wodebrivi dapirispireba verc batonymobis gauqmebam

mospo. klasobriv-wodebrivi identoba, Raribi sazogadoebis pi-

robebSi, Suaze yofda xalxs, mis sxvadasxva nawilebs erTmaneTs

upirispirebda urTierTSeuTavsebeli interesebis gamo, romel-

valerian doliZe

116

Ta neitraluri artikulacia SeuZlebeli iyo da is aucileblad

sxvisi interesebis safuZvelze unda ganxorcielebuliyo. eris

Semadgenel nawilebs Soris sakmaod didi socialuri distancia

arsebobda, romlebic sazogadoebis sxvadasxva polusebs warmo-

adgendnen. socialuri distancia klasebs Soris imdenad Zlieri

iyo, rom misi kvali sabWoTa xelisuflebis drosac ki ar waSli-

la mTlianad. Cemi respodentis cnobiT, meoce saukunis samoci-

an wlebSi, misi didi bebia mas ukrZalavda mezoblis bavSvebTan

TamaSs, radganac es sofeli Tavis droze am ojaxs ekuTvnoda da

am bavSvebis bebiebi da babuebi Zvelad maTi ojaxis mojamagiree-

bi iyvnen. gaxleCili sazogadoebis TiToeuli mxare sakuTari

partiiTa da ideologiiT iyo warmodgenili. sazogadoebis swo-

red aseTma Sinaganma gaTiSvam gamoiwvia rusuli revoluciebi.

saqarTvelos gasabWoebamde Zlieri socialuri distanciis

wyaros warmoadgenda adamianebs Soris arsebuli didi gansxvave-

bebi iseTi niSnebis mixedviT, rogoric iyo sakuTreba, ganaTle-

ba, cxovrebis wesi, Rirebulebebi, socialuri statusebi, Semo-

savlis wyaroebi, uflebrivi mdgomareoba da a.S. Raribi, dabali

ganaTlebisa da kulturis mqone sazogadoebis pirobebSi, rom-

lis nawilebs Soris interesTa Rrma konfliqti, Zlieri urTi-

erTgaucxoeba da socialuri distancia arsebobda, eris Camoya-

libebis daumTavrebeli procesis pirobebSi, sazogadebis udi-

desi nawilis mobilizaciis bazad klasobrivi identoba xdeba da

ara erovnuli.

sazogadoebis Sinagani gaTiSulobis gadalaxva verc damou-

kidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeZlo. Sinagani gaTiSvis, di-

di socialuri distanciis, urTierTundoblobis arsebobis, sa-

kuTrebis uaRresad uTanasworod ganawilebisa da qveynis siRa-

takis pirobebSi, mis mTavrobas uWirda interesebis iseTi far-

To artikulaciisa da agregaciis ganxorcieleba, romelic ara

mxolod sayovelTao konsensuss Seuwyobda xels, aramed gaa-

farToebda kidec mas. amitom mis mier ganxorcielebuli inte-

resTa artikulacia da agregacia konfliqtisa da sazogadoeba-

Si Zaladobis intensiuri gamovlinebis fonze mimdinareobda.

1918—1919 wlebSi saqarTvelo glexTa ajanyebebis arealad iqca.

1918 wlis TebervalSi daiwyo da TiTqmis Svidi Tve grZeldebo-


117

da glexTa revoluciuri gamosvlebi leCxumSi, sadac ajanyebu-

lebma daamxes mTavrobis adgilobrivi organoebi da sabWoTa xe-

lisufleba gamoacxades. 1918 wlis martSi iwyeba ajanyebebi

gorSi, raWaSi, saCxeresa da sxva raionebSi. es ajanyebebi masob-

riv xasiaTs atarebdnen. marto sofel gomSi moqmed razmSi 1500-

mde frontidan dabrunebuli jariskaci iyo gaerTianebuli. xa-

Suris raionis xcisa da osiauris soflebSi ajanyebulTa raz-

mebs xelmZRvanelobdnen frontidan dabrunebuli jariskacebi

da xaSuris saorTqmavlo depos muSebi. ivnisis bolos, saCxere--

WiaTuris raionSi, ajanyebulTa razmebma daikaves saCxeris fos-

ta-telegrafi, rkinigzis sadguri, samxedro komisariati da

saCxereSi sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades. marto zugdidsa

da senakis mazrebSi ajanyebulTa ricxvi 11 aTasamde aRwevda.

1918 wlis 28 ivniss ajanyebulebma daikaves q. zugdidi. (3, 173).

duSeTis mazraSi 1918 wlis 17 ivniss iwyeba glexTa ajanyeba, xo-

lo 25 ivniss ki gamocxadda sabWoTa xelisufleba. aq ajanyebis

CaxSobis Semdeg pasuxisgebaSi mieca orasze meti ajanyebis mona-

wile. (3, 174). 1919 wlis ajanyebam farTo xasiaTi SeiZina ozurge-

Tisa da goris mazrebSi, foTSi, samtrediaSi, kaxeTis raionebSi

da sxv. 1919 wlis 24 oqtombers xaSurisa da goris raionebis

ajanyebulebma daikaves ateni, ali, xovle, mejvrisxevi da sxva

soflebi. am ajanyebis avangards warmoadgenda alisa da xcis

razmebi. ajanyebulebma daikaves soflebi qviSxeTidan da qare-

lamde da gamoacxades sabWoTa xelisufleba. samtrediaSi bol-

Sevikurma razmebma daikaves daba kulaSi, saWilao, marani da

sxva soflebi. ajanyebam farTo xasiaTi miiRo ozurgeTis maz-

raSi. 9 noembers daba CoxataurSi ajanyebulebma brZoliT dai-

kaves gvardiis Stabi, miliciis sammarTvelo, fosta-telegrafi

da sxva dawesebulebebi, gamocxadda sabWoTa xelisufleba. Co-

xatauris ajanyebulebs SeuerTdnen lanCxuTis, sufsisa da si-

lauris razmebi (3, 180).

pirveli respublikis dros uaRresad gamwvavebuli iyo ur-

TierToba Sromasa da kapitals Soris, rac Zlier sagaficvo moZ-

raobSi naxulobda gamoxatulebas. menSevikebma ver moaxerxes

glexebsa da Tavadaznaurobas Soris Zveli urTierTobebis

mTlianad aRmofxvra, ris gamoc glexoba iZulebuli iyo kvlav

valerian doliZe

118

Rala exada maTTvis. aseTi viTareba Sinaganad TiSavda sofels.

glexoba ukmayofilo iyo komunistebiTac, romlebic sabWoTa

xelisuflebis dasawyisSi miwis reformis evoluciuri gziT ga-

tarebas uWerdnen mxars. amitom glexebi, ukve sabWoTa xelisuf-

lebis dros, TviTneburad amuSavebdnen memamuleTa miwebs da

uars acxadebdnen maT sasargeblod Ralis gadaxdaze (3,234-235).

klasobrivi identobebis safuZvelze warmoSobili urTier-

Tundobloba, Zlieri socialuri distancia da sazogadoebis

sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris arsebuli gaucxoeba, siRaribe da ga-

naTlebis dabali done, sakuTrebis uTanasworo ganawileba, rac

erTmaneTs upirispirebda sazogadoebis wevrebs, asustebda sa-

erTo erovnuli solidarobis Seqmnas erovnuli identobis sa-

fuZvelze, rac xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida sabWoTa wyobilebis

damyarebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis saqarTveloSi. sabWoTa xeli-

suflebis damyarebis dasawyisSive naTlad gamoCnda Tu ramde-

nad Zlieri dapirispireba da mtroba arsebobda miwis ganawile-

bis gamo qarTul sofelSi. amitom gasabWoebis Semdeg Catarebu-

li miwis reformis procesSi, `glexebi masobrivad erekebodnen

memamule Tavadaznaurebs sakuTari mamulebidan. sasoflo-same-

urneo inventari, cocxali gamwevi Zala nawildeboda glexebs

Soris. marto Sorapnis mazraSi erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi memamu-

le-Tavadaznaurobas CamoerTva 10 000 qceva miwa, 50 saxli, 30

wisqvili da sxva, goris mazraSi 747 desetina miwa, 83 saxli da 21

wisqvili. saqarTveloSi 1923 wlis gazafxulisaTvis glexobas

gadaeca memamule-Tavadaznaurobisagan CamorTmeuli asi aTas

desetinaze meti miwa~. (4, 273). 1921—1925 wlebSi glexur meurne-

obaTa ricxvi gaizarda 413948-mde, anu 87 588 erTeuliT. (iqve)

2. ganviTarebis spiralis meore rkalze

sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi saqarTvelo socialur-eko-

nomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis axal etap-

ze gadadis, aman Secvala saqarTvelos politikuri sistemis

funqcionirebis sazogadoebrivi konteqsti, ramac, saboloo

jamSi, gamoiwvia realuri socializmis kraxi. amaSi upirvelesi

roli Seasrula klasobrivi struqturis Secvlam da klasobri-

vi identobis gaqrobam. klasebi ukve aRar warmoadgendnen inte-


119

resebis artikulaciis da politikuri mobilizaciis bazas, ra-

mac TiTqos gaaadvila da ukonfliqto gaxada interesebis agre-

gacia mTavrobis mier. amiT moispo sazogadoebis gaTiSvisa da

dapirispirebis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani wyaro, romelic

sazogadoebis wevrebs upirispirebda erTmaneTs. amiT Seiqmna

politikuri cxovrebis iseTi sazogadoebrivi konteqsti, rome-

lic erovnuli identobisa da solidarobis ganviTarebas uwy-

obda xels. magram amave dros klasobrivi identobis gaqrobam

Seasusta arsebuli xelisuflebis socialuri baza. klasobrivi

gansxvavebis mospobam Seqmna materialuri da fsiqologiuri pi-

robebi erovnuli solidarobis ganviTarebisaTvis. iwyeba inte-

resTa artikulaciisa da agregaciis sazogadoebrivi bazis Sec-

vla, sadac klasobriv identobas erovnuli identoba anacvlebs.

dapirispirebuli klasebis ararsebobis gamo interesebis arti-

kulaciisa da agregaciis diskretuli da winaaRmdegobrivi baza

icvleba erTiani homogenuri baziT, ris gamoc interesTa arti-

kulacia da agregacia erTmaneTs ki ar upirispirebs sazogadoe-

bis wevrebs, aramed aerTianebs maT. aseTi bazis SeqmnaSi aucile-

beli piroba iyo Zveli klasobrivi gansxvavebis mospoba, magram

es ar iyo erTaderTi da sakmarisi piroba imisaTvis, rom xalxi

dapirispireboda sabWoTa saxelmwifos. man mxolod sxva cvla-

debTan urTierTqmedebiT daasusta arsebuli xelisuflebis

socialuri baza.

Zveli, konfliqturi klasobrivi struqturis mospobis pa-

ralelurad mimdinareobda qarTuli ganaTlebis masobrivad

gavrceleba saqarTveloSi. qarTul enaze mimdinareobda ara

mxolod saSualo ganaTlebis, aramed umaRlesi ganaTlebis mi-

Rebac. es saSualebas iZleoda, rom axalgazrdoba masobrivad

gascnoboda saqarTvelos istorias, saqarTvelos literatu-

ras, misi literaturisa da xelovnebis istorias. qarTuli sko-

la, sadac wamyvan sagans qarTuli ena da literatura warmoad-

genda, axalgazrdobas zrdida qarTvel klasikosTa nawarmoe-

bebze, rac maT samSoblos siyvaruls unergavda.

am dros mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba qarTuli kultu-

ris ganviTarebaSi. masobriv xasiaTs iZens qarTuli mwerloba.

misi saukeTeso nimuSebi, patriotul Temaze dawerili nawarmoe-

valerian doliZe

120

bebi farTod vrceldeboda sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, `gmirTa

varami~, `daviT aRmaSenebeli~, `laSarela~, `grZeli Rame~, `uqar-

qaSo xmlebi~ da a.S. gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad iyo gamocx-

adebuli qarTuli ena, romelic ganviTarda da daixvewa swored

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi. sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros Seiqmna da

gaZlierda sazogadoebis arsebobis qarTuli garemo, romlis

ganviTarebasac jer kidev damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebo-

bis wlebSi Caeyara safuZveli. ganaTlebis kulturuli ganviTa-

rebis donisa da sazogadoebaSi dakavebuli adgilis mixedviT,

mniSvnelovnad Sesustda gansxvaveba sazogadoebis wevrebs So-

ris, ramac arsebiTad mospo maT Soris arsebuli socialuri

distancia. ganviTarebis axal safexurze avida qarTuli mecnie-

reba, xelovneba, mrewveloba da soflis meurneoba, ramac mniS-

vnelovnad gazarda saqarTvelos kulturuli, samecniero da

ekonomikuri potenciali. mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda sazoga-

doebis cxovrebis materialuri pirobebi da amaRlda da erTma-

neTs dauaxlovda misi wevrebis socialuri da kulturuli gan-

viTarebis doneebi. yovelive aman ara mxolod gaaZliera saerTo

erovnuli identoba adgilobrivi, kuTxuri identobebis dasus-

tebis xarjze, aramed agreTve gaaZliera erovnuli siamaye da ga-

zarda erovnuli TviTSefasebis done, rac veRar egueboda saqar-

Tvelos arsebobas saerTo sakavSiro federaciul saxelmwifoSi.

qarTuli sazogadoebis socialur-kulturuli ganviTare-

bisa da materialuri cxovrebis donis amaRlebam warmoSva

moTxovnebi cxovrebis iseT standartebze, romelTa dakmayofi-

lebac sul ufro uWirda arsebul ekonomikur sistemas. aseT

pirobebSi ganviTarebas iwyebs Crdilovani ekonomika, romelic

ara mxolod ekonomikurad asustebs realur socializms, ara-

med ideologiuradac uTxris Zirs mis arsebobas. aseT pirobeb-

Si ganviTarebas iwyeben kapitalisturi elementebi. Crdilovan

ekonomikasa da kapitalizms Soris kavSirs SeiZleba davakvir-

deT erTi saparikmaxeros Seqnis istoriis magaliTze, rasac ad-

gili hqonda meoce saukunis samociani wlebis meore naxevarSi.

imis gamo, rom gegmiT, Tbilisis erT-erT bazarSi saparikmaxe-

ros aSeneba gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo da amitom arc saTanado

Tanxa ar gaaCnda sayofacxovrebo saministros, misma Cinovni-


121

kebma or parikmaxers neba darTes, rom am bazarSi sakuTari Tan-

xiT aeSenebinaT saparikmaxero. maT es gaakeTes da aamuSaves ki-

devac es obieqti, romelic Semdeg saministros balansze dajda.

parikmaxerebma gamoiCines ekonomikuri iniciativa da ganaxor-

cieles kerZo investicia, sakuTari ekonomikuri pasuxismgeb-

lobis safuZvelze. saparikmaxeroSi Cadebuli investiciidan

mogebis misaRebad isini muSaobdnen arsebuli preiskurantebis

darRveviT. Tu parikmaxeris momsaxureba preiskurantis mixed-

viT kapikebSi iyo Sefasebuli (magaliTad, wveris gaparsva 8 kapi-

ki, xolo Tmis SekreWa 28 kapiki. aRsaniSnavia, rom es tarifebi

dabali xelfasebis Sesabamisi iyo), realurad, momsaxurebisaT-

vis momxmarebeli ramdenjerme ufro met fass ixdida maneTebSi.

am parikmaxerebs uxdebodaT `finganis~ moxelis moqrTamva, rac

TveSi 10 lari jdeboda. garda amisa, saWiro iyo xelmZRvanelo-

bis moqrTamvac. saamiso Tanxas isini iRebdnen ara mxolod kli-

entebidan aRebuli ukanonod gazdili momsaxurebis safasuri-

dan, aramed saxelmwifos mier maTTvis gamoyofili nivTebis ase-

ve ukanono realizaciidanac. sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis sa-

ministro maT aZlevdaT didi raodenobis sapnebs, odekolo-

nebs, rasac parikmaxerebi maRaziebs abarebdnen, saidanac Crdi-

lovan Semosavals iRebdnen rogorc parikmaxerebi, aseve maRa-

ziaSi dakavebuli personalic. es saparikmaxero socializmisa

da kapitalizmis hibridad SeiZleba miviCnioT. Crdilovanma

ekonomikam masobrivi xasiaTi SeiZina. es aufasurebda sazogado-

ebisaTvis gaweuli patiosani Sromis mniSvnelobas, nergavda

cxovrebis iseT wess, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda socializmis

principebs, axdenda socializmis delegitimacias da imorCi-

lebda socializmis politikur sistemasac, romelic antisiste-

muri qcevebis dacvasa da kvlavwarmoebas uwyobda xels. Crdi-

lovani ekonomikidan miRebuli Semosavali qrTamis saxiT nawil-

deboda mTel rig saxelmwifo da partiul xelmZRvanelebs So-

ris. magaliTad, zestafonis raionSi arsebobda tradicia, rom 1

tona yurZnis mosavlidan raikomis mdivans ekuTvnoda 5 maneTi.

raikomis mdivans, mamuka aslanikaSvils zestafonis Rvinis qar-

xnebidan sTavazobdnen 20000—30000 maneTs, romlis aRebazec is

kategoriulad ambobda uars. magram is uZluri aRmoCnda Crdi-

valerian doliZe

122

lovani ekonomikis zewolis winaSe da, sabolood, Tavi moikla

gaurkvevel viTarebaSi (5, 10). mimdinareobda Crdilovani ekono-

mikisa da aqedan miRebuli Semosavlebis legitimaciis procesi.

aseT pirobebSi dacinvis sagani xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis gaweu-

li patiosani Sroma, farTod vrceldeba da mkvidrdeba krimina-

luri ideologia, romelic sul ufro metad ayalibebs sazoga-

doebis sakmaod didi nawilis qcevebs. aseT socialur-ekonomi-

kur pirobebSi ganviTarebas iwyebs ideologiuri procesi, ro-

melic nacionalizmis bazaze axdens sabWoTa kavSirisa da soci-

lizmis delegitimacias da erovnuli identobis safuZvelze

warmarTavs sazogadoebis politikur mobilizacias arsebuli

politekonomiuri sistemis winaaRmdeg.

Tu Zveli klasobrivi struqturis pirobebSi, erTi adamiani

muSaobda meoris sasargeblod, sabWoTa sistemis dros batonisa

da mesakuTris adgili daikava sazogadoebam, romelic warmod-

genili iyo saxelmwifoTi. es ukanaskneli iyo ara mxolod damqi-

ravebeli, aramed agreTve daqiravebulebis uzrunvelmyofeli

ufaso, sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi ganaTlebiT, jandacviT, ag-

reTve samsaxuriT, binebiT, socialuri TanasworobiT. is qmnida

pirobebs maTi fizikuri, sulieri da kulturuli ganviTarebi-

saTvis, individuluri srulyofisaTvis da a.S. magram dabali

xelfasebisa da Crdilovani ekonomikis ganviTarebis pirobebSi,

es sikeTeebi farTo sazogadoebisaTvis gadafaruli iyo realu-

ri socializmis mankieri mxareebiT, upirveles yovlisa ki Crdi-

lovani ekonomikiT.

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulma socialurma

cvlilebebma Secvala politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis sa-

zogadoebrivi garemo, ramac moamzada pirobebi politikuri

sistemis gaxsnis, liberalizaciisa da demokratizaciis proce-

sebis dawyebisaTvis.

sazogadoebis ganaTlebisa da informirebulobis zrda ver

egueboda im ideologiur da politikuri xasiaTis SezRudvebs,

romelsac arsebuli politikuri sistema uwesebda mis moqala-

qeebs. sazogadoebis gazrdili kulturuli da ganaTlebis done

moiTxovda, rom sazogadoebis marTvas safuZvlad dasdeboda

farTo politikuri diskursi. swored aman gamoiwvia perestro-


123

ikisa da sajaroobis politikis ganviTareba, ramac ganapiroba

saqarTveloSi masobrivi antikomunisturi da nacionalisturi

organizaciebis gaCena, romlebic farTo sazogadoebriv bazaze,

ukonfliqtod axdenen interesebis artikulaciasa da agregaci-

as erovnuli identobis safuZvelze, rac sazogadoebas aerTia-

nebda saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. qarTveli erisaTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli arakonfliqturi stratifikaciuri sistemis pirobebSi,

inteligenciisa da specialistebis raodenobis gazrdam, ganaT-

lebisa da kulturuli ganviTarebis donis mniSvnelovnad amaR-

lebam gamoiwvia erovnuli TviTSefasebis gaZliereba, ramac

warmoSva damoukideblobisa da demokratiis moTxovnebi. maT sa-

fuZvelze ganxorcielda sazogadoebis politikuri TviTorga-

nizacia. artikulaciis erTiani, mTliani sazogadoebrivi bazis

safuZvelze, ramac Secvala sabWoTa saqarTvelos politikuri

sistema da qveyana gadaiyvana damoukidebeli ganviTarebis gza-

ze, rac, amave dros, kapitalizmis restavraciasac warmoadgens.

amiT ufro maRal doneze ganxorcielda ganviTarebis spiralis

rkalis ukan Semobruneba — saqarTvelo daubrunda kapitalis-

turi ganviTarebis veqtors, romelic Seicvala 1921 wels.

farTod gavrcelebulma Crdilovanma ekonomikam, romel-

mac Ziri gamouTxara socialisturi ekonomikis legitimurobas,

sazogadoeba ukve moralurad moamzada kapitalizmis misaRebad,

romelsac ukve gavlili hqonda Tavisi sainkubacio periodi `re-

aluri socializmis~, `ganviTarebuli socializmis~ pirobebSi.

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis Wupri Signidan am-

sxvrevs politekonomikur garss, romelSic mimdinareobda misi

latenturi ganviTareba da sazogadobis zedapirze gamodis,

rogorc gamarjvebuli Zala.

3. aRmasvla spiralis mesame rkalze — saiT midis saqar-

Tvelo?

2013 wlis agvistoSi gelapis institutma Caatara sazogado-

ebrivi azris gamokiTxva yofili sabWoTa kavSiris 11 respubli-

kaSi. gamoikiTxa 1000 respodentze meti, SerCevis cdomileba —

2,7-3,8 %. gamokiTxva ar Catarebula uzbekeTSi, litvaSi, esto-

neTSi, latviaSi. am gamokiTxvis dros respodentebs aseTi kiTx-

valerian doliZe

124

vebi dausves: sabWoTa kavSiris daSla ufro sasargeblo iyo Tu

saziano? mTlianobaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevam Tqvens qveya-

nas sargebloba moutana Tu ziani?

gamokiTxulTa saerTo raodenobis 24% Tvlis, rom ssrk-is

daSlam sargebloba moutana mis qveyanas, 51% - ara; arc ziani da

arc sikeTe - 15%, xolo ar icis 11%. sxvadasxva qveynebs Soris es

pasuxebi Semdegnairad ganawilda: 1)somxeTi: saregebloba -

12%,ziani - 66%, arcerTi - 10%, ar icis - 12%; 2) yirgizeTi: sar-

gebloba - 16%, ziani - 61%, arcerTi - 8%, ar icis - 14%; 3)ukrai-

na: sargebloba - 23%, ziani - 56%, arcerTi - 8%, ar icis - 14%;

4)ruseTi: sargebloba — 19%, ziani - 55%, arcerTi - 18%, ar icis

- 8%; 5) tajikeTi: sargebloba - 27%, ziani - 52%, arcerTi - 12%,

ar icis - 10%; 6) moldova; sargebloba - 26%, ziani - 42%, arcer-

Ti - 10%, ar icis - 22%; 7) belarusi: sargebloba - 26%, ziani -

38%, arcerTi - 15%, ar icis - 21%; 8)saqarTvelo: sargebloba -

37%, ziani - 33%, arcerTi - 9%, ar icis 21%; 9) azerbaijani: sar-

gebloba - 44%, ziani - 31%, arcerTi - 8%, ar icis - 18%; 10) yaza-

xeTi: sargebloba - 45%, ziani - 25%, arcerTi - 12%, ar icis -

19%; 11) TurqmeneTi: sargebloba - 62%, ziani - 8%, arcerTi - 9%,

ar icis - 22% (6). rogorc moyvanili masalidan Cans, yofili sab-

WoTa kavSiris qveynebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba, zogierTis

garda, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas zianis momtanad miiCnevs. aRsa-

niSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi im respodentTa raodenoba, romel-

sac miaCnia, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam sargebloba moutana

saqarTvelos aRemateba imaT raodenobas vinc Tvlis, rom man zi-

ani miayena Cvens qveyanas. magaram es sxvaoba Zalian mcirea — sab-

WoTa kavSiris daSlas sasargeblod miiCnevs 37%, xolo zianis

momtanad _ 33%. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia is 21%-ic, romelmac

ar icis sabWoTa kavSiris daSla kargia Tu cudi. es gviCvenebs,

rom Cvens sazogadoebaSi mimdinareobs ideologiuri procesi,

romelic kiTxvis qveS ayenebs saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis

movlenebis marTebulobas. amis safuZveli ki sazogadoebis kla-

sobrivi sisitemaSi momxdari Tvisebrivi xasiaTis Zvrebia. es mo-

nacemebi metyveleben imazec, rom politikuri socializaciis

veqtori, romelsac praqtikul gamocdilebaSi aqvs fesvebi gam-

dgari, masmediidan, skolidan da universitetebidan momdinare


125

veqtoris sawinaaRmdegod aris mimarTuli da sakuTari ZaliT

odnav CamorCeba mas. sustdeba molodinis, masmediisa da poli-

tikuri socializaciis sxva arxebis roli politikur sociali-

zaciaSi da Zlierdeba praqtikuli gamocdilebis mniSvneloba.

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa Tu rogor Seicvala Cveni respo-

dentis politikuri pozicia ukanaskneli 24 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

is aris istoriis maswavlebeli, 55wlis, goris raionis erT-erTi

soflis mkvidri. mas aqvs sakuTari miwa, romelsac Tavisi xeliT

amuSavebs da produqcias abarebs qarxanas. Cveni respodenti ko-

munistebis dros Zlieri antisabWoTa ganwyobiT xasiaTdeboda,

romelsac didi xnis manZilze inarCunebda damoukideblobis pe-

riodSic (masTan am dros ori interviu maqvs aRebuli). magram

2014 wlis maisSi man pirdapir da darwmunebiT gamicxada _ Zve-

li wyoba, e.i. sabWoTa sistema sjobda axlandelso da imasac ga-

usva xazi, rom iyo socialisti da ara komunisti. aseTi evolu-

cia gamoiwvia misi cxovrebis pirobebma. sakuTar miwas Tavad

amuSavebs, rac Zalian didi Sromis fasad ujdeba. muSebs ver qi-

raobs siZviris gamo. aqvs gaSenebuli vaSli, romelsac weliwad-

Si 15—jer sWirdeba Sewamlva, rac agreTve did xarjebTan da

aseve mZime SromasTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram vaSlis Cabare-

bidan miRebuli Semosavali ver faravs TviTRirebulebas. ro-

gorc is ambobs, qarxanaSi erTi yuT vaSlSi iZlevian or lars.

amitom realizebuli produqciidan miRebuli Semosavali ver

faravs misi warmoebisaTvis saWiro xarjebs. saqarTveloSi mim-

dinare politikuri socializaciis veqtoris Secvlis yvelaze

kargi maCvenebli studentebis qcevaa. 2013 wlis 1 maiss Tsu so-

cialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis studentebi

awyoben aSkarad gamokveTili antikapitalisturi xasiaTis de-

monstracias, rac policiasTan SejaxebiT dasrulda. maisoba ga-

meorda 2014 welsac. (studentebis Sefaseba sabWoTa kavSiris

daSlisa CemTvis ucnobia). studenturi maisobebi socialuri

protestis erT-erTi pirveli da aSkara gamovlinebaa, romelSic

aisaxa sazogadoebis klasobrivi sistemis Secvla.

saqarTveloSi mimdinare klasobrivi diferencirebis proce-

si iwvevs 1)nacionalizmis dasustebas, romlis erT-erTi maCvene-

belia is, rom teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenam ukve didi xania

valerian doliZe

126

rac meore adgilze gadainacvla mosaxleobis prioritetebSi,

rasac mTeli rigi sociologiuri gamokiTxvebi gviCveneben; 2)so-

cialuri distanciis gaRrmavebas (Cemma nacnobma Jurnalistma,

Tavis damqiravebeli televiziis mflobelis meuRlesTan Sex-

vedris Semdeg, CemTan saubarSi gulistkiviliT aRniSna: `guSin

Cven xom erTnairi adamianebi viyaviTo.~ Cemi studentebi, romle-

bic Sexvdnen TavianT gamdidrebul megobars, ukamyofiloni iy-

vnen misi civi da qedmaRluri damokidebulobiT) klasobrivi sis-

temis Secvlam warmoSva axali koleqtiuri identobebi (magali-

Tad, mcire mewarmeebi) da konfliqturi gaxada qarTuli sazoga-

doeba. man gamoiwvia interesebis artikulaciis erTiani homoge-

nuri bazis transformacia, romelmac diskretuli da heteroge-

nuri xasiaTi SeiZina. aman gaarTula interesebis agregacia, ufro

konfliqturi gaxada is. gaCnda saSiSi klasi — proletariati,

romlis aqtiurobac TandaTanobiT ikrebs Zalas. ukve didi xania,

rac SeiZleba visaubroT msxvil, saSualo da wvril burJuaziaze.

am terminebis nacvlad dRes xmaroben politikurad ufro neit-

ralur terminebs — msxvili, saSualo, wvrili biznesi. Cveni sazo-

gadoebis klasobrivi araerTgvarovnebis dasaxasiaTeblad soci-

ologebi, albaT, amjobinebdnen, rom gamoeyenebinaT iseTi ter-

minebi, rogoric aris dabali, saSualo da maRali klasi. rogorc

ar unda davaxasiaToT Cveni sazogadoebis klasobrivi struqtu-

ra, erTi ram cxadia — sazogadoeba ukve daiyo sxvadasxva urTier-

TsawinaaRmdego interesebis mqone nawilebad, ramac Zalian gaar-

Tula politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis sazogadoebrivi

landSafti. amitom saqarTveloSi demokartizacia mimdinareobs

interesTa artikulaciis sazogadoebrivi bazis cvlilebis pi-

robebSi, romelic sul ufro rTul, diskretulsa da heteroge-

nul xasiaTs iZens, rac arTulebs interesebis agregacias mTav-

robis mier. Zlierdeba socialuri zewola politikur sistemaze.

icvleba misi funqcionirebis socialuri garemo. Cndeba artiku-

laciis axali arxebi da axali interesebi, ris gamoc artikulacia

sul ufro konfliqtur xasiaTs iZens, rac arTulebs interesTa

agregaciis process. klasobrivi cvlilebebis Sedegad daiwyo wi-

naaRmdegobis ganviTareba Sromasa da kapitals Soris. aman Tavisi

asaxva hpova gaficvebis gaxSirebasa da muSaTa moZraobis ganvi-


127

TarebaSi, romelic jer Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. saa-

kaSvilis reJimis dros SromiTma konfliqtma gansakuTrebiT

mwvave dapirispirebis xasiaTi miiRo xulosa da quTaisSi. xulo-

Si, mas Semdeg, rac samkervalo fabrikis ucxoelma mepatronem

fulis arqonis gamo uari ganacxada, muSebisaTvis gadaexada kuT-

vnili xelfasi, muSebi SeiWrnen qarxanaSi, daitaces qsovilebi da

sakeravi manqanebi da mepatrones ganucxades, rom mxolod maSin

daubrunebdnen yvelafers, roca is maT kuTvnil xelfass gadaux-

dida. (es istoria ar yofila asaxuli masobrivi informaciis sa-

SualebebSi. is avtors mouTxro Caqvis erT-erTma mkvidrma, ro-

melmac specialurad gausva xazi imas, rom es informacia gada-

mowmebuli iyo). quTaisSi ki metalurgiuli qarxnis muSebis ga-

ficvas saakaSvilis reJimma misi xelmZRvanelebis dapatimrebiT

upasuxa. saakaSvilis reJimis dros, interesebis agregacia Sromis

sferoSi xdeboda uaRresad viwro diapazonSi, ris erT-erT da-

dasturebasac warmoadgens mis dros moqmedi Sromis kodeqsi, ro-

melic mTlianad damqiravebelTa interesebis dacvaze iyo orien-

tirebuli. am ukanasknelTa interesebis sadarajoze idga saxel-

mwifoc. saakaSvilis reJimi Sromis mimarT represiul politikas

atarebda. 2012 wlis oqtombris arCevnebis Semdeg, ramac gamoiw-

via politikuri sistemis gaxsna, arsebiTi cvlilebebi xdeba Sro-

mis sferoSi gatarebul politikaSi. xelisufleba cdilobs, rom

Sromasa da kapitals Soris urTierToba gadaiyvanos socialuri

partniorobis principebze, risTvisac Seqmna socialuri partni-

orobis sammxrivi komisia, sadac warmodgenilia saqarTvelos

mTavroba, damsaqmebelTa da dasaqmebulTa gaerTianebebi. (saqar-

Tvelos Sromis kodeqsi. 2013wlis 15 ivlisis mdgomareobiT. mux-

li 521.) es aris muSaTa moZraobis pirveli politikuri Sedegi.

daskvna

socialuri cvlilebebi iwveven interesebis artikulaciisa

da agregaciis sazogadoebrivi bazis Secvlas, warmoSoben axal

interesebs da politikur dinamikas, romelic politikuri gan-

viTarebis veqtors warmarTavs sazogadoebis mier gansazRvru-

li mimarTulebis Sesabamisad. saqarTvelos politikuri ganvi-

valerian doliZe

128

Tarebis orsaukunovani gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom sazogado-

ebis klasobrivi Semadgenloba, kulturuli, socialuri da eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis done, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli winaaR-

mdegobebi da Zlieri socialuri distancia warmoSobs Sesabamis

politikur dinamikas.

sazogadoebis SigniT arsebuli klasobrivi dapirispirebiT

gamowveuli Sinagani gaTiSva, kulturuli, socialuri da ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebis dabali done, Zlieri socialuri distancia

iwvevs politikuri veqtoris gadaxras marcxniv, xolo klasob-

rivi dapirispirebulobis ararseboba, socialuri, kulturuli

da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali done, Zalian mcire socia-

luri distancia da Sinaganis gaTiSvis ararseboba, Sesabamisi

politikuri dinamikis safuZvelze _ politikuri ganviTarebis

veqtors gadaxris marjvniv.

saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialuri cvlilebi aZliereben

sazogadoebriv bazas interesebis artikulaciisa da agregacii-

saTvis politikuri sivrcis marcxena ganzomilebaSi.


1. ivane javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria xuT tomad. tomi

V, `palitra 1~, 2012.

2. noe Jordania. Cemi warsuli. Tbilisi, `sarangi~, 1990.

3. saqarTvelos istoria XIX saukunis 90-ani wlebidan dRemde.

Tbilisi, `ganaTleba~. 1984.

4. saqarTvelos istoria, tomi IV, Tbilisi, 2012.

5. Валериян Долидзе. Бизнес и Политическая Система Грузии. «Мецни-

ереба»2001.

6. Институт Геллапа: Большинство жителей постсоветских стран сожале-

ют о расспаде СССР. Прогрессивная социалистическая партия Украй-

ны: http://www.vitzenko.org/start,php?lang=3@articleid=18286


129

Valerian Dolidze

Assistant professor


Social Changes and the Mechanisms

of Political Dynamics in Georgia

Resume

Georgia’s political development takes a spiral and is conducted by the

changes within the public context of the political process. Movement at each

circle of the spiral triggers the transition to the new cycle of the development,

carried out on the basis of political dynamics formed within the subsequent

public context, reflecting the class system of the society, existing social,

cultural, economic development levels, social distance between the society

members and the inner lack of integration. Social changes give rise to political

dynamics. Social changes implemented in the Soviet Union and Georgia have

triggered opening of the political system through reorganization and publicity,

transferring this Georgia to the path of democratic development, determined

political self-organization of the society and political mobilization on the basis

of the national independence idea.

Change of the society class system in independent Georgia induced the

interests articulation and the society homogenous aggregation base trans-

formation, as a result of which it acquired discrete and heterogeneous features.

It complicates the interests articulation and aggregation and stirs conflict.

Conflict between labour and capital develops. Introduction of tripartism

principle launched certain changes in labour legislation in the labour capital

relationship sphere.

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naTela donaZe


Tanamedrove qarTuli socialuri

institutebi studentur fokusSi

saqarTvelo dRes, XXI saukunis meore aTwleulSi, gardama-

val xanaSi imyofeba. transformaciuli procesebi qarTuli so-

ciumis, socialuri sistemis yvela sferoSi mimdinareobs da mis

yvela elements moicavs. gardamavali periodi Zalian rTuli,

mtkivneuli, kompleqsuri da, amave dros, Zalian xangrZlivi so-

cialuri procesia. drois erTsa da imave istoriul periodSi,

erTsa da imave geografiul sivrceSi, mimdinareobs ori gansxva-

vebuli socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis, politikuri da kul-

turuli Rirebulebebis dapirispireba, Tanaarseboba da, zog-

jer, Serwymac. tranzicia1 qarTul sazogadoebas Seexo ara mar-

to makro doneze — socialur institutebsa da organizaciebs,

aramed mikro donezec — socialur jgufebsa da calkeul indi-

videbs. icvleba adamianebis cnobiereba da cxovrebis wesi, maTi

damokidebuleba cxovrebis sazrisisadmi, samyarosa da sazoga-

doebaSi Tavad adamianis daniSnulebisadmi. transformaciuli

procesebi socialuri struqturis Semadgenel sxvadasxva ele-

mentSi (nawilSi) gansxvavebuli formiT, SinaarsiT, tempiTa da

1 zogadad, tranzicia (transition) niSnavs pirobebis, arsebobis wesis,

mdgomareobisa da sxv. erTobliobidan meoreSi gadasvlas, Secvlas /The Universal English Dictionary (2000). Published by Routledge and Kegan Poul Limited. London/; tranzicia gulisxmobs erTi poziciidan, pirobebi-dan, mdgomareobidan, periodidan, fazidan, stadiidan, etapidan, sa-fexuridan, sakiTxidan, Temidan, obieqtidan, subieqtidan, koncef-ciidan, cnebidan, ideidan meoreze gadasvlas, moZraobas an Secvlas /Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. (1999). Random House Inc. London /; tranzi-cia aris erTi mdgomareobis an pirobebis erTobliobis meoreTi Se-cvla, cvlileba /Hornby, A.S. Oxford Student’s Dictionary of Current English. (1984). Oxford. Oxford University Press/.

Tanamedrove qarTuli socialuri institutebi studentur fokusSi

131

siRrmiT mimdinareobs. TandaTan icvleba sazogadoebis socia-

luri struqtura, sociumis dayofa sxvadasxva fenad; icvleba

sazogadoebis ekonomikuri, politikuri, kulturuli, socia-

luri, samarTlebrivi, aRmzrdelobiTi institutebi da maTi

funqciebi, xdeba axali realobis Camoyalibeba.

Tanamedrove socialur mecnierebaTa erT-erTi TvalsaCino

warmomadgenlis pier burdies azriT, sazogadoebis gansakuTre-

buloba is aris, rom mas gaaCnia ori yofiereba: erTi mxriv, ro-

gorc is mocemulia obieqturad arsebul socialur struqtu-

rebSi, xolo meore mxriv ki, igi arsebobs socialuri agentebis

cnobierebaSi. amitom sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, Ses-

wavlis sagans warmoadgens ara mxolod obieqturi struqture-

bi, aramed maTi aRwera agentebis mier, agentebis midgoma, damo-

kidebuleba aRniSnuli struqturebisadmi.1

Cveni mizani iyo, Segveswavla studentebis, socialuri agen-

tebis, Sexedulebebi Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis Sesa-

xeb, gveCvenebina maT mier danaxuli gardamavali periodis qar-

Tuli sazogadoeba, kerZod, socialuri institutebi.

Cven mier 2010 wels Catarebuli sociologiuri kvlevis

dros gamoviyeneT triangulaciuri midgoma: avirCieT naxevrad

struqturuli, araformaluri interviu (mas, xSirad, CaRrmave-

bul interviusac uwodeben) da fokus jgufis meTodi, radgan

migvaCnia, rom swored es meTodebi warmoadgens yvelaze karg

kvleviT teqnikas garkveuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb adamianTa Sexedu-

lebebis, azrebisa da grZnobebis Sesaswavlad.

CaRrmavebuli intervius saSualebiT gamovkiTxeT 61 stu-

denti (41 — studenti gogona da 20 — studenti vaJi), romlebsac

gavlili aqvT saswavlo kursi `sociologiis Sesavali~ da flo-

ben garkveul codnas sociologiis iseTi ZiriTadi kategorie-

bis, cnebebisa da sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa: sazogadoeba,

sazogadoebis struqtura, kultura, socializacia, pirovneba,

socialuri rolebi, socialuri xasiaTi, socialur xasiaTTa

tipologia, socialuri urTierTobebi, socialuri institute-

bi, socialuri organizaciebi, globalizacia, transformacia,

1 Современная Социальная Теория: Бурдье, Гидденс, Хабермас. (1995). Новосибирск. стр. 68. Социоанализ Пьра Бурдье. (2001). Москва. стр. 27.

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132

tranzituli sazogadoeba, deviacia da sxv. genderuli balansis

dacvis mizniT, Catarebuli interviuebidan gasaanalizeblad

SevarCieT mxolod 40 interviu (20 — student gogonasTan da 20 —

student vaJTan Catarebuli). rac Seexeba gogonebTan Catare-

bul interviuebs, nawilis SerCeva moxda albaTuri SerCevis ti-

pis — latariis meTodis saSualebiT.

cnobili amerikeli sociologis neil smelzeris azriT, Cven

vcxovrobT maRalinstitucionalizebul sazogadoebaSi.

iseTi socialuri institutebi, rogoric aris ojaxi, reli-

gia, politika, ganaTleba, ekonomika, samarTali, masmedia da sxv.

did rols TamaSoben ara marto sazogadoebis funqcionirebasa

da ganviTarebaSi, aramed TiToeuli individis cxovrebaSi.

gamokiTxuli studentebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben socia-

lur institutebs Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis funqci-

onirebasa da ganviTarebaSi. xazs usvamen maT rols pirovnebis

socializaciis procesSi. TavianT interviuebSi studentebi, Zi-

riTadad, yuradRebas amaxvileben Semdeg mTavar institutebze:

ojaxi, religia, politika, ganaTleba, masmedia da sxva.

ojaxis, rogorc socializaciis agentisa da socialuri in-

stitutis, Sesaxeb studentebi gansxvavebul mosazrebebs ga-

moTqvamen. studentebis umravlesobis azriT, Tanamedrove sa-

qarTveloSi ojaxi aris socializaciis umTavresi agenti. m. k. —

`pirvel rigSi, ojaxi ayalibebs bavSvis azrovnebas. mniSvnelov-

nad (da ara srulad) gansazRvravs pirovnebis qcevebs, Sexedu-

lebebsa da principebs. ojaxis mTavari funqciaa bavSvebis aR-

zrda (aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia). igi gansazRvravs moazrovne,

ganviTarebuli, progresze orientirebuli pirovnebis Camoya-

libebas~. s. g. — `ojaxi aris is, rac nebismieri adamianisTvis yve-

laze faseuli da mniSvnelovania. ojaxSi gazrdili bavSvi yo-

velTvis gansxvavebulia mitovebuli bavSvisagan. ojaxuri siT-

bo Seucvlelia~. T. q. (#17) — `upirvelesi socialuri agenti

ojaxia. is uzrunvelyofs axalgazrda TaobisaTvis kulturuli

Rirebulebebis gadacemas, adaT-wesebis uzenaesobas. rwmenas

ayalibebs. ojaxi is fundamentia, romelic safuZvels uqmnis sa-

zogadoebis wevrebis pirovnebebad Camoyalibebas~. T. g. (#10) —

`socializaciis procesSi yvelaze didi gavlena mainc ojaxsa da


133

mSoblebs aqvT, radgan Zireuli Rirebulebebis Camoyalibeba

swored aq xdeba. yvela is Rirebuleba, qcevis normebi da tradi-

ciebi, rac CemTvis umniSvnelovanesia, ojaxma maswavla~.

zogierTi studenti (maTi ricxvi mcirea) aRiarebs ojaxis

mniSvnelobas socializaciis procesSi, magram miaCnia, rom Tana-

medrove saqarTveloSi TanatolTa jgufi gaxda socializaciis

mniSvnelovani agenti. r. a. — `pirovnebis socializaciis pro-

cesSi umTavres rols asrulebs ojaxi. ojaxTan erTad individ-

ze gavlena aqvs megobrebis wres, garSemomyof adamianebs, visTa-

nac mas axlo da xSiri urTierTobebi aqvs~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionidan Camo-

suli studentebi ufro ganicdian TanatolTa jgufebis gavle-

nas, radgan isini ojaxisagan damoukideblad cxovroben. m. R.

(#8) — `XX saukuneSi ojaxi (bavSvebis aRzrdis dros tradiciul

da pirovnul faseulobebze iyo orientirebuli) iyo ZiriTadi

socialuri agenti, XXI saukuneSi socializaciis agentebis ie-

rarqia aseTia — TanatolTa wre, masmedia, ojaxi da skola (ojax-

sa da skolas amJamad naklebi prioriteti eniWeba). CemTvis pri-

oritetulia ojaxi da TanatolTa wre~. s. g. — `ojaxi aris soci-

alizaciis ZiriTadi agenti. bolo dros igrZnoba TanatolTa

wris Zlieri gavlena, rasac, xSirad, ojaxis Rirebulebebis uka-

na planze gadaweva mohyveba~.

zogierTi studenti miiCnevs, rom saqarTveloSi gafarToe-

buli ojaxebi sWarbobs. s. g. — `Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi sWar-

bobs gafarToebuli ojaxi (rac ekonomikuri faqtoriTaa ganpi-

robebuli). ZiriTadad, qarTuli ojaxebi patriarqaluria. eko-

nomikurad SedarebiT Zlieri ojaxebi egalitarulia, agreTve,

neolokaluri (sacxovrebel adgilsac ekonomikuri faqtori ga-

napirobebs)~. #13 (m. a. — gogona) — `ojaxi mniSvnelovania, xSiria

gafarToebuli tipis ojaxebi. tradiciebidan gamomdinare, di-

di mniSvneloba eniWeba naTesaur kavSirebs. izrdeba neoloka-

luri ojaxebis ricxvi~.

XXI saukuneSi SeimCneva nukliaruli, egalitaruli da neo-

lokaluri ojaxebis ricxvis zrda. n. i. — `qreba gafarToebuli

ojaxi, sadac TaobaTa erTad cxovreba gansxvavebuli Rirebu-

lebebis SeZena-aTvisebis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda bavSve-

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134

bis socializaciis procesSi. vrceldeba nuklearuli ojaxebi~.

l. d. — àxla egalitaruli ojaxebia, ZiriTadad. garkveuli

drois ukan arsebobda patriarqaluri ojaxebi~. m. x. — `qarTul

tradiciul ojaxs xelmZRvanelobs mamakaci, magram Tanamedro-

ve cxovrebam moitana uflebaTa da movaleobaTa gadanawileba.

qali ara marto gautolda mamakacs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, wamyvani

rolic daekisra. genderulma Tanasworobam migviyvana iqamde,

rom qali aqtiurad Caeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da politi-

kaSi~. T. a. (#18) — òjaxi mniSvnelovania. xSiria gafarToebuli

tipis ojaxebi. tradiciebidan gamomdinare, didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba naTesaur kavSirebs. izrdeba neolokaluri ojaxebis

ricxvi~.

gamokiTxul studentTa Zalian mcire nawilis azriT, ojaxi

kargavs socializaciis ZiriTad funqcias. isini miiCneven, rom

es gamoiwvia masmediisa da informaciuli teqnologiebis (in-

ternetisa da socialuri qselebis) mzardma gavlenam. es movle-

na, dadebiTTan erTad, uaryofiT zemoqmedebas axdens sazoga-

doebaze, gansakuTrebiT, bavSvebsa da mozardebze. n. i. (Tbilisi,

18 wlis, gogona) — òjaxis, rogorc socializaciis agentis, ro-

lis dakargvas xels uwyobs informaciuli teqnologiebis, in-

ternetisa da masmediis rolebis zrda bavSvTa socializaciis

procesSi. man daCrdila socializaciis sxva agentebi~.

TiTqmis yvela studenti aRniSnavs, rom `religia erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani faqtoria pirovnebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, radgan

pirovnebis mrwamsi, ideologia da principebi damyarebulia re-

ligiaze. religia da kultura urTierTdakavSirebuli socia-

luri fenomenebia~ (T. k.); `qarTveli xalxis kulturis ZiriTad

aspeqtebs religia gansazRvravs. mas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWe-

ba~ (s. g.); `religia CvenTvis mZlavr iaraRs — ideologias warmo-

adgens. marTlmadidebloba CvenTvis sulieri xsnisa da simSvi-

dis mopovebis saSualebas warmoadgens. sul ufro meti xalxi

cdilobs, iaros eklesiebSi da icxovros religiurad~ (m. R.);

`dRevandeli qarTuli sazogadoeba Semotrialda eklesiisken,

rac ikrZaleboda sabWoTa reJimis mier. Cemi azriT, sarwmunoeba

SeiZleba miviCnioT erTaderT makonsolidirebel Zalad~ (g. k.);

ùnda aRiniSnos religiis gansakuTrebuli roli Cvens sazoga-


135

doebaSi, Tundac imitom, rom qristianulma sarwmunoebam didi

gavlena moaxdina Cveni saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebasa da

SenarCunebaze~ (m. x.); `Cemi azriT, rac yvelaze sasixaruloa, ga-

izarda interesi religiisa da eklesiisadmi. uamravi axalgaz-

rda dadis eklesiaSi da inarCunebs sulierebas~ (g. z.); `qarTul

sazogadoebaze didia rwmenis gavlena, rom ara Cveni religiuri

xasiaTi, rac gamoixateba SemwynareblobiT, Zalian rTul mdgo-

mareobaSi CavcvivdebodiT. rwmena didi doziT arsebobs xalxSi~

(n. m.).

aseTi Sexedulebebis sapirispirod, zogierTi studenti mi-

iCnevs, rom garkveuli adamianebisaTvis eklesiaSi siaruli aris

moda. es aris konformizmis erT-erTi saxe, romlis mizania sxve-

bis mowonebis damsaxureba. aseTi adamianebi, ubralod, baZaven

morwmuneTa Rirebulebsa da qcevis normebs. (T. g.) — `zogisTvis

eklesiaSi siaruli da eklesiuri cxovreba ufalTan daaxloebis

gzaa, zogisTvis ki mxolod moda da sxvebis mibaZva. mxolod ek-

lesiaSi siaruli ar kmara. mTavaria, eklesiidan gamosvlis Sem-

deg TiToeuli Cvenganis qmedeba~. àxalgazrdebis eklesiaSi si-

aruli naklebadaa ganpirobebuli rwmeniT~ (s. g.); ùbedureba is

aris, rom eklesia iqca TvalTmaqcTa da orpirTa farad. samwu-

xarod, qarTul sazogadoebaSi arian iseTebi, sanTlis anTebiTa

da pirjvris gadaweriT rom cdiloben ufalTan siaxloves. SeiZ-

leba, esec modas ayolaa, erTgvari, magram religia da moda xom

ise Sors arian erTmaneTisagan, rogorc ca da miwa. Cans, sxvebis-

Tvis mibaZvis tendenciaa, rac bunebrivad devs CvenSi, arc am si-

tuaciisas gamoiricxa. arada, sarwmunoeba swored is aris, rac

guliTa da suliT unda gwamdes, ufro metad, vidre yvela saqme,

rasac emsaxurebi. iqneb, taZrebSic ver Sexvide, iqneb, sanTelic

ver aanTo, magram madli Teso da sikeTe axeiro, Torem, aba, imas

ra fasi aqvs, eklesiidan gamosuls xalxic dagaviwydes da Ta-

vic~ (m. x.); `Cveni sazogadoebis nawilma ar icis marTlmadideb-

lobis fundamenturi Rirebulebebi da swams mxolod imitom,

rom umravlesobasa da maT winaprebs es religia swamdaT, anu

konformistebi arian~ (l. d.); èrTni cdiloben, religias moer-

gon, meoreni ki, piriqiT, cdiloben sakuTar cxovrebas Seufar-

don religia. bevri Cvengani swored sxvaze orientirebulobis

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136

gamo cdilobs, iyos religiuri~ (r. a.); `magram arian iseTi adami-

anebic, romlebic modis gamo dadian eklesiaSi (maTi ricxvi ar-

cTu ise didia)~ (g. z.); `zogierTisTvis eklesiaSi siarulia moda,

zogierTisTvis — eklesiaSi siarulis modaze saubari, zogierTi

fanatikosia, rac damRupvelia. zogi ki, ubralod, sulieri saz-

rdos misaRebad midis. zogi eklesiaSi imitom dadis, rom sxvam

dainaxos. CemTvis fanatizmi miuRebelia. samwuxarod, Tanamed-

rove qarTuli sazogadoebis sakmaod didi nawili fanatikosia~

(l. s., #23).

gamokiTxuli studentebis mcire nawilis azriT, axalgaz-

rdebi ar arian religiurebi, maT midrekileba aqvT aTeizmisa-

ken. `axlandeli Taoba aTeizms aniWebs upiratesobas, momrav-

ldnen deviantebi, romelTac gansxvavebuli qcevebiT, Cacmulo-

biT, laparakis maneriT surT yuradRebis mipyroba. maT hgoniaT,

rom urwmunoeba maRal statuss aniWebs~ (a. W., #15 — 19 wlis, go-

gona); `Cvens sazogadoebaSi momravldnen aTeistebi. mecnierebi-

sa da teqnikis ganviTarebam adamianebs eWvi aRuZra da isini nak-

leb ijereben religiur saswaulebs, darwmunebas faqtebis gare-

Se. miuxedavad maTi urwmunoebisa, qarTvelebi naklebad amJRav-

neben amas, radgan Cvens qveyanaSi didi gavlena aqvs religias.

morwmune adamiani ufro misaRebia xalxisTvis da maT ufro

Wkvianad da wesierad Tvlian~ (a. W., #15).

zogierTi studenti miiCnevs, rom globalizacia safrTxes

uqmnis qristianobas, gansakuTrebiT, marTlmadideblobas.

`Cvens sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia religias,

romelsac globaluri tendenciebi aSkara safrTxes uqadis.

qristianoba da qarTveloba identuri cnebebi iyo saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi da mis dacvas araerTi mamuliSvili Seewira. samwu-

xarod, ukanasknel xans gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba religiisagan gan-

dgoma, aTeizmis gabatoneba. radgan rwmena moraluri principebi-

Ta da normebiT garkveul sazRvrebs uwesebs adamianTa qcevas,

bevrs ki swored am SezRudvebidan gaTavisufleba surs~ (T. q.).

religiis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Sexedulebis miuxedavad, stu-

dentTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom religia aris socializaciis

erT-erTi mTavari agenti (zogierTi respondentis azriT ki, is

yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs socializaciis procesSi).


137

masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi socializaciis auci-

lebeli faqtoria. kulturebi mravali aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan, maT Soris, masmediis SinaarsiTa da formiT.

isini gansxvavebulad aswavlian adamianebs sxva adamianebis, mov-

lenebis, procesebis, Sefasebebis diferencirebasa da aRqmas.

Tanamedrove, XXI saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT gaizarda masobrivi

komunikaciebis roli, funqcia da gavlena (gansakuTrebiT, in-

ternetis, socialuri qselebisa da sxva) socializaciis pro-

cesSi.

sainteresoa, gavecnoT studentTa Sexedulebebs Tanamed-

rove saqarTveloSi masmediis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.

g. z. (#3 — vaJi) — `Tavisufali media xels uwyobs Cvens uSua-

lo monawileobas qveynis ganviTarebaSi~.

a. m. (quTaisi, gogona) — `masmediis mizania, `dasavlur masaSi~

gagvTqvifos. televiziebisTvis mTavaria ufro da ufro meti

mayureblis mizidva da reitingis gazrda, xolo ra gzebiTa da

xerxebiT miaRweven mizans, maTTvis umniSvneloa. masmedia, saer-

Tod, ar iTvaliswinebs qarTul kulturul faseulobebs da,

xSirad, iseTi mdare xarisxis programebs sTavazobs sazogadoe-

bas, romlebic gakicxvisa da kamaTis mizezi xdeba, saganmanaT-

leblo gadacemebs Zalian mcire dro eTmoba. masmedia gvTava-

zobs uazro, iaffasian, propagandistul gadacemebs. zogjer,

meCveneba, rom masmediis erTaderTi daniSnuleba sazogadoebis

gabiTureba da `dasavluri~ cxovrebis wesis propagandaa. is er-

T-erT umTavres rols asrulebs qarTuli kulturis rRvevaSi

(e.w. anomiaSi)~.

sul ufro da ufro izrdeba masmediis gavlena sazogadoe-

baze. axla igi imdenad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs socializa-

ciis procesSi, rom zogierTi mecnieri am movlenas `telekrati-

as~ uwodebs. m. k. (20 wlis, gogona) — `samwuxaro realobaa, rom

Tanamedrove media ufro uaryofiT gavlenas axdens bavSvze,

vidre dadebiTs. masmediis problema mwvaved dgas qarTuli sa-

zogadoebis winaSe da, vfiqrob, igi Rrma da mniSvnelovan ana-

lizs saWiroebs. dRevandeli sazogadoeba (gansakuTrebiT, bav-

Svebi) imdenadaa kompiuterizebuli, garkveul CarCoebSi Casmu-

li, teleekranebs mijaWvuli, rom isini realurad veRar afase-

naTela donaZe

138

ben mimdinare procesebs~. q. R. (#14 — 18 wlis, gogona) — `sazoga-

doebis dehumanizaciis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtori aris in-

terneti. qarTvelebis umravlesoba, gansakuTrebiT ki axalgaz-

rdebi, Tavisufali drois xalxTan gatarebas, internetTan `ur-

TierTobas~ — msoflio daavadebiT dasneulebas — amjobinebs~.

T. g. (19 wlis, gogona) — aRniSnavs, rom interneti did SesaZleb-

lobebs aZlevs adamianebs, maT SeuZliaT maTTvis saintereso in-

formaciis umcires vadaSi mopoveba, magram aman gamoiwvia wigni-

sadmi interesis dakargva. s. g. (guria, gogona) — `Tanamedrove

qarTuli masmedia nakleb kompetenturia. igi obieqturad unda

aSuqebdes movlenebs, rom sazogadoebas maTi saRi gansjis saSu-

aleba mieces~.

T. g. (gogona) — `Cvens epoqaSi bavSvTa socializaciis pro-

cesSi TandaTan izrdeba masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis

gavlena. isini sul ufro da ufro xdebian kompiutersa da in-

ternetze damokidebulni, drois umetes nawils ekranebTan ata-

reben, rac, TavisTavad, aisaxeba maTi msoflmxedvelobis, Rire-

bulebebis, qcevis normebis Camoyalibebasa da damkvidrebuli

Cveulebebis Secvlaze~. T. q. — `sazogadoebrivi azris formire-

baze umTavresi pasuxismgebeli media saSualebebia. maT tyui-

lubralod ar uwodeben `meoTxe xelisuflebas~. swored media

aris is wamyvani Zala, romelsac ZaluZs Cveni sazogadoebis sim-

paTia-antipaTiis gansazRvra, politikuri ganwyobilebebis da-

maxinjeba. samwuxarod, araobieqturi, miukerZoebeli media,

xSir SemTxvevaSi, mZlavrad zemoqmedebs Cvens cnobierebaze da

mcdar warmodgenebs gviyalibebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSire-

biT~.

zogierTi studenti uaryofiTad afasebs masmediis muSao-

bas saqarTveloSi. n.m. (#20 — gogona) — `masmedia qveyanas zians

ayenebs. Cven ver vxdebiT, sadaa simarTle, imitom, rom arsebobs

imdeni `simarTle~, gviWirs garCeva. Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

xarisxiani presa, zogadad, xarisxiani informacia sanTliT saZe-

baria. televiziaSi Toq-Souebis ZiriTadi Temaa gaurkveveli


139

xalxis piradi cxovrebis uintereso detalebi. amitom, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom simarTles moklebulni varT.~1

Tanamedrove, gardamavali periodis saqarTvelos sazoga-

doebrivi cxovrebis Sefasebis dros, gamokiTxuli studentebis

umravlesobam yuradReba gaamaxvila ganaTlebaze, rogorc so-

cialur institutze.

studentebs gacnobierebuli aqvT ganaTlebis roli saqar-

Tvelos ganviTarebaSi, maT profesiul daxelovnebasa da pirov-

nul CamoyalibebaSi. isini aRniSnaven, rom ganaTlebis xelmisaw-

vdomoba ganapirobebs qarTuli sazogadoebis mecnierul da

kulturul progress. n. d. (#39 — 19 wlis, gogona) — `Cveni qvey-

nis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi xorcieldeba re-

formebi, maT Soris, ganaTlebis sistemaSi, romelSic igulis-

xmeba maRali teqnologiebis, Tanamedrove programebis, swavle-

bis meTodebis, kompiuteruli sistemebis danergva. qveynis yve-

la raionSi TandaTan ganxorcieldeba proeqti `irmis naxtomi~,

romelic iTvaliswinebs yvela skolaSi kompiuterul swavlebas.

axalgazrdobis kompiuteruli codniT aRWurva dRevandeli

cxovrebis upirvelesi moTxovnaa~; s. m. (gogona) — `ganaTlebas

didi roli aqvs pirovnebad CamoyalibebaSi, qarTul sazogadoe-

baSi igi savaldebulo xdeba. uzrunvelyofs axalgazrdebis in-

teleqtualur da emociur aRzrdas, xels uwyobs adamianTa so-

cialur mobilobas.~

cnobili mecnieri i.k. uiliam fulbraiti werda, rom umaR-

lesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi funqciaa momavali Taobis ganswavla,

adamianTa cxovrebis ganviTareba, Tavisufali da codniT gasxi-

vosnebuli azrovnebis ganviTareba. man adamianebsa da, saerTod,

xalxTa Soris urTierToba unda gaxados ufro gonivruli, sa-

marTliani da humanuri.

ganaTleba socializaciis aucilebeli faqtori xdeba. ro-

gorc gamoCenili frangi sociologi emil diurkemi aRniSnavda,

ganaTlebis ZiriTadi funqciaa gabatonebuli kulturis Rirebu-

lebebis gadacema. ganaTleba warmoadgens socialur instituts,

sadac warmoebs pirovnebis emociuri, socialuri da inteleqtua-

1 studentTa metyvelebis stili daculia.

naTela donaZe

140

luri formireba. umaRlesi ganaTleba ekonomikuri aucileblo-

bac gaxda. qveynis, sazogadoebis ganviTareba mniSvnelovnadaa da-

mokidebuli umaRles ganaTlebaze.

studentebi aRniSnaven, rom XXI saukuneSi gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba TanatolTa wres, romelic pirovnebis in-

teresebs, Rirebulebebs, qcevis normebs, Cacmis stils, metyve-

lebis maneras da mraval sxv. ayalibebs. TanatolTa gavlena gan-

sakuTrebiT didia raionebidan Camosul studentebze, romle-

bic ojaxebisagan damoukideblad cxovroben.

T. q. (#17 — gogona) — `mniSvnelovania TanatolTa wrec. me-

gobarTa mrwamsi da Rirebulebebi gansazRvravs sazogadoebis

wevrTa qcevas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca axalgazrdebi damou-

kidebel cxovrebas iwyeben da yoveli dRe inovaciebiTaa aRsav-

se~. T. g. (#10 — gogona) — `TanatolTa wre mxolod megobrobas,

garTobas ar emsaxureba. mas ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs, igi so-

cializaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani agentia~.

politika aris erT-erTi socialuri instituti, romelic

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis socialur cxovre-

bas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom politika aRmoCnda is sakiTxi, romelzec

gamokiTxuli studentebi yvelaze naklebad amaxvilebdnen yu-

radRebas. im studentebis mosazrebebic ki, romlebic am sakiTx-

ze saubroben, sakmaod gansxvavebulia. s. g. (#5) — `politika

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis cxovrebas. qarTuli

sazogadoeba, met-naklebad, indiferentulia~. m. R. (#7) — `po-

litika Cemgan Sorsaa (Zalian ar miyvars). ubralod, zogjer

Zalze mtkiva guli imaze, rac dRes xdeba saqarTveloSi~. T. q.

(#17) — `politikuri rakursiT Tu ganvixilavT, qarTuli sazo-

gadoebis didi nawili indiferentulia politikuri sakiTxebis

mimarT, apaTiasaa micemuli da arsebuli arasaxarbielo mdgoma-

reobis gamosworebis veranair gzasa da saSualebas ver xedavs.

aRniSnuli faqti miT ufro samwuxaroa, rom Tu yvela qarTveli

skeptikurad ganewyo am sakiTxebis mimarT da politikuri amin-

dis SeqmnaSi ar miiRebs monawileobas, jansaRi sazogadoebis Ca-

moyalibebis yvela mcdeloba ukve kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeba~.

g. m. (#24) — `saqarTvelos dRes aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli da-


141

savluri kursi. sul axlaxan daviwyeT demokratiuli saxelmwi-

fos mSenebloba, rac arc ise martivia. Cven aRmovCndiT `gaumar-

Tlebeli eqsperimentis~ msxverplni, romelmac saqarTvelos 70

weliwadi daakargvina, am xnis manZilze dro gaCerebuli iyo sa-

qarTvelosTvis. socializmi, sabolood, daamarcxa libera-

lurma demokratiam, romelsac dRes metoqe aRar hyavs~. g. g.

(#24) — `Cveni sazogadoeba politikurad gaTiSulia, radgan igi

politikuri kuTxiT indiferentulia. sazogadoebaSi moralis

mqadagebelTa siWarbea. samwuxarod, Cveni sazogadoeba aSkarad

ganicdis politikuri alRos mqone pirovnebebis deficits. es

iwvevs politikanobas. politika mxolod binZuri saqmea da mas-

Tan dakavSirebuli adamianebic ar arian sufTa sindisis~. a. c.

(#40 — 19 wlis, vaJi) — `Cvens qveyanaSi erTpirovnuli, avtorita-

ruli mmarTvelobaa~. m. R. (#8 — 18 wlis, gogona) — `demokratia

CvenTan ar aris. me dRevandel viTarebaSi totalitarizms ufro

vxedav, vidre demokratias an avtoritarizms. mTavroba damnaSa-

vea, radgan misi politikis nawilia is Zvrebi da socialuri ga-

dagvareba, rac dRes sakmaod mzardad mimdinareobs~. T. k. — `Cvens

qveyanaSi gabatonebulia moCvenebiTi demokratiis forma~.∗

studentebi samarTlianad aRniSnaven, rom ar SeiZleba Tana-

medrove, gardamavali periodis saqarTvelos realobis ganxil-

va msoflio movlenebisagan damoukideblad. maTi azriT, mTeli

msoflio, globalizaciis meSveobiT, dakavSirebulia erTmaneT-

Tan da arcerT qveyanas ar SeuZlia damoukideblad arseboba (mi-

uxedavad imisa, rogoria qveyana, ganviTarebuli, ganviTarebadi

Tu gardamaval periodSi myofi).

socialuri institutebisadmi studentTa damokidebulebis

Seswavlis mizniT, agreTve, CavatareT gamokvleva fokus jgufis

meTodiT.

studentTa SerCevis aucilebeli piroba iyo maTi informi-

rebuloba sociologiis garkveul sakiTxebSi. SerCeul iqna 4

fokus-jgufi. TiToeuli jgufi Sedgeboda 10 wevrisagan. yvela

fokus-jgufi iyo homogenuri asakis, socialuri statusisa da

ganaTlebis donis mixedviT. 4 fokus-jgufidan 2 iyo homogenu-

∗ rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, gamokvleva Catarda 2010 wels.

naTela donaZe

142

ri sqesisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, danarCeni 2 ki —

heterogenuri imave maxasiaTeblebis (sqesisa da sacxovrebeli

adgilis) mixedviT. I fokus-jgufi dakompleqtda TbilisSi da-

badebuli 10 studentisagan (5 gogona da 5 vaJi), II jgufs Sead-

genda TbilisSi dabadebuli 10 studenti gogona. III da IV fokus-

jgufebis monawileebi iyvnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi

dabadebuli studentebi (III jgufi — raionSi dabadebuli 10 go-

gona, IV jgufi — raionSi dabadebuli 5 studenti gogona da 5

studenti vaJi).

fokus-jgufis monawileebi iyvnen Tsu-is universitetis

sxvadasxva fakultetisa da specialobis studentebi (40).

fokus-jgufebSi monawileTa didma umravlesobam aRniSna,

rom miuxedavad imisa, rom XXI saukune informaciuli eraa da

masmediis sxvadasxva saSualeba (gansakuTrebiT, interneti,

socialuri qselebi) did rols asrulebs socialuri xasiaTis

formirebaSi, ojaxi kvlav rCeba maTi socializaciis ZiriTad

agentad. maT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxviles qalis

mniSvnelovan rolsa da funqciaze Tanamedrove qarTul oja-

xebSi. qarTuli ojaxebis nawili kvlav patriarqaluria, mag-

ram SeimCneva egalitaruli ojaxebis ricxvis zrda, gansakuT-

rebiT, axalgazrdebSi. gafarToebuli, patrilokaluri ojaxi

gzas uTmobs nuklearul da neolokalur ojaxebs.

TanatolTa wres gamokiTxul studentTa umravlesoba

mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs axalgazrdebis pirovnebebad Ca-

moyalibebis procesSi. isini aRniSnaven, rom maTi Tanatolebi

— amxanagebi, xSirad, gansazRvraven maTi cxovrebis wess, ur-

TierTobebs, qcevebs, gemovnebas, interesebsa da Rirebule-

bebs. Tanatolebi zegavlenas axdenen maTi Cacmis stilze, yo-

veldRiur sametyvelo enaze, laparakis maneraze, sxvadasxva

faqtisa da movlenis Sefasebaze. gansakuTrebiT, skolaSi

swavlis periodSi didia Tanatolebis gavlena. maTi bevri me-

gobari yofili Tanaklaselia an mezobeli. isini xSirad iTva-

liswineben maT rCevebs sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebis miRebis

dros — megobris, Seyvarebulis, qmris, profesiis, saswavleb-

lisa da sxv. arCevis dros. maT miaCniaT, rom studenturi

cxovreba (gansakuTrebiT, erTiani socialuri jgufebis ar-


143

arseboba) iSviaTad iZleva axali megobrebis SeZenis SesaZleb-

lobas. am problemaze isini gulistkiviliT amaxvileben yu-

radRebas.

studentebis azriT, masmediis saSualebebis (presa, radio,

televizia, interneti) gavlena socialuri xasiaTis formireba-

ze araerTgvarovania. presa da radio nakleb gavlenas axdenen

pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze. yvelaze mniSvnelovania internetis

gavlena. interneti adamianebis cxovrebaSi sul met dros ika-

vebs. zogierTi axalgazrda, rogorc gogonebi, ise vaJebi, Tan-

daTan damokidebuli xdeba internetze, internet-TamaSebze,

sxvadasxva sakomunikacio programaze, socialur mediasa (soci-

alur qselebze) da sxv. maT am damokidebulebis uaryofiTi mxa-

re gacnobierebuli aqvT, magram, rogorc Tavad aRniSnaven, uZ-

lurebi arian, Tavi daaRwion amas.

studentTa es gulaxdili pasuxebi erTxel kidev Segvaxse-

nebs XX saukunis erT-erTi didi moazrovnis e. fromis Sexedu-

lebas, rom `Cvens kibernetizebul-industriul sazogadoebaSi

izrdeba siyvaruli usicocxlosa da meqanikurisadmi~. mxolod

sityvebi `kibernetizebuli~ da `industriuli~ unda Cavanac-

vloT terminebiT — `kompiuterizebuli~ da `postindustriu-

liT~, rac adekvaturad asaxavs XXI saukunis realobas.

aRsaniSnavia, rom bevri studenti socializaciis erT-erT

ZiriTad agentad miiCnevs religias, xolo zogierTi studenti

socializaciis agentTa ierarqiaSi mas pirvel adgilze ayenebs.

studentTa mosazrebebis gaanalizebebis Sedegad miviReT

socialuri institutebisadmi maTi damokidebulebebis Semdegi

ierarqia: 1. ojaxi (I adgili — 33 studenti, II adgili — 7 studen-

ti), 2. religia (I — 4, II — 13, III — 7, IV — 7, V — 5, VI — 4). 3. megobrebi (I —

1, II — 9, III — 19, IV — 8, V — 2, VI — 1), 4. samuSao /samsaxuri, kariera/ (I —

2, II — 13, III — 10, IV — 13, V — 1, VI — 1), 5. Tavisufali dro /garToba,

dasveneba/ (I — 0, II — 0, III — 5, IV — 6, V — 17, VI — 12), 6. politika (I — 0, II

— 1, III — 0, IV — 6, V — 12, VI — 21).

rac Seexeba socialur institutebs, rogorc socializaciis

agentebs, studentTa pasuxebis mixedviT Semdegi suraTi gamoik-

veTa: 1. ojaxi (I — 33, II — 4, III — 1), 2. megobrebi (I — 4, II — 29, III — 15)

/2. studentisaTvis ojaxsa da megobrebs Tanabari mniSvneloba

naTela donaZe

144

aqvs/, 3. masmedia (I — 1, II — 2, III — 1), 4. skola /ganaTleba/ (I — 0, II —

3). 4 studenti religias miiCnevs erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan

agentad, aqedan 2 studenti mas I adgils aniWebs, 2 ki — II-s.

Cven mier Catarebul kvlevaSi samizne jgufis, studento-

bis, warmomadgenlebi Tanamedrove, gardamavali periodis sa-

qarTvelos realobis Sefasebis dros avlenen rogorc Semecne-

biT, ise SefasebiT damokidebulebas. SefasebiT damokidebule-

bas, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs garkveuli subieqtivizmi. studen-

tebi, rogorc damoukidebeli individebi da gansxvavebuli Ri-

rebulebebis, RirebulebaTa sistemisa da RirebulebaTa ierar-

qiis mqone pirovnebebi, bunebrivia, sxvadasxva interpretacias

aZleven erTsa da imave socialur institutebs.

Natela Donadze

Assistant Professor


Modern Georgian Social Institutions in Students’ Focus

Resume

Today, in the second decade of XXI century, Georgia is in a transitional

period. Transformational processes are taking place in every sphere of the

Georgian social system and include all its elements. Transition has affected the

Georgian society both on the macro level – social institutions and organizations,

and on the micro level – social groups and individuals. Transformation pro-

cesses are occuring with different forms and content, speed and intensity in

different elements, components of a social structure. The economic, political,

cultural, social, legal, educational institutions and their functions are being

changed. The new reality is being constructed.

According to Peirre Bourdieu, one of the outstanding representatives of

modern social sciences, peculiarity of society is that it has two beings: on the

one hand, it is given in objective social structures and on the other hand, it exists

in social agents’ consciousness. That’s why sociology as a science should study


145

not only objective structure but also its descriptions by agents, their approaches,

attitudes to established structures.*

Our objective was to study students’ – social agents’ – opinions about

modern Georgian social institutions, their attitudes towards them. For this

purpose in 2010 year I conducted a sociological research, using a triangulation

approach. I have considered qualititive methods -semi-structured interview and

a focus group - to be relevant to this objective. My target groups were the stu-

dents of Tbilisi State University. Students have diverse life experiences, inte-

rests, tastes, attitudes, information, identities, values, etc., therefore they show

different understandings and meanings.

According to famous American sociologist Neil Smelzer, we live in a

highly institutionalized society. Even the simplest kinds of interaction are the

building blocks of complex institutions.*

The students delineate, mainly, major social institutions: family, religion,

education, politics, mass media, etc.

In our research the students show both cognitive and estimative attitudes

towards modern Georgian society. As a rule, estimative attitudes are accompa-

nied by certain subjectivism. It’s natural that students, as independent indivi-

duals and personalities with diverse values, value hierarchy and the system,

differently interpret one and the same modern social institutions.

In the emotive, deep-felt answers the students express what they respect

and what they are annoyed with, what they believe and what they don’t believe,

what they like and what they dislike, what are they interested in and what are

they indifferent to, what they care for and what is very significant to them. Their

ideas are very interesting and important for the research.

* Современная Социальная Теория: Бурдье, Гидднес. Хаберманс. (1995). Но-восибирск. Соционализм Пьера Бурдье. (2001). Москва.

* Smelzer, N. J. (1995). Sociology. New Jersey. Prentice-Hall, Inc. (Original work pub-lished 1981), p. 47.

salome dundua

146

salome dundua


muslimi qarTvelebi da samoqalaqo

integraciis problemebi

saqarTvelo, eTno-konfesiuri TvalsazrisiT, dRemde rCeba

mravalwevrian da fragmentirebul qveynad, sadac kvlavac ar an

naklebad arsebobs imgvari sajaro sivrce, romelic qveynis te-

ritoriaze macxovrebel yvela eTno Tu konfesiur jgufs moce-

muli saxelmwifos mimarT loialobas da misi Tanaziarobis Seg-

rZnebas gauCenda. dRemde rCeba problema rogorc eTnikuri,

aseve religiuri umciresobebis (aramxolod muslimi qarTvele-

bis) sajaro da sazogadoebriv sivrceSi srulfasovani integra-

ciisa. Tuki saqarTvelos surs erTi mxriv — moaxerxos qveynis

erTianobis SenarCuneba da meore mxriv — gadaiqces srulfaso-

van, konsolidirebul liberalur-demokratiad — mas mocemul

problemasTan gamklaveba mouwevs.

am fonze, vfiqrobT, garkveul mniSvnelobas iZens imis gaaz-

reba da gaanalizeba, Tu rogor da ra pirobebSi, ra socio-poli-

tikuri cvlilebebis fonze xdeboda qarTveli eris diskursis

Camoyalibeba, ra roli ekisra am procesSi religiur umcireso-

bebs muslimi qarTvelebis magaliTze, rogori iyo sazogadoeba-

Si integraciis kuTxiT maT mimarT XIX-XX saukunis dasawyisis sa-

qarTveloSi gatarebuli politika. ganxiluli istoriuli Wri-

lis fonze SevecdebiT SevexoT muslimi qarTvelebis (aWarle-

bis) sakiTxs Tanamedrove qarTul realobaSic.

muslimi qarTvelebi da samoqalaqo integraciis problemebi

147

aWaris avtonomiuri respublika

da muslimi qarTvelebi

2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 88,6%

qristianuli aRmsareblobisaa, mahmadianuri mosaxloba mTeli

mosaxleobis 9,9% Seadgens; danarCeni 1,5% ki modis iudevelebze,

sxva religiur mimdinareobebze da im adamianebze, romlebic Tavs

arcerT religiur aRmsareblobas ar miakuTvneben. aRniSnuli 9,9

% muslimi mosaxleobidan 139 124 qarTveli mahmadiania, rac mTe-

li eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleobis 3,8% Seadgens1.

saqarTveloSi mosaxle muslimi qarTvelebis didi umravle-

soba aWaraSi cxovrobs, romlis mosaxleoba jamSi 376 aTass Se-

adgens.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi muslimi qarTvelebis istoria gan-

sakuTrebiT sainteresoa da misi fesvebi sakmaod Soreul war-

sulSi — jer kidev im periodSi, rodesac aWara da samcxe saaTa-

bagos didi nawili TurqeTis xelSi gadadis - unda veZioT. am pe-

riodidan iwyeba aWaraSi mcxovrebi ZirZveli qristiani qarTve-

lebis gamuslimeba, rasac didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad miaRwia ki-

dec osmaleTis imperiis mier gatarebulma politikam.

saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelosTvis ar daukargavs aqtua-

loba dakarguli teritoriebisa da masTan erTad eTnikuri, mag-

ram religiurad gansxvavebuli rjulis qarTvelebis kvlavac sa-

qarTvelos teritoriul farglebSi dabrunebis problemas.

1878 wels, TurqeTTan omSi ruseTis gamarjvebis Sedegad,

san stefanos zavis da berlinis kongresis gadawyvetilebaTa sa-

fuZvelze aWara saqarTvelos farglebSi brundeba. Tumca, Tur-

qeTisTvis baTumis porto frankos (Tavisufali qalaq navsadgu-

ri) uflebad gadacemam xeli SeuSala aWaris regionis da misi

erovnebiT qarTveli, magram sarwmunoebiT muslimi mosaxleobis

danarCen saqarTvelosTan integrirebis procesis dawyebas da,

zogadad, saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur, socialur da

kulturul procesebTan regionis mWidrod dakavSirebas.

1 statistikuri monacemebi ganTavsebulia — www. diversity ge, nanaxia

2014 wlis 18 aprils.

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148

„sarwmunoebis sxvadasxvaoba Cevn ar gvaSinebs. qarTvelma,

Tavisis sarwmunoebisaTvis jvar-cmulma, icis pativi sxvisi sar-

wmunoebisac.... oRond movides kvlav is bednieri dRe, rom Cven

erTmaneTs kidev SevuerTdeT, erTmaneTi viZmoT, da qarTveli,

Cvenda sasiqadulod, kvlav daumtkicebs qveyanasa, rom igi ara

erCis adamianis sindiss da didis xnis ganSorebuls Zmas Zmurad-

ve SeiTvisebs.1“ — werda ilia 1877 wels, ruseT-TurqeTis omis

periodSi, rodesac dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebis sa-

kiTxma realuri xasiaTi miiRo.

me-19 saukuneSi ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT warmoqmnil Tana-

medrove eris diskursSi, romelSic maSindeli saqarTvelos inte-

leqtualuri wreebi Rebulobdnen monawileobas, mTavar amocanas

warmoadgenda qarTveli eris, rogorc eTno-kulturuli warmo-

naqmnis sazRvrebis dadgena da SemdgomSi mis safuZvelze politi-

kuri avtonomiis an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, damoukideblobis miRweva.

erad qmnadobis am procesSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili eWira musli-

mi qarTvelebis sakiTxis swor da marTebul gadaWrasac. san stefa-

nos sazavo xelSekrulebis Semdeg saqarTvelos SemoerTebuli

ZirZveli qarTuli teritoriebi Tumca eTnikurad qarTveli (aWa-

reli), magram religiuri mrwamsiT ki muslimi mosaxleobiT iyo da-

saxlebuli, romlis qarTvel mosaxleobasTan integrireba da erT

„erad“ aRqmadobis gancdis Camoyalibebis procesi sakmaod rTuli

da xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. `...Cveni Zmebi, Cveni sisxlxorci... Cveni

Zveli saqarTvelo, dRes Cven SemogvierTda“ — ase gamoexmaura

ilia WavWavaZe 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT TurqeTis omis Sedegad aWa-

ris saqarTvelosTvis dabrunebis faqts, xazi gausva ra kvlavac

SemoerTebul teritoriebze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis qarTveleb-

Tan eTnikur erTobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnulma movlenam

sayovelTao sixaruli gamoiwvia maSindel qarTul sazogadoebaSi

da, praqtikulad, ar darCenila arcerTi qarTveli inteleqtuali,

rom am movlenas ar gamoxmaureboda, realoba arc ise martivi aR-

moCnda. qristiani qarTvelis mier muslimi qarTvelis eTnikur

qarTvelad da ara „Turqad~ aRqmadobis damkvidreba integraciis

gzaze umTavres problemad rCeboda.

1 ilia WavWavaZe, eri da istoria, osmalos saqarTvelo, publicistika,

t.4, gamomcemloba „palitra L~, Tbilisi, 2012.


149

miuxedavad ilias da im periodis sxva qarTveli moazrovnee-

bis inteleqtualuri kuTxiT gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa da

mcdelobebisa, muslim qarTvelebTan mimarTebiT gatarebul

politikaSi arc 1886 wels porto frankos statusis gauqmebis

Semdeg Secvlila bevri ram. mefis ruseTis koloniuri politi-

kis miznebSi ar Sedioda aWaris mosaxleobis, rogorc erTiani

saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawilisTvis qveynis danarCen mosax-

leobasTan integrirebis xelis Sewyoba da daCqareba. ruseTis

saimperatoro karisTvis aWara ruseTis imperiis Semadgenloba-

Si moiazreboda da ara erTiani saqarTvelos farglebSi.

miuxedavad ruseTis saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli politi-

kisa, aWaraSi mainc mimdinareobda saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebis

mcdelobebi. am mxriv yvelaze gamorCeulia ilia WavWavaZis tra-

diciebze aRzrdili inteleqtualebis gamosvla samoRvaweo as-

parezze, romlis yvelaze didi da TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli

memed beg abaSiZe iyo.

pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Sedegad aWara frontispi-

ra zonad iqca. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis armiam 1914-1916

wlebSi kavkasiis frontze warmatebebi moipova, 1917 wlis revo-

luciis Semdeg Tavad ruseTSi icvleba politikuri situacia,

rasac Sedegad 1918 wlis brest-litovskis zavi da TurqeTis-

Tvis yarsis, baTumisa da artaanis olqebis gadacema mohyva. sa-

qarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis gamocxadebis drois-

Tvis, 1918 wlis 26 maiss, baTumi kvlav TurqeTis mieraa okupire-

buli. Tumca, pirvel msoflio omSi antantis Zalebis gamarjve-

biT da mudrosis sazavo xelSekrulebis Sedegad, baTumSi Tur-

qTa batonobas inglisis mier aRniSnuli teritoriebis okupi-

rebiT Canacvleba mohyva, xolo Semdeg, 1920 wlis ivlisidan ki

aWara kvlav saqarTvelos, amjamad ukve damoukidebeli saqar-

Tvelos pirveli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi brundeba.

saqarTvelos pirveli respublika

saqarTvelos 1918-1921 wlebis xanmokle damoukideblobam

garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitana rogorc religiur, aseve eTni-

kur umciresobebisadmi damokidebulebaSi. maSindeli saqarTve-

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150

los politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebi (rogorc socialis-

turi, ise mamarjvene frTis wevrebi) umciresobaTa Semwynareb-

lobas yvela sakanonmdeblo baziT uzrunvelyofdnen. `respub-

likis mcire erebis uflebaTa~ gansazRvras maSindel xelisuf-

lebaSi myofi politikuri Zalebis mxridan sakmaod didi yu-

radReba daeTmo da es Zalian kargad Cans kidec damfuZnebeli

krebis sakonstitucio komisiiis masalebidan. konstituciis mi-

Rebamde, sakonstitucio komisiis 1920 wlis 20 maisis sxdomaze a.

Cxenkeli aRniSnavda: `mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebu-

li interesebi mTelis — saxelmwifosi da nawilis — erovnuli

umciresobisa: erTis bedniereba meores bednierebaa da erTis

ubedureba — ubedurebaa meoresaTvis. ayvaveba saxelmwifosi

aris ayvaveba da gamdidreba umciresobisa. es unda hqondes Seg-

nebuli yovel umciresobas, rom adgili ar eqnes raime gaugeb-

robasa da undoblobas; umciresobis ayvaveba Cveni interesic

aris da swored sakiTxis aseTi gaSuqebidan mogvyavs Cven maqsi-

mumi im uflebaTa, romelTac saxelmwifo aZlevs umciresobas~1.

a. Cxenkelis da, zogadad, maSindeli qarTuli politikuri

elitis mier gacxadebuli `maqsimumi uflebebi~ imaSic gamoixa-

ta, rom eTnikurma Tu religiurma umciresobebma saqarTvelos

konstituciaSi rigi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva proeqti —

rusTa da somexTa erovnulma sabWoebma, saqarTveloSi macxov-

rebelma berZnebma, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos muslimebma, amier-

kavkasiis germanelTa kavSirma, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma ebrae-

lebma — yvelam sakuTari proeqti (sul 7 proeqti) waradgina da

yvela maTgani saqarTvelos axlad Seqmnili damoukidebeli sa-

xelmwifosadmi garkveuli undoblobiT iyo ganmsWvaluli. miu-

xedavad imisa, rom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, umciresobaTa mier moTx-

ovnili uflebebis dakmayofileba da maTi konstituciaSi Cade-

ba, TavisTavad, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda Tavad saqarTvelos,

rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos arsebobas (magaliTisTvis

rusTa erovnuli sabWos mier e.w. `enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis~

1 ix. macaberiZe, m. (1996) saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis politi-

kuri koncefcia, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos respublikis i. WavWavaZis sa-xelobis saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba `codna~ ISBN 5-89512-5, gv. 89.


151

sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayenebac kmara, romlis cxovrebaSi ga-

tarebis SemTxvevaSi, faqtobrivad, qreboda saxelmwifo enis

cneba, radgan aRniSnuli statusiT sargeblobis pretenzia sa-

qarTveloSi daaxloebiT 16-mde enas uCndeboda). miuxedavad yve-

lafrisa, maSindeli saqarTvelos mesveurebma SesZles am tipis

winaRobebis gadalaxva da Tan ise, rom am fonze araTu arcerTi

eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobis ufleba ar Selaxula, ara-

med piriqiT, maTTvis 1921 wlis konstiuciaSi calke Tavic ki iqna

daTmobili. xolo umciresobebisTvis miniWebuli uflebebi, Ta-

visi arsiT, im droisTvis progresuli movlena iyo.1

es iyo pirveli SemTxveva saqarTvelos istoriaSi, roca qar-

Tul realobaSi warmoiqmna Tanamedrove tipis eri-saxelmwifo.

maSindeli konstitucionalizmi qmnida sayovelTao Tanasworo-

bis da sajaro-politikur sivrceSi CarTulobis instituciona-

lur safuZvlebs. eTnikur umciresobebs eZleodaT ufleba mie-

RoT ganaTleba mSobliur enaze, samarTal warmoebis dros gamoe-

yenebinaT mSobliuri ena, sakuTar enaze gamoeSvaT Jurnal-gaze-

Tebi. maSindeli qarTuli respublika, zogierTi eTno-konfesiu-

ri jgufis mimarT avtonomiebis Seqmnasac iTvaliswinebda (afxa-

zeTis da samuslimano saqarTvelos avtonomiebi).

erTi saintereso detalia damaxasiaTebeli maSindeli konsti-

tuciisTvis. konstituciaSi gacxadebulia, rom legitimurobis

wyaro mTeli eria — `xelmwifeba ekuTvnis mTels ers, parlamenti

am konstituciis farglebSi axorcielebs eris xelmwifebas~2.

es iyo pirveli SemTxveva saqarTveloSi, rodesac formali-

zebul doneze ukana planzea gadaweuli sazogadoebis eTno-kul-

turuli diferenciacia da upiratesoba samoqalaqo kuTvnile-

bas eniWeba. „eris“, rogorc evropuli „naciis“ qarTuli Sesaty-

visis mniSvneloba, am SemTxvevaSi, araeTnikuri koncefciiT war-

mogvidgeba. ase iyo es pirveli qarTuli konstituciis miRebam-

1 ix. macaberiZe, m. (1996) saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis politi-

kuri koncefcia, Tbilisi, saqarTvelos respublikis i. WavWavaZis sa-xelobis saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sazogadoeba `codna~ ISBN 5-89512-5, gv. 92

2 1921 wlis saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tavi 4, muxli 52, gv. 32 http://www.constcourt.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=248 (moZiebulia 2014 wlis 10 maiss)

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152

dec. „eri“ ufro adamianTa did, sekularul krebuls gulis-

xmobda, vidre raime eTnikur da biologiurad gansazRvrul er-

Tobas. qarTulma „erma“ mZlavri eTno-kulturuli datvirTva

ufro sabWoTa dros SeiZina1.

miuxedavad imisa, rom formalizebul, samarTlebriv done-

ze eTno-religiur umciresobebs sruli da Tanaswori uflebe-

bi mieniWaT, realoba cota sxvagvari iyo. axlad Seqmnil saqar-

Tvelos damoukidebel respublikaSi sakmaod seriozul da

mtkivneul problemas warmoadgenda aWaraSi mosaxle eTniku-

rad qarTveli muslimi mosaxleobis danarCen qarTvelebTan in-

tegrireba. am problemis aqtualobaze miuTiTebda is faqtic,

rom jer kidev konstituciis miRebamde erTi wliT adre, 1920

wlis seqtemberSi „maxmadiani qarTvelebis“ mdgomareobis Sesas-

wavlad da rekomendaciebis SesamuSaveblad regionSi specialu-

ri misiiT iqna mivlinebuli damfuZnebuli krebis erT-erTi aq-

tiuri wevri, social demokrati petre geleiSvili (aqve unda

aRvniSnoT, rom es is petre geleiSvilia, romelic Tavis droze

gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT upirispirdeboda ilia WavWavaZesa

da, zogadad, qarTuli erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRviZebaSi mona-

wile inteleqtualur Zalebs). mis mier saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris saxelze daweril

moxsenebiT baraTSi CamoTvlili da gaanalizebulia yvela is

mTavari problema rac aWaris „maxmadiani qarTvelebis“ danarCen

qarTvelebTan integraciasa da erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi TviT-

Segnebis Camoyalibebas uSlida xels2. muslim qarTvelebTan mi-

marTebiT arsebuli ZiriTadi problemebi Semdegi saxiT SeiZle-

ba gamovyoT:

1. araswori sakadro politika - TbilisSi dawunebuli da

dedaqalaqisTvis gamousadegari kadrebis „Camowera“ da maTi

aWaraSi gagzavna;

1 s. dundua, z. abaSiZe, eTnikuri da religiuri identobis sakiTxebi da

samoqalaqo integraciis problemebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, inte-leqti, 2009, gv. 34

2 politikuri situacia aWaraSi (1920), petre geleiSvilis moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tav-mjdomares. 1920 wlis 8 oqtomberi, redaqtori merab vaCnaZe, Tbi-lisi, „inteleqti“, 1998, gv. 11-12..


153

2. pirovnebis fizikuri Seuracxyofa da religiuri grZno-

bebis Selaxva. amgvari tipis darRvevebSi yvelaze xSirad musli-

mi qalebisTvis Cadris axda da maT mimarT mamakaci samarTaldam-

cavebis mier ganxorcielebuli CxrekviTi RonisZiebebi SeiZle-

ba iqnes dasaxelebli;

3. komunikaciis nakleboba an ar arseboba; centrTan Zalian

mwiri urTierToba;

4. avtonomiis sakiTxi — aWaris mosaxelobisTvis sakmaod

mtkivneul Temas warmoadgenda saqarTvelos farglebSi garkve-

uli teritoriuli avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmna, romelic iq-

neboda erTgvari garanti maTi religiuri, kulturuli tradi-

ciuli wes-Cveulebebisa Tu uflebebis dasacavad;

5. sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze naklebi zrunva. cen-

traluri xelisufleba naklebad fiqrobda imaze, rom sazoga-

doebrivi azris formirebaze raime zegavlena moexdina. mefis

ruseTis pirobebSi amas, bunebrivia, gamiznuli da winaswargan-

szRvruli politikis xasiaTi hqonda. magram didad situacia

arc damoukideblobis mopovebis sawyis etapze Secvlila. piri-

qiT, Cven mier CamoTvlili problemebis arseboba sworedac ima-

ze metyvelebs, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisufleba

sawyis etapze ver acnobierebda aRniSnuli problemis mniSvne-

lobas da ar gadadgamda qmediT nabijebs muslimi qarTvelebis

qveynis cxovrebaSi srulfasovani CarTvisken; an, ufro savarau-

doa, rom mas amisTvis ar ecala (damoukideblobis periodi imde-

nad mcire xans grZeldeboda, rom arcaa gasakviri am mimarTule-

biT gadadgmuli nabijebis simwire da naklebSedegianoba). Tumca,

petre geleiSvili swavlobda ra aWaraSi arsebul situacias, uk-

mayofilebas ara imdenad gadagmuli nabijebis simwiris gamo ga-

moTqvamda, aramed, am nabijebis saerTod ararsebobis gamo.

es aris arasruli CamonaTvali im problemebisa, romelic

muslim qarTvelebTan mimarTebiT arsebobda am periodSi. „Cemis

Rrma rwmeniT, aq qarTvel maxmadianebs Cven vZulvarT da ve-

zizRebiT da sruliad sakmarisia raime usiamovneba mogvixdes

romelime mezobel saxelmwifosTan, rom qarTveli maxmadianebi

gayvnen pirveli avantiuristebis rCevas da rogorc erTi kaci,

ise gamovidnen Cvens winaaRmdeg... samwuxaroT, Cven jer araferi

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154

gagvikeTebia iseTi, rom es siZulvilis grZnoba xalxis gulidan

Tu ar aRmogvefxvra, gagvenelebia mainc, rom xalxis aseTi gan-

wyobileba Cvendami Segvecvala“ — werda p. geleiSvili saqarTve-

los mTavrobas1.

marTalia mogvianebiT, 1921 wlis konstituciaSi aWaras av-

tonomiis statusi mieniWa2 da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saka-

nonmdeblo doneze rogorc „qarTveli maxmadianebis“, aseve sxva

eTno-religiuri umciresobebis uflebebi kidev erTxel dafiq-

sirda, magram realurad, praqtikuli ganxorcieleba am regula-

ciebma cxovrebaSi ver hpova. aranairi qmediTi nabiji ar gadad-

gmula muslimi qarTvelebis integrirebisaTvis; Tumca, unda

aRiniSnos isic, rom naklebad savaraudoa, 3-wliani damouki-

deblobis periodSi saukuneebis manZilze muslim qarTvelebSi

arsebuli da gamjdari gaucxoebis daZleva realurad momxdari-

yo. 1918-1921 wlebis resublikas ar dascalda misi konstituci-

uri ideebis realur praqtikaSi danergva. igi sabWoTa ruseTis

aneqsiam da bolSevizmma SeaCera.

sabWoTa periodSi, zogadad, religiisadmi damokidebulo-

bis ori ZiriTadi etapi SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1. agresiuli antire-

ligiuroba, rac gamoixateboda eklesiebis ngrevaSi, sasuliero

piriebis dapatimrebasa da SeuracxyofaSi, antireligiuri qme-

debebis waqezeba waxalisebaSi 2. ufro mogvianebiT periodSi

damkvidrebuli da sajaro doneze gamoxatuli indiferentulo-

ba da ara mkveTrad gamoxatuli agresiuli antireligiuroba.

religiam, marqsis sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, rogorc opiumma,

sabWoeTis pirobebSi rogorc masebis marTvis saSualebam, da-

karga aqtualoba. religiisadmi (Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, didwi-

lad, saqme tradiciul religiur mimdinareobebs ufro exebo-

daT, radgan Caketili informaciulobis pirobebSi axali reli-

giuri seqtebi Tu sxva mimdinareobebi sabWoeTSi naklebad waxa-

1 politikuri situacia aWaraSi (1920), petre geleiSvilis moxsenebiTi

baraTi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tav-mjdomares. 1920 wlis 8 oqtomberi, redaqtori merab vaCnaZe, Tbili-si, „inteleqti“, 1998, gv. 10

2 amave periodSi, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciis me-11 Tavis 107-e muxliT aWaras — „samuslimano saqarTvelos (baTo-mis mxares) eniWeba adgilobrivi avtonomiuri mmarTveloba“.


155

lisebuli an saerTod akrZalulic ki iyo) sabWoeTis mamebis da-

mokidebulebam Sedegad, moitana is, rom damoukideblobis mo-

povebis Semdeg, damoukidebel saqarTvelos kvlavac konfesiur

eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT naklebad integrirebuli sazogadoeba

ergo memkvidreobad. am fonze bevri marTlmadidebeli qarTve-

lis cnobierebaSi aWarlebi isev „Turqebad“ aRiqmebodnen. da-

moukideblobis periodSi am mimarTulebiT gatarebuli poli-

tikisa da gazrdili informaciulobis pirobebSi msgavsi gaucx-

oeba didwilad Sesustebulia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavad muslim

qarTvelebSi am mxriv problemebi, naklebia. aRniSnul sakiTxeb-

ze, konkretulad ki eTno da religiuri umciresobebis samoqa-

laqo integraciis problemebze, ramdenime wlis win Cven mier Ca-

tarebuli kvlevis Sedegebidan sainteresoa ramdenime detali,

rac muslimi qarTvelebis gamokiTxvisas gamoikveTa.

gamokiTxuli muslimi qarTvelebis sakmaod didi nawili,

34,7% sakuTar erovnul identobas eTnikur warmomavlobasTan

erTad, didwilad, moqalaqeobis mixedviTac gansazRvravs1.

Cndeba kiTxva: ratom SeiZleba aniWebdes muslimi qarTveli eso-

den maRal procentul maCvenebels moqalaqeobas, sxva eTnikur

jgufebTan (aRniSnuli kvlevis farglebSi muslimi qarTvelebis

garda gamokiTxuli iqna marTlamdidebeli qarTvelebi, eTniku-

ri somxebi da azerbaijaneli mosaxleoba), magaliTad, igive mar-

Tlmadidebel qarTvelTan SedarebiT, romelic saqarTvelos

mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgens da romelic, ZiriTa-

dad, gansazRvravs kidec qveynis ganviTarebis strategias? am

SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, ramdenime axsnis moZebnaa SesaZlebeli:

a) erTi mxriv is, rom damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis

Semdeg politikuri procesebi, ZiriTadad, urbanul zonebSi

mimdinareobs, sadac, Sesabamisad, eris politikur diskursSi

dominirebadi eris eTnikuri gagebaa. Cvens mier gamokiTxuli

muslimi qarTveloba ZiriTadad araurbanul zonaSi mosaxle-

obs. aqedan gamomdinare is naklebad monawileobda amgvari po-

1 kiTxvaze, Tu ra ras niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT miiCnevT Tavs qarTve-

lad (somეxad, azerbaijanelad)? 67,9 % pasuxi aris — warmoSobis mi-xedviT, moqalaqeobis mixedviT, - 34,7 salaparako enis mixedviT — 16,3 religiis mixedviT 11,5.

salome dundua

156

litikur diskursis SeqmnaSi da, Sesabamisad, rogorc Cans maTze

dominant da wamyvan politikis kategoriebs SedarebiT naklebi

gavlena mouxdenia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom regionSi,

sadac gamokiTxul iqna islamis mimdevari eTnikurad qarTveli

respodentebi, naklebia samoqalaqo ganaTlebis done da, Sesaba-

misad, dabalia aqtiuri politikuri kulturis maCvenebelic,

SesaZlebelia davuSvaT, rom maTi pasuxebic naklebad refleqsi-

rebulia.

b) meore mxriv, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom respodetebi mo-

cemul kiTxvaze — `ra niSan-TvisebebiT mixedviT miiCnevT Tavs

qarTvelad (somexad, azerbaijanelad“) — pasuxis gacemisas moqa-

laqeobisa da samSoblos cnebebis erTmaneTTan gaigivebas axde-

nen1.

muslimi qarTvelebi (isve rogorc upirobod yvela gamo-

kiTxuli jgufi) saqarTvelos sakuTar samSoblod miiCnevs.

kiTxvaze: ras niSnavs TqvenTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba?

pasuxiT: `cxovrobde samSobloSi~ — 90,7%-iT, yvela sxva gamo-

kiTxul eTnikur jgufTan SedarebiT (TviT marTlmadidebel

qarTvelebTan mimarTebiTac ki), swored muslimi qarTveli do-

minirebs.

gamokiTxuli muslimi qarTvelebis 85,5% miiCnevs, rom erov-

neba da saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba maTTvis erTi da igivea. maSin

rodesac igive kiTxvaze analigiuri dadebiTi pasuxis procentu-

li maCvenebeli marTlmadidebel qarTvelebSi mxolod 22 %-ia.

riTi SeiZleba amis axsna? muslimi qarTvelebi cxovroben ara-

urbanul zonaSi, politikur diskursSi naklebad monawileoben

da, amasTanave, aq emateba religiuri faqtoric — saxelmwifo

maTTvis (azerbaijanelebis msgavsad), rogorc religiuri

mrwamsiT muslimTaTvis, neitraluri cnebaa (islamis Rirebule-

bebidan gamomdinare) da, Sesabamisad, isini, rogorc eTnikuri

qarTvelebi, identificirebas cdiloben saxelmwifosTanac;

qarTveloba maTTvis marTlmadidebeli qarTvelis msgavsad, ar

asocirdeba religiur tradiciasTan.

1 s. dundua, z. abaSiZe, eTnikuri da religiuri identobis sakiTxebi da

samoqalaqo integraciis problemebi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, inte-leqti, 2009, gv. 81.


157

dabolos, istoriuli retrospeqtivisa da Cven mier motani-

li kvlevis monacemebis gaanalizebidan erTi mTavari daskvnis

gamotana SeiZleba. damoukideblobis periodSi saqarTvelom SeZ-

lo da didwilad dasZlia `maxmadiani qarTvelebis~ mimarT arse-

buli negatiuri damokidebulebis daZleva. erTi mxriv — Tavad

marTlmadidebel qarTvelebsac gauCndaT eTnikurad qarTvel,

aRmsareblobiT muslim aWarel qarTvelebTan `erT erad~ aRqma-

dobis gancda. meore mxriv, eTnikurad qarTveli religiuri

mrwamsiT muslimi moqalaqeebi, saqarTvelos calsaxad sakuTar

samSoblod miiCneven, ar ganicdian (yovel SemTxvevaSi amis dafiq-

sireba xmamaRla naklebad xdeba) religiur niadagze Seviwroebas

da ar arian, zogadad, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ideasTan ga-

ucxoebulni. aRniSnuli ar gulisxmobs imas, rom problemebi am

gzaze aRar arsebobs. religia da religiuri aRmsareblobis sa-

kiTxi saqarTveloSi dRemde rCeba erT-erT yvelaze sensitiur

Temad da, bunebrivia, am niadagze nebismieri Zalis mier gamoT-

qmuli arakoreqtuli, mZafri Tu zogjer Seuracxmyofeli mo-

sazrebebi Tavis TavSi ara mxolod konkretul SemTxvevaSi SesaZ-

lo dapirispirebis warmoSobas gulisxmobs, aramed ufro farTo

sazogadoebrivi ganxeTqilebis safrTxesac SesaZloa moicavdes.

Salome Dundua

Associate Professor


Muslim Georgians and Civic Integration Problems

Resume

In the 19th century, the main issue of the discourse of the modern nation

produced by Ilia Chavchavadze, in which the intellectual circles of Georgia of

the period were taking part, was the establishment of the boundaries of the

Georgian nation, as ethno-cultural formation and achieve subsequently on its ba-

sis the political autonomy or independence, in the best case.

After the Treaty of San Stefano the oldest Georgian territories, were

annexed from Georgia, despite being settled by ethnic Georgians (Adjarians),

salome dundua

158

however the population was Muslim. Their integration with the local popula-

tion and fostering the feeling towards them as the same “nation”, turned out to

be a lengthy and difficult process.

Despite the fact that during the independence years of Georgia on the

formalized, judicial level the religious (as well as ethnic) minorities have been

given the full and equal rights, the reality was somewhat different. The sensitive

issue of the integration of the ethnic Georgian Muslim population of Adjara with

the rest of the Georgians remained. The urgency of the problem is also indicated

by the fact that one year earlier before the adoption of the Constitution, in

September of 1920, Social Democrat Peter Geleishvili, one of the active members

of the Constituent Assembly, was sent to the region with the special mission to

study the situation of the “Makhmadian (Muslim) Georgians” and collaboration

of recommendations. In his report addressed to the chairman of the Government

of the Democratic Republic all of the main problems, hindering the integration of

“Makhmadian (Muslim) Georgians” with the rest of the Georgians and the

forming of the unified national identity were listed and analyzed.

These problems can be cited as follows:

1. Invalid personnel policy – appointment of the persons unfit and

worthless for Tbilisi in Adjara;

2. Physical assault and violation of religious feelings.

3. Lack or nonexistence of communication; a very poor relationship with

the center.

4. The issue of autonomy – most painful issue for the Adjara population, i.e.

the creation of a certain territorial autonomous unit within the territory of Georgian.

5. Lack of concern over the formation of the public opinion. The central

government had little concern over the influence in the shaping of public

opinion. Under the Tsarist Russia it apparently had an intentional and pre-

meditated reason. But the situation was not much different at the early stages of

independence. However, Petre Geliashvili, while studying the situation in Adja-

ra expressed dissatisfaction not because of the lack of the steps made in this

direction, but for the nonexistence of such steps.

Religion and the issue of religious beliefs remains one of the most sensitive

themes in Georgia up to present and it is natural that inappropriate, offensive or

even abusive opinions expressed by any force on the given basis implies in itself

the origin of a possible conflict not only in the specific case, but may also con-

tain dangers of the wider public dissent.

mcxeTis geografiuli kvanZi da misi samarTlebrivi regulaciebi

159

nodar elizbaraSvili

profesori, Tsu

mcxeTis geografiuli kvanZi da misi

samarTlebrivi regulaciebi

Temis aqtualoba. mcxeTa saqarTvelos istoriuli, religi-

uri da eTnokulturuli centria. 1957 wels misi istoriuli na-

wili, xolo 1966 wels — mTeli qalaqi gamocxadda arqiteqtu-

rul da arqeologiur nakrZalad. mcxeTas 1968 wels mieniWa qa-

laq-muzeumis statusi. ukanasknel wlebSi, axalmSeneblobebis

gamo, qalaq mcxeTis istoriuli Zeglis saerTaSoriso statusi

safrTxis qveS aRmoCnda. iuneskos rekomendaciiT, mcxeTis Sem-

dgomi marTva sasurvelia ganxorcieldes saerTaSoriso konven-

ciebTan optimizaciis, adgilobrivi Temebis CarTulobis, dain-

teresebuli mxareebis da specialistebis konstruqciuli dia-

logis gziT. amgvari midgoma gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinos xdis

evropis landSafturi konvenciis (European Landscape Convention.

2000) ZiriTadi principebisa da moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis au-

cileblobas, rac ganapirobebs miRebuli Sedegebis mdgradobas.

iuneskos ganmartebiT mcxeTis marTva, aseve, moiTxovs kul-

turul-landSafturi midgomis danergvas, samecniero-kvlevi-

Ti organizaciebis rolis gaZlierebas da sakanonmdeblo regu-

laciebis mxardaWeras, kulturuli landSaftis koncefciis ga-

Tavisebas, kvlevisa da analizis procesSi landSaftur, anu kom-

pleqsur midgomas (komponenturi kavSirebis analizis principis

gamoyenebiT).

iuneskom saqarTvelos aseve mouwoda sxvadasxvagvar infor-

maciasTan erTad: gansazRvros mcxeTis kulturuli landSaf-

tis mkafios aramdgradi (sensitiuri) arealebi; Seqmnas konser-

vaciis iseTi generaluri gegma, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs spe-

nodar elizbaraSvili

160

cifikur landSaftur garemos; daadginos istoriul ZeglTan

dakavSirebuli funqciuri arealebi da Seasustos kulturul

landSaftze negatiuri zemoqmedeba. amrigad, aRniSnuli qmede-

bebis farglebSi saqarTveloSi, praqtikulad, pirvelad daiwyo

istoriuli landSaftis kvlevis, funqciuri zonirebis da da-

gegmarebis procesi.

kvlevis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani da principebi. zemoaR-

niSnuli mosazrebebidan da midgomebidan gamomdinare, mcxeTis

istoriuli landSaftis kvlevisa da analizis Sedegad unda ga-

movleniliyo is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, rac: 1. xels uwyobs

da gadmoscems mcxeTis msoflio memkvidreobis Zeglebis gansa-

kuTrebul zogadsakacobrio faseulobas da 2. gansazRvravs

landSaftis dacvis, reabilitaciisa da mdgradi gamoyenebis-

Tvis aucilebel pirobebs.

kvlevis ZiriTad mizanTan da amocanebTan dakavSirebul iq-

na iseTi sakiTxebis Seswavlac, rogoricaa: landSaftis gamoye-

nebis da dacvis sakanonmdeblo bazis mimoxilva da maTi sivrci-

Ti Taviseburebebis gansazRvra; mcxeTis istoriuli landSaf-

tis raobis da misi sazRvrebis dazusteba; landSaftis ZiriTadi

tipebis klasifikacia da maT Sesaxeb sabaziso informaciis ana-

lizi; landSaftis tradiciuli tipologiis klasifikacia da

aRwera; sakvlev teritoriaze zegavlenis mqone faqtorebis (bu-

nebrivi, anTropogenuli) da procesebis (erozia, denudacia,

datborva, karierebi, Zoveba, tyis resursebis mopoveba da sxv.)

identifikacia da urTierTkavSiris analizi; landSaftis kul-

turuli (materialuri da aramaterialuri obieqtebi) da buneb-

rivi (ekosistemebi) TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeble-

bis (Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, zemoqmedebis formebi da masSta-

bebi, mdgradoba) gansazRvra; landSaftis im materialuri da

aramaterialuri atributebis gamovlena, rac xels uwyobs da/an

gadmoscems mis gansakuTrebul zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebas;

landSaftis funqciuri zonireba; xedvis wertilebis fiqsireba

panoramebisa da xedebis perioduli monitoringisTvis; lan-

dSaftis marTvis, reabilitaciisa da mdgradi gamoyenebisTvis

rekomendaciebisa da saxelmZRvanelo principebis SemuSaveba


161

(landSafturi dagegmarebis meTodologiis safuZvelze); msof-

lio memkvidreobis buferuli zonebis sazRvrebis dazusteba.

mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis dacvis, reabilitaciisa

da mdgradi gamoyenebisTvis ganisazRvra ramdenime principi,

romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:

riskis Semcirebis principi, anu bunebrivi da kultu-

ruli garemos elementebi ar unda Seicavdnen riskis Semcvel im

faqtorebs, romelTac SeuZliaT mavne zemoqmedeba moaxdinon

mcxeTis istoriul landSaftze;

mdgradobis principi, anu bunebrivi garemos da resur-

sebis gamoyeneba ar unda uqmnides saSiSroebas istoriuli lan-

dSaftis im maxasiaTeblebs, rac ukavSirdeba misi potencialis

da mdgradi ekologiuri viTarebis SenarCunebas;

landSafturi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebis prin-

cipi — mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis mravalferovneba ga-

morCeulia rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise kavkasiasa da evropaSi.

misi midamoebi warmoadgens geografiul kvanZs, radgan aq Tavs

iyris 11 tipis landSafti, rac unikalur da ganumeorebel gare-

mos qmnis. amgvari mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba ganapirobebs

rogorc mcxeTis istoriul landSaftis avTenturobis warmo-

Cenas, ise ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebas da misi mTli-

anobis dacvas.

geografiuli kvanZis arsi. Teoria geografiul kvanZebis

Sesaxeb biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis, daculi teritori-

ebis qselis formirebisa da samecniero-geografiuli turizmis

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT viTardeba (n.elizbaraSvili,

2010). cnobilia, rom geografiuli obieqtebis Tu komponente-

bis sivrciTi urTierTdamokidebuleba xSirad maT Tavmoyras,

Sexvedras an Sejerebas anu geografiuli kvanZebis formirebas

ganapirobebs. ramdenime erTgvarovani geografiuli obieqti Tu

komponenti zogjer Tavs erT arealSi, erTmaneTTan maqsimalur

miaxloebaze iyris. amgvar SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs erTgvarovan

geografiul kvanZTan. geografiuli kvanZi warmoCindeba mxo-

lod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis arealSi Tavs moiyris sami an meti er-

Tgvarovani geografiuli elementi. gasagebia, rom rac ufro me-

ti geografiuli elementi iyris Tavs erT arealSi, miT ufro

nodar elizbaraSvili

162

TvalsaCinoa geografiuli kvanZi da miT ufro mravalferovania

geografiuli garemo.

geografiuli kvanZebi SeiZleba ganixilebodes rogorc

formebis (martivi, saSualo sirTulis, rTuli), ise tipebis

(komponentur-geografiuli, dargobriv-geografiuli, tipo-

logiur-geografiuli) mixedviT. saqarTveloSi gamovlenilia

ramdenime aTeuli geografiuli kvanZi, romelTagan sirTuliT

da mravalferovnebiT mcxeTis midamoebi gamoirCeva (n.elizba-

raSvili, 2005).

mcxeTis istoriuli landSaftis arealis gansazRvrisas

gaTvaliswinebul iqna Semdegi ZiriTadi Taviseburebani, ker-

Zod:

biologiuri da landSafturi mravalferovneba;

teritoriis erTianoba;

materialuri da aramaterialuri Zeglebis geografia;

landSaftis garemosdacviTi da esTetikuri funqciebi;

geodinamiuri (erozia, denudacia) aqtiuri teritorie-

bis arseboba da maTi prevenciis SesaZlebloba;

klimatis SesaZlo cvlilebis zegavlena;

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis rekreaciuli interesebi.

mcxeTis geografiuli kvanZis mravalferovneba (Biological

and Landscape Diversity of Georgia, 2000) ukavSirdeba bunebis ramde-

nime komponents da process, romlebic, Tanadroulad, lan-

dSaftTa klasificirebis kriteriumebadac SeiZleba ganvixi-

loT. aq warmodgenilia:

reliefis 4 tipi — rogorc vakeebi da gorak borcvebi,

ise dabali da saSualo mTebi;

geologiuri agebulebis 4 tipi — danaleqi da metamor-

fuli qanebis saxiT;

geodinamikuri procesebis 3 tipi — erozia, denudacia,

akumulacia;

havis 3 tipi — mcxeTis farglebSi Tavs iyris humiduri

(aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi nawili), semihumiduri (samxreT-da-

savleTi) da semiariduli (CrdiloeTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi)

klimatis tipi;


163

niadagis 3 tipi — aluviuri, stepis, mTis yomrali;

mcenareulobis 8 tipi — Walis muxnarebis, muxnari deri-

vatebis, rcxilnar-muxnaris, meCxeri tyeebis, stepebis, friga-

nis, Sibliakisa da mdeloebis saxiT;

bunebrivi landSaftis 11 tipi — maT Soris 6 warmodge-

nilia uSualod mcxeTis istoriuli landSaftis mijnaze.

mcxeTis midamoebis landSaftebis klasificireba, aseve, Se-

saZlebelia ganxorcieldes maTi Tanamedrove mdgomareobis

(transformaciis xarisxis), anTropogenuli da bunebrivi zemoq-

medebis formebisa da masStabebis, potencialis, mdgradobis da

socialur-ekonomikuri funqciebis mixdviT. aRsaniSnavia, rom

mcxeTis istoriul landSaftis farglebSi gvxvdeba aRniSnuli

kriteriumebis ganmsazRvreli yvela forma, romelTa analizi

mocemulia konkretuli landSaftebis ganxilvisas.

mcxeTis midamoebSi, ramdenime kvadratuli kilometris

farglebSi ramdenime landSafti gamoiyofa, kerZod:

1) mTiswineTis borcviani

eroziul-denudaciuri lan-

dSafti SibliakiT da jag-

rcxilnar-muxnari deriva-

tebiT, zogan ariduli meCxe-

ri tyeebiT, uroiani stepe-

biT da nawilobriv friganiT

mdebareobs mcxeTis

istoriuli landSaftidan

samxreT-dasavleTiT, TrialeTis qedis dabalmTian da mTiswina

nawilSi. reliefwarmomqmneli procesi ukavSirdeba erozias da

denudacias. geologiurad

agebulia danaleqi da meta-

morfuli qanebiT. klimati

subtropikuli semihumidu-

ria. niadagebi — tyis yomra-

li, romlis saSualo sim-

Zlavre 30 — 50 sm-ia, meqani-

kuri Semadgenloba ki Tixna-

ri. mcenareuli safari TiT-

nodar elizbaraSvili

164

qmis mTlianad gardaqmnilia.

2) mTiswineTis gorak-borcviani eroziul-denudaciuri

landSafti, jagrcxilnar-muxnari derivatebiT, SibliakiT, na-

wilobriv ariduli meCxeri tyeebiT, friganiTa da uroiani ste-

pebiT, zogan bedlendebiT. mdebareobs mcxeTis istoriuli lan-

dSaftidan dasavleTiT da Crdilo-dasavleTiT, Sida qarTlis

vakis mimdebare mTiswineTsa da gorak-borcvian zolSi. relief-

warmomqmneli procesi ukavSirdeba erozias da denudacias. geo-

logiurad agebulia danaleqi da metamorfuli qanebiT. klimati

subtropikuli semihumiduria. niadagebi — yavisferi, romlis

saSualo simZlavre 30 — 50 sm-ia, meqanikuri Semadgenloba ki

Tixnari. mcenareuli safari TiTqmis mTlianad gardaqmnilia. 3) mTiswineTis borcviani denu-

daciur-akumulaciuri lan-

dSafti uroiani stepebisa da

Sibliakis kompleqsiT, iSvia-

Tad friganiTa da tyis deriva-

tebiT. mdebareobs mcxeTidan

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, sagu-

ramo-ialnos qedis samxreT

mTiswineTSi. reliefwarmomqmneli procesi ukavSirdeba erozi-

as, denudacias da nawilobriv akumulacias. geologiurad age-

bulia danaleqi qanebiT. klimati subtropikuli semihumiduria.

niadagebi — yavisferi, romlis saSualo simZlavre 30 — 50 sm-ia,

meqanikuri Semadgenloba ki Tixnari. mcenareuli safari TiT-


4) vake-borcvebis akumula-

ciuri landSafti uroiani

stepebiT, SibliakiT, iSvia-

Tad mdeloebiT mdebareobs

mcxeTis istoriuli land-

Saftidan Crdilo-dasavle-

TiT, Sida qarTlis vakeze.

reliefwarmomqmneli proce-

si ukavSirdeba akumulacias da qarismier erozias. geologiurad

agebulia danaleqi qanebiT. klimati subtropikuli semiaridu-


165

lia. niadagebi — yavisferi, aluviuri. maTi saSualo simZlavre

30 — 50 sm-ia, meqanikuri Semadgenloba ki saSualo Tixnari. mce-

nareuli safari TiTqmis mTlianad gardaqmnilia.

5) vake-borcviani aridul-

denudaciuri landSafti ste-

pisa (uroiani, vaciwveriani)

da Sibliakis mcenareulo-

biT mdebareobs mcxeTis is-

toriuli landSaftidan sam-

xreT-aRmosavleTiT, sagura-

mo-ialnos qedis samxreTi

mTiswineTSi. reliefwarmomqmneli procesi ukavSirdeba akumu-

lacias da qarismier erozias. geologiurad agebulia danaleqi

qanebiT. klimati subtropikuli semiaridulia. niadagebi — Sav-

miwa da aluviuri, romlis saSualo simZlavre 50 sm-ia, meqaniku-

ri Semadgenloba ki saSualo Tixnari. mcenareuli safari TiT-


6) vakebis akumulaciuri da

Walis landSafti tugaisa da

mdelos mcenareulobiT, iS-

viaTad WaobebiTa da mlaSo-

bebiT mdebareobs mcxeTis

farglebSi, mdinare mtkvri-

sa da aragvis xeobis WalebSi.

reliefwarmomqmneli proce-

si ukavSirdeba akumulacias. geologiurad agebulia danaleqi

qanebiT. klimati subtropikuli humiduria. niadagebi — aluviu-

ri, romlis saSualo simZlavre 50 sm-ia, meqanikuri Semadgenloba

ki saSualo Tixnari. mcenareuli safari SemorCenilia fragmente-

bis saxiT. landSaftis farglebSi warmodgenilia mcxeTis Ziri-

Tadi istoriuli nawili.

amJamad Walis landSafti, romelic moicavs md. aragvis mar-

jvena sanapiros, ganviTarda XX saukunis meore naxevarSi mdina-

re aragvis farvateris (kalapotis) cvlilebis Sedegad. igi

ukavSirdeba mdinare aragvSi wylis donis Semcirebas, rac moh-

yva mdinare Jinvalis wyalsacavis mSeneblobas da wylis reguli-

nodar elizbaraSvili

166

rebas. aRniSnuli procesebis Sedegad, Walis landSafti ZiriTa-

dad aRmoCnda mdinare aragvis marjvena napireTSi.

7) qveda mTis eroziul-denu-

daciuri landSafti rcxil-

nar-muxnari da muxnari (qar-

Tuli muxis) tyeebiT mdeba-

reobs mcxeTis istoriuli

landSaftidan aRmosavle-

TiT, saguramo-ialnos qedis

dabalmTiani nawilis sam-

xreT-dasavleT da samxreT-

aRmosavleT ferdobebze. reliefwarmomqmneli procesi ukav-

Sirdeba erozias da denudacias. geologiurad agebulia meta-

morfuli qanebiT. klimati zomierad Tbili da humiduria. nia-

dagebi — tyis yomrali, romlis saSualo simZlavre 30 — 50 sm-ia,

meqanikuri Semadgenloba ki saSualo Tixnari. mcenareuli safa-

ri saSualod transformirebulia, kargadaa Semonaxuli Tbili-

sis erovnuli parkis farglebSi. landSaftis farglebSi

mdebareobs jvris monasteri.

8) qveda mTis eroziul-de-

nudaciuri landSafti

muxnari (qarTuli muxis),

rcxilnar-muxnari tyee-

biT mdebareobs mcxeTidan

dasavleTiT, TrialeTis

qedis CrdiloeT da aRmo-

savleT ferdobebze. re-

liefwarmomqmneli proce-

si ukavSirdeba erozias da denudacias. geologiurad agebulia

metamorfuli qanebiT. klimati zomierad Tbili da humiduria,

gardamavali semihumidurisken. niadagebi — tyis yomrali, rom-

lis saSualo simZlavre 30 — 50 sm-ia, meqanikuri Semadgenloba ki

saSualo Tixnari. mcenareuli safari saSualod transformire-

bulia. landSaftis farglebSi mdebareobs bagineTis arqeolo-

giuri saiti.


167

9) qveda mTis eroziul-de-

nudaciuri landSafti jag-

rcxilnar-muxnari, muxnari

tyeebiTa da meoreuli Sib-

liakiT mdebareobs mcxeTis

istoriuli landSaftidan

CrdiloeTiT da Crdilo-

aRmosavleTiT, alevis da

qarTlis qedis samxreT ferdobebze. reliefwarmomqmneli pro-

cesi ukavSirdeba erozias da denudacias. geologiurad agebu-

lia metamorfuli qanebiT. klimati zomierad Tbili da humidu-

ri, gardamavali semihumidurisken. niadagebi — tyis yomrali,

romlis saSualo simZlavre 30 — 50 sm-ia, meqanikuri Semadgenlo-

ba ki saSualo Tixnari. mcenareuli safari saSualod transfor-

mirebulia. 10) saSualo mTis eroziul-

denudaciuri landSafti,

wiflnari, rcxilnar-muxna-

ri (qarTuli muxis), rcxil-

nari tyeebiT da tyisSemdgo-

mi mdeloebiTa da mdelo-

buCqnarebiT mdebareobs

mcxeTidan samxreT-dasavle-

TiT, TrialeTis qedis saSu-

alo mTian nawilSi. reliefwarmomqmneli procesi ukavSirdeba

erozias da denudacias. geologiurad agebulia metamorfuli

qanebiT. klimati zomierad Tbili da humiduria. niadagebi —

tyis yomrali, romlis saSualo simZlavre 30 — 50 sm-ia,

meqanikuri Semadgenloba ki

saSualo Tixnari. mcenareu-

li safari TiTqmis SenarCu-

nebulia.

11) saSualo mTis eroziul-

denudaciuri wiflnari lan-

dSafti, iSiaTad fiWvnari

(kavkasiuri fiWvis) tyeebiT

nodar elizbaraSvili

168

mdebareobs mcxeTidan aRmosavleTiT, qarTlis qedis dasavleT

ferdobebze, saSualo mTebSi. reliefwarmomqmneli procesi ukav-

Sirdeba erozias da denudacias. geologiurad agebulia metamor-

fuli qanebiT. klimati zomierad Tbili da humiduria. niadagebi —

tyis yomrali, romlis saSualo simZlavre 30 — 50 sm-ia, meqanikuri

Semadgenloba ki saSualo Tixnari. mcenareuli safari saSualod

transformirebulia.

mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis farglebSi garkveuli

cvlilebebi ganxorcielda XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rac, Zi-

riTadad, aisaxa bunebrivi landSaftebis (gansakuTrebiT mcena-

reulobis) degradaciaze. miuxedavad amisa, warmodgenili lan-

dSaftebis struqtura, funqcionireba da ekologiuri maxasia-

Teblebi (reliefis formebi, hava, niadagebi, hidrologiuri re-

Jimi) inarCuneben im Taviseburebebs, rac maTTvis iyo damaxasia-

Tebeli ukanaskneli 4-5 aTasi wlis manZilze. bunebrivi lan-

dSaftebis aRdgena Seferxebulia, rac ukavSirdeba teritoriis

aridizaciis maRal maCveneblebs.

mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis sakanonmdeblo

regulireba da misi sivrciTi Taviseburebani

saqarTveloSi garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobiT da saerTa-

Soriso konvenciebiT gansazRvrulia mTeli rigi regulaciebi,

rac aisaxa mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis dagegmarebisas. mi-

si geografiuli Taviseburebebidan da iuneskos rekomendacie-

bidan gamomdinare, aucilebeli xdeba iseTi kanonebis gaTvalis-

wineba, romelic daaregulirebs bunebrivi garemos da resurse-

bis gamoyenebas, ganapirobebs bunebis calkeuli komponentebis

dacvas, xels Seuwyobs geodinamikuri procesebis prevencias,

saSualebas mogvcems gaviTvaliswinoT evropis landSafturi

konvenciis moTxovnebi.

amgvar sakanonmdeblo regulaciebs, upirveles yovlisa, mi-

ekuTvneba Semdegi kanonebi:

tyis kodeqsi;

sanapiro zolis regulirebis Sesaxeb;

miwis resursebis Sesaxeb;


169

niadagebis konservaciis Sesaxeb;

kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb;

daculi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb;

garemoze zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb;

garemos dacvis Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsiT

gansazRvruli regulaciebi

`saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi~ (miRebuli 1999 wels) areguli-

rebs saqarTvelos tyis fondisa da misi resursebis movlasTan,

dacvasTan, aRdgenasa da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul samar-

Tlebriv urTierTobebs. mis urT-erT umniSvnelovanes movale-

obas saqarTvelos tyis fondis dacva warmoadgens. tyis Wris we-

sebis Tanaxmad, mTavari sargeblobis Wrebi ar SeiZleba ganxor-

cieldes mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis Semdeg arealebSi:

dacul landSaftebSi, sakurorto zonis tyeebSi, mwvane zonis

tyeebSi (daculi, bunebrivi an xelovnuri tye, romelic dasvene-

bis da sanitarul-sakurorto daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba), gansa-

kuTrebuli dacviTi mniSvnelobis mqone tyis ubnebSi, romel-

Tac miekuTvneba saxelmwifo dacviTi tyis zolebi, bunebrivi an

xelovnuri nargaobebi, romlebic dasaxlebuli punqtebis, rki-

nigzis da saavtomobilo gzebis, arxebis, savargulebis da mdina-

reTa wylis regulirebis mizniTaa Seqmnili), Walis tyeebSi (mdi-

nareTa xeobebSi gavrcelebuli tyeebi, romlebic sezonurad

itboreba), mdinareebis, tbebis, wyalsacavebis gaswvriv 300 m si-

ganis napirdamcavi tyis ubnebSi, rkinigzis da saavtomobilo

gzebis gaswvriv 100 m siganis zolebSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amJamad, mcxeTis kulturuli lan-

dSaftis arealSi moqceuli tyiani landSaftebis udidesi nawi-

li, misi gamoyenebis formebiT, pirdapiraa darRveuli tyis ko-

deqsiT gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi regulaciebi.

nodar elizbaraSvili

170

wylis resursebis sakanonmdeblo regulireba

mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis mniSvnelovani Semadgene-

li nawilia md. mtkvrisa da md. aragvis akvatoriebi. maT didi

mniSvneloba aqvs mcxeTis mosaxleobis xelsayreli bunebrivi

pirobebis uzrunvelyofis da bunebrivi garemos SenarCunebis

saqmeSi.

saqarTveloSi wylis resursebis dacvisa da gamoyenebis

sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTad dokuments warmoad-

gens saqarTvelos kanoni `wylis Sesaxeb~ da kanoni `saqarTve-

los zRvis, wyalsatevebisa da mdinareTa napirebis regulirebi-

sa da sainJinro dacvis Sesaxeb~. es ukanaskneli miRebulia 2000

wels, gansazRvravs wyalsatevebisa da mdinareebis sanapiro zo-

lis racionaluri gamoyenebis samarTlebriv statuss da uzrun-

velyofs maT mdgradobas. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT akrZa-

lulia mdinareTa kalapotidan inertuli masalis mopoveba,

garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca igi xorcieldeba mdinareTa regu-

lirebis an napirformirebis marTvis mizniT.

mdinareTa wyaldacviT zolad miCneulia misi mimdebare te-

ritoria, romelSic myardeba specialuri reJimi wylis resur-

sebis dabinZurebis, danagvianebis, molamvisa da daSretisagan

dacvis mizniT. wyaldacviT zolSi SeiZleba moxvdes mdinaris

mSrali kalapoti, misi mimdebare terasebi, SemaRlebuli da ci-

caboferdiani bunebrivi napirebi.

mdinare mtkvrisa da aragvis wyaldacviTi zolis sigane,

radgan maTi sigrZe aRemateba 100 kilometrs, aiTvleba mdinaris

kalapotis kididan orive mxares 50 metris farglebSi. am zolSi

akrZalulia: mSenebloba an moqmedi sawarmoebis gafarToeba da

rekonstruqcia, sayofacxovrebo, sameurneo da samrewvelo

narCenebis dagroveba, dasawyobeba an damarxva.

miwis resursebis da misi dacvis

sakononmdeblo uzrunvelyofa

saqarTvelos kanoniT `niadagebis konservaciisa da nayofie-

rebis aRdgena-gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb~ regulirdeba: 1. niadagis


171

konservacia da nayofierebis aRdgena-gaumjobeseba; eroziis,

Rvarcofis, mewyeris, zvavis, wyaldilobis, niadagis dabinZure-

bis, ganmeorebiTi daWaobebisa da damlaSebis, samSeneblo masa-

lebis Ria wesiT mopovebis, agreTve, anTropogenuli zemoqmede-

bis Sedegad niadagebis danakargebis aRkveTa; 2. mlaSobi, bicobi,

daWaobebuli, erozirebuli, mJave, Zlierdaqvianebuli da sxva

dabalnayofieri niadagebis nayofierebis aRdgena-gaumjobeseba

da racionaluri gamoyeneba.

mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis farglebSi warmodgeni-

lia niadagebTan dakavSirebuli problematikis da niadagebis

gamoyenebis ramdenime forma, romelTa prevencia integrirdeba

kulturuli landSaftis funqciuri zonirebisa da dagegmare-

bis meSveobiT.

saqarTvelos kanoni

kulturuli memkvidreobis Sesaxeb

kanonis mizania saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis

(faseulobis) dacva da am sferoSi warmoSobili samarTlebrivi

winaaRmdegobebis mowesrigeba. misi moqmedeba vrceldeba saqar-

Tvelos teritoriaze da sazRvargareT arsebul kulturul

memkvidreobaze.

kulturul faseulobas miekuTvneba SemoqmedebiTi proce-

sis Sedegad, nebismieri masaliTa da saSualebiT, nebismier is-

toriul epoqaSi Seqmnili uZravi an moZravi nivTi, romelsac

aqvs mxatvruli, esTetikuri, eTnologiuri, arqeologiuri, is-

toriuli, religiuri, memorialuri, mecnieruli, teqnikuri,

teqnologiuri Rirebuleba. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis

qveS igulisxmeba samarTlebriv, samecniero-kvleviT, sareabi-

litacio, sainformacio da saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebaTa er-

Toblioba, romlis mizania kulturuli memkvidreobis sruli

mravalferovnebiT SenarCuneba da misi mdgradi ganviTarebis

uzrunvelyofa. Zeglis dacvis ZiriTadi principia misTvis im

Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis, uZravi Zeglis SemTxvevaSi —

aseve im garemos SenarCuneba, romlebic (an romelic) ganapiro-

nodar elizbaraSvili

172

bebs mis istoriul, kulturul, memorialur, eTnologiur,

mxatvrul, esTetikur, mecnierul an sxva Rirebulebas.

kulturuli memkvidreobis damcavi zonebis struqtura

Sedgeba Zeglis individualuri damcavi zonisa (maT Soris: Zeg-

lis fizikuri dacvis areali da Zeglis vizualuri dacvis area-

li) da zogadi damcavi zonebisagan (maT Soris: istoriuli gana-

Senianebis dacvis zona, ganaSenianebis regulirebis zona, isto-

riuli landSaftis dacvis zona).

kulturuli memkvidreobis damcavi zonis miznebia: mis

sazRvrebSi arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis, maT Soris

Zeglebis, kulturuli Rirebulebis mqone urbanuli qsovilisa

da calkeuli Senoba-nagebobebis, istoriuli ganaSenianebis, qu-

CaTa qselis, gegmarebiTi struqturis, istoriuli landSaftis

da arqeologiuri obieqtebis arasasurveli zemoqmedebisagan

dacva; mis sazRvrebSi arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis bu-

nebrivi, istoriuli, esTetikuri da ekologiuri garemos, misi

avTentikuri elementebis, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli xedebi-

sa da panoramebis, aseve im socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturu-

li konteqstis SenarCuneba, romelic xels Seuwyobs Zeglisa da

misi garemos dacvasa da mdgrad ganviTarebas; Zeglis, rogorc

istoriis mowmis, rolis SenarCunebas.

mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis funqciuri zonirebisa da

dagegmarebisas gaTvaliswinebul iqna ganxiluli kanonis yvela

moTxovna.

saqarTvelos kanoni `daculi

teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb~

kanonis mixedviT ganixileba daculi teritoriebis 6 kate-

goriis daarsebis pirobebi da moTxovnebi. aq gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas, dagegmarebis masStabebidan gamomdinare, iqcevs

daculi landSaftis kategoria. igi SeiZleba daarsdes erovnu-

li mniSvnelobis mqone, maRali esTetikuri RirebulebiT gamor-

Ceuli rogorc bunebrivi, aseve adamianisa da bunebrivi garemos

harmoniuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli buneb-

riv-kulturuli landSaftis dasacavad sasicocxlo garemos


173

SenarCunebis, rekreaciul-turistuli da tradiciuli sameur-

neo saqmianobisTvis.

daculi landSafti saWiroebs erovnuli mniSvnelobis mqone

farTo saxmeleTo teritorias an akvatorias, sadac TviTmyofa-

di bunebriv-kulturuli landSafti gamoirCeva maRali isto-

riuli da esTetikuri RirebulebiT. igi SeiZleba Sediodes sxva

daculi teritoriis (biosferuli rezervati, msoflio memkvi-

dereobis ubani) SemadgenlobaSi an moicavdes SedarebiT mcire

farTobis mqone dacul teritorias (mag., bunebis Zegls).

mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis farglebSi SesaZlebelia

gamoiyos ramdenime daculi landSafti, romelic moicavs maRal

bunebriv da istoriul faseulobebs.

saerTaSoriso konvenciebiT gansazRvruli

sivrciTi regulaciebi

evropis landSafturi konvencia

evropis landSafturi konvencia warmoaCens landSaftis

gansakuTrebul rols sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis iseT mimar-

TulebebSi, rogoricaa: kultura, ekologia, garemosdacviTi da

socialuri sferoebi, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da dagegmareba.

evropis landSafturi konvencia erTgvarad universaluri saka-

nonmdeblo aqtia, romelic iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso done-

ze arsebuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebis teqstebs bunebrivi

da kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvisa da marTvis, regionuli

da sivrcobrivi dagegmarebis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa

da transsasazRvro TanamSromlobis sferoSi.

evropis landSafturi konvenciis mTavari mizania landSaf-

tebis xarisxis da mravalferovnebis SenarCuneba, evropis qvey-

nebis TanamSromloba yvela landSaftis dacvis, marTvisa da da-

gegmarebis mizniT. evropis landSafturi konvenciis ZiriTadi

postulatebis mixedviT gawerilia is qmedebebi, rac emsaxureba

mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis dacvas, marTvasa da dagegma-

rebas. kerZod (Naturschutz mit schwerpunkt landschafttsplanung, 2006):

`landSaftis dacva~ — qmedeba, romelic mimarTulia lan-

dSaftis mniSvnelovani an damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis konserva-

nodar elizbaraSvili

174

ciasa da SenarCunebaze, rac gamarTlebulia misi memkvidreobiTi

RirebulebiT, romelic warmoSobilia misi bunebrivi konfigura-

ciidan da/an adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebidan;

`landSaftis marTva~ — mdgradi ganviTarebis perspeqtivis

gaTvaliswinebuli qmedeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs landSaf-

tis regularul movlas ise, rom moxdes socialuri, ekonomiku-

ri da garemoSi mimdinare procesebiT gamowveuli cvlilebebis

marTva da harmonizacia;

`landSaftis dagegmareba~ — gadamwyveti, maT Soris, gamiz-

nuli qmedebebi landSaftebis gaumjobesebis, ganviTarebis an

Senarunebis mizniT.

ramsaris konvencia

saqarTvelo ramsaris konvencias 1996 wels miuerTda. igi

ramdenime aTeuli welia globaluri masStabiT uwyobs xels

Warbteniani teritoriebis `gonivruli gamoyenebis~ ideis rea-

lur ganxorcielebas. mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis areal-

Si jerovnadaa warmodgenili Warbteniani landSaftebi, romle-

bic adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad Zlier degradire-

bulia. es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa mdinare aragvis orive na-

piris gaswvriv da mdinare mtkvris marjvenanapireTSi.

konvencia aramaterialuri kulturuli

memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelo konvencias miuerTda 2007 wels. igi iTvaliswi-

nebs mWidro urTierTkavSirs aramaterialur da materialur

kulturul memkvidreobas, agreTve bunebiv memkvidreobas So-

ris. `aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreoba~ moicavs ze-

pirsityvierebis adaT-wesebs, warmosaxvisa da gamoxatvis for-

mebs, codnasa da unar-Cvevebs, aseve maTTan dakavSirebul saSua-

lebebs, sagnebs, artefaqtebs da kulturul sivrceebs. aramate-

rialuri kulturuli memkvidreoba mudmiv ganaxlebas ganicdis

maTi garemo pirobebis, bunebasTan maTi urTierTqmedebisa da

istoriis Sesabamisad.


175

mcxeTis kulturuli landSafti moicavs sakmao raodenobis

aramaterialur kulturul memkvidreobas, rac, ZiriTadad,

qristianul religiasTan da masTan gaigivebul adaT-wesebTanaa

dakavSirebuli. amgvari memkvidreobis dacva, ZiriTadad, xor-

cieldeba misi sicocxlisunarianobis, kvlevis, SenarCunebis,

popularizaciisa da misi rolis amaRlebis, maT mniSvnelobaze

yuradRebis gamaxvilebis mizniT adgilobriv, erovnul da saer-

TaSoriso doneze.

dabolos, mcxeTis kulturuli landSaftis farglebSi kla-

sificirebisa da samarTlebrivi regulaciebis gansazRvris Se-

degad gamoiyo 10 zonaluri tipi, romlebSic warmodgenilia 16

erTeuli. isini gansxvavdebian istoriuli, kulturuli, sameur-

neo da ekologiuri daniSnulebiT. esenia:

1. mcxeTis istoriuli landSafti;

2. mcxeTis istoriuli landSaftis buferuli zona;

3. Walis tyis landSafti — ramsaris konvenciis saiti — 2

erTeuli;

4. arqeologiuri landSafti (saiti) — 2 erTeuli;

5. garemosdacviTi landSafti — 4 erTeuli;

6. buferuli landSafti;

7. degradirebuli landSafti (saWiroebs gaumjobesebas) —

2 erTeuli;

8. daculi landSafti;

9. sasoflo-sameurneo landSafti (saWiroebs ganviTarebas);

10. esTetikuri landSafti — 2 erTeuli.

aRniSnuli zonireba, romelic ganxilul iqna iuneskos spe-

cialuri komisiis sxdomaze 2014 wlis TebervalSi, misaRebad Ca-

iTvala da mowoneba daimsaxura.


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sali~, Tb., 2008, 207 gv.

2. n. elizbaraSvili n. (i. devnozaSvilis TanaavtorobiT). geogra-

fiuli kvanZebi. Jurn. saqarTvelos geografia, 4, gamomc.

Tsu, Tb., 2005.

nodar elizbaraSvili

176

3. n. elizbaraSvili n. landSafturi dagegmarebis geoekologiuri

safuZvlebi. Tb., gamomc. `universali~, Tb., 2005, 300 gv.

4. European Landscape Convention. Opening for signature on 20 October

2000, European Treaty Series – No.176, 9 p., Florence. Http://conven-

tions.coe.int

5. Naturschutz mit schwerpunkt landschafttsplanung (2006). Deutsch-

Russisch-Englisches sachworterbuch. Bonn-Berlin-Hannover-Moskau-

Irkutsk. -191 pp.

6. Protection of landscapes. Dictionary. – M., 1982,-271 pp. (In Russian)

7. Biological and Landscape Diversity of Georgia, (2000). Proceedings of the

First National Conference. -Tbilisi, 312 pp.

Nodar Еlizbarashvili

Professor


Geographical knot Mtskheta and legal features of her regulation

Resume

Features of landscape planning of the historical and cultural environment of

the oldest capital of Georgia – the city of Mtskheta are addressed in the article.

Thus, actually for the first time in Georgia, the process of studying, functional

zoning and planning of historical and cultural landscapes began. The features

defined on the basis of landscape planning of the city of Mtskheta: 1. show uni-

versal value of monuments of the world heritage and 2. Create conditions of

protection and rehabilitation of a cultural landscape. For preservation, reha-

bilitations and sustainability development of a historical landscape of Mtskheta,

some principles are defined: Reduction of risk, preservation of stability and

preservation of landscape diversity.

The article considers spatial regulation, determined by the nature protection

legislation of Georgia (the forest code, the law on preservation of soils, on con-

servation, cultural heritage, etc.) and the international conventions (The Euro-

pean landscape convention, the convention on protection of non-material cul-

tural heritage).

Interdisciplinary Approach and Hybrid Policy to Maritime Piracy

177

Nino Kereselidze

PHD student

University of St Andrews, UK

Interdisciplinary Approach and

Hybrid Policy to Maritime Piracy

Maritime piracy recurring over the last decades poses significant risk to

human life, safety of shipping, and international security. Several disciplines,

particularly International Relations, economics, legal studies, development

studies, and gender studies try to explain such form of transnational crime. On

policy level, economic and social approaches were taken into account when a

maritime nation of Georgia tackled the issue of the Georgian and Turkish

seafarers taken hostage in 2010 by the Somali pirates in the Gulf of Aden/Horn

of Africa (GOA/HOA) region that the paper aims to explore as an empirical

case study. This is a unique case because similar to other maritime nations

facing piracy, but unlike other maritime powers, the state having no experience

of dealing with piracy, effectively responded to this issue. Since then Georgia

has joined campaign against piracy initiated by governments and launched by

the United Nations (UN) specialized agency International Maritime Orga-

nization (IMO) at its 27th Assembly Session in November 2011.

This paper poses a question what has been the nature of modern piracy at sea

and what policy approach can address this issue? The paper argues that a single

discipline is unable to comprehend the nature of this transnational phenomenon

and it is the interdisciplinary theoretical approach and a hybrid policy stance that

can explain and deal with maritime piracy. Hybrid policy that Georgia took resting

on the interdisciplinary study can explain the puzzle posed in this paper. In

developing this argument, the first section overviews theoretical approaches

towards maritime piracy, the next section of this paper moves on to examine how

Georgia engaged to release the seafarers. The final section concludes.

To define piracy at sea, an armed robbery as a form of organised crime,

following the European Security Strategy (ESS) which is the core document

Nino Kereselidze

178

drafted by the European Union (EU),1 has changed its nature transforming into

transnational crime performed by non-state actors. The research draws on methods

of data collection including literature review, document analysis, interviews and

elements of personal observation. The research on the case confronted limitations

of primary data gathering taking into account sensitivity of the case.

Interdisciplinary Scope to the

Study of the Maritime Piracy

Interdisciplinary approach can shed clarity to complex question of

maritime piracy on the theoretical level. Interdisciplinarity allows deeper

understanding and reveals previously unexplored angles of complex phenomena

which include economic and social reasons for piracy. In terms of Karl Popper,

as problems cut right across the borders of subject matter or a discipline, it is

essential to integrate several disciplines to produce synthesised knowledge.2

Interdisciplinary approach can position epistemological work based on the way

reality is practiced and produces knowledge. When exploring piracy with the

cross-disciplinary stance, unique insights can be gained to understand nuanced

meaning. State-of-the-art from different disciplines, challenging traditional

views, points to creative ways for solving theoretical and practical problems. As

John Gerring rightly points out, even though epistemological relativism exists,

interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary standards are applied to social sciences.3

Interdisciplinary research is thus a cognitive tool that handles questions of

fundamental understanding, and an instrumental tool which aims at problem-

solving. Interdisciplinary research in academia has become reference point for

policy makers that can inform policy research.

In International Relations, the realist school of thought takes state-centric

approach and focuses on states’ ability to exercise power and to check organized

crime. This line of reasoning supports one of the current solutions to enhance

security on vessels entering the territory of port/coastal states by introducing

military assets and private armed forces. The liberal approach favours

1 Council of the European Union, “A Secure Europe in a Better World: European

Security Strategy,” Brussels, 2003, Accessed 30-12-12, http://www.consilium.euro-pa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf, 4-5.

2 Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations (London: Routledge, 1963), 88. 3 John Gerring, Social Science Methodology: A Criterial Framework (Cambridge: Cam-

bridge University Press,2001), 4.


179

cooperation among governments to ensure safety at sea. Maritime nations facing

the danger of piracy need to cooperate among each other to counter piracy. Such

cooperation is translated in patrols at sea, joint coordination among cost guards,

and exchange of information. Transnational governance goes beyond the state-

centric approach and detects the changing nature of organized crime. This raises

a question how states can respond to transnational crime exercised by the non-

state actors. Expedient response can be achieved with close involvement on

intergovernmental and supranational levels.

Apart from the realist and liberal perspectives, legal approach emphases

rules of international law concerning piracy and maritime regulations. Most

notable among such regulations are the Code of Conduct concerning the

Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in the Western Indian

Ocean and the Gulf of Aden (Djibouti Code) (2009), and Regional Cooperation

Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia

(ReCAAP) (2004). Since 2008 the UN Security Council has adopted 13

resolutions on counter-piracy actions. The SC/RES 1851 established Contact

Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS) in 2009. This legislative

framework has created harmonized counter piracy legislation and law enforce-

ment mechanisms among the regional countries.

Besides legal premises, economic dimension takes into account effects of

piracy on industry including international shipping community, maritime

transportation, and global trade. According to the World Bank report, beyond the

human tragedy, piracy in the GOA/HOA is estimated to be costing world

economy USD 18 billion every year.1Armed groups after seizing vessels demand

ransom for them and their crews with payments increasing from USD 150,000 in

2005 to USD 5.4 million in 2010.2From here follows taking anti-piracy measures

by ship owners and operators in industries.3Development approach points to

sustainable economic development and foreign aid as a primary course of action

to eradicate poverty that nurtures crime. Gender is more attuned to human

1 World Bank, “The Pirates of Somalia: Ending the Threat Rebuilding a Nation,”

Washington: World Bank, 2013, Accessed 17-06-14, http://www.worldbank.org/afri-ca/piratesofsomalia.

2 Anna Bowden, “The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy,” Royal United Services Insti-tute for Defence and Security Studies, London: RUSI, 2011, Accessed 17-06-14, https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/Anna_Bowden_%5BCompatibility_Mode%5D.pdf.

3 Lloyds’ Register, “Anti-piracy Measures for Ship owners and Operators Developed by Industries: A Summary of Vessel and Crew Protection Procedures,” Horizons 2011 (September): 22.

Nino Kereselidze

180

insecurity by looking at the underlying root causes for the pirates, vulnerability of

seafarers and aid dependency. According to gender approach, whilst maritime

nations understand the importance of collaborative actions to respond to piracy, by

depicting the phenomenon as the human threat of XXI century and by demonizing

the fisherman-cum-pirates shifts the narratives away from the root causes. Such

narratives do not sufficiently attribute attention to seafarers who belong to the

marginalized group of people facing the perils of sea on a daily basis and

experience anguish inflicted to them and their families when captured by pirates.

These disciplines can shed clarity to theoretical underpinnings to maritime

piracy. Because a single discipline can not explain this complex phenomenon, it

is through the dialogue among the disciplines that the nature of modern piracy

can be comprehended. On a policy level, an integrated approach can hence

encourage thinking about creative comprehensive solutions to the issue of

piracy. Hybridism rests in selecting and applying the elements of explanations

from the IR, economics, legal and gender studies. Such hybrid approach can

beyond academia be adopted in policy research by governmental, intergovern-

mental, nongovernmental organizations, and research institutions.

Hybrid Policy Expedited by the IMO and the EU

Over 20 years piracy has posed significant risk to international society.

Besides threat to the seafarers, piracy affects international shipping industry. As

Peter Lehr put it, response to maritime terrorism has been hampered with

sovereignty, the laws of the sea, and international coordination.1 Maritime

nations facing danger of piracy understand the urgency for cooperation among

governments, international and intergovernmental organizations, and shipping

industry. Safety at sea is hence declared to be an ultimate obligation for all

stakeholders involved in maritime affairs. With joint efforts international society

will be able to respond to piracy expediently.

The IMO, having responsibility for safety and security of shipping was the first

to raise the urgency of the issue. The question has been how governments either as

flag States, coastal States, port States or States whose nationals are employed as

seafarers should deal with piracy. As declared at the 27th Assembly Session of the

IMO in 2011, countries need to commit to support campaign with coordinated

1 Peter Lehr, Violence at Sea: Piracy in the Age of Global Terrorism (London: Routle-

dge, 2007).


181

action against piracy. In the scope of campaigns such as celebrating the World

Maritime Day themed “Piracy: Orchestrating the Response” in 2011, the message of

the IMO Secretary-General Efthimios Mitropoulos was that alliances of states,

military forces, and shipping companies had a part to play to respond to piracy.1 The

same message does point out that “although piracy manifests itself at sea, the roots

of the problem are to be found ashore.”2In 2011 the IMO Maritime Safety

Committee (MSC) released MSC.1/Circ.1405 Interim Guidance on the Use of

Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP)3 which addressed

management of the PCASP and Private Maritime Security Company (PMSC), and

the Rules for the Use of Force (RUF). Introducing such security being subject to

diverse legal regimes has raised the need for a high level policy debate.

Another intergovernmental organization that took this debate further was the

International Transport Forum (ITF)at the Organisation for Economic Co-operati-

on and Development (OECD). At the ITF annual summit in 2012, Ministers’

Roundtable on Piracy at Sea after discussing a threat of piracy off the coast of

Somalia to maritime transportation industry concluded in its joint statement that

the short-term solution for containing piracy would be advanced security on ships

and sustainable solution would be stability in Somalia.4 An expert attending the

summit accounts that the Georgian side supported this stance.5Such integrated

approach on both discourse and legislative levels has demonstrated an attempt to

apply aspects from across the disciplines for policy solutions.

Nowadays nearly 40 countries are involved in military counter-piracy

operations through supranational entities. Most notable among them is the North

Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) that set up Standing Naval Maritime

Group in 2005 and the counter piracy mission Operation Ocean Shield in 2009.

In contrast with the NATO, significance of the EU’s approach rests in the

1 International Maritime Organization, “World Maritime Day 2011 – “Piracy: Orchestrating the

Response,” Briefing, London: IMO, 2011, Accessed 7-06-14, http://www.imo.org/Me-diaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/49-WMD-2011.aspx#.U5cZ5lNgu3o.

2 IMO, Briefing, 2011. 3 International Maritime Organization, “Interim Guidance to Ship owners, Ship Opera-

tors and Shipmasters on the Use of Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel (PCASP) on Board Ships in the High Risk Area,” MSC.1/Circ.1405, London: IMO, 2011, Accessed 14-06-14, http://www.imo.org/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/Pages/27-MSC-89-piracy.aspx#.U6BO3lNgu3o.

4 Cf: International Transport Forum, Ministers’ Roundtable: Piracy at Sea, Joint Statement, Annual Summit, 2012, Accessed 15-06-14, 2012.internationaltransportfo-rum.org/sites/itforum2012/files/documents/en/PiracyAtSea.pdf.

5 Interview 1.

Nino Kereselidze

182

circumstance that the EU involved non-member states in its global crisis

management operations in maritime affairs. Underlining the threat of maritime

piracy in its Security Strategy, the EU stated:

“Europe is a prime target for organised crime. This internal threat to our

security has an important external dimension. … A new dimension to organised

crime which will merit further attention is the growth in maritime piracy.”1

Based on this strategy, in 2008 the EU launched military operation Euro-

pean Union Naval Force Somalia (EU NAVFOR Atlanta) mandated to protect

vessels with humanitarian aid and redress acts of piracy.2 Most importantly,

with relevance to involvement of the EU’s eastern neighbouring countries such

as Georgia in its oversees crisis management operations, in 2012 under the

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) the EU invited Georgia to

participate in its three new operations one with maritime focus – European

Union Regional Maritime Capacity Building for the Horn of Africa and the

Western Indian Ocean (EUCAP Nestor). At the Vilnius Summit of Eastern

Partnership (EaP) in November 2013, the parties signed a Framework

Participation Agreement on Georgia’s contribution in EU’s crisis management

operations creating permanent legal basis for Georgia’s involvement in the EU

missions.3 Following the realist tenets, Georgia’s contribution to maritime

capacity building missions also enhances national capacity.

Response to Piracy from a Maritime Nation of Georgia

At the IMO 27th Assembly Session, Georgia shared its commitment to

support governments’ actions against piracy. This policy followed the state’s

experience in the counter-piracy measures on the ad hoc basis. Neither did the

state have previous experience of dealing with piracy nor did it have a

contingency approach for such instances. Liberation of the Georgian seafarers

held captive by the pirates for more than a year rendered incentive to the

Government of Georgia to share its experience.

1 Council of the European Union, “European Security Strategy,” 4-5. 2 European Union External Action Service, Completed Missions and Operations, Ongo-

ing Missions and Operations, Brussels: EEAS, 2014, Accessed 23-04-14, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/csdp/index_en.htm.

3 European Union External Action Service, EU and Georgia Sign Framework Agreement on Participation in EU Crisis Management Operations, Press Release 131129/02, 29 November 2013, Vilnius, Accessed 29-11-13, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/state-ments/docs/2013/131129_02_en.pdf.


183

It was on 8 September 2010 when the crew of Malta-flagged cargo ship

“Olib G” on board with 15 Georgian and 3 Turkish seafarers was seized by the

Somali pirates near the Gulf of Aden while on route from the port of Alexan-

dria, Egypt to Alang, India. The pirates initially demanded ransom for the seafa-

rers, but since the ship owner refused to pay, the families of the seafarers sought

assistance from the state. For their release, the President of Georgia commissi-

oned the Special Representative, Deputy Minister of Economy and Sustainable

Development of Georgia in charge of negotiations that entailed international me-

chanisms.1The team setting off to Kenya, managed to negotiate on 6 January 2012

that ended with liberating 18 captives and transferring them safely on board the

rescue vessel controlled by the Government of Georgia to the safe port of

Mombasa on the night of 12 January where the seafarers received the first aid.

They were first transported to Istanbul, Turkey where 3 Turkish seafarers were

brought to the Prime Minister of Turkey and the Georgian seafarers were then

taken to Batumi, Georgia.2Having gone through complexity of the release, a

negotiator accentuates the necessity to cooperate with all stakeholders to counter

piracy.3 In addition, liberation was considered remarkable as Georgia was one of

those few nations which managed to have its nationals freed with negotiations.

The country apart from engaging in collaborative actions for addressing

transnational crime, on the national level took an array of measures to protect

rights of the seafarers. This primarily included enhancing supervision on the

crewing companies with amendments in the Maritime Code of Georgia in 2012.4

Apart from that, approximation of the Georgian legislation with the European

rules and regulations, notably the Association Agreement (AA) initialled in

2013, provides for protection of social and labour rights of the seafarers. In

addition, the EU Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia (TRACECA)

Maritime Safety and Security II Project envisaging gradual alignment of the

Georgian legislation with the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) is toadvance

1 24 Saati (24 Hours Newspaper), “Tamashi khut dapaze: Saidumlo operatsia kartvel

mezgvaurta gamosakhsnelad” (Game on Five Boards: Secret Operation for Releasing the Georgian Seafarers), 18 March 2012, Tbilisi, Accessed 17-06-14, http://www.24hours.ge/weekend/story/26429-tamashi-khut-dafaze, (in Georgian).

2 1 Arkhi (Channel 1), “Somaleli mekobreebis mier datkvevebuli kartvelebi gaatavisup-les” (“Georgian Captives Released from the Somali Pirates”), 9 January 2012, Tbilisi, Accessed 6-06-14, http://1tv.ge/news-view/33566, (in Georgian).

3 Interview 2. 4 President of Georgia, Maritime Code of Georgia, № 715-IIS, Tbilisi, 1997, Accessed 19-06-14,

https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=29908&lang=ge#, Art. 691.

Nino Kereselidze

184

safety of employment for the seafarers to avoid navigation at high risk areas.

This section revealed that the hybrid policy that Georgia has taken draws on the

IR, economics, legal and development studies.

Conclusion

Maritime piracy poses an imminent risk to human life and safety of

shipping. This paper has delved into the previously unexplored area of piracy

drawing on interdisciplinary approach and empirical case of responding to

piracy against the Georgian seafarers from a state’s side. The paper has proven

that because a single discipline is unable to comprehend the nature of modern

piracy, there is a need for an interdisciplinary approach to study maritime pi-

racy. The case of how Georgia negotiated release of the seafarers has constituted

a remarkable case for the research. The paper found that interdisciplinary theo-

retical premises and a hybrid policy approach to maritime piracy can constitute

solution that encompasses protection of ships, safeguarding the life at sea,

compliance with the recommended measures and addressing the root causes.

References

1. Council of the European Union. “A Secure Europe in a Better World:

European Security Strategy.” Brussels. 2003. Accessed on 30-12-12. At:

http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf.

2. Bowden, Anna. “The Economic Cost of Maritime Piracy.” Royal United

Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. London: RUSI. 2011.

Accessed on 17-06-14. At: https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/An-

na_Bowden_%5BCompatibility_Mode%5D.pdf.

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Operations, Ongoing Missions and Operations. Brussels: EEAS. 2014.

Accessed on 23-04-14. At: http://www.eeas.europa.eu/csdp/index_en.htm.

4. European Union External Action Service.EU and Georgia Sign Framework

Agreement on Participation in EU Crisis Management Operations.Press

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At: http://www.eeas.europa.eu/statements/docs/2013/131129_02_en.pdf.

5. Gerring, John. Social Science Methodology: A Criterial Framework.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.


185

6. International Maritime Organization.“Interim Guidance to Shipowners,

Ship Operators and Shipmasters on the Use of Privately Contracted Armed

Security Personnel (PCASP) on Board Ships in the High Risk Area.”

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piracy.aspx#.U6BO3lNgu3o.

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fings/Pages/49-WMD-2011.aspx#.U5cZ5lNgu3o.

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http://www.worldbank.org/africa/piratesofsomalia.

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view/33566.(In Georgian).

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tamashi-khut-dafaze.(In Georgian).

Nino Kereselidze

186

Interviews

Ketevan Salukvadze

Head of Transport Policy Department

Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia

19 June 2014, Tbilisi, Georgia

Captain Mamuka Akhaladze

Director, LEPL Maritime Transport Agency

Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia

24 June 2013, Batumi, Georgia

nino kereseliZe

doqtoranti

sent endrius universiteti, didi britaneTi

disciplinaTaSorisi midgoma da Serwymuli

politika sazRvao mekobreobis mimarT

reziume

sazRvao mekobreoba safrTxes uqmnis adamianis sicocxlesa

da naosnobis usafrTxoebas. evrokavSiris strategiis (ESS) Ta-

naxmad, mekobreoba saerTaSoriso safrTxes warmoadgens. sxva-

dasxva disciplina, kerZod, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, eko-

nomika, samarTalmcodneoba, ganviTarebis kvlevebi da, aseve,

genderuli kvlevebi bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi warmoSobi-

li transnacionaluri danaSaulis axsnas cdiloben.

aRniSnuli statiis mizania daadginos zRvaze mekobreobis

am axali formis buneba da ra saxis midgomaa saWiro aRniSnuli

problemis gadaWris mizniT. statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos,

rogorc sazRvao saxelmwifos empiriul magaliTze is ekonomi-

kuri da socialuri politika, rac gamoyenebul iqna somaleli

mekobreebis mier 2010 wels adenis yureSi igive afrikis rqis re-

gionSi (GOA/HOA) mZevlad ayvanili saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis

mezRvaurebis gasaTavisufleblad. es unikaluri SemTxvevaa, vi-


187

naidan sxva sazRvao qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelom, ro-

melsac mekobreobis winaaRmdeg brZolis gamocdileba ar hqon-

da, tyveebis gaTavisufleba warmatebuli molaparakebebis gziT

SeZlo. 2011 wels ki saqarTvelo SeurTda gaeros specializebu-

li dawesebulebis saerTaSoriso sazRvao organizaciis (UN

IMO) mier wamowyebul da saerTaSoriso transportis forumis

(ITF) ganviTarebul mekobreobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul mTavro-

baTaSoris kampanias. evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris 2014

wels xelmowerili asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ki uzrunvel-

yofs mezRvaurTa SromiTi uflebebis dacvas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom realizmis Teoriis mixedviT, yvelaze

qmediT pasuxad mekobreobis winaaRmdeg dauyovnebliv Zalismie-

ri qmedeba miiCneva, aRniSnulma statiam cxadyo, rom erT dis-

ciplinas ver Seswevs Tanamedrove mekobreobis bunebis axsna,

amitom disciplinaTaSorisi Teoria da Serwymuli (hibriduli)

politika sazRvao mekobreobis mimarT warmoadgens gamosavals

zRvaze xomaldebisa da sicocxlis uzrunvelsayofad, rekomen-

debuli zomebis misaRebad da mekobreobis gamomwvevi Zireuli

mizezebis aRmosafxvrelad.

giorgi kvinikaZe

188

giorgi kvinikaZe


geoekonomika da axali ekonomikuri geografia

1990-iani wlebis dasawyiSi geografiis, ekonomikis da poli-

tologiis zRvarze yalibdeba geoekonomika. geoekonomikis sa-

ganSi SeiniSneba ramodenime aspeqti, romelic erT kompleqsSi

aerTianebs ekonomikur geografias, Tanamedrove globalur

ekonomikas, politologias, konfliqtologiasa da marTvis sis-

temebis Teorias. mecnierebis am mimarTulebis sinTezi gan-

sazRvravs Tanamedrove geoekonomikas, romelic swavlobs: a)

ekonomikisa da sivrcis organul kavSirs; b) msoflios Zalismie-

ri dapirispirebis da konfliqtebis gadatanas samxedro poli-

tikuridan ekonomikur sibrtyeSi; g) ekonomikuri globalizaci-

is pirobebSi saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis strategias

da politikas; d) sxvadasxva ekonomikuri saqmianobis sivrcob-

riv lokalizacias (geografiuls da transgeografiuls); e) po-

litikisa da ekonomikis Serwymas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

sferoSi da am bazisze strategiuli urTierTqmedebisa da glo-

baluri xasiaTis kompleqsuri marTvis formirebas. (kvinika-

Ze:2008:32). rogorc vxedavT, ganuzomlad didia ekonomikuri ge-

ografiis roli geoekonomikis, rogorc multidisciplinaruli

mecnierebis formirebaSi, vinaidan ekonomikuri geografia mas

aZlevs sabaziso pozicias im nawilSi, sadac `moqmedebs~ siv-

rcobrivi ekonomika. sxva SemTxvevaSi geoekonomika emsgavseba

politikur ekonomikas. am mocemulobaSi ki misi arseboba da mo-

mavali kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeba. sxva sakiTxia is, rom geoeko-

nomika, Tavis mxriv, axal moTxovnebs uyenebs (imavdroulad an-

viTarebs) ekonomikur geografias im nawilSi, sadac ekonomikur

geografiuli segmenti yvelaze metad relevanturia. kerZod, es

exeba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri globalizaciis pirobebSi sa-


189

xelmwifos, regionebis, qalaqebis konkurentunarianobis stra-

tegiasa da politikas, meore mxriv, sxvadasxva tipis da zomis

ekonomikuri subieqtebis mier ganxorcielebuli ekonomikuri

saqmianobis sivrcobriv lokalizacias (geografiuls da tran-

sgeografiuls) Sromis geografiuli danawilebis axali tipo-

logiis safuZvelze. swored am sakiTxebis gaxsnaze vaxden fo-

kusirebas qvemomdebare statiaSi.

cnobilia, rom kvlevis sagani ganisazRvreba mocemul momen-

tSi gabatonebuli kvlevis paradigmiT. Tu adre ekonomikur ge-

ografias gansazRvravdnen, rogorc „ekonomikuri raionebis da

sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganlagebis“, „teritoriuli socia-

lur ekonomikuri sistemebis“ an „sazogadoebis cxovrebis regi-

onuli (teritoriuli) organizaciis“ Semswavlel mecnierebad,

axali mocemulobis Sesabamisad igi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, ro-

gorc: „geografiuli mecnierebis mimarTuleba, romelic sazo-

gadoebisa da geografiuli garemos urTierTqmedebis konteq-

stSi kompleqsurad Seiswavlis msoflios geoekonomikuri sis-

temis subieqtebis qcevis sivrciT-droiT aspeqtebs geografiu-

li sivrcis im nawilSi (ekosfero), sadac moqmedeben aRniSnuli

subieqtebi“ (kvinikaZe:2014:22).

SemoTavazebul definicias safuZvlad udevs e.w. „axali eko-

nomikuri geografia“ (igive `geografiuli ekonomika~-g.k), rom-

lis formirebis aTvlis wertilia 1970-ani wlebis bolo. es ge-

ografia, pol krugmanis azriT, mowodebulia Seavsos is xarve-

zi, romelsac tradiciulad iCens neoklasikuri ekonomikuri

Teoria sawarmoo ZalTa teritoriuli ganlagebis problemebi-

sadmi (Fujita,Krugman,Venables:1999). am axali mocemulobis Sesaba-

misad mimaCnia, rom Cem mier SemoTavazebul ganmartebas axasia-

Tebs ramdenime pozitiuri momenti. kerZod, igi saSualebas iZ-

leva erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT, erTi mxriv, geografiuli da

ekonomikuri sivrce (es ukanaskneli swavlobs ekonomikur pro-

cesebs abstraqtul ekonomikur sivrceSi). meore mxriv, ganmar-

tebaSi gamokveTilia geoekonomikis is segmenti, sadac operi-

rebs konkretuli geografiuli sivrcis is nawili, romelSic

xdeba msoflios axali, sxvadasxva Zalis ekonomikuri subieqte-

bisa da sistemebis formireba-ganviTareba drois garkveul pe-

giorgi kvinikaZe

190

riodSi, rac definicias met konkretulobas da „geografiulo-

bas“ aniWebs. mesame — aqcenti keTdeba kvlevis kompleqsurobaze,

rac gulisxmobs geografiuli (teritoriuli) faqtorebis gamov-

lenas da maTi zegavlenis xarisxis dadgenas geoekonomikuri subi-

eqtebis qcevis xasiaTze konkretul geoekonomikur sivrceSi.

geoekonomikuri sivrce asaxavs axlebur xedvas im ekonomi-

kur da politikur sivrceze, romelic aqtualuria XXI saukune-

Si (kvinikaZe: 2014). es aqtualoba, upirveles yovlisa, imaSi ga-

moixateba, rom amJamad bazari miCneulia saerTo civilizaciur

faseulobad. dRes nebismieri qveynis Zalas da siZlieres sul

ufro metad gansazRvravs masSi Semavali ekonomikuri subieqte-

bis konkurentunarianoba. swored es ukanaskneli udevs safuZ-

vlad qveynebis, regionebis, qalaqebis da sxvadasxva masStabisa

da Zalis kompaniebisa da firmebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove

strategiebs. mimaCnia, rom momavalSi swored am subieqtebis

konkurentunarianobis teritoriuli da droiTi aspeqtebis

Seswavla unda gaxdes ekonomikur-geografiuli kvlevebis erT-

erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba.

regionis konkurentunarianobis qveS moiazreba regionis

ekonomikuri sistemis unari regionuli ekonomikebis globa-

lur bazarze warmodgenili iyos masTan konkurenciaSi myofi

sxva regionebis (teritoriebis) Rirseul konkurentad. regio-

nis konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba rogorc mis Semadgen-

lobaSi myofi konkurentunariani dargebiT da ekonomikis seg-

mentebiT, aseve xelisuflebis regionuli organoebis unariT

Seqmnan pirobebi, raTa regionulma ekonomikurma subieqtebma

miaRwion da SeinarCunon konkurentunarianoba globalur da

regionul bazrebze (Johansson, Karlsson and Stough:2001).

geoekonomikis amocanaa gamoimuSaos saxelmwifos moqmede-

bis strategia, romelic uzrunvelyofs mTlianad qveynis da

qveynis SigniT arsebuli kompaniebis, firmebis, sawarmoebis da

a.S konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas sxva qveynebTan mimarTeba-

Si, raSic regionuli (teritoriuli) aspeqtebis da, Sesabamisad,

axali ekonomikuri geografiis roli mniSvnelovnad maRldeba.

unda SevniSno, rom konkurentunarianobis regionuli aspeqte-

bis kvleva mxolod axlo warsulSi gaxda damoukidebeli kvle-


191

vis obieqti, iseve rogorc am sakiTxTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli

marketingis problema. am mxriv, CvenTan fundamenturi kvleve-

bis deficitia. mxolod dasvleTis samecniero wreebSia igi gaaq-

tiurebuli, sadac regionuli konkurenciis Teoriuli da gamo-

yenebiTi kvlevebi Semdegi mimarTulebebiT xorcieldeba:

regionuli konkurenciis arsebuli subieqtebis gansazRvra;

regionebis konkurentunarianobis indikatorTa siste-

mis damuSaveba;

regionuli konkurenciis negatiuri da pozitiuri efeq-

tebis gansazRvra;

regionuli konkurenciis CarTva regionuli politikis

prioritetebSi.

Tu gavaanalizebT dasavleTis samecniero literaturaSi

arsebul tendenciebs (Lefebre:1991; Kotler, Haider,Rein:1994; Laulajai-

nen, Stafford:1995; Fujita,Krugman,Venables:1999; Johansson, Karlsson, Sto-

ugh:2001; Porter:2005), maTSi aSkarad ikveTeba teritoriuli

konkurenciis aqtualizaciis xuTi mTavari niSani:

pirveli — moZvelebuli mtkicebebi „arasivrcobriv ekono-

mikasa“ da „geografiis dasasrulze“ drois gamocdas ver uZ-

lebs, vinaidan sruliad aSkaraa, rom globalur ekonomikaSi

Zlierdeba regionuli (teritoriuli) koncentraciisa da war-

moebis specializaciis procesebi, izrdeba regionuli geogra-

fiuli garemos sistemuri xasiaTis roli saqonlisa da momsaxu-

rebis ganlagebis procesSi, socialurad pasuxismgeblur da

stabiluri biznesis koncefciis saxiT. regionebi da qalaqebi

globaluri ekonomikis realuri mamoZravebeli Zalebi xdebian.

pol krugmani miuTiTebs, rom gaCnda SesaZlebloba geografiu-

li analizi srulad Cajdes neoklasikur ekonomikaSi1 da bolo

moeRos mis marginalur mdgomareobas.

meore — amJamad Ziri eTxreba tradiciul ekonomikur princi-

pebs iseT kategoriebSi, rogoricaa `adgilmdebareoba~ da „eko-

nomikuri sivrce“. isini ukve veRar aRiqmebian, rogorc fiqsire-

1 neoklasikuri mimarTuleba ekonomikaSi ikvlevs e.w. ekonomikuri ada-mianis (momxmarebeli, mewarme, daqiravebuli momuSave) qcevas, romelic cdilobs gazardos mogeba da minimumamde Seamciros danaxarjebi.

giorgi kvinikaZe

192

buli da ucvleli kategoriebi. amis naTeli magaliTia mravali

teqnologiuri procesis, ase vTqvaT, ofSorizacia, romlebic

sul ufro metad gadaadgildebian iq, sadac iafi muSaxelia.

mesame — saxelmwifoebis da kompaniebisagan (firmebis) gan-

sxvavebiT regionebisaTvis, romlebic warmoadgenen `mezoekono-

mikis“ dones, jer kidev ar aris damuSavebuli efeqturi ekonomi-

kuri kompensaciuri meqanizmebi. maTTvis TiTqmis ar ar aris da-

muSavebuli makroekonomikuri regulirebis mkafio sqemebi.

meoTxe — regionebi wamyvan rols TamaSoben decentraliza-

ciis uaxles procesebsa da ekonomikuri politikis formireba-

Si. ekonomikuri koordinaciisa da regulaciis funqciebi sul

ufro metad gadadis erovnulidan globalur doneze, Semdgom

ki misi translireba xdeba regionul da subregionul doneebze.

mexuTe — rogorc ekonomikuri praqtika mowmobs, konkuren-

tunariani regionebi da teritoriebi met kerZo investiciebs

izidaven. aseTi investiciebidan mogeba im regionebSia yvelaze

didi, romlebic sakuTar simdidres zrdian maRali konkurentu-

narianobis xarjze.

regionuli konkurentunarianobis miRwevaSi wamyvan rols

asruleben ekonomikur-geografiuli klasterebi.1 swored klas-

terebi qmnian im kritikul masas, romelic aucilebelia ekonomi-

kis calkeul seqtorebSi konkurentuli warmatebis misaRwevad da

rac Sesabamisi regionebis analogiur maCvenebelSi aisaxeba

(Портер:2005).

dasavleTis samecniero wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ukraineli

mecnieri vladimer andersoni aRniSnavs, rom geoekonomikuri

konkurenciis pirobebSi regionuli ganviTarebis efeqturi in-

strumenti unda gaxdes biznes-geografia (Андерсон:2006:83—94).

am axali mimarTulebis farTo praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZ-

leblobebis zrda ramodenime garemoebiTaa ganpirobebuli: er-

Ti mxriv, gaizarda im ekonomikuri subieqtebis raodenoba, rom-

1 ekonomikur-geografiuli klasteri warmoadgens geografiuli niS-niT Tavmoyril im urTierTdamokidebul sawarmoTa, servisis mi-wodebis jgufebs, aseve maT saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul samecniero da arakomerciul organizaciebs, romlebic konkurenciaSi arian erTmaneTTan da, imavdroulad, daxmarebas uweven erTmaneTs.


193

lebic damoukideblad axorcieleben teritoriebis menejments.

es procesi gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia gardamavali eko-

nomikis qveynebisaTvis, romlebSic aRdga miwaze kerZo sakuTre-

ba, aseve gaizarda im damoukidebeli kompaniebisa da firmebis

raodenoba, romlebic sTavazoben teritoriuli-ganawilebiT

momsaxurebas (Location-Based Service). am mocemulobaSi biznes-ge-

ografiis amocanaa geoekonomikuri subieqtebis konkurentuna-

rianoba uzrunvelyon warmoebisa da gasaRebis bazris raciona-

luri sivrcobrivi organizaciis xarjze. meore mxriv, konku-

renciis gamwvaveba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze, ekonomi-

kis subieqtebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi, sivrcobri-

vi faqtoris CarTvis aucileblobas ganapirobebs. iseT mocemu-

lobaSi, roca konkurentunarianobis gazrdis yvela sxva saSua-

leba (teqnologiuri, organizaciuli, socialuri da a.S) amowu-

rulia, warmoebis da ganawilebis racionalizaciis sivrcobrivi

organizacia wamyvani xdeba, romelsac mniSvnelovani ekonomiku-

ri efeqtis motana SeuZlia. am kuTxiT geografiuli sivrce Se-

iZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc sawarmoo resursis mniSvnelo-

vani saxesxvaoba, romelic pretenzias acxadebs damoukidebel

menejmentsa da marketingze. mesame — adgilobrivi mmarTvelo-

bis organoebis uflebebis gafarToeba gansazRvravs teritori-

uli marTvis (romelic, faqtobrivad, asrulebda administrire-

bas teritoriuli niSniT-g.k) gadayvanis aucileblobas geogra-

fiul menejmentze (geografiuli eqspertiza, regionuli marke-

tingi, geografiuli auditi da a.S). meoTxe — Tanamedrove geo-

informaciuli sistemebi iZleva teritoriis socialur-ekono-

mikuri monitoringis SesaZleblobas. aseTi monitoringiT Se-

saZlebelia gakontroldes warmoebisa da moxmarebis terito-

riuli organizaciis procesebi rogorc kompaniebis (firmebis),

aseve mTeli regionis doneze. geoinformaciuli sistemebi, dis-

tanciuri zondireba, interneti Tanamedrove geomenejmentis

safuZvels Seadgens.

biznes-geografiis kvlevis obieqtad, Cemi azriT, ganxilu-

li unda iqnas geoekonomikuri subieqtebis (kompaniebi, firmebi,

bankebi da a.S) qceva realur geografiul sivrceSi, xolo misi

giorgi kvinikaZe

194

kvlevis sagania calkeuli biznes procesebis regionuli (teri-

toriuli) kanonzomierebebis Seswavla. mizans ki warmoadgens

subieqtebis saqmianobis teritoriuli organizaciis racio-

naluri modelebis Seqmna ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialu-

ri da ekologiuri kriteriumebis safuZvelze.

amasTan, sasargebloa erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT biznesis ge-

ografia da gamoyenebiTi ekonomikuri geografia. pirveli imiT

gansxvavdeba meorisagan, rom igi orientirebulia konkretuli

biznes gadawyvetilebebis gaumjobesebis realizaciis sivrcob-

rivi faqtorebis Ziebaze. amdenad, biznes geografiis Seswavlis

donea calkeuli kompaniis, firmis, sawarmos menejmenti, xolo

gamoyenebiTi ekonomikuri geografiis kvlevis obieqtia calkeu-

li regionebis (teritoriebis) korporaciuli sazogadoebrivi

moTxovnilebebis Seswavla, rac imas niSnavs, rom igi Seiswavlis

strategiul menejments regionis (teritoriis) doneze.

biznes-geografiis Teoriul safuZvlebs qmnis is axali kom-

pleqsuri (geoekonomikuri, geografiuli, ekonomikuri) Teori-

ebi, romelic qarTul ekonomikur-geografiul sivrceSi jer ki-

dev naklebadaa cnobili. mxedvelobaSi maqvs iseTi axali geog-

rafiuli Teoriebi, rogorebicaa: sivrcobrivi konkurenciis,

geografiuli rentis, marketingis, ekonomikur-geografiuli

riskebis, sivrcobrivi gadawyvetilebebis, biznesis sivrcobri-

vi organizaciis klasteruli Teoria, ekonomikuri demografiis

da geografiul realiebTan adaptirebuli „lokaciuri“ (Location

Theory) Teoriebi.

statiis formati ar iZleva TiToeuli koncefciis ganxil-

vis saSualebas, amitom yuradRebas SevaCereb mis zogierT Se-

madgenelze, romlebic, Cveni qveynis interesebidan gamomdina-

re, SedarebiT relevanturad meCveneba. biznes-geografia foku-

sirebas axdens lokaciis im multiplikaciuri (gamaZlierebeli

an/da Semaferxebeli) efeqtebis Seswavlaze, romelic obieqtze

gansazRvruli sivrcobrivi faqtorebis erToblivi zemoqmede-

bis Sedegad aRmocendeba. bunebrivia, rom obieqtis lokaciis

efeqti (geoekonomikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri, ekologiu-

ri) sxvadasxva teritoriaze sxvadasxva iqneba. biznes-geografi-

is erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia geografiuli


195

marketingi, romelic sam sxvdasxva koncefciaSi SeiZleba iqnas

ganixiluli. upirveles yovlisa, geografiul marketingSi unda

moviazroT klasikuri marketingis1 geografiuli aspeqtebi,

kerZod, bazris geografiuli segmentaciis procedurebi da sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis geografiuli pozicionireba2 (The

Geographical Position of Market). meore mxriv, geografiuli mark-

etingi SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rogorc geografiuli adgilis

marketingi. kerZod, rogorc regionis (teritoriis) marketingi

(Region Marketing) da bolos geografiuli marketingi SeiZleba gan-

vixiloT, rogorc geografiuli codnisa da teqnologiebis mar-

ketingi (marketing of Geographical Knowledge and Technologies). amde-

nad, Tanamedrove qarTuli ekonomikuri geografiisaTvis uaRre-

sad mniSvnelovania im giganturi ufskrulis amovseba, romelic

warmoiqmna Teoriul da meTodologiur kvlevebSi. upirveles

yovlisa, es exeba iseT mimarTulebebs, rogoricaa ekonomikuri

geografiis Teoria da ekonomikis geografiuli Teoria. amis mi-

zezi ki isaa, rom Cven dRemde ar gagvaCnia Tanamedrove civilize-

bul sabazro sistemaSi `geografiuli moqmedebis~ praqtika da

arc Sesabamisi Teoria, romelic safuZvlad daedeba am praqtikas.

swored amitom, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia momavali geografiuli

kvlevebis fokusireba moxdes samewarmeo saqmianobis sivrcobri-

vi aspeqtebis Seswavlaze (biznes-geografiis Teoria), romelis

mniSvneloba jerjerobiT dasavleTis samecniero wyaroebSic ki

jerovnad ar fasdeba. am mxriv, sasargeblo iqneba ukve dRes er-

TmaneTisagan gavmijnoT geografiuli ekonomika da regionuli

ekonomika. Tanamedrove sistemebis zogadi Teoriis mixedviT es

orive mecniereba erTi da imave obieqts ikvlevs — teritoriul

ekonomikur kompleqsebs da ekonomikis subieqtebis qcevas, Tumca

sxvadasxva gzebiT. maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom geografiuli

1 klasikuri marketingi konkurentunariani saqonlis SemuSavebis, war-moebisa da gasaRebis marTvis sistemaa, romelic damyarebulia bazarze mimdinare procesebis Seswavlaze da orientirebulia miz-nobrivi momxmareblebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebaze.

2 pozicionireba — qmedeba, romelic mimarTulia miznobrivi myidvel-ebis gonebaSi produqtis gansazRvruli, gansxvavebuli da sasurveli poziciis Seqmnisaken konkurent produqtebTan mimarTebaSi.

giorgi kvinikaZe

196

ekonomikis sistemur modelebSi damoukidebel cvlads warmoad-

gens teritoria, romelsac Semdeg ebmeba mravali atributi (ro-

gorc ityvian geologiidan ideologiamde), xolo regionul eko-

nomikaSi damoukidebeli cvladia ekonomikuri saqmianobis gan-

sazRvruli subieqtebi, romelsac ebmeba teritoria, rogorc er-

T-erTi calke atributis niSani. am niuansis gauTvaliswinebloba

ki iwvevs rig meTodologiur uzustobebs, sadac, umeteswilad,

swored geografiuli ekonomika zaraldeba.


1. giorgi kvinikaZe. geoekonomikisa da ekonomikuri geogra-

fiis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, Tsu gamomcemloba, 2014.

2. giorgi kvinikaZe. geoekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo. gamom-

cemloba universali. Tb., 2008.

3. Fujita M., Krugman P., Venables A. J. The Spatial Economy: Cities,

Regions and International Trade. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1999.

4. Gateways to the Global Economy / A. E. Andersson, D. E. Andersson

(Eds.). Edward Elgar, 2000.

5. Geomarketing. Methods and Strategies in Spatial Marketing / Gerard

Cliquet (Ed.). – ISTE Ltd, 2006.

6. Kotler P., Asplund C., Rein I., Haider D. Marketing Places Europe. –

Pearson Education Limited, 1999.

7. Kotler P., Haider D., Rein I. Marketing Places. – New York. The Free

Press, 1994.

8. Laulajainen R., Stafford H. A. Corporate Geography. Business Location

Principles and Cases. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.

9. Lefebre H. The Production of Space. – Blackwell, Oxford, 1991.

10. Regional Competition / P. W. J. Batey, P. Friedrich (Eds.). – Springer, 2000.

11. Theories of Endogenous Regional Growth: Lessons for Regional Policies

/ B. Johansson, C. Karlsson, and R. Stough (Eds). – Springer, 2001.

12. Андерсон В. М. Бізнес-географія і геомаркетинг – нові напрямки кон-

структивної географії // Наукова парадигма географічної освіти України в

ХХІ столітті: Збірник наукових статей ІІ Міжвузівської науково-

практичної конференції 22 грудня 2006 р. – Донецьк: ДОУ, 2006.

13. Портер М. Конкуренция – М.: ИД «Вильямс», 2005.


197

Giorgi Kvinikadze

Assistant Professor


Geoeconomics and the New Economic Geography

Resume

The article addresses association of the issues of geoeconomics and the

new economic geography.

Today, when the market is regarded a common civilization value, compe-

ting ability of the economic subjects within its territory determines its strength.

On the basis of the given hypothesis, the author singles out the main signs

of the actualization of the territorial competing ability, territorial levels of the

studies and defines the role of business geography actors in the increase of the

territorial competing ability.

manana kvaWantiraZe

198

manana kvaWantiraZe

profesori

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti, Tsu

agora. qronotopis rekonstruqcia

(XIX-XX ss qarTuli literaturis gamocdileba)

agora — berZn. bazris moedani — homerosis dros Tavisufa-

li moqalaqeebis saxalxo, sasamarTlo an samxedro Tavyrilo-

bis adgili. antikurobaSi agora qalaqis sazogadoebrivi cen-

tris rols asrulebda. moednis garSemo ganlagebuli iyo sazo-

gadoebrivi da sakulto Senobebi, aseve, savaWro daxlebi. ago-

ras magaliTia aTenis agora, romelmac Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli

saxe SeiZina perikles dros.1 merab mamardaSvilis azriT: `Cveni

naxevari azrebi, naxevari fiqrebi unda gamovitanoT gareT, sa-

jaro sivrceSi, agoraze, da unda vagoraoT isini agoraze, raTa

mTlianoba SeiZinon~2 gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom arasruli, naxe-

vari-azri, imavdroulad, aracxadi, faruli azria, romelic

`goraobiT~ ara mxolod sisrules, aramed sicxadesac iZens.

qarTul kulturul-cnobierebiT sivrceSi, agoras qrono-

topis rekonstruqciis mizniT, movaxdineT agoras zemoT moyva-

nili kulturul-sivrculi modelisa da mamardaSvilis mosaz-

rebis egzemflifikacia XIX-XXss-ebis prozis ramdenime nimuSze,

esenia: ilia WavWavaZis `sarCobelazed~ (1879w), guram rCeuliS-

vilis `alaverdoba~ (1959w.), oTar WilaZis `avelumi~ (1996) da

gia arganaSvilis `Sav-TeTri moTxroba~ (2013w.)

zemoCamoTvlili specifikaciebis gamo, modelze da, Sesaba-

misad, agoras xatis ganviTarebis dinamikaze dakvirveba, misi

1 Словарь Античности. »Прогресс», М., 1089. 2 z. SaTiriSvili. narativia apologia. gv.175.

agora. qronotopis rekonstruqcia (XIX-XX ss. qarTuli literaturis gamocdileba)

199

mxatvruli Sinaarsis dazusteba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs Tvali

mivadevnoT individualur da sazogadoebriv cnobierebaTa gan-

viTarebis tendenciebs istoriis sakmaod vrcel monakveTze, ma-

Ti dialogurobis xarisxsa da intensivobas, da amis kvaldakval,

qarTul sociokulturul, eTikur da, zogadad, RirebulebaTa

sivrceSi momxdar cvlilebebs.

teqstebze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom mocemuli periodis li-

teraturaSi agora warmoadgens kulturis sivrcis gansakuTre-

biT mgrZnobiare segments, romelic reagirebs yvela mniSvne-

lovan cvlilebaze sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. garda imisa, rom

aq xdeba aqtualuri azrebis, warmodgenebis, konceptebis kon-

centracia, ikveTeba cvlilebebisa da ganviTarebis tendenciebi

— agorazeve mowmdeba individualuri azris Sesabamisoba sazo-

gadoebriv azrTan, misi kanonizaciisa da Tavisuflebis sazR-

vrebi. erTi sityviT, agora sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris is qrono-

topia, sadac individualuri cnobiereba Ria an farul dialo-

gur mimarTebas amyarebs sazogadoebriv cnobierebasTan. am dia-

logis procesSi azris dausrulebeli fragmentebi dasrule-

bul, socialurad aqcentirebul saxes iZenen. agora sazogado-

ebrivi cnobierebis individualizaciis da, piriqiT, `mes~ Rrma

socializaciis sivrcea, sadac sazogadoebriv da individualur

cnobierebaTa ganuwyveteli, aqtualizebuli, urTierTSemxved-

ri moZraobaa: SeTanxmeba an dapirispireba. mokled, agoraze sa-

zogadoebrivi da individualuri azri erTmaneTTan nawili —

mTelis urTierTmimarTebaSi imyofebian.

qarTuli tradiciiT, sazogadoebrivi TavSeyrisaTvis Seir-

Ceva momaRlo adgili, goraki (sxvaTa Soris, agoras saxels ukav-

Sirdeba cnobili goraki `kolonis agoreosi~ da SesaZloa, TviT

qarTuli `gorakis~ etimologiac) — motitvlebuli an sakra-

lur-totemuri niSniT gamorCeuli erTi an ramodenime foTlo-

vani xiT. qalaqis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, agoras funqcias as-

rulebda dabali adgilic, magaliTad, riyed wodebuli mtkvris-

pira dablobi. erTi sityviT, qarTul tradiciaSic agora sazo-

gadoebis yuradRebis, sayovelTao mzerisa da gansjis, sazoga-

doebrivi azris gamomzeurebis adgilia.

manana kvaWantiraZe

200

ilia WavWavaZis moTxrobaSi `sarCobelazed~ agora is siv-

rculi wertilia, sadac sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCe-

niT damnaSave sajarod isjeba sikvdiliT. Tumc maxaTas mTa ago-

ras tradiciul sivrcul parametrebs savsebiT akmayofilebs,

ilias moTxrobis mixedviT, igi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis am

etapze ar warmoadgens azrebis momwifebis toposs, Tumca am-

JRavnebs tendencias, iqces maTi socializaciis sivrced.

qalaqSi Casuli petres arCevani, naxos qalaqi, maxaTas mTis

sasargeblod wydeba. ratom mouwevs guli petres aqeT? sanaxao-

bisTvis — da amas Tavadac aRiarebs (`gulma uxednel mozversa-

viT ki gamomiwia da...~). aq mniSvneloba eniWeba ara marto azrs,

aramed TavSeyrasac, cocxal komunikacias, mis sxeulebriv for-

mebs. agora scenaa, sadac yvelaferi, rac xdeba, tragizmis miu-

xedavad, sanaxaobis, speqtaklis saxes atarebs. amas intuitiu-

rad grZnobs petrec, roca ambobs `sul rom ase iqnivo fexebi,

mainc ar dagijereb“. realoba aq daujereblobis mantiiT imose-

ba da es petres sityvebidanac Cans: `TamaSa xom mainc vnaxe~. ago-

raze swored sanaxaobas elian, Tumca is, rac sanaxavia, danaxuli

unda iqnas gonebis TvaliTac (sanaxaoba xom azrTwarmomqmneli

sivrcea). ilias agoraze ase ar xdeba, radgan misi tradiciuli

kulturuli funqcia daviwyebulia, transformirebulia uxeS

sanaxaobad, sadac gansasjelis sibralulsac mxolod xalxis

simravle aniWebs legitimurobas da ara zneobrivi gancdis rea-

loba.

ilias SeniSvniT, qalaqi petresTvis ucxo, arasakuTari siv-

rcea, romelic petres ar uyvars da ar endoba. maxaTas mTa am ga-

ucxoebis centraluri toposia, adgili, sadac yvela mniSvnelo-

ba daZrulia da daSorebulia niSans. am daSorebas teqsti ori

gziT gamoxatavs: petres cnobierebis mousvenrobiT (petre ime-

orebs SekiTxvebs da pasuxis miuReblobiT Sewuxebuli, kvlav da

kvlav imeorebs) da saxrCobelas teritoriaze misi fizikuri ga-

daadgilebiT: petres orientacia uWirs — sanaxaobac aforia-

qebs, dacinvisac eSinia da Tavsac uxerxulad, anu uadgilod

grZnobs (`xelaxla gadainacvla adgili~; `adgili gadainacvla~

da a.S.). SekiTxvebisa da qcevis es `meqanicizmi“ aSkarad migvaniS-

nebs raRac dauZlevel dabrkolebaze petres arsebaSi. am siv-


201

rceSi yvelaferi TiTqos Tavdayira dgeba: petre kacis Camox-

rCobas TamaSad aRiqvams, CamoxrCobis adgils — saTamaSo moed-

nad, mRvdels — terterad, msjavrdebuls Tan cnobs, Tan — vera,

verc is auxsnia, `dedakacebi ase ras gaugiJebia~ da sxv.

maxaTas sivrce mniSvnelobis miugneblobiT aforiaqebuli

petres aracnobieris gamoxatuleba da misi reprezentaciuli

niSania. mTeli am foriaqis mizani (da mizezic!) ki isaa, rom pet-

rem rogorme Tvali aaridos simarTles, radgan rcxvenia imisa,

rasac Tvali unda gausworos. petres am sivrcis eSinia da

rcxvenia, radgan igi raRac iseTs axsenebs, ris gaxsenebasac ga-

urbis. misi gaurkveveli fiqri simarTlisa da sicxadisken ki ar

miiltvis, aramed isev gaurkvevlobaSi darCenas cdilobs. mTel

maxaTas sivrces iseve, rogorc petres cnobierebas — es ormago-

ba, gaurkvevloba, mousvenroba msWvalavs.

yvela es mcdeloba, gameorebebi, gadaadgilebebi, is faqtic,

yvelaze gvian rom tovebs moedans, erTi sityviT, aSkarad dat-

virTuli semioturi sivrce migvaniSnebs, rom petre masSi qris-

tes jvarcmis saxecvlil misterias grZnobs gaucnobiereblad.

misi sircxvilis SiSic kacobriobis maradiuli sircxvilis nawi-

lia uflis jvarcmisa da RvTis Zis vercnobis gamo, oRond sa-

xecvlili da deformirebuli. es maradiuli scena orive petres

sircxvilia — saxarebis petre-kldisac da `Cveni beberi petre-

sic~. Tu moTxrobas ase wavikiTxavT, maSin SeiZleba saubari

`sircxvilis kulturis~ (lotmani) erT saintereso mxatvrul

gamovlinebazec ilias SemoqmedebaSi. petres mousvenroba da

foriaqic sxva araferia, Tu ara arapirdapir gamoxatuli sir-

cxvilis gancda erTgulebis pirobis Seusruleblobis gamo,

cru mizeziT (sofleloba, dacinvis SiSi) Canacvlebuli, saku-

Tari uZlurebisa da namdvili mizezis dafarviT nakarnaxevi.

ilia sasinj qvad swored CamoxrCobis faqtisadmi adamianTa

ambivalentur damokidebulebas iRebs da am ormagi mimarTebis

polarizacias petresa da brbos Soris axdens (Tumca umcrosi

Zma amas sxvagvarad xedavs). petres TiTqos awuxebs is, rasac

xalxi cnobismoyvareobiT elodeba da sanaxaobad aRiqvams. mag-

ram petrec am xalxis Svilia, misi nawilia da maT erTi nabiji

aSorebT erTmaneTisgan. ilias agora jerjerobiT isev umravle-

manana kvaWantiraZe

202

sobis azris gamoxatvis toposia, sadac individualuri azri da

sityva jer kidev araa mkafiod diferencirebuli masis cnobie-

rebisgan.

ramdenad SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom sivrce aq ganzogadebulia

da ilia maxaTas sivrces modelis funqcias akisrebs? es rom

swored asea, amaze maxaTas mTis ganakuTrebuli simboluri dat-

virTva da masTan dakavSirebuli konotaciuri mniSvnelobebi

migviTiTeben. am sivrceSi, ukve meramdened, sazogadoeba ver pa-

suxobs individis eTikur da humanistur moTxovnebs, mkvlelo-

ba sanaxaobad iqceva, moraluri danaSauli ki gauazrebeli rCe-

ba. toposis gansakuTrebulobas adasturebs petres mousvenro-

bac am sivrceSi. adgilis miugneblobiT gamowveuli foriaqi

sxva araferia, Tu ara gadagvarebuli, kulturuli daniSnule-

bis gareSe darCenili sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgili, rome-

lic individisTvis sabediswero sivrced iqceva, radgan mis da-

viwyebas igi verc siuJetur da verc simbolur planSi veRar SeZ-

lebs.

maxaTas agoraze azri gzas ver ikvlevs, ver `goravs~. SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, rom moTxrobaSi es agora mxolod SesaZleblobis

saxiT arsebobs da ara realuri kulturuli daniSnulebiT. in-

dividis (petres) protests ara aqvs dasrulebuli azris, Sexe-

dulebis saxe. igi jer isev emociur doneze Seyovnebuli, gauc-

nobierebeli ukmayofilebaa sazogadoebis dehumanizaciis mi-

marT. rogorc individualuri, ise sazogadoebrivi azri jerac

mTvlemare, arasruli da sicxades moklebulia, igi sxva drosa

da sivrceSi unda dasruldes, Tumca ilias uazrobaze aranak-

leb am sivrcis araeTikuroba afiqrebs, metic, araeTikuroba aq

azris deficitiTaa gamowveuli da swored es uxilavi kavSiri

iwvevs ilias SeSfoTebas. umcrosi Zma erTaderTi adamiania,

vinc am sivrceSi azris SesaZleblobas aCens sazogadoebis mi-

marT wayenebuli mamxilebeli, mrisxane braldebebiT, magram

misi azri ar xmiandeba, sivrce jer kidev araa mzad individua-

luri azris mosasmenad.

agoras kulturul-sivrculi modeli guram rCeuliSvilis

`alaverdobaSi~ alaverdis taZris ezos saxiTaa warmodgenili.

esaa sadResaswaulo moedani, sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgi-


203

li, sadac rituali, istoria, warsuli daviwyebulia. alaverdis

agora siuJetis dasawyisSi (guramis Casvlis momentisTvis) dab-

neuli, daxSuli cnobierebis sivrce-metaforaa, adamianTa meqa-

nikur, gauazrebel qmedebaTa areali. dausrulebloba misi niSa-

nia ( dausrulebeli cekva, qmedebaTa ganmeorebadi rigi). ala-

verdis erTiani sivrce danawilebulia mcire zomis fragmente-

bad, sadac calkeuli adamianebi da adamianTa jgufebi ùzarma-

zari mTvrali masis ucnauri arakavSiris~ erTianobas qmnis.

agora aq profanirebuli sazogadoebrivi azris sivrcea, rom-

lis wiaRSic individualuri azri ibrZvis, janydeba da wamierad

aRwevs kidec mizans, erTianobad kravs sazogadoebriv mzeras da

mimarTavs zemoT, cisken, vertikaluri ganzomilebisken.

ilias moTxrobisagan gansxvavebiT, personaJis moZraobas àla-

verdobaSi~ borialis, uTavbolo gadaadgilebis saxe ki ara aqvs,

aramed mizanmimarTuli, cnobismoyvareobiT nakarnaxevi moZra-

obisa, sadac personaJis azri mwifdeba, ivseba da dasabadeblad

emzadeba. aq azri marTlac `goravs’’, metic, sxeulis gaWra ago-

radan `sxva~ sivrceSi da ukan mobruneba azris saboloo srul-

yofasa da `dabneulTaTvis~ mis gaziarebas emsaxureba.

alaverdis agora `mes“ Tavisuflebis sarealizacio gare-

mod iqceva — individualuri cnobiereba sakuTar funqciaze

eTikurad Rirebul gamocdilebas iZens da mkafio, dasrule-

bul, momavalze orientirebul doqtrinad yalibdeba. agoraze-

ve myardeba wamieri kontaqti did drosTan da masSi akumulire-

bul maradiul sazrisebTan. aqve Cndeba SesaZlebloba am gamoc-

dilebis wamieri gaziarebisa iq Sekrebili adamianebisaTvis per-

sonaJis Semkrebi energetikis wyalobiT, oRond impulsis da ara

azris saxiT.

àlaverdobaSi~ agora ara marto azris, aramed moqmedebis

sivrcea, romelsac Tavisufali arCevanis, viTarebis Secvlis

mouTokavi vneba warmarTavs. guramis azri ivseba da ibadeba mas

Semdeg, rac alaverdis simaRlidan danaxul alaznis velis siv-

rceSi SeigrZnobs istoriis gamocdilebas da aRiarebs modRe-

saswaule masasTan Tavis erTianobas. igi SeigrZnobs SromiT

miRweul did wesrigs, did droSi Cakirul kulturul mniSvne-

lobaTa Tezauruss. azris aRmoCena, dabadeba asrulebs subieq-

manana kvaWantiraZe

204

tis konfliqts garemosTan, qaosTan. sazrisi Tavs uyris, erTia-

nobad kravs drois dafantul fragmentebs da sivrces axsenebs

Tavis valdebulebas didi drois winaSe. am aspeqtiT, guramis mi-

er cxenis motaceba, ga-vardna, gadakargva da Semdeg alaverdis

ezoSi Semo-vardna, alaverdis lavgardanze a-vardna da xeleb-

gaSlili dgoma, TviT alaverdis Semo-vardna alaznis velis siv-

rceSi, mokled, mTeli es xazgasmuli aqciebi `vardnisa~ warmo-

adgens dinamikur, Tanmimdevrul rigs niSnebisa, romelic saz-

risis mignebis aucileblobiTaa nakarnaxevi. guramis cdis es

fizikuri `naturalizmi~ warmoadgens erTgvar pirobas sazri-

sis aRmoCenis gzaze. sxeulis es `protesti~ funqciadakarguli

sivrcis winaaRmdeg aris azris gaucnobierebeli amboxi for-

mamdeli mdgomareobis, qaosis winaaRmdeg, roca gmiris cnobie-

reba emzadeba, rogorc mamardaSvili ityoda, cnobierebaSi `Ca-

savardnad~: `Cven `vvardebiT cnobierebaSi~, `vvardebiT azrSi~.

cnobiereba aris veli, romelSic sul Tavidan da Tavidan unda

`Cavarde~1. cxenze amxedrebidan da `gavardnidan~, romelic am

SemTxvevaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara arCevanis nebis fizikuri ga-

moxatuleba, gurami `vardeba~ istoriaSi, rogorc `did droSi~

da sazrisebis velSi. es veli yovel `Cavardnaze~ icvleba, de-

formirdeba da Secvlili saxiT `egebeba~ `me~-s cnobierebas,

Tumca masSi xelSeuxeblad inaxeba e. w. ,dasabamieri codna“, di-

di drois mier Seqmnili maradiuli sazrisebis saganZuri.

alaverdis SemoWra (`Semovardna~) alaznis velidan guramis

cnobierebaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara didi drois uecari SemoWra

lokalur droSi da didi drois niSani. azris dabadebasac,

cocxali arsebis msgavsad, swored aseTi plastika axasiaTebs —

uecari gamosxltoma, gamoWra saTavsodan, dedis sxeulidan.

alaverdobis siuJetur-TxrobiTi plasti zustad asaxavs am ko-

relacias momxdarsa da personaJis sxeulis enas Soris. misi

plastika codnisa da rwmenis dabadebis Tu moulodneli gaxse-

nebis plastikaa. mopovebuli azris simaRle da mniSvnelovneba

eklesiis lavgardanze gasuli xelebgaSlili kacis xatiTaa war-

1 cit.: z. SaTiriSvili. narativis apologia. gv.131.


205

modgenili da ara mxolod azrobrivi, aramed simbolur-saxeob-

rivi datvirTvac gaaCnia.

alaverdi iseve iWreba alaznis velis sivrceSi, rogorc

gvirgvini da mwvervali, yvelaze sruli da mJReri akordi rwme-

niT STagonebuli SemoqmedebiTi Sromisa, religiuri kulturis

eTikuri da esTetikuri mizandasaxulebisa. alaverdisa da

alaznis velis saxiT mwerali religiuri gancdis, religiis Za-

lauflebis yvelaze `cxad“ sivrcul formas gvTavazobs, adami-

anis SromaSi ganivTebul, gan-xorcielebul, cxad-yofil Rmer-

Tis sadidebel azrsa da sityvas.

agora aq kvlav aRidgens azris dabadebis, misi mastimulire-

beli toposis kulturul funqcias. metic, aq igi gansakuTre-

bul semantikur da plastikur datvirTvas iZens: adamianTa Tav-

Seyris adgilidan droTa Sexvedris adgilad gardaiqmneba. ala-

verdSi, rogorc niSanSi, xdeba did droSi Senaxuli yvela saz-

risis fokalizacia, saukuneebis gamocdileba yvela drois ada-

mianTa ziar sasicocxlo codnad gadmoiRvreba: `vnebis simZaf-

re SenebaSia da ara aSenebuliT tkbobaSi~.

rusTavelis prospeqti, rogorc `gawelili~ (arastaciona-

luri) agora, tradiciulad, poeziis mier kanonizebuli, poetu-

ri azris dabadebis sivrce da gansakuTrebuli sasicocxlo to-

posia. misi qveteqsti da interteqsti lado asaTianis cnobili

leqsis striqonebia: `rusTavelis prospeqtze siaruli nu momi-

Salos RmerTma, / viyo mudam ase mxiaruli, qarTveli poeti mer-

qvas~. `avelumSi~ sivrcis poeturi ganzomileba Tavis sapiris-

piro mdgomareobaSia gadasuli da omis, sikvdilis, sazogadoeb-

rivi azris daSlis, perversiis, cnobierebaTa ganxeTqilebis

sivrcedaa transformirebuli. am sivrceSi sakuTari TanamoZme-

ebis winaaRmdeg iaraRmomarjvebul qals isev mwerali eubneba

sicocxlisa da momavlis damcvel frazas: `wadi, Svils mixede.~

`Sav-TeTr moTxrobaSi~ agoras sivrce mTlianad paganizebu-

lia da daclilia im sadResaswaulo ganwyobisganac, rac, tradi-

ciulad, am sivrces sadagi yoveldRiurobisagan gamoarCevs.

soflis centri, rogorc socialuri jgufis sistematuri

TavSeyris adgili da niSani, marTalia, garkveuli subkulturis

saxeliT gamodis, magram mis miRma aRar ikiTxeba aranairi kul-

manana kvaWantiraZe

206

turuli aRsaniSni, aranairi azri da mizani. azridan Woramde Ca-

moqveiTebuli cnobiereba agoras, rogorc azris warmomSobi

kulturuli konceptis srul diskreditacias mowmobs. terito-

rializacia ar ganixileba, rogorc subieqtis an jgufis Zalis-

xmevis Sedegi. TavSeyra, rogorc adamianTa komunikaciis adgi-

li, gulisxmobs dialogs, azris gaziarebas, aq mogrovili adami-

anebi ki ar laparakoben, ar urTierToben, arc moZraoben — mxo-

lod sxeulebrivad Tanaarseboben lokalur dro-sivrcul wer-

tilSi da ganuwyvetliv sxedan. jdoma maTi bunebrivi mdgomare-

obaa. azrs ki ar `agoraveben~, aramed furTxs — Woraoben, ifur-

Txebian da am furTxs asorsolaveben mtverSi. mokled, esaa di-

sipaciuri sivrce, sadac azri arc `goravs~ da arc mTliandeba,

radgan adamianebi Tav-dakargulebi arian. maT Tav-Seyras mxo-

lod drois mokvlis aucilebloba ganapirobebs. esaa usaxelo,

umotivacio da, Sesabamisad, meqanikuri, Tavis avtoqtonur yo-

fierebasTan dabrunebuli, milevadi sivrce, sadac dros anu si-

cocxles klaven, amdenad, ZaRlis mkvleloba am sivrcis tipo-

logiuri msazRvrelia (es simboluri mkvlelobaa da mis miRma

kvdeba yvela daucveli, gariyuli da uarnaTqvami arseba cxadi

an faruli agresiis xeliT). momakvdavi sivrcis idea warmodge-

nilia gayinuli kadris efeqtiT, e. w. `stopkadriT~, romelic

mxolod amwamier yofierebas aRbeWdavs.

`simravles ar gaaCnia arc subieqti, arc obieqti. mxolod

determinaciebi, sidideebi, ganzomilebebi~1. Tuki aq Seyril

adamianTa simravles sicocxlis umartivesi formebis konteq-

stSi ganvixilavT, maSin maT mier am sivrcis mitoveba da sxva-

dasxva mxares dafantva (`sxvadasxva mxares gasweven~), sxva ara-

feria, Tu ara sxulis instinqti, miatovos danaSaulisa da sik-

vdilis adgili. zedapiri-siRrmis dapirispirebis konteqstSi,

rogorc sivrculi niSani, es agora siRrmis armcodne zedapiria,

anu mdgomareoba, roca zedapirma araferi uwyis Tavisi opozi-

ciuri mewyvilis Sesaxeb. amitom igi siRrmisken, anu azrisken ki

ar moZraobs, aramed ucnobi `sxvisken~, anu gareTa teritorie-

bisken.

1 Пост-Модернизм. Энциклопедия. Минск. Интерпрес Сервисю Книжный дом. gv. 216.


207

ikvreba wre, romelic sam stadias moicavs: uazroba — umoq-

medoba — adamianuri saxis dakargva. agora, rogorc azris `te-

ritorialuri centri~, aq mkvidrdeba ara rogorc sxva topose-

bis kulturuli alternativa, aramed rogorc yvela danarCenis

uaryofa da, imavdroulad, TviTuaryofa, TviTdaSla da TviT-

ganadgureba. is auqmebs agoris, kulturis sivrcis teritorias

iseve, rogorc auqmebs azrsa da gancdas. Tu aq raime Cndeba, esaa

axali horizontebi, oRond ara gamTlianebis, aramed dafantvi-

sa, deteritorializaciisa. kulturis dekonstruqciis Tana-

medrove etapma moitana mkvleloba, rogorc socialuri cxov-

rebis niSani, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, nebismieri dekodireba,

romelic aucileblad axlavs dekonstruqcias, imave dros de-

teritorializaciaa — Rirebulebebis, tradiciis, miswrafebe-

bis, struqturis, formisa da a.S., erTi sityviT, zogadad si-

cocxlis.

naxevari, arasruli, naklovani azri samive moTxrobaSi `go-

ravs~, magram sxvadasxvagvarad: ilias moTxrobaSi igi srul az-

rad vera, magram azrisken mimaval cxovrebiseul gamocdilebad

namdvilad iqceva. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maxaTas mTa aq, rogorc

azrTwarmomqmneli sivrce-agora mxolod SesaZleblobis saxiT

arsebobs da ara realuri kulturuli daniSnulebiT.

`Sav-TeTr moTxrobaSi~ agora fotodokumenturad damow-

mebuli koleqtiuri mkvlelobis adgilia. es agora Tanamedro-

ve sivrcis teritorialuri virusiT daavadebuli sivrcea, ro-

melic aramxolod sofels — teqsts emuqreba gaqrobiT, aramed

tradiciuli Rirebulebis niSniT aRbeWdil nebismier sazoga-

doebriv da individualur azrsac. am virusSeyrili sivrce sa-

kuTar Tavs ver cnobs da yvela saxis identobas iviwyebs. azriTa

da kulturiT SemosazRvruli agoras tradiciuli sivrce as-

truqturul, deteritorializebul, gasaqrobad mzadmyof siv-

rced gardaiqmneba.

`alaverdobaSi~ agora is adgilia, sadac azri Tavis umaRles

gamovlinebas aRwevs da individualuridan sayovelTao gamoc-

dilebad iqceva. araSemTxveviTia, rom es agora ubralo TavSey-

ris adgili ki ar aris, aramed religiuri taZris, alaverdis ezo

da sivrcea, RvTis saxli da misi Semogareni. agora aq gvevlineba

manana kvaWantiraZe

208

maRali azrisa da SemoqmedebiTi eqsergiebis (zesamuSao) ganmux-

tvis toposad, sadac azri erTis gziT miewodeba mravals. nawi-

li uerTdeba mTels. ase rom, aq agora relaqsaciis, reabilita-

ciis, rekonstruqciis adgili, gzaTa da droTa TavSeyris qro-

notopi, drosivrculi mexsierebis koncentraciis wertilia.

Manana Kvachantiradze

Professor

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian literature, TSU

Agora. The Reconstruction of Chronotope

(Experience of XIX-XXI cc. Georgian Literature)

Resume

The work addresses Chronotopic model of Agora in Georgian Literature of

XIX - XX centuries. Pieces of the Georgian prose of the period are presented as

an example: “Sarchobelazed~ by Ilia Chavchavadze (1879), “Alaverdoba~ by

Guram Rcheulishvili (1959), “Avelum~ by Otar Chiladze and “Black and White

Story~ by Gia arganashvili (2013). The Dynamics of the development of the cul-

tural concept of Agora, in accordance with the regarded materials, shows an in-

teresting picture of contemplation space changes, within the given time seg-

ment. Agora, as a particularly important fragment of cultural space, represents:

1. A place of public gathering. Where incomplete, superficial fragments of the

thought acquire, accomplished, socially, culturally and ethically accentuated

features; 2. Chronotope of the public consciousness individualization or vice

versa, deeper socialization of “Me~; 3. The space of the dialogue of individual

and public consciousness, their conflict and reconciliation. At Agora, relation-

ship between individual (personal) and public insights is put to test, as well as

their relevance, conflict, freedom and mutual recognition boundaries.

In Ilia’s work Agora is a part of the city space, place of the gathering of the

mob, where individual protest is still unassessed. It is an incomplete, halted tho-

ught at the emotional level, that should end in a different space and time, acqui-

ring public significance.


209

In “Alaverdoba~, the cultural model of Agora is presented, through the

image of di Church and its yard. It is a closed time and space, where the ritual,

past, history is sunk in oblivion. Agora is turned into a mechanic activity sphere

of public consciousness. Instead, individual consciousness establishes momen-

tary contact with the grand time and secret insights kept in it, from where it

acquires future oriented, ethically valuable experience on its human significa-

nce. Personal thesis for activity, assumed through the ecstatic “rebellion~ of the

main hero – “passion rampage lies in construction and not enjoying the cons-

truction~ – recognizes permanent creative thriving as a vital significance, the

practical manifestation of which in the culture is materialized labour.

Rustaveli avenue as an “over extending~ Agora, is traditionally an

exceptional sacral space, vital topos, canonized by the poetry: (Lado Asatiani:

“May I’d be blessed to walk along Rustaveli avenue,/ May I always be this

cheerful,/ Called Georgian poet forever~). Poetic dimension in “Avelum~ is

inverted from vital space into death space, from poetic to – public insight

decomposition, dissension and finally is transformed into a battle space; it is

transformed into a time-space if conscious perversion, aggression and blind

alley consciousness, where the poet himself utters the only valuable phrase in

defense of life and the future: “Go look after your child~.

“In black and White Story~ Agora space is totally profanated. It is empty of

the festive frame of mind, which distinguishes it from the drab routine. Here the

thought does not gain completion but emties of it altogether, losing ethics and

interaction. At this Agora neither the voice of the socium voice could be heard,

nor the individual’s underlined, unethical silence and the negligence forments

the murder. Consciousness, being demoted from thought to a gossip, shows a

complete paganization of the Agora cultural idea itself.

Juho Korhonen

210

Juho Korhonen

PhD, Brown University, USA

The Sea(s) as the Liminal Origins of the Logic of Modern States

1. Sea as the Liminal Origin of State Logic

I preliminarily and tentatively investigate here the logic of states in relation

to the sea(s) and thereafter the markets as the liminal and necessary counter-

factual that allowed for the establishment of bureaucratically limited and

coherent spaces, the modern nation-states. Within the historical world-system1

such limitations were not inherent to political entities that defined themselves

not in reference to the sea. Rather, they arose hand in hand with the emergence

of the modern world-economy that has relied on this interstate structure. I claim

that this liminal role of uncertainty is today represented by the world-economy. I

trace that role from the seas, and the emergence of the first modern singular

states – such as the attempts of Spain to the solidification of that logic in the

Netherlands, Britain and France – finally to the cul-de-sack of today when no

more space and possibilities are offered by the sea(s) or the markets that

conceptually and economically followed the role of the seas.

An important aspect of this liminal role of the sea was its importance to

capitalist trade, i.e. trade that systematically attempted to guarantee the accu-

mulation of capital and therefore was dependent on the state in countering the

uncertainty presented by the seas. This manifested in a dualistic sense of

allowing competition and access for all, but simultaneously allowing for indirect

domination by those most adaptable to the uncertainty of the sea; concretely at

first this meant predicting the security of shipments and sea routes. Michel

Foucault has examined the rise of the economy of power, i.e. the indirect

disciplinary force that rose in response to capital’s needs and what Foucault

calls bad economies of power2. The importance of this lies in the abstract nature

1 See Wallerstein 1980, 1989 and 2011. 2 See Foucault Discipline and Punish


211

of sea routes and sea supremacy because they could never be physically

occupied but were based purely on the calculation of possibilities, which then

demanded the opposite from the nation-states that it spawned, i.e. internal unity

and predictability. Such calculation, predicated upon the duality between sin-

gularity and an uncertain openness, never took place in the semi-peripheral

land-based political entities such as the Russian and Soviet Empires, where a

plurality of the body politic and of risk calculation and management of possi-

bilities governed political imagination. Pierre Bourdieu famously accounts for

the mechanisms by which this singularity and predictability is maintained in mo-

dern states. According to Bourdieu the differentiations within the modern state

only serve to maintain domination and the singularity of the state. At once then

these differentiations, such as the legal, economic and political spheres, reproduce

the kind of power described by Foucault, power that exists not within any of these

entities but in their relations and power that is predicated upon its predictability.

This is empirically most well represented in the expansion of the western

European empires not in geographic but more importantly in terms of economic

and bureaucratic-cultural domination. Andrew Zimmerman has described this as

the process of internal colonization for the sake of external colonization1. Whe-

reas the eastern empires both politically and culturally expanded with the logic

of geographic plurality; no direct binary between the center and the overseas

existed but several logics and hierarchies led to the center. Both the Russian

Empire and the Soviet Union, for example, specifically created varying forms of

governance and relations to both the power center in St. Petersburg or Moscow

and to external factors such as different market transactions. This is exemplified

for example by the great variety of legal systems in the Russian Empire and the

constant failures and impossibility to create a unified legal system for the

country. In the Soviet Union the most visible example was of course the diver-

sification and horizontal dependencies in production and manufacturing.

2. From Seas to Markets

The movement by the modern states from internal colonization, in order to

account for the unpredictability of the seas, into the external colonization

1 Zimmerman Andrew From Internal Colonization to Overseas Colonization and Back

Again in Sociology and Empire. The Imperial Entanglements of a Discipline. Duke University Press. Durham and London 2013.

Juho Korhonen

212

transformed through the logic of the colonial state and later empire into the world

market. External colonization was an attempt to create an adaptable counterpart to

the singularity of the modern state; a transformable and moldable multiplicity that

would serve as a buffer for any irregularities between the world-economy and the

singularity of the modern state, an insurance one may claim.

Today this translates to logics of governance and behavior towards world-

economy. Where the sea states now vie for global power as a singularity against

an uncertain economic totality and the land states continue to assert local multi-

plicities of dominance with no consideration to managing external economic

uncertainty because they do not measure their political futures against it. The

land logic is today exemplified by the behavior of Russia. Russia is only concer-

ned of its own internal hierarchies of domination. The sea logic is exemplified

by China that attempts to position its singularity to be as responsive and effect-

tive against the uncertainty of economic world-system as possible.

These two logics can then be understood as, first, the one that began from

its positions towards the sea(s) and as an interstate system established the world

market as a reflection of the sea and now deals with power and domination in

terms of binaries of predictability and unpredictability where an internal logic of

singularity aims to reproduce predictability and an external logic of multiplicity

aims to buffer and soften the unpredictability. Just as previously a merchant

would sent out ten ships to different locations with different cargos and calcu-

late his profits with the assumption that nine will return and later on further

counter that by buying an insurance that guarantee such a rate of profit or make

up for the losses, similarly today an effective company has outsourced its

buffers to multiple locations that all serve varying function. Secondly, there

exists still the logic of power of the land based state. Such a state, in contrast to

a singularity diversifies its internal power in order not to predict but to maintain

its dominance against both internal and external challenges. If it were to rely on

the logic of singularity it would be significantly more susceptible to any coun-

ter-hegemonic movements, internal or external.

But it has become increasingly difficult, especially for states in-between the

two logics to either separate them or built their internal system of power

accordingly. The Japanese state famously closed itself to prepare internally for

entering the world market, the Finnish state, after the Second World War, standing

in between the two logics was able to exploit their differences beneficially. But

unsuccessful cases are more abundant. Not even to mention the colonial states of


213

Africa, one can just look at the Post-Soviet sphere were newly independent and re-

independent states were promised great benefits from entering into the modern sea

state world-economy. However, the contradictions of the two logics and the ever

increasing pace at which they operate, also possible their increasing exclusivity

and antagonism as the Crimean case has recently shown us, failed to create either

promising regional cooperation nor the emergence of modern state logic and the

singularity of power. Instead a deadlock between two fronts has fueled cronyism

and authoritarianism. Sarah Amsler has written incisively of this dual deadlock:

Political independence did not automatically translate into intellectual

autonomy, but rather into new forms of cultural and structural dependency that

must be negotiated within an entirely new set of conceptual frameworks and

institutional arrangements.1

Just the tables have now turned, empirical science dominates now, rather

than a deep understanding of the philosophy of democracy or the markets, and

whereas in the Soviet Union “knowledge about human behavior could be

applied as a technology for disciplining and modifying it”2 now knowledge

about the state and social movements are applied as a technology of control.

Thus, the knowledge cultures in the region reproduce the in-betweenness of

these world-systemic logics as they themselves are historically constituted as

highly polarized being imposed both sides. Therefore I believe it is important to

detach the analysis of the post-Soviet, for example, from the grand narratives of

universalized understandings of the state and power and instead aim to expose

foundations of the state in a world-systemic light, and, where appropriate, from

the stance of state-building and of social movements. The focus then is not on

the causes and effects of social change as imitating either of these systems but

on the nature and politics of this change itself, i.e. on the relation the region

takes to these world-systemic logics transformations.

This means that, paraphrasing Sarah Amsler here, in a world-system where

the state and social movements are considered to be the facilitators of power and

resistance, who constitute and reproduce the system, it is also crucial to in-

vestigate the liminalities, limitations and possibilities of the facilitators them-

selves to engage that system. A fitting metaphor is the death of a star. A star is a

self-sustained nuclear reaction that constantly expands and simultaneously tran-

1 Asmler 2007 2 (Amsler: Aldasheva and Nikolaenko 1973: 55)

Juho Korhonen

214

sforms material within the star. As such it is like the logic of the modern state.

When the nuclear reaction within a star accelerates towards the end of its

lifespan it expands rapidly and spews out large quantities of its own energy just

as when forming it had taken in huge masses of material, this process itself

accelerates the expansion even more. This is however accompanied by a con-

densation of the core of the star as it - in an explosive manner- propels every-

thing else out. In very simple terms, this is what I suggest happens with the

world-economy at present. The logic of the modern state is condensing and

consolidating itself but at the same time it has become exceedingly difficult for

latecomers to copy that logic. Because - looking at the post-Soviet peripheries

(not to mention even poorer regions) from the angles of statehood, economy and

knowledge cultures it would appear that they have been spit out from the star

and no matter how they try can no longer access the condensed core even as part

of its dependent periphery, its security and buffer zone.

Therefore, the only question is not what will become of the logic of the

modern state, the core of the star, but there is also the question of what happens

to the residues expelled in the process. These regions now lack the liminal space

that seas and thereafter the markets once offered for anyone capable and willing

to follow the singular logic of the modern state.

3. Alternatives and Futures

I conclude by discussing possibilities of how might we alternatively

conceptualize the sea, besides the world-economy, for the future. Are other

visions for the logic of the modern state possible? Could it be represented by

climate change or maybe visions for economic opportunities in space? And what

will become of the land states? In terms of land states the latest developments

with Russia, following the collapse of the Soviet Union and all the optimism

that arose about the possibilities of free market liberal democracy, one is hard

pressed to acknowledge that this logic is still viable. Indeed, it appears the most

suited logic for sustaining continuous political power in the core of the state.

Other visions for the logic of the modern state, besides the singular and

decentralized power described by Foucault and Bourdieu, are direly needed and

definitely have a market, but in the vein of the star metaphor and the escalation

of the two logics of the state at the present – their increased intensity to develop

and maintain their own capabilities while keeping others at bay - it would


215

appear to fall upon the rejected and least solidified to discover that new logic.

That is unless the core states have a revolution in terms of technology that

would open up new possibilities for economic activity or in terms of their

political system as happened with the French revolution and British

parliamentarism before that.

The history of the small states' efforts following the First World War

provides an example of true alternatives. These states, like Georgia, Finland or

Estonia, were able to build their own particular and suitable state logics that

were not mere copies of the dominant modern states. Of course most of them

were then suffocated under the pressure of the two main logics and their com-

petition and at present these logics continue to offset efforts by independent

states attempting to follow alternative pathways. I would nevertheless dare to

suggest that something is possible, once and if the expansion of either logic is

undermined by ideological or material upheavals, then, there would no more so

than ever be available technologies, mechanisms and tools for the organization

of society on idealistic, innovative and alternative grounds. But this would

require genuine concern and devotion by people an groups willing to denounce

the benefits and possibilities offered by the world-economy or the hierarchical

structures of domination. In such a case any liminal conceptualization or actual

space must have a new role in determining future pathways, i.e. it cannot have

the face of unpredictability nor can we dismiss the need for such a liminality

that brings together various political entities, as Russia has shown to be doing.

References

1. Amsler, Sarah. 2007. The Politics of Knowledge in Central Asia. Between

Marx and the Market. Routledge. London and New York.

2. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1994. Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgment of

Taste. Routledge, London.

3. Foucault, Michel. (1978) 1995. Discipline and Punish.. Random House.

New York

4. Steinmetz, George. 2013. Sociology and Empire. The Imperial Entan-

glements of a Discipline. Duke University Press. Durham and London.

5. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1980. The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism

and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750. Aca-

demic Press. New York

Juho Korhonen

216

6. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1989. The Modern World-System III: The Second

Great Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840. Academic

Press. San Diego.

7. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2011. The Modern World-System IV: Centrist

Liberalism Triumphant, 1789-1914. University of California Press. Berkeley.

iuho korhoneni

doqtori

braunis universiteti, aSS

zRva, rogorc Tanamedrove

saxelmwifoTa liminaluri logika

reziume

naSromSi ganxilulia saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebulobis xa-

risxis damokidebuleba sazRvao sivrcesTan mimarTebaSi. daxa-

siaTebulia sazRvao da saxmeleTo saxelmwifoebi, axsnilia maTi

ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis logika. gavlebulia

paralelebi da naCvenebia sazRvao saxelmwifoTa upiratesoba

naxevradperiferiul saxmeleTo saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT.

mocemulia orive tipis saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis gzebi da sa-

momavlo gamowvevebi da naCvenebia sazRvao tipis saxelmwifoTa

upiratesi roli kapitalizmis Casaxva-ganviTarebisa da kapita-

lis dagrovebis epoqidan, msoflio ekonomikis Tanamedrove

mdgomareobamde.

avtori Tvlis, rom sazRvao saxelmwifoebi axla ejibrebian

erTmaneTs msoflio mbrZaneblobaSi da rom sazRvao logika maq-

simalurad mgrZnobiare da efeqturia msoflio ekonomikuri da

kulturuli sistemebis ganviTarebis gzebis ZiebaSi.

aWaris da zemo svaneTis SedarebiTi landSaftur-ekologiuri Sefaseba

217

roman maisuraZe


Tengiz gordeziani


revaz Tolordava

asocirebuli profesori

soxumis universiteti

neli jamaspaSvili


Tamar xarZiani

doqtoranti, Tsu

aWaris da zemo svaneTis

SedarebiTi landSaftur-ekologiuri Sefaseba

bolo wlebSi Catarebulma landSaftur-ekologiurma kvle-

vebma, Seswavlili regionebis urTierTSedarebis da landSaf-

tur-ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli Sefasebis saSuale-

ba mogvca. qarTuli landSafturi skolis erT-erTi umTavresi

mimarTuleba regionebis geosistemebis sivrce-droiTi analizi

da sinTezia,am mxriv mTiani regionebi Tavisi kontrastulobis,

rTuli struqturisa da hifsometriuli ganviTarebiT gansa-

kuTrebiT sainteresoa. dinamizmis tendenciebis dadgenis miz-

niT analogiuri kvlevebi Catarda landSaftebis resursuli

potencialis gansazRvris, mdgradobisa da kritikulobis Tval-

sazrisiT. landSaftur-ekologiuri eqspertiza gulisxmobs

TiToeul landSaftSi mimdinare procesebis Seswavlas, rac da-

kavSirebulia geofizikuri erTeulebis sivrce-droiT cvaleba-

dobasTan, aRniSnuli procesebis SesaZlo ganviTarebis tenden-

ciasTan da pasuxismgebeli faqtorebis aqtivobis donesTan. mik-

rolokalizaciidan gamomdinare, landSaftur-ekologiuri eq-

r. maisuraZe, T. gordeziani, r. Tolordava, n. jamaspaSvili, T. xarZiani

218

spertiza, aseve, gulisxmobs mis mdebareobas sxva landSafturi

erTeulebis mimarT da maT Soris urTierTzemoqmedebis inten-

sivobas. konkretikisTvis aRvniSnavT liTologiur struqtu-

ras, rogorc xangZliv periodSi niadagur-edafiuri pirobebis

ganmsazRvrel komponents, aseve, geodinamikuri da geo-morfo-

logiuri procesebis sxvadasxva intensivobiT ganviTarebis ga-

momwvev faqtors. rig SemTxvevebSi, roca niadagur-edafiuri ma-

xasiaTeblis gansazRvra ver xerxdeba dinamikuri procesebis ma-

Rali intensivobis gamo (ekocidirebuli da geocidirebuli te-

ritoriebis arseboba), landSaftur-ekologiur kvlevebSi mniS-

vnelovani xdeba konkretuli landSafturi erTeulis pirobeb-

Si landSaftis mdgradobis maCveneblis eqspertiza.

aWaris regionSi aseTi samuSaos Sesruleba rTuldeba lan-

dSaftis 6500-mde urango morfologiuri erTeulis diferenci-

rebis gamo. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia landSaftebis eqspo-

zicia, ferdobis daxriloba, migraciis reJimi, mcenareuli sa-

fari (maT Soris rogorc edifikatori da kodominanti tyis ji-

Sebis, ise masasiaTebeli jiSis aRniSvniT), misi simZlavre (simaR-

le niadagis zedapiridan) da qveiarusSi damaxasiaTebeli geoma-

sis maCveneblebi.

zemo svaneTSi gamoiyo landSaftis 6000-mde aseTi urango

erTeuli, rac arTulebs landSaftebis wonasworobidan gamos-

vlis pirobebis gansazRvras, mosalodneli dazianeba-degradi-

rebis ubnebis dadgenas, konkretuli landSaftis TviTganaxle-

bis masStabebs. am TvalsazrisiT, tyis landSaftTa mdgradobis

Sefasebis mizniT, SemuSavebulia sam- da xuTsafexuriani klasi-

fikaciebi, romelic moiTxovs Semdeg srulyofas, Tumca ukve

iZleva bunebriv-teritoriul kompleqsSi (btk) adamianis aqtiu-

ri sameurneo Carevis Sedegebis gamoxatavis saSualebas. geoma-

sis Semcirebis raodenobisa da misi pirvandeli mdgomareobis

aRdgenis drois dadgenis sakiTxi saWiroebs detalur landSaf-

tur-geofizikur, landSaftur-ekologiur da gis-analizis Ca-

tarebis xangrZliv process. yovelive aRniSnulis Sedegad Se-

saZlebelia prognozul-eqsperimentuli daskvnebis miReba, ro-

melic sakmaod maRali sizustiT iqneba gaTvlili, Tumca, am Sem-

TxvevaSi, aucilebelia am proceduras win uZRodes landSaf-


219

tur-ekologiuri struqturis ganmsazRvreli komponent-faq-

torebis sivrciTi qselis Seqmna, anu e.w. `landSaftur-ekolo-

giuri karkasis~ Sedgena, romelic gulisxmobs landSaftis di-

namizmis tendenciis kavSiris dadgenas geologiur, niadagur-e-

dafiur, geodinamikur, klimatur, eqspoziciur, reliefur pa-

leogeografiul, paleobiologiur da sxva TaviseburebebTan,

aseve calkeuli organizmis, mavneblis an daavadebis gavrcele-

bis kerebTan.

sakvlevi regionebi TiTqmis Tanatol farTobs ikavebs. aR-

saniSnavia, rom Catarebuli kvleva ganxorcielda da landSaf-

tebis mdgomareoba fiqsirebulia erTsa da imave periodSi.

kvlevisas kidev erTi detali iqna gaTvaliswinebuli — aWaris

regionSi, mTis landSaftebis garda, garkveul farTobs baris

landSaftebic ikavebs, rac SedarebisTvis TiTqos karg safuZ-

vels ar iZleva. pirveli maTgani mdebareobs mcire kavkasionisa

da nawilobriv pontos qedis daboloebaze, xolo meore mTavari

kavkasionis samxreT ferdobebze, moqceulia erTmaneTis para-

lelur orografiul erTeulebs Soris. orive SemTxvevaSi lan-

dSaftTa formirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mTis qvabu-

lebi, aWaris da zemo svaneTis qvabulebis saxiT. orive regionSi

teritoriis garkveul nawils dacviTi statusi gaaCnia, rac ki-

dev ufro sainteresos xdis maT Sedarebas.

naSromSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia ramdenime sakiTxze:

• regionSi warmodgenili landSaftebis (landSaftis gva-

ri) zusti farTobebis dadgena da maTi verifikacia msxvil (1 :

50 000) masStabSi;

• tyiani landSaftebis mdgradobis maCveneblis gansazR-

vra da maTi SedarebiTi analizi;

• aWaris da zemo svaneTis teritoriis tyianobis potenci-

uri maCvenebelis gamovlena da maTi dinamikis Sedegebi;

• dacviTi statusis mqone teritoriebis arseboba sakvle-

vi regionebis mTis landSaftebSi [3].


220

nax. 1. Savi zRvis gavlena aWaris regionze

kvlevisas ganskuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda orive regio-

nis landSafturi struqturis sirTulis umTavresi faqtore-

bis gamovlenasa da kartografirebas. landSaftebze umTavre-

sad moqmedi faqtorebis gamoyofisas yuradReba SevaCereT Savi

zRvis gavlenaze, romelic, garkveulwilad, aRniSnuli regione-

bis landSaftebis formirebis ganmsazRvrelia.

nax. 2. Savi zRvis gavlena zemo svaneTis regionze


221

2005-2006 wlebSi Cvens mier Sedgenili orive regionis

msxvilmasStabiani landSafturi rukisaTvis gamoyenebul iqna

Semdegi wyaroebi:

• msxvilmasStabiani topografiuli rukebi (1:50 000);

• msxvilmasStabiani geologiuri rukebi (1 : 50 000, 1 : 200 000);

• msxvilmasStabiani satyeo rukebi da gegmebi (1 : 25 000, 1 :

100 000);

• msxvilmasStabiani aerofoto da kosmosuri suraTebi,

eqsperimentuli nakveTebisa da kartografiuli werti-

lebis aRweris blankebi;

• savele pirobebSi Sedgenili rukebi.

aRniSnuli masalebis gamoyenebiT da Gis — meTodebiT, prog-

rama Mapinfo Profesional-is meSveobiT Sedga bunebriv-teritoriu-

li kompleqsebis detaluri rukebi (nax. 3, 4 fragmentebi).

nax. 3. aWaris regionis bunebriv-teritoriuli

kompleqsebis rukis fragmenti


222

nax. 4. zemo svaneTis regionis bunebriv-teritoriuli

kompleqsebis rukis fragmenti

aRniSnuli btk-ebis msxvilmasStabiani rukebis safuZvelze

SemuSavda sakvlevi regionebis landSafturi rukebis geoinfor-

maciuli sistemebi, landSaftTa gvarebis doneze, romelic kavka-

siis landSafturi rukis ganaxlebuli versiaa. maTi verifikacia

moxdenilia msxvil masStabSi kvlevis masalebze dayrdnobiT. ma-

Ti legenda aRebulia kavkasiis landSafturi rukidan [2].

nax. 5. aWaris regionis landSafturi ruka


223

orive sakvlevi regionisaTvis Sedga landSafturi rukebi,

sadac ZiriTadi erTeulia landSaftis gvari, am mxriv aWaris re-

gioni ufro mravalferovania da gamoiyofa landSaftis 13 gva-

ri, zemo svaneTis regionSi vrceldeba mxolod landSaftis 7

gvari.

orive regionSi landSaftis Semdegi gvarebia: 125, 129, 135

da 144. Xolo aWaraSi landSaftis qvetipi: saSualo mTis zomie-

rad Tbili kolxuri landSaftebi warmodgenilia 72-e gvariT,

gansxvavebiT zemo svaneTisagan sadac vrceldeba landSaftis

70-e gvari (kavkasiis landSafturi rukis mixedviT). Cven mier Ca-

tarebuli gis-analizis Sedegad dadginda aq warmodgenili lan-

dSaftis gvarebis zusti farTobuli maCveneblebi (cxr. 1).

nax. 6. zemo svaneTis regionis landSafturi ruka

cxrili 1

aWaris regionis landSaftTa farTobebi

landSaftis gvari farTobi(km2)

1 123. 759

7 246. 887

48 11. 619

65 412. 201


224

66 203. 494

72 744. 609

125 657. 752

127 6. 470

129 146. 749

135 303. 096

139 28. 126

144 1. 936

147 7. 471

sul 2894. 170

cxrili 2

zemo svaneTis regionis landSaftTa farTobebi

landSaftis gvari farTobi (kv.km)

70 232. 493

125 830. 109

129 355. 672

135 594. 822

144 466. 441

150 115. 731

152 484. 012

sul 3079. 281

am ori cxrilis gaerTianebiT gamoCndeba ori regionis saer-

To da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.

aWaris regionSi dominirebs 72-e gvaris landSaftebi, rom-

lis qvetipsve miekuTvneba 70-e gvaris landSaftebi zemo sva-

neTSi, im gansxvavebiT, rom zemo svaneTSi es landSaftebi Seda-

rebiT mcire farTobs ikavebs. aq dominirebs 125-e gvaris lan-

dSaftebi, romelic aWaraSic erT-erTi wamyvania da, dakavebuli

farTobis mixedviT, mxolod 72-e gvaris landSaftebs CamorCe-


225

ba. aseve sainteresoa identuri 129-e gvaris landSaftebi, rom-

lebic zemo svaneTSi mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs aWaraSi warmodge-

nil imave gvaris landSaftebis farTobebs, rac ganpirobebulia

zemo svaneTSi paleoglacialuri reliefiT, xolo aWaraSi qede-

bis Txemur nawilebSi mosworebuli zedapirebis dominirebiT,

rac gansazRvravs tyis zeda sasazRvro sartyelSi sezonuri me-

saqonleobis farTo masStabebs. zeda mTis tyis landSaftebis

ganadgureba da maTi farTobebis mxolod lokalurad SenarCu-

neba aseTi reliefis Sedegia.

naSromSi ganxilulia, aseve, sakvlevi regionebis tyiani

landSaftebis mdgradobis sakiTxi. 2005-2006 wlebSi am regione-

bis satyeo seqtoris mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT landSaf-

tur-ekologiuri karkasis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT Catarda

savele kvlevebi, romelic moicavda tyiani landSaftebis zoni-

rebas: mdgrad, saSualo mdgradobis da aramdgrad zonebad. re-

gionebSi aramdgradi zonebi umTavresad ukavSirdeba Semdeg mo-

nakveTebs:

• cicabo (300-350-ze meti daxrilobis) ferdobebi;

• meoTxeuli aluvioniT da sxva naklebad mtkice qanebiT

agebuli saSualo daxrilobis ferdobebi;

• neogenur da baiosur wyebebSi, aseve, fiqlebiT agebul te-

ritoriebze aqtiuri mewyruli da Rvarcofuli ubnebi;

• mdinareTa xeobebis qveda nawilebSi warmodgenili Seda-

rebiT cicabo, eroziasaSiSi ferdobebi;

• aWaris da zemo svaneTis qvabulebSi samxreTuli eqspozi-

ciis saSualo daxrilobis da cicabo ferdobebi, dafa-

ruli fiWvnari tyiT (xanZarsaSiSi arealebi);

• zedamTis, maT Soris, subalpuri mdelos sazRvarze mde-

bare tyeebi;

• subalpuri mdeloebis qvemoT mdebare Cadablebebi da

potenciurad zvavsaSiSi ferdobebi;

• warsulSi zemoqmedebis qveS myofi tyis btk-ebi, romel-

Ta aRdgenis procesi gaZnelebulia;


226

• orive regionis dasavleT nawilSi gavrcelebuli btk-ebi

wablnari tyiT, romelic xSirad daavadebulia Endotea

Parazitica-Ti.

savele kvlevebis da msxvilmasStabiani kartografirebis Se-

degad dadginda, rom orive regionSi dominirebs aramdgradi

landSaftebi, romelTa bunebaTsargeblobiTi TavlsazrisiT

Sefasebisas saintereso iyo maTi xvedriTi wili regionebis sa-

erTo farTobidan (cxr. 3; cxr. 4) [1].

cxrili 3

aWaris regionis landSaftTa mdgradobis maCvenebeli

utyeo

zona

mdgradi

zona

nawilobriv

mdgradi

zona

aramdg-

radi zona sul (km2)

1014. 401 590. 742 530. 960 758. 067 2894. 17

far-

Tobi

35. 05 20 .41 18. 35 26. 9 100

xvedri-

Ti wili

%

cxrili 4

zemo svaneTis regionis landSaftTa mdgradobis maCvenebeli

utyeo

zona

aramdgradi

zona

nawilobriv

mdgradi

zona

mdgradi

zona sul (km2)

1826.978 578.063 373.569 305.220 3083.829 farTobi

59.24 18.74 12.11 9.90 100

xvedriTi

wili %


227

aranakleb sainteresoa orive regionis tyiT dafaruli lan-

dSaftebis Tanamedrove farTobebis regionebis potenciur tyi-

anobasTan Sedareba, romlis maCvenebeli ramdenadme Semcirebu-

lia. es tendencia dakavSirebulia gansaxlebis zolTan da sa-

soflo-sameurneo savargulebTan. sazafxuli sacxovrebeli da-

saxlebebis (e.w. `iailebi~), gavrcelebam zemo svaneTSi nawilob-

riv, xolo mTian aWaraSi TiTqmis yvelgan (ZiriTadad, z.d. 1700-

2200 m-s Soris) gamoiwvia 129 gvaris landSaftebis Zlieri Semci-

reba, rig monakveTebSi ki sruli gaqroba (umetesad aWaraSi). maTi

farTobebis zusti aRdgena jerjerobiT ver moxerxda. kvlevis

Sedegad SesZlebeli gaxda potenciuri tyianobisa da misi dinami-

kis tendenciebis garkveuli sizustiT dadgena, ramac sakmaod sa-

intereso suraTi aCvena (cxr. 5; cxr. 6; cxr. 7). (cxrili 5-7)

cxrili 5

aWaris regionis tyianobis maCvenebeli

potenciurad tye-

buCqnariT dafaruli

teritoria

tye-

buCqnarebis

Tanamedrove

farTobi km2

meoradi mdeloebi da

sruliad saxecvlili

teritoriebi km2

2554. 537 1879. 769 674. 768

88. 255% 64. 95% 23. 305%

cxrili 6

zemo svaneTis regionis tyianobis maCvenebeli

bunebrivad tyis

safars moklebuli

teritoria

saerTo

farTobidan (%)

potenciuri tyianobis

koeficienti %

1675. 215 54. 323 45. 677


228

cxrili 7

zemo svaneTis regionis tyiT dafaruli

dandSaftebis dinamikis maCvenebeli

btk-is tipi farTobi km2

% regionis mTliani

farTobidan

tyiT dafaruli

teritoriebi 1256. 851 40.76

gaCexili da

gardaqmnili btk-ebi 151. 55 4.921

regionis mdgradi ganviTareba TavisTavad gulisxmobs

dacviTi statusis mqone teritoriebis qselis gafarToebas da

geosistemaTa konservaciis xelSewyobas. naSromSi ganxilulia

orive regionis daculi teritoriebi, romlebic mTis

landSaftebs ikavebs. savaraudod, dacviTi statusis miniWebis

mizniT, zemo svaneTis teritoriis daaxloebiT naxevarze meti

centraluri kavkasionis erovnuli parkis teritoriaSi unda

moeqces. am mxriv sxvagvari mdgomareobaa aWaris mTis landSaf-

tebSi (cxr. 8; cxr. 9; cxr. 10).

cxrili 8

aWaris regionis mTis landSaftebis

dacul teritoriaTa farTobi

daculi teritoriebis saerTo

farTobi (km2) % regionis saerTo farTobidan

287. 589 9. 937


229

cxrili 9

aWaris regionis mTis landSaftebis

dacul teritoriaTa kategoriebis farTobebi

daculi teritoriis

tipi

saerTo farTobi

km2

% regionis saerTo

farTobidan

nakrZalis 131. 001 4. 526

erovnuli parkis 156. 589 5. 410

cxrili 10

zemo svaneTis dacul teritoriaTa farTobi

gegmarebiTi erovnuli parkis

SesaZlo farTobi (demarkacia

ar dasrulebula) % raionis saerTo farTobidan

1622. 170 52. 6

rogorc cxrilebidan Cans, aWaraSi daculi teritoriebis

xvedriTi wili gacilebiT naklebia zemo svaneTTan SedarebiT,

Tumca navaraudevia maTi farTobis gazrda sxvadasxva saxis

dacviTi kategoriebis miniWebiT. Cven mier Sedgenili

landSafturi rukis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia maTi struqturis,

gansakuTrebiT saintereso, maRali konservaciis da dacviTi

mniSvnelobis ekosistemaTa Seswavlis ZiriTad safuZvlad.


1. saqarTvelos landSafturi ruka (masStabi 1:200 000; avtore-

bi: r. maisuraZe, n. jamaspaSvili, z. seferTelaZe, n. beruCa-

Svili, y. inaSvili, T. xarZiani), Tb., 2012

2. Беручашвили Н.Л. Ландшафтная карта Кавказа, Тб., Изд. ТГУ, 1979.

3. Беручашвили Н.Л. Кавказ: ландшафты, модели, эксперименты, Тб.,

Изд. ТГУ, 1995.


230

Roman Maisuradze

PhD of Geography, TSU

Tengiz Gordeziani

Associate professor, TSU

Revaz Tolordava

Associate professor, Sokhumi University

Neli Jamaspashvili

PhD of Geography, TSU

Tamar Xardziani

PhD Student, TSU

Adjara and Svaneti comparative

landscape – ecological assessment

Resume

Adjara and Upper Svaneti are two similar regions with climate, elevation,

floristic and landscape features. However, there are differences between them,

associated with a number of geographical features. It should be noted that this

comparative analysis gives some idea of the the western parts of the landscape

structure of main Caucasus and the Lesser Caucasus ridges. After the analysis of

a series of drawn landscape maps some interesting landscapes were evaluated -

ecological characteristics, including their condition and differentiation specifics

of unstable areas were developed for both regions, as well as dynamics of

natural landscape trends, for nowadays landscapes covered with forests are

compared with potential regional areas to be covered by forests. Ccalculations

of the landscape areas of the region were made and the data bank was set up.

We have also compared the conservation status of areas in both regions. Hence

the thesis holds both the scientific and practical importance.

saqarTvelos landSaftebis turistul-rekreaciuli mniSvneloba da maTi potencialis Sefaseba

231

roman maisuraZe

georafiis akad. doqtori, Tsu

levan beruCaSvili

doqtoranti, Tsu

nikoloz beruCaSvili

doqtoranti, Tsu

Tamar xarZiani

doqtoranti, Tsu

neli jamaspaSvili


saqarTvelos landSaftebis turistul-rekreaciuli

mniSvneloba da maTi potencialis Sefaseba

landSaftis socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis Sefaseba

sivrciTi ganviTarebis da dagegmarebis erT-erTi umTavresi wi-

napirobaa. landSaftis saxe ki yvelaze mcire tipologiuri er-

Teulia, sadac yvelaze maRali detalobiTaa naCvenebi erTian

landSaftur erTeulSi yvela komponentis Tavisebureba, dawye-

buli geologiuri struqturiT da dasrulebuli konkretuli

floristuli formaciiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare landSaf-

turi erTeulebisaTvis, rodesac landaftebi diferencirebu-

lia maRali detalurobiT, SesaZlebelia moxerxebulad gan-

vsazRvroT TiToeuli maTganis socialur-ekonomikuri mniSvne-

loba da potenciali socialur-ekonomikur-geografiuli Tval-

sazrisiT, kerZod, TiToeuli misi Semadgeneli dargis Tvalsaz-

risiT.

landSaftis socialur-ekonomikur-geografiuli Sefasebi-

sas vgulisxmobT rogorc mis Sefasebas resursuli potencia-

lis, ise sxva TvalsazrisiTac. amgvari Sefasebac zogadia, ami-

tom landSaftis Sefasebas vaxdenT konkretuli mimarTulebiT.

r. maisuraZe, l. beruCaSvili, T. xarZiani, n. jamaspaSvili

232

magaliTad, tyis, biologiuri, saTbob-energetikuli, klimatu-

ri, agroklimaturi, ekologiuri, miwis fondis, sasoflo-same-

urneo, energetikuli, turistul-rekreaciuli da a.S.

Cvens naSromSi yuradreba gavamaxvileT saqarTvelos lan-

dSaftebis turistul-rekreaciuli potencialis Sefasebaze da

mis mniSvnelobaze. naSromi efuZneba bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi

Catarebul kvlevebs, romelic landSaftebis Seswavlis mizniT

ganxorcielda da saqarTvelos axal landSaftur geoinforma-

ciul sistemas, romelic aRniSnuli samuSaoebis Sedgad iqna

Sedgenili.

meTodebi da midgomebi. landSaftebis Sefaseba turistu-

li da rekreaciuli TvalsazrisiT gamoricxulia movaxdinoT

calsaxad da pirdapiri gamoTvlebiT an gazomvebiT. amisTvis

aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi viqonioT teritoriis specifika da

maTi Taviseburebebi.

landSaftis turistul-rekreaciuli mniSvnelobis da po-

tencialis SefasebisaTvis viTvaliswinebT araerT maxasiaTe-

bels, radgan Tavad turizmi mravali saxis arsebobs. Sesabami-

sad, TiToeul landSaftSi SesaZlebeli iqneba sxvadasxva speci-

fikis turistul-rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTareba, mTava-

ria is, rom gamovavlinoT TiToeuli sivrciTi erTeulis speci-

fika.

zogierTi landSaftisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia biomraval-

ferovnebis maRali maCvenebeli, rac SesaZloa samecniero tu-

rizmis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovan atraqciad iqces. aseve,

msgavsad, SeiZleba vivaraudoT xeluxlebeli, pirveladi lan-

dSaftebis SemTxvevaSi. rigi landSaftebisa SesaZlebelia mim-

zidveli aRmoCndes esTeturobidan, xedebidan da bunebis Zeg-

lebidan gamomdinare, xolo zogierTi landSafti ki didxnova-

ni, mZlavri vertikaluri struqturis mqone tyis masivebis gamo.

aseTi resursis mqone landSaftebi kidev ufro imiT SeiZleba

gaxdes mimzidveli, rom aq SesaZlebelia sufTa haeris gamo gax-

des gamajansaRebeli saxis vizitorTa interesiT gamorCeuli.

sufTa, maRali gamWvirvaleobis mqone haeri, da misi sasar-

geblo samkurnalo nivTierebiT simdidre, es kidev erTi sainte-


233

reso atraqciaa, romelic saukuneebis manZilze izidavda damsa-

venebels da maTi aseTi funqcia dResac ar Sesustebula.

Tavis mxriv, rigi landSaftebisa ar gamoirCeva gansakuTre-

buli haeris gamWvirvaleobiT da havis sijansaRiT, magram gaaC-

nia sxva Rirsebebi, magaliTad, kirqvuli kanionebi, mRvimeebiT

mdidari da miwisqveSa samyaroTi gamorCeuli, romelTac SesaZ-

lebelia gamajansaRebeli funqcia naklebad hqondeT, magram

speleoturizmisaTvis saukeTeso potencialiT gamoirCevian.

aseve landSaftebi, sadac gamosavali aqvs miwisqveSa samkurna-

lo daniSnulebis wylebs, maT Soris Termul wyaroebs. aseT lan-

dSaftebs SeiZleba ganekuTvnebods is landSaftebi, sadac adgi-

li aqvs salzebis, anu talaxis vulkanebis kerebis arsebobas, sa-

dac SesaZlebelia samkurnalo daniSnulebiT vizitorTa raode-

nobiT zrda. rigi landaftebisa, SesaZlebelia ar gamoirCeodes

zemoTCamoTvlili potencialiT, magram maTTvis SesaZlebelia

damaxasiaTebeli iyos bunebis iseTi Zeglebi, romelic gansakuT-

rebul interesis sagans warmoadgendnen samecniero an sxva saxis

naturalizmis mimdevrebisadmi. magaliTad, ganamarxebuli tyee-

bi, svetebi da a.S. rig SemTxvevebSi ki bunebis dacvis raime gan-

sakuTrebuli Zeglebi, romlebic, aseve, SesaZloa iqcnen mniSne-

lovan atraqciebad. calke sakiTxia glacialuri landSaftebi

da alpinizmisaTvis xelsayreli landSaftebi.

bunebrivi RirsSesaniSnaobebis garda, rigi landSaftebisa

mdebareobs SedarebiT didi xnis adamianis zegavlenis mqone

zolSi, rac, bunebrivia, ganapirobebda mniSvnelovan transfor-

maciis xarisxs. magram dresdReobiT es landSaftebi mdidaria

materialuri kulturuli memkvidreobiT. naqalaqarebiT, cixe-

ebiT, monastrebiT da sxva arqiteqturuli ZeglebiT, arqeolo-

giuri ZeglebiT da uZvelesi gansaxlebis kerebiT, aseve, tradi-

ciuli meurneobis zonebiT, romliTac saqarTvelo iqcevs gan-

sakuTrebul yuradRebas. maT Soris, venaxebi, Rvinis marnebi da

a.S. amitom landSaftebs, sadac aseTi obieqtebi mdebareobs, Se-

saZlebelia sakmaod maRali turistuli potenciali gaaCndes.

TiToeuli landSaftis farglebSi arsebuli daculi teri-

toria, romelic uSualod mkacri dacvis zonas ar warmoadgens

(anu mxolod samecniero daniSnulebiT viziti) SesaZloa ata-


234

rebdes gansakuTrebiT did potencials vizitorTa mozidvis

TvalsazrisiT, rac Seexeba mkacri dacvis zonas, samecniero tu-

rizmis TvalsazrisiT SesaZloa masac didi mniSvneloba hqon-

des.

Cven mier diferencirebuli landSaftebidan nawils gaaCnia

erTi saxis potenciali, nawils ki sxva, zogierT maTganSi ki Tav-

moyrilia ramodenime maxasiaTebeli, zogierTi maTgani mdida-

ria, zogierTi ki naklebad, rodesac exeba kulturul memkvid-

reobas da sxva Rirebulebebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi landSaftSi

xvdeba kulturuli memkvidreobis mxolod mcire nawili an ise-

Tebi, sadac SesaZlebelia vizitorTa mxolod viwro wre da mci-

re kategoriis stumrobaa mosalodneli.

Cven mier Sedgenil geoinformaciul sistemaSi, TiToeuli

landSaftisaTvis monacemTa bankSi mivuTiTeT maTi SefasebiTi

mniSvneloba, romelic maT turistul-rekreaciul potencials

asaxavs. gamovyaviT oTxi kategoria.

1. Zalian didi potenciali;

2. didi potenciali;

3. saSualo potenciali;

4. SedarebiT dabali potenciali.

TiToeuli landSafts mis monacemTa bazaSi mivuTiTeT misi

turistul-rekreaciuli potenciali, ramac mogvca saSualeba,

rom gvemsjela im landaftebis odenobaze da maT mier dakavebul

farTobebze, romelTac turistul-rekreaciuli TvalsazirisiT

qveynis ganviTarebaSi mniSnelovani wvlilis Setana SeuZliaT.

TiToeuli landSaftis ZiriTadi Sedgebi Sefasebul iqna ma-

Ti zogadi potencialis mixedviT, rac dakavSirebulia TiToe-

ul landSaftTan turistul-rekreaciuli meurneobis ganviTa-

rebis TvalsazrisiT. Catarebuli kvleva moicavs 1053 landaf-

tur erTeuls (landSaftis saxe), romelTa farglebSic Sedga

aRniSnuli geoinformaciuli sistema da Tematuri rukac. bu-

nebrivia, landSaftis TiToeuli erTeulisTvis rom migvesada-

gebina turizmis TiToeuli sfero (ekoturizmi, saTagvadasav-

lo turizmi, alpinizmi, sportuli turizmi, nostalgiuri tu-

rizmi, piligrimuli turizmi, samecniero turizmi, naturali-

turi turizmi, biznes turizmi da sxv. an rekreaciis TiToeuli


235

forma, dasveneba, Zalebis aRdgena, balneologiuri datvirTva

da a.S.), maSin kvleva moicavda TiToeul aRniSnul dargebs uf-

ro siRrmiseulad da Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedgebis moTavse-

ba erT statiaSi SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda, radgan misi Sedegebis

asaxvas mravali ruka, grafiki da cxrili dasWirdeboda. amitom

aRniSnul etapze zogadi SefasebiT SemovifargleT da aRniSnu-

li mimarTulebiT kvleva kvlav grZeldeba. aseve, saintereso iq-

neboda turizmis TiToeuli dargis kavSiri turistuli obieq-

tebis raodenobasTan, romlis analizsac landaftur erTeu-

lebtan kavSirSi samomavlod vapirebT, es naSromi ki am yvelaf-

ris erT-erTi winapirobaa.

rogorc Cven mier Sedgenili cxrilebidan Cans, saqarTve-

los teritoriis sakmaod mniSvnelovani nawili turistuli in-

dustriis ganviTarebisaTvis didi potencialis matarebelia,

xolo danarCeni teritoriac araa darCenili ise, rom saerTod

ar gaaCndes am TvalsazrisiT raime potenciali, mxolod aRniS-

nul landaftebSi SesaZlebelia ufro perspeqtiuli aRmoCndes

ekonomikis sxva dargebi da turistuli industriis ganviTare-

bas maTac mniSvnelovanwilad Seuwyon xeli, rogorc iribi Car-

Tuloba aRniSnul sferos ganviTarebaSi.

Cven mier SemoTavazebulia cxriluri masala, romelic lan-

dSaftebis raodenobas da farTobul analizs gvaCvenebs turis-

tuli potencialis TvalsazrisiT.

cxrili 2

landSaftebis turistul-rekreaciuli potenciali

da landSafturi erTeulebis (landSaftis saxe) odenoba

SedarebiT

dabali

saSualo didi Zalian didi

233 402 272 146


236

cxrili 1

landSaftebis turistul-rekreaciuli

potenciali da maTi farTobebi (km2)

SedarebiT

dabali

saSualo didi Zalian didi

14703,11 29085,10 17619,922 8149,765

21,138 % 41,814 % 25,331 % 11,717 %

Cven mier Sedgenil iqna Tematuri ruka, romelic swored sa-

qarTvelos landSaftebis mixedviT aris Seqmnili da TiToeuli

landSaftis turistul-rekreaciul potencials gviCvenebs. es

ruka Sinaarsobrivad Seesabameba zemoT moyvanil cxrilebs.

aRniSnuli masalebi gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos landSaf-

tebis mniSnelovani nawili sakmaod maRalRirebulia turis-

tul-rekreaciuli TvalsazrisiT da maTi potencialis goniv-

rul gamoyenebas SesaZlebelia mniSnelovani sargeblis motana

qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, xolo globalur da regionul doneeb-

ze ki turistebs da damsveneblebs saukeTeso dasveneba, sanaxao-

ba, Semecneba da sasiamovno garemo SeiZleba SevTavazoT, rac

maTTvis SesaZloa saintereso da misasalmebeli iyos.

nax. 1. saqarTvelos landSaftebi da maTi

turistul-rekreaciuli potenciali


237


1. saqarTvelos axali landSafturi ruka da geoinformaciu-

li sistema, kedlis ruka, TanaavtorobiT: n. jamaspaSvilTan,

z. seferTelaZesTan, n, beruCaSvilTan, n. inaSvilTan da T.

xarZianTan. Tb., 2012.

2. saqarTvelos axali landSafturi ruka da geoinformaciu-

li sistema, wigni-katalogi, TanaavtorobiT: n. jamaspaSvil-

Tan, z. seferTelaZesTan, n, beruCaSvilTan, n. inaSvilTan da

T. xarZianTan, Tb., 2012.

3. N. Beruchashvili, Caucasus, Landscale,Models, Experiments 1995.

4. Беручашвили Н.Л. Жучкова Т. Методи Полевых Физико-географичес-

ких исследовании Москва, МГУ 1995

5. Some Questions of the methods of evaluation of mountainous landscapes eco-

logical value. R. Maisuradze, T. Gordeziani, T. mamukashvili. Georgian Inter-

national Journal of Science and Technology, „nova publishers“ New York.

R. Maisuradze

PhD of Geogaphy, TSU

L. Beruchashvili

PhD student, TSU

N. Beruchashvili

PhD student, TSU

T. Khardziani

PhD student, TSU

N. Jamaspashvili

PhD of Geogaphy, TSU

Tourist-recreational value of the Georgian

landscapes and evaluation of their potential

Resume

In recent years large scale landscapes map and Georgia’s GIS were created,

where numerous landscape spatial units were identified at different typological


238

levels. The novelty of the project was the content of spatial scale. It was the first

time that the landscapes of the Georgian territory were identified at the level of

landscape species. As a result a landscape wall map of Georgia and the refe-

rence book with powerful data were published, including not only the infor-

mation about natural landscapes and elements, but also social-economical

parameters such as evaluation of landscapes according their tourist-recreational

potential. The fact that the entire data was created by the use of GIS, allows us

to continue further research. In the present article we would like to represent the

results of GIS and geo-statistical analysis. We separated four categories on the

tourist-recreational potential map: very high, high, average and relatively low.

The results of the calculations are shown in corresponding table. According to

these categories we created thematic map, which was named the tourist-

recreational potential of Georgian landscapes, accompanying the present article.

saqarTvelo da meore demografiuli gadasvla, rogorc globaluri movlena

239

giorgi melaZe


saqarTvelo da meore demografiuli gadasvla,

rogorc globaluri movlena

Sobadobis sayovelTao kleba istoriulad gardauvali mov-

lenaa, romelic sazogadoebis modernizaciis Tanmdevi proce-

sia. Tanamedrove demografiul gamowvevaTa Soris, dabali Soba-

doba msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis socialur-ekonomiku-

ri sistemebis umniSvnelovanes problemas warmoadgens.

gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis miwuruls dasavleT evropa-

Si (umTavresad CrdiloeT evropis qveynebSi: SvedeTSi, daniaSi

da fineTSi), Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti veRar uzrun-

velyofda mosaxleobis martiv aRwarmoebas (naklebi iyo 2.1-ze).

aRniSnuli procesis globaluri masStabebidan gamomdinare,

Semdgom aTwleulebSi misi geografia gafarTovda da praqtiu-

lad mTeli ganviTarebuli samyaro moicva. XXI saukunis dasawy-

isSi gaCnda axali termini — `Zalian dabali Sobadoba~. am ukanas-

kneliT aRniSnaven qveynebs, romlebSiac Sobadobis jamobrivi

koeficienti 1.5-ze dabalia. amJamad Sobadobis kleba ganviTa-

rebad qveynebzedac gavrcelda, ris Sedegadac dedamiwis mosax-

leobis naxevarze mets axasiaTebs Sobadobis reJimi, romelic

dabalia mosaxleobis martivi aRwarmoebis doneze.

movlenaTa aseTi ganviTarebis fonze, specialistTa mier ga-

moTqmul iqna mosazreba meore demografiuli gadasvlis Sesa-

xeb [Lesthaege R., D.J.van de Kaa, 1986]. pirveli demografiuli ga-

dasvlisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis irib determinantebs Sead-

gendnen industrializacia, urbanizacia da sekularizacia [Le-

astaege and Wilson, 1978], meore demografiuli gadasvla dakavSire-

giorgi melaZe

240

bulia postindustriul, swrafad cvlad sazogadoebaSi pirov-

nebis individualur moqmedebasTan [Van de Kaa, 1987].

rogorc aRvniSneT, meore demografiuli gadasvlis princi-

puli Tvisebaa Sobadobis kleba mosaxleobis martivi aRwarmoe-

bis zRvarze dabla. garda amisa, misi mniSvnelovani determinan-

tebia: pirveli qorwinebis saSualo asakis mateba, qorwinebaTa

da bavSvTaSobis droSi gadavadeba (rac Sobadobis Tvalsazri-

siT, maRali asakis qalebis maCveneblebis matebaSi aisaxeba), re-

gistrirebuli qorwinebebis kleba, gancalkevebiT mcxovrebi

meuRleebis wilisa da TanacxovrebaTa mateba, Tanamedrove Ca-

saxvissawinaaRmdego saSualebebis farTod gavrceleba, dabade-

bulTa saerTo raodenobaSi registrirebuli qorwinebis gareSe

dabadebuli bavSvebis raodenobrivi zrda, nebayoflobiTi uS-

vilobis mateba da sxva [Van de Kaa, 1997].

demografiuli procesebis ganviTarebaSi umniSvnelovanes

movlenas warmoadgenda kontracefciuli revolucia, romel-

mac 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevridan moicva dasavleTis qvey-

nebi. aRniSnuli movlena mWidrod ukavSirdeba masobrivi Casax-

vis sawinaaRmdego efeqturi saSualebebis danergvas, romelmac,

socialuri normebis cvlilebebTan erTad, realobad aqcia So-

badobaze masobrivi kontroli. SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom meore

demografiuli gadasvla warmoadgens ojaxis dagegmvis axal

etaps.

meore demografiuli gadasvlis umTavresi arsi demografi-

ul da ojaxis modernizaciaSi mdgomareobs, rac gulisxmobs

adamianebis demografiuli da ojaxuri qcevis socialuri kon-

trolis simZimis centris institucionalur-koleqtiuridan

individualur doneze gadatanas: saxelmwifos, eklesiis, sof-

lis Temis mxridan `Sinagani~ kontroli adgils uTmobs `ga-

redan~ kontrols, anu TviTkontrols da erTdroulad mkveT-

rad farTovdeba individualuri Tavisufleba yvelaferSi, rac

adamianis pirad cxovrebas Seexeba [Демографическая модерни-

зация..., 2006]. meore demografiuli gadasvlis erT-erTi avtoris

— v. de kaas azriT, aRniSnuli gadasvla sazogadoebrivi cnobie-

rebis mimarTulebis veqtoris cvlilebis Sedegia, konservatiz-

midan — progresulisaken. adamianis yvela ganzraxva TviTrea-


241

lizaciis, arCeviTobis Tavisuflebis, piradi ganviTarebis,

cxovrebis individualuri stilisa da emansipaciis irgvliv iy-

ris Tavs, rac asaxvas ojaxis formirebaSi, mSoblobis motivebis

da Sobadobis regulirebis mimarTebaSi, Sesabamis ganwyobebSi

poulobs (Van de Kaa, 1996).

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi sul ufro mtkicdeba azri, rom

mosaxleobis demografiuli qcevis modelis transformaciis

mizezia ojaxis mimarT mosaxleobis socialuri ganwyobebis, fa-

seulobebis normaTa modernizacia. dResdReobiT registrire-

bul qorwinebaSi ar myofi adamianebis raodenobis mniSvnelova-

ni mateba, maTi intimuri urTierTobebi da martoxela dedis mi-

er gaCenili bavSvi, sazogadoebis mier naklebad aRiqmeba socia-

lur deviaciad. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflioSi adamianTa um-

ravlesobis faseulobaTa sistemaSi, ojaxs umniSvnelovanesi

adgili ukavia, TandaTanobiT icvleba adamianTa damokidebule-

ba mSoblobis institutisadmi da ojaxisadmi. mSoblobis insti-

tuti naklebad warmoadgens Tanamedrove adamianis sasicocxlo

prioritets. Svilis dabadeba sul ufro naklebad aRiqmeba ro-

gorc aucilebloba an sazogadoebrivi movaleoba. wyvilebi iRe-

ben ra gadawyvetilebas Svilis yolis Sesaxeb, xelmZRvaneloben

Tu ra dadebiT da uaryofiT zegavlenas moaxdens Svilis daba-

deba maT cxovrebaze, pirad urTierTobebze, materialur uz-

runvelyofaze.

gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, Crdilo-

eT evropis zogierT qveyanaSi dawyebuli Sobadobis klebis pro-

cesi farTod gavrcelda XX saukunis 70-ian da 80-ian wlebSi. mi-

si Semdgomi difuziis Sedegad, 1990 wlisaTvis dasavleTis qvey-

nebis umravlesobaSi Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti mosax-

leobis martivi aRwarmoebis doneze (2.1) dabla imyofeboda (is.

cxrili 1). msgavsi movlena saqarTveloSi 1991 wlidan SeimCneva.

meore demografiuli gadasvlis erT-erT determinants pir-

veli qorwinebis saSualo asakis mateba warmoadgens. 2011 wels

aRniSnulma maCvenebelma 30 wels gadaaWarba avstriaSi, daniaSi,

espaneTSi, italiaSi, niderlandebSi, norvegiaSi, safrangeTSi da

SvedeTSi. am ukanasknelSi man Zalian maRali mniSvneloba — 33 we-

li Seadgina. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodSi gan-

giorgi melaZe

242

xiluli maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi axlos idga mis dasavlur ana-

logebTan. Tumca rogorc statistikuri informaciis analizma

gviCvena, 1970-2011 ww., dasavleTis qveynebSi qalebis pirveli

qorwinebis saSualo asaki mniSvnelovnad (6-9 wliT) gaizarda, sa-

qarTveloSi ki mxolod 2 wliT mateba dafiqsirda (ix. cxrili 1).

cxrili 1

Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficientis da qalebis pirveli

qorwinebis saSualo asakis dinamika msoflios zogierT

qveyanaSi da saqarTveloSi 1970, 1990, 2011 da 2012 wlebSi

Sobadobis jamobrivi

koeficienti

qalebis pirveli

qorwinebis

saSualo asaki

qveyana

1970 1990 2012 1970 1990 2011

avstria 2.29 1.46 1.44 22.9 25.2 30.3

belgia 2..25 1.62 1.79 22.4 24.4 29.4*

bulgareTi 2.17 1.82 1.50 21.4 21.5 26.6

dania 1.99 1.67 1.73 22.8 27.8 31.4

espaneTi 2.88 1.36 1.32 24.9 25.6 31.3

italia 2.43 1.33 1.40 23.9 25.9 30.6

niderlandebi 2.57 1.62 1.72 22.9 26.1 30.1

norvegia 2.50 1.93 1.85 22.8 26.4 31.1

poloneTi 2.26 2.05 1.30 22.8 22.6 26.2

portugalia 3.01 1.57 1.28 24.1 24.6 28.8

safrangeTi 2.47 1.78 2.00 22.6 25.6 30.8

ungreTi 1.98 1.87 1.34 21.5 22 28.7

SvedeTi 1.92 2.13 1.91 23.9 27.7 33.0

saqarTvelo 2.62 2.16 1.67 24.0** 24.1 26.0

*2010 weli

**1974 weli.

wyaro: Population of Georgia..., 2003; Demographic Yearbook of Georgia.

2013; GCPR- (Georgian Centre of Population Research);

www.http://demoscope.ru/weekly/app/app4019.php


243

zemoaRniSnulidan logikuria, rom saqarTveloSi jerje-

robiT dabalia qalebis saSualo asaki pirveli bavSvis dabadebi-

sas. Cvens xelT arsebuli 2010 wlis monacemebis Tanaxmad, pir-

veli bavSvis gaCenis asaki Zalian maRali iyo italiaSi, espaneT-

Si, niderlandebSi, daniaSi. ganxilulma maCvenebelma saqarTve-

loSi 24.5 weli Seadgina (ix. naxazi 1).

naxazi 1

pirveli bavSvis gaCenis saSualo asaki msoflios zogierT

qveyanaSi da saqarTveloSi 2010 wels

wyaro: European Demographic Data Sheet 2012.

meore demografiuli gadasvlis erT-erT ingredients daba-

debulTa saerTo raodenobaSi 35 wlis da ufrosi asakis qalebis

mier gaCenili bavSvebis maRali wili warmoadgens. saqarTvelo

am TvalsazrisiTac mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba dasavleTSi arse-

bul maCveneblebs (ix. naxazi 2).

giorgi melaZe

244

naxazi 2

35 wlis da ufrosi asakis qalebis wvlili

Sobadobis jamobriv koeficientSi 2010 wels

wyaro: www.http://demoscope.ru; Demographic Yearbook of Georgia. 2013.

ukanaskneli 30-40 wlis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTis qveynebSi

gavrcelda movlena, romelic adre ar yofila SemCneuli. matu-

lobs im axalgazrda wyvilTa raodenoba, romelTac nebayoflo-

biT ar surT iyolion Svilebi. niderlandeli specialistebis

mier evropis 25 qveyanaSi Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis

analizis safuZvelze gakeTebul iqna daskvna, romlis mixedvi-

Tac nebayoflobiTi uSvilobisaken ufro meti ltolva SeimCne-

va e.w. maRali genderuli Tanasworobis donis mqone qveynebSi

(CrdiloeT evropa, skandinavia). garda amisa, arc erT sulze

mTliani Sida produqtis maRal dones da arc bavSvebis mzrunve-

lobaze saxelmwifos mier gaweul xarjebs praqtikulad ar gaaC-

niaT zegavlena nebayoflobiT uSvilobaze [Liefbroer and Merz].

rodesac sazogadoebis socialuri organizaciis done aseT sta-

dias aRwevs, Sobadobis Zalian dabali donis gadalaxva proble-

maturi xdeba [Goldstein, Lutz and Testa, 2003].


245

1990-iani wlebidan niSandobliv demografiul movlenas sa-

qarTveloSi registrirebuli qorwinebis gareSe Sobadobis ma-

teba warmoadgenda. 2006 wels aRniSnuli kategoriis bavSvebis

wili (dabadebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi) 54.4%-s Seadgenda (De-

mographic Yearbook of Georgia, 2013), rac evropuli masStabiT erT-

erTi yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli iyo estoneTisa da SvedeTis

Semdeg. ukanasknel wlebSi ganxiluli maCvenebelis wili dabade-

bulTa saerTo raodenobaSi SedarebiT Semcirda da 2012 wels

32.4%-i Seadgina (ix. cxrili 2).

cxrili 2

registrirebuli qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis wili

dabadebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi

da saqarTveloSi 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 da 2012 wlebSi

(procenti)

w l e b i

qveyana

19

70

19

80

19

90

20

00

20

12

avstria 11.8 17.8 23.6 31.3 41.5

gaerT. samefo 8.0 11.5 27.9 39.5 47.6

bulgareTi 8.5 10.9 12.4 38.4 57.4

dania 11.0 33.2 46.4 44.6 50.3

italia 2.2 4.3 6.5 9.7 23.4*

niderlandebi 2.1 4.1 11.4 24.9 45.3*

norvegia 6.9 14.5 38.6 49.6 56.5

poloneTi 5.0 4.8 6.2 12.1 22.3

safrangeTi 6.8 11.4 30.1 42.6 55.8*

fineTi 5.8 13.1 25.2 39.2 41.5

SvedeTi 18.6 39.7 47.0 55.3 54.4

saqarTvelo 0.2 4.7 18.2 41.1 33.8

*-2011 weli.

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri;

www.http://www.demoskope.ru; Recent Demographis Development in

Europe, 2004.

giorgi melaZe

246

magram, Tu aRniSnuli maCvenebelis diferencirebul ana-

lizs movaxdenT, situacia mniSvnelovnad icvleba. kerZod, ofi-

cialuri statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi

mxolod dedis gancxadebiT dabadebuli bavSvebis procentuli

wilis amplituda 1990-2012 ww. 2.5-dan 8.0%-s Soris meryeobda,

rac saSualebas iZleva davaskvnaT, rom martoxela dedebis mier

dabadebuli bavSvebis wili (dabadebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi)

ar ganicdida mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. am maCvenebelze yu-

radRebas imitom vamaxvilebT, rom swored aRniSnuli kategori-

is mSoblebis mier dabadebuli bavSvebi Seadgenen registrire-

buli qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis umTavres wyaros.

saqarTveloSi Cven mier 1997 wels Catarebuli sociologiu-

ri gamokvlevis Sedegad [wulaZe, melaZe, 1998] gairkva, rom re-

gistrirebuli qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis mSobel-

Ta mniSvnelovan nawils (gansakuTrebiT ki axalgazrda mSob-

lebs) mxolod jvari aqvT dawerili eklesiaSi. miuxedavad ekle-

siasa da saxelmwifos Soris 2002 wels dadebuli konstituciu-

ri xelSekrulebisa, aRniSnuli qorwinebebis registracia rigi

mizezebis gamo ver xerxdeba. amis gamo amgvar ojaxebSi dabade-

buli bavSvebi oficialur statistikur monacemebSi aRiricxe-

bian rogorc registrirebuli qorwinebis gareSe dabadebulebi,

rac, sabolood, arasrul warmodgenas iZleva aRniSnul sfero-

Si mimdinare procesebze. aqedan gamomdinare, registrirebuli

qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis wili (dabadebulTa sa-

erTo raodenobaSi) ufro naklebi unda iyos.

meore demografiuli gadasvlis mniSvnelovan indikatorebs

warmoadgens qorwinebebis maCveneblebis raodenobrivi kleba da

ganqorwinebaTa matebis tendencia, rac naTlad dasturdeba da-

savleTis qveynebis magaliTze (ix. cxrili 3).


247

cxrili 3

qorwinebis da ganqorwinebis zogadi koeficientebis dinamika

msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi da saqarTveloSi 1960-2012 ww.

qorwinebis zogadi

koeficienti (‰)

ganqorwinebis

zogadi

koeficienti (‰)

qveyana

1960 1990 2012 1960 1990 2012

avstria 8.3 5.9 4.6 1.14 2.12 2.00

belgia 7.1 6.5 3.6 0.50 2.04 2.50

bulgareTi 8.8 6.9 2.9 0.90 1.30 1.60

dania 7.8 6.1 5.1 1.46 2.67 2.80

didi

britaneTi 7.5 6.6 4.5* 0.49 2.93 2.10**

italia 7.7 5.6 3.4** 0.10 0.49 0.90*

niderlandebi 7.7 6.5 4.7 0.49 1.90 2.00

norvegia 6.6 5.2 4.9 0.66 2.40 2.00

portugalia 7.8 7.2 3.4** 0.08 0.93 2.50**

poloneTi 8.2 6.7 5.3 0.50 1.11 1.70

safrangeTi 7.9 5.1 3.7 0.66 1.87 2.00**

ungreTi 8.9 6.4 3.6 1.66 2.40 2.20

SvedeTi 6.7 4.7 5.3 1.20 2.26 2.50

saqarTvelo 10.6 6.8 6.8 0.4 1.4 1.60

*2010 weli

**2011 weli.

wyaro: Demographic Yearbook of Georgia, 2013; www.http://demoscope.ru;

saqarTveloSi 1960-2012 ww. marTalia Semcirda qorwinebis

zogadi koeficienti, magram ara im donemde rogorc dasavleTis

qveynebSi. aRniSnul procesze mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdi-

na 1990-ian wlebSi arsebulma socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma

da sxva cnobilma movlenebma, ris Sedegadac qorwinebis zogadi

koeficienti calkeul wlebSi evropaSi dafiqsirebul maCveneb-

lebze dabalic ki iyo. 21-e saukunis pirvel wlebSi iwyeba koe-

ficientis matebis procesi, romlis mniSvnelobamac 2008 wli-

giorgi melaZe

248

dan 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis dones miaRwia. amJamad misi sidi-

de dasavleTis qveynebTan SedarebiT ufro maRalia.

rac Seexeba ganqorwinebis sferoSi arsebul viTarebas, uka-

naskneli naxevari saukunis manZilze sagrZnoblad gaizarda gan-

qorwinebis zogadi koeficientis mniSvnelobebi (ix. cxrili 3).

uaxloesi oficialuri monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi 2012 wels

ganqorwinebis zogadma koeficientma 1.6 Seadgina, rac Cveni

qveynisaTvis sarekordo maCvenebels warmoadgens. miuxedavad

amisa, Cveni qveyana CamorCeba dasavleTis qveynebSi dafiqsire-

bul identur maCveneblebs.

saqarTveloSi Zalian maRalia abortebis done. 2000-2012 ww.

2.6-jer gaizarda registrirebuli abortebis absoluturi rao-

denoba, romelmac 2012 wels 39.2 aTasi Seadgina [Historical abortion

statistics, Georgia]. es ukanaskneli yovel 100 cocxladdabadebul

axalSobilze 69 abortis tolfasia, rac sagrZnoblad aRemateba

msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis maCveneblebs. gansakuTre-

biT sayuradRebo faqtia abortebis mniSvnelovani mateba 20

wlamde asakis dedebSi. ganxilul sferoSi moRvawe specialis-

tebis azriT, abortebis maRali maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi ga-

mowveulia: profilaqtikuri gasinjvebis kulturis arqoniTa

da seqsualuri kulturisa da ganaTlebis simciriT. aqedan ga-

momdinare, saqarTveloSi dabalia Tanamedrove kontraceptive-

bis gamoyenebis done. uaxloesi wlebis monacemebiT, saqarTve-

loSi fertiluri asakis (15-19 ww.) qalebis 35% iyenebda Tana-

medrove Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego saSualebebs. dasavleTis qvey-

nebSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli saSualod 60%-s Seadgenda, calke-

ul qveynebSi igi ufro maRal mniSvnelobebsac aRwevs (World

Contraceptive Patterns 2013).

Sesabamisi demografiuli maCveneblebis ganxilvis Sedegad

SesaZlebelia aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad saqarTvelos zogier-

Ti demografiuli maCvenebelis msgavsebisa dasavleTis qveyneb-

Tan, igi meore demografiuli gadasvla sawyis etapze imyofeba.

aRniSnuli movlena — misi globaluri masStabebidan gamomdina-

re, momavalSi sul ufro sagrZnobi gaxdeba da mniSvnelovan

rols Seasrulebs saqarTveloSi mimdinare demografiuli pro-

cesebisa da demografiuli situaciis CamoyalibebaSi.


249


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giorgi melaZe

250

Giorgi Meladze

Associate Professor


Georgia and Second Demographic

Transition as a Global Phenomenon

Resume

General reduction of the birth rate is a historically inevitable event attri-

butable to the process of societal modernization. Among modern demographic

challenges, low birth rate is the most important problem in the social-economic

system of the developed countries of the world.

By the end of the 1960s, the total fertility rate in West Europe (mostly in

Scandinavian countries) failed to provide replacement level of fertility (which

was less than 2.1). Following the global scales of the said process, in the

following decades, its geographical area expanded and in fact covered the whole

of the developed world. At the beginning of the XXI century, a new term

appeared “very low natality”. This is the term used for the countries with the

total fertility rate less than 1.5.

The principal feature of the second demographic transition is the fall of the

birth rate below the limit of the replacement level of fertility. In addition, its

important determinants are: higher mean age of the first marriage, delay in

marriage and birth-giving (what in respect of birth rate, is demonstrated in the

increased indicators of older women), reduced number of registered marriages,

increased ratio of single couples and co-life, widely spread modern contra-

ceptives, increased number of the newborns without registered marriage in the

total number of newborns (extra-marital births), increased rate of voluntary chil-

dlessness, etc.

Comparison of the demographic indicators of Georgia with Western ana-

logues showed that despite the similarities between some Georgian and foreign

demographic indicators, the second demographic transition is at its initial stage

in Georgia. The mentioned phenomenon, following its global scales, will

become more evident in the future and will play an important role in forming

the demographic processes and demographic situation in Georgia.

imperiuli, sabWoTa da postsabWoTa sivrcis mxatvruli transformacia oTar WilaZis `godorSi~

251

ada nemsaZe

filologiis doqtori

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti, Tsu

imperiuli, sabWoTa da postsabWoTa

sivrcis mxatvruli transformacia

oTar WilaZis `godorSi~

oTar WilaZis `godori~ mravalmxriv saintereso romania Txrobis gansxvavebuli xerxebiT, mZlavri publicisturi nara-

tiviT, refleqsiebiT, cnobierebis nakadiT da a. S. problemati-

kis farTo speqtrSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia qronoto-

pis problema, razec miniSneba uSualod mxatvrul teqstTan

Sexvedramde, jer kidev saTauridan iwyeba. godori ukve sivrcea,

ufro zustad, mkacrad SemosazRvruli sivrcis mikromodeli.

axali qronotopis maxasiaTeblebi romanis pirvelive gverdebi-

dan Cndeba da mkiTxvelis Tvalwin nel-nela gamoikveTeba misi

konturebi. pirveli, riTac avtori mkiTxvels am sivrcis ragva-

robaze mianiSnebs, aris mwyemsi moxeve, uZluri, simarTlisSem-

cnobi da mainc verafris gamkeTebeli, sakuTari uZlureba da si-

suste satanjvelad rom qcevia. semiotikur aRmniSvnelad main-

cdamainc moxevis arCeva Tavidanve aCens meoreuli semiotikuri

sistemis myar qsovils, romelSic ilias brZeni moxevec da ru-

seTTan Seurigebeli al. yazbegis saxec imTaviTve ilandeba, miT

ufro, rom avtoric iZleva amis sababs: uRono mwyemsi Tavis Cve-

nebebSi xSirad xedavs `moxeveebis namdvil gulSematkivarsa da

erTaderT qomags~, romelic, karga xnis gardacvlili da aw ukve

mkvdreTiT aRmdgari, lekurs uvlda da `mzeze abrWyvialebul

xanjlebs zedized asobda `scenis~ dampal iatakze~ (WilaZe 2006:

18).

ada nemsaZe

252

ase gadagvarebulsa da dakninebul ers didi xnis lodini

aRarc dasWirvebia, ise amoyo uecrad Tavi sruliad sxva sivrce-

Si, aseve deformirebulSi, gadagvarebulsa da Tavisufleba-

SezRudulSi. es ukve raJden kaSelis personaluri sivrce-go-

doria: `ruseTis imperiis ukana xvrelidan male saqarTvelos

axali saxeoba unda dabadebuliyo da is biWic im saqarTvelos-

Tvis hyavda gankuTvnili gangebas. im saqarTveloSi unda gamoe-

Cina godorSi SeZenili midrekilebebi~ (WilaZe 2006: 20). raJden

kaSelis am personaluri sivrcis sazRvrebi male ise gafarTov-

deba, rom mTeli eris saarsebo arealad iqceva. godori aris mik-

romodeli im sivrcisa, romelSic, nebiT Tu uneburad, Tavisi

uniaTobiTa Tu sakuTari Svilebis daxmarebiT, an iqneb sulac

brma bedisweris wyalobiT, kidev erTxel amoyo Tavi saqarTve-

lom XX saukunis dasawyisSi.

sakmaod rTulia oTar WilaZis mxatvruli samyaros qrono-

topuli modelis axsna-gaanalizeba. zogadad, romanis polifo-

niur sistemaSi drosivrculi problematika erT-erTi yvelaze

rTuli da mniSvnelovani komponentia. qronotopis Teoriis da-

maarsebeli m. baxtini wers: `qronotopi gansazRvravs litera-

turuli nawarmoebis mxatvrul mTlianobas da mis damokidebu-

lebas realuri moqmedebisadmi... igi aris drois materializa-

cia sivrceSi. romanis yvela abstraqtuli elementi — filoso-

fiuri da socialuri diskursi, ideebi, movlenebisa da maTi Se-

degebis analizi da a. S. — qronotopis saSualebiT isxams xorcs

da ivseba sisxliT. aseTia qronotopis mxatvruli mniSvneloba~

(Бахтин 1973). oTar WilaZis gansaxilvel romanSic umTavresi ad-

gili uWiravs saqarTvelos sivrcobrivi orientaciis garkvevas.

avtorisa Tu personaJTa vrceli monologebi, publicisturi

CanarTebi, faqtebisa da movlenebis simbolizacia, aseve simbo-

lur personaJTa Semoyvana TxrobaSi swored amis garkvevas isa-

xavs miznad.

rogorc mkvlevari m. kvaWantiraZe aRniSnavs, `oTar WilaZis

samyaros ierarqiaSi gamoiyofa garekosmosi da Sidakosmosi. ma-

Ti mniSvnelobebi da funqciebi ganuwyvetliv gadadian erTma-

neTSi. garekosmosis rRveva bunebaSi momxdari cvlilebebiT

iwyeba, saxelmwifosa da ojaxis doneze grZeldeba da pirovne-


253

bis Sinagani gaxleCiT, anu Sidakosmosis ngreviT sruldeba~

(kvaWantiraZe 2001: 228). am mxriv arc es romania gamonaklisi.

`godoris~ qronotopi gadalaxavs realobis sazRvrebs da mara-

diul, udroo dro-sivrced moiazreba. igi XV saukuneSi romis

papis, pios, mier gamogzavnili `diplomiani despaniT~, `qveyni-

saTvis Seucvleli persona grata~ ludoviko bolonieliT iwye-

ba da XX saukunis bolo aTwleuliT mTavrdeba (Tumc es istori-

uli dro da sazRvrebi romanSi usasrulodaa gaweuli). aRmoC-

nda, rom bizantiis osmalTagan gaTavisuflebaSi daxmarebis

saTxovnelad Camosul ludovikos saqarTvelo Tavis adgilze

aRar dauxvda. gamqrali saqarTvelo Tavisuflebadakarguli

eris mxatvruli aRqmaa, romelic amis gamoa amoricxuli samya-

roseuli Semadgenlobidan. msoflio sivrcul kontinuumSi ga-

Cenili es cvlileba, mTeli samyarosTvis sagangaSo faqtad

aRiqmeba. mTlianobis rRveva, Tundac umniSvnelod, ukve rRve-

vaa, rasac aucileblad axali gadanawileba mohyveba, radgan bu-

neba cariel adgilebs ver itans. ase Seicvala Tavisufali eris

saarsebo sivrce godriT, `konklavi-godoriT, romelsac Tavisi

SigTavsianad, rogorc mis mflobelT, warmmarTvelT, xelmZRva-

nelT surT, iqiT gadaagoreben, gadaagvareben, ufskrulSi gada-

isvrian, sulac istoriis sanagveze dausrulebeli droiT daava-

neben~ (genZexaZe 2004: 10).

godori, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris mikromodeli mkac-

rad SemosazRvruli sivrcisa, oRond ara yoveli mxridan. go-

dors aqvs WuWrutanebi, rac Signidan garesivrcis kontrolis

SesaZleblobaze miuTiTebs, piriqiT ki — kontroli garedan Sig-

niT — SeuZlebelia, amitom SigniT yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes,

yvelanairi binZuri fiqri da mizani SeiZleba gaCndes, rac Cnde-

ba da axdeba kidec momavalSi. garda amisa, esaa erTi mxridan, ze-

modan Tavisufali sivrce, es gaxsniloba ki, Tavis mxriv, Tavi-

suflebisaken swrafvis SesaZleblobas tovebs, rac mogvianebiT

gamovlindeba, kaSelTa meoTxe TaobaSi.

romani erTi ojaxis, kaSelTa sagvareulos oTxi Taobis am-

bavs gadmogvcems (ufrosi raJden kaSelidan umcros anton kaSe-

lamde), Tumc amiT, rogorc rusulma saliteraturo kritikam

romanis rusulad gamoqveynebisTanave SeniSna, mwerali gvaris

ada nemsaZe

254

bedsa da eris gzas ukavSirebs erTmaneTs (ognevi 2004: 3). gvaris

istoria ki godridan iwyeba. niSandoblivia, rom mxatvruli teq-

stis dasawyisSi realuri godori, romelSic deda svamda xolme

Svils, uriadnikTan sasiyvarulo garTobis dros xeli rom ar

SeSloda, TandaTan mxatvruli sivrcis amsaxvel mTavar simbo-

lod iqceva. is godori, romlidanac kaSelTa pirveli Taoba

amoizarda, male mTeli eris imperiuli mmarTvelobis mier da-

sazRvrul mikrosamyarod transformirda, riTac oTar WilaZem

damonebuli qveynis (sulerTia, caristuli Tu sabWoTa imperiis

mier) sivrculi mdgomareoba gadmogvca.

sulieri krizisi, tradiciebis msxvreva, RirebulebaTa gau-

fasureba, gaukuRmarTebuli yofa, zneobis yovelgvari normis

moSla da samyaroSi martod darCenili adamianis tragedia... — es

yvelaferi am sivrcis maxasiaTebeli niSnebia, romlebic Tavidan

kaSelTa gvaris, Semdeg ki mTeli eris ubedurebad iqceva. eliz-

baris Tanamedrove saqarTvelo ukve godrad qceuli qveyanaa,

misi yvelaze didi ubedureba ki `kaSelis Teslis aRzevebaa~ (Wi-

laZe 2006: 276). mwerlis es erTgvari formula akustikuradac

da azrobrivadac imeorebs irakli abaSiZis cnobil frazas pao-

lo iaSvilisadmi miZRvnili leqsidan — `kaenis sulis aRzeveba~,

rasac asociaciurad gadavyavarT 20-iani wlebis bolSevikuri

borotebis xanaSi. am paralels myari safuZveli aqvs teqstSic —

ufrosi raJden kaSelis Svili, ufrosi anton kaSeli, 1921 wlis

25 Tebervals ibadeba gzaSi, soRanluRsa da orTaWalas Soris,

pirdapir Saragzaze, jariskacebis Tvalwin, rodesac misi mSob-

lebi, meTerTmete armiis jariskacebi, Tbilisis asaRebad modi-

an. amis Semdeg iwyeba im Tvisebebis, Sexedulebebis, cxovrebis

wesis danergva qveyanaSi, rac godridan gamohyva kaSelTa mod-

gmas. ase iqmneba garyvnilebis, loTobis, uzneobis, upasuxis-

mgeblobis sivrce. es igive godoria, iseTive, rogorSic mamamisi

ijda, oRond ufro farTo. anton kaSelis `godori~ bolSevike-

bis mier gafarToebuli sivrcea, axali bolSevikuri saqarTve-

lo. arsebiTad mxolod godris Sidasivrcis moculoba izrdeba,

arsi ki ucvleli rCeba. Tuki mama marto ijda godorSi da gar-

yvnilebasa da uzneobas mis garSemo arsebul sivrceSi (dedisa

da uriadnikis cqeriT) swavlobda, anton kaSelic imave dReSia,


255

imave cxovrebas uyurebs, oRond erTi gansxvavebiT — igi ukve

garedan ki ar akvirdeba am yvelafers, aramed Signidan da, ra

Tqma unda, mxolod pasiur mayurebladac ar rCeba, radgan mTe-

li saqarTvelo godorSi moqceula ukve masTan erTad.

kaSelTa yvela momdevno TaobisTvis godridan gamoyolili

Tvisebebi dominanturi niSnebia. XX saukunis miwuruls ki es

Tvisebebi ukve masobriv senad qceula, ukve ganurCevlad bato-

nobs kaSelTa geni mTel qveyanaSi: `raJden kaSeli pirovneba ki

ara sistemaa, gnebavT, zRapruli devis Tavi — ramdenjerac ar

unda moikveTo, mainc amova, zustad iseTive da Tanac axali~ (Wi-

laZe 2006: 219).

`godoris~ sivrce rTulia, araerTgvarovani. sivrce-god-

ris nairsaxeobebad aRiqmeba romanSi SedarebiT farTo — tri-

foliatis maRali RobiT SemozRuduli ezo (mis binadar noes-

Tan erTad) da uaRresad viwro — Wupri (romlidanac verafriT

gamoZvra pepela). trifoliatis maRali da ekliani RobiT Se-

mozRuduli ezo Tavisufali, menSevikuri saqarTvelos sivrcu-

li simboloa, romelic, pirvel rigSi, ezos patronis simxdales

usvams xazs, romelsac, Tavis viwro naWuWSi Seketils, memuare-

bis wera hqonda gadawyvetili, dro rom mis sasargeblod ar Se-

motrialebuliyo. es sivrce Tavisi maxasiaTeblebiT bevri ra-

miT hgavs godors, orives zemo mxare aqvs Tavisufali da orive

saimedo damcvelia SigniT myofTaTvis, gansxvaveba mxolod maT

moculobaSia, trifoliatis Robe Tavisuflebis met SegrZnebas

badebs adamianSi, vidre godori. am mxatvruli saxeebiT mwerali

bolSevikuri da menSevikuri saqarTvelos arsobriv msgavsebas

gaxazavs, romlebic aseve erTnairad upirispirdebodnen eris

namdvil mamas da Wirisufals. `maSinve momravldebodnen da

afuTfuTdebodnen social-demokratebi, igive bolSevikebi da

igive menSevikebi, da qarTvelTa gadamrCeneli noec maSinve moi-

marjvebda SalaSinsa da xeleCos, viTom axali kidobnis Sesako-

wiweblad, sinamdvileSi ki istoriis CayviTlebul foliantebze

saqarTvelos danatovari nebismieri kvalis mosaspobad. pirvel

rigSi ki, ilia WavWavaZes daeZgereboda, moCxubari mamaliviT, da

uwindeli saqarTvelos neStis Zlivs mogrovil nawilebs daay-

revinebda xelidan~ (WilaZe 2006: 21).

ada nemsaZe

256

romanSi mocemuli mxatvruli sivrce uamravi sxvadasxva saxis,

formis da ragvarobis mdgenelisganaa agebuli. iqneba es mownuli

godori Tu trifoliatis maRali RobiT SemozRuduli ezo, da-

Wuprebuli matli Tu haers modebuli mumli, qviSxeTis mSobliuri

cixe Tu mayvlovani... maT Soris aSkarad batonobs uaryofiTi sim-

boluri xatebi, riTac oTar WilaZe, zogadad, rogorc imperiuli,

ise postimperiuli sivrcis formirebas axdens. romanis qronoto-

pul struqturaSi es erTi sivrcea, arc caristuli Tu sabWoTa da

arc postsabWoTa sivrceebi erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba. siv-

rculi simboloebi avseben erTmaneTs, ewyobian, uTavsdebian ise,

TiTqos Tavidanve SesaZlebeli yofiliyos maTi erTad arseboba

(magaliTad, godrisa da mayvlovanis) da swored am Sewyoba-SeTan-

xmebiT ixateba is sulisSemxuTveli garemo, romelSic sunTqvac

Wirs da mxedvelobac. amis yvelaze xelSesaxebi simboluri gamoxa-

tulebaa mumli: `mumli kidev calke! raJdeni ki ara, taso Zaloa

gaSterebuli, dedis tola qali, msgavsic araferi minaxavso, pir-

jvars iwers ganuwyvetliv... amerikelebisagan yvelaferia mosa-

lodneli. iqneb baqteriebs avrceleben?! ra ar SeiZleba?! Tu ar

ikadreben?! albaT mumlis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba gamohyavT saa-

misod. marTlac, ucnauri mumlia, msxvili, dondlo, wyliani...

avadmyofuri. mumli-raketa. bateriomzidi. Cveneburi bevrad uf-

ro wvrilia da mouxelTebeli~ (WilaZe 2006: 64). romanSi zecasa da

miwas Soris arsebul sivrces haeri ki ar avsebs, romelic sunTqvis

erTaderTi saSualebaa da bunebrivi, jansaRi garemos erT-erTi

mkafio niSani, aramed mumli. `marto kaSelebis agaraki ki ara, mTe-

li saqarTvelo mumliT iyo savse. saiTac ar unda gagexedaT, mum-

liT gasqelebuli da gawebili haeri mduRare badagiviT ibuStebo-

da, livlivebda, brunavda... qviSxeTidan Tbilisamde mumlis erTi

uwyveti da ukidegano mdinare miacilebda maT manqanas, xolo, meo-

re, zustad iseTive, win xvdeboda, gzas uRobavda, akavebda SeZle-

bisdagvarad, da, amave dros, udrtvinvelad, TiTqos mouTmeneli

sixaruliTac esriseboda zed manqanis saqare SuSas... manqanaSic

iseve ireva, rogorc manqanis irgvliv. arc mis daxocvas aqvs azri

da arc manqanidan mis gandevnas~ (WilaZe 2006: 78-79). es gansakuT-

rebuli saxeobis mumli, romelic istoriuli mesxierebis uRrmes

Sreebs acocxlebs da erisTvis safrTxis Semcvel miniSnebas Sei-


257

cavs, arajansaRi da SexuTuli sivrcis erT-erTi mkafio niSania.

amitomacaa misiT amovsebuli yvelaferi: ezo, saxli, manqana... me-

tic, es mumli mouSorebeli Wiria, radgan ara marto gars axvevia,

sulSic ki SeuZvra adamians da misgan gaTavisuflebas veRar arxer-

xebs. Tuki romanis dasawyisSi sivrcis dominanturi niSani sisxlia

(pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, jer 20-ian wlebSi axali wyobis damkvid-

rebis safuZvlad, Semdeg ki 30-ian wlebSi am axali wyobis fesvebis

mosaZliereblad wyaliviT daRvrili), garkveuli xnis Semdeg (ro-

manSi ukve 90-iani wlebia) igi mumlad iqceva. bunebaSi, sikeTisa ar

iyos, arc boroteba ikargeba ukvalod, winaparTa mier daRvrili

udanaSaulo adamianTa sisxli Svidi aTeuli wlis Semdeg mumlis

saxiT uxuTavs suls kaSelTa meoTxe Taobas. sisxlisa da mumlis

identifikaciisTvis maTi saerTo maxasiaTeblebic gamodgeba —

orive sqelia, webovani, misgan gaTavisufleba SeuZlebelia, suls

gixuTavs, sunTqvasa da xedvas giSlis... es saerTo niSnebi erTi

mniSvnelovani xatis gansxvavebuli variaciebia an, ukeT rom

vTqvaT, erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemis sxvadasxva koduri niS-

nebia. am yvelafris mizezi ki kaSelTa ojaxSi safuZvelCayrili

codvaa, romelic godridan daiwyo odesRac da, sabolood, yvela-

ze miutevebeli, warmoudgeneli da amazrzeni saxe miiRo — incesti.

amitomacaa, rom mumlis gaCena da raJden kaSelis TavSi sakuTari

rZlis gabaxebis gadawyvetileba droSi erTmaneTs emTxveva.

`mumli muxasa gars exveoda~ — xalxuri leqsis es striqoni,

romelsac Tavisdauneburad, uazrod imeorebs Taflobis Tvis

bolo dRes qviSxeTidan momavali antoni, pirdapir xvdeba lizi-

kos guls. liziko antonisTvis swored rom muxaa, misi siZlierea,

misi ojaxis burji da sindisia (qalis es gansakuTrebuli fun-

qcia — moralis, zneobisa da ojaxuri siwmindis gadatana — oTar

WilaZis mxatvruli sistemis erT-erTi myari markeria). amitom

simboluri nominacia mumli am konteqstSi mamamissac moicavs

sxva bevr mniSvnelobasTan erTad. raJden kaSeli — sakuTar mu-

xas Semoxveuli mumlia. amas ukve grZnobs liziko, amitomac gaq-

cevis survilic spontanurad uCndeba. magram am sulisSemxuTve-

li sivrcidan gaqcevis es pirveli mcdeloba, rodesac jer kidev

SeuCerebeli manqanidan gadamxtari liziko mayvlovanSi Sevar-

deba, kraxiT mTavrdeba. mayvlovani romanSi am mumliT gajere-

ada nemsaZe

258

bul sivrceSi erTaderTi sufTa adgilia. `liziko mayvlovanSi

Sevardeba, daufiqreblad Seuvardeba qveS aTasnairad daxlar-

Tulsa da dagragnil buCqebs, rogorc TviTmkvleli — matare-

bels...~ (WilaZe 2006: 86). gadarCenis instiqtiT nakarnaxevi es

Tavganwiruli Sevardna, RvTismSoblis kalTis qveS Sefarebis

aracnobieri gamovlenaa. Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, almodebuli

buCqi, romelSic uflis angelozi cecxlis alad gamoecxada mo-

ses, swored mayvali iyo: `gamoecxada uflis angelozi cecxlis

alad Suagul mayvlovanSi. xedavs, cecxli ukidia mayvlovans,

magram ar iwvis mayvlis buCqi~ (gamosvla 3. 2). axal aRTqmaSi ki

igi qalwul mariamis siwmindis simbolod moiazreba: man gauZlo

RvTaebrivi siyvarulis als da ar daiwva vnebisagan (Ежевика

2012). mayvlovani mumliT gajerebuli sivrcis opoziciad moi-

azreba romanis teqstSi, magram sivrcis gardaqmnas igi ver axer-

xebs, mumlis `wyalobiT~ uaryofiTad formirebuli sivrce me-

tismetad mZlavr dadebiT sawyisebs saWiroebs, mxolod muxa da

mayvlovani sivrcis ragvarobis radikalurad SecvlisaTvis

arasakmarisia. is ki ara, gamefebuli boroteba Tavad mayvlovans

aqcevs ambivalentur simbolod. gadasarCenad SemZvrali lizi-

kosaTvis igi axal gansacdelad iqceva — `TiTqos eklis urCxu-

lis saSodan aranakleb ekliani misi nawili amoiyvanes~ (WilaZe

2006: 192). zogadad, eklian sagnebs simbolologiaSi saerTo se-

mantikuri mniSvnelobebi gaaCniaT. maT erTdroulad aqvT ro-

gorc zianis miyenebis — daWris, dakawvris, sxeulSi SeRwevis,

tkivilis, ise damcvelobiTi funqciac (Колючесть 2012). am simbo-

loSi sabWoTa Tu postsabWoTa saqarTvelos yvela tragedia er-

Tad aisaxa: rwmenis krizisi, RvTaebrivi sawyisisagan mowyveta,

am yvelafris wyalobiT ki ukidegano da usiyvarulo samyaroSi

Cakargva sabralo adamianisa, romlisTvisac gverdiT mdgomi me-

ore adamiani mxolod mgelia. am umweo mdgomareobis gaazrebas

mihyavs swored liziko TviTmkvlelobamde, antoni ki — mamis-

mkvlelobamde.

oTar WilaZis mxatvrul samyaroSi gadarCena erT-erTi mTa-

vari konceptia. es verbaluri aRmniSvneli sxvadasxva romanSi

gansxvavebul konteqstSi warmoCndeba da xsnis gzas gvTavazobs.

gadarCenis erT-erTi piroba mama-Svilis erTianobaa. amiT gaZ-


259

lierebuli momavali Taoba axerxebs swored Tavis daRwevas gan-

sacdelisagan. magram am romanSi cota gansxvavebuli suraTi

gvaqvs. kaSelTa modgma eris xorcSesxmuli codvaa. amitom am

codvisgan ganwmenda mxolod godris sagvareulosgan gaTavi-

suflebiT SeiZleba. es antonma unda gaakeTos, man unda gadawy-

vitos, vin iqneba — `matli Tu matlis pepela, gvaris gamgrZele-

beli Tu gvaris mesaflave~ (WilaZe 2006: 179). aq mwerali kidev

erT sivrcul simbolos qmnis, ufro sworad, ara erT simbolos,

aramed zoomorful triadas: matli-Wupri-pepela. es kaSelebis

dinastiis saxea, maTma samma Taobam matlobaSi gaatara cxovre-

ba. meramdene TaobaSi gakeTilSobildebian isini? ramdeni Tao-

bis msxverplia amisaTvis saWiro? rodis moevlineba ers pepela

— `winamorbedis sikvdiliT gakeTilSobilebuli matli~? `Tavi-

suflebamde jer kidev Soria. matli ki gaWuprda, magram Wupri-

dan pepela jer ar amofrenila... iqneb Sen xar is pepela, ha?!~ (Wi-

laZe 2006: 301) — ekiTxeba elizbari antons. man icis, rom `ubra-

lo sisxlisgan~ Tavisufali, gvaris yvelaze ucodveli Svili

SeZlebs codvebis tvirTebas. antoni sakmarisad moamzada misma

saubrebma da giJi nikolozis mier micemulma wignebma amisaTvis.

da Tumc TviT antoni ar miiCnevs Tavs peplad — `matli namdvi-

lad var... bavSvobidanve matlis mxareze viyavio~ (WilaZe 2006:

301) — igi mainc imedia Seryvnili, zneobadakarguli, sulier

krizisSi Cavardnili erisa. amitom uwodebs mwerali mas `gaWup-

rebuli mamidan amofrenil pepelas~.

antoni, kaSelTa modgmaSi yvelaze wesieri da patiosani ada-

miani, bavSvobidanve gauucxovda im sivrces, romelSic uwevda

cxovreba. da Tuki es gaucxoeba Tavidan aracnobier, instiqtur

doneze iyo, asakis matebasTan erTad TandaTan axerxebda, raci-

onalurad aexsna igi. loginSi, sabanSi TavCarguli, farnis Suq-

ze kiTxulobda elizbaris micemul wignebs, riTac im realur

samyaros gaurboda, romelSic misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod uwevda

cxovreba. samagierod, TandaTan mTeli simZafriT grZnobda

godridan momdinare simyrales. godori, `codvisa da sibilwis

mozRuduli sivrce, saidanac qveynierebaze lpobis suni vrcel-

deba~ (kvaWantiraZe 2004), misi saxlia, romelic cixed eqca. swo-

red am cixis patimari iyo 23 wlis ganmavlobaSi, sanam im Semza-

ada nemsaZe

260

ravma scenam, sakuTari saxlis samzareuloSi rom wawyda, sabo-

lood ar auxila Tvali.

antoni mamisTvis Steria, elizbarisTvis ki — erTaderTi we-

sieri adamiani kaSelTa samxeceSi. `usamSoblod gaizarda, Tumc

fexic ar gaudgams samSoblos gareT. ubralod, ise kargad Seu-

niRbes ufrosebma samSoblo, ver miakvlia, rogorc Sav katas

bnel oTaxSi~ (WilaZe 2006: 161), — ambobs mis Sesaxeb elizbari.

antoni erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli personaJia romanSi, rad-

gan winaparTa codvebiT damZimebuli cxovrebis zidva uwevs. pi-

rad tragedias (mamamisisa da misi colis urTierToba) swored

es umZimesi tvirTi — winaparTa codvebis SegrZneba da usamSob-

loba amZafrebs (martoobam amoaTqmevina galaktions `Cems sam-

SobloSi me movvle mxolod udabno, lurjad naxaverdebi~, erTi

saukuniT adre ki usiyvarulobisgan datanjuli tato baraTaS-

vili ase moTqvamda sakuTar ubedurebas: `vpove taZari Sesafa-

ri, udabnod mdgari~). lizikos siyvaruli iyo misTvis swored is

taZari, `Sesafari, udabnod mdgari~, romelic iseve swrafad

gaqra, rogorc zemosxenebul leqsSi da siyvarulis tragediam

gausaZlisi tkiviliT aavso martodmarto darCenili antonis

cxovreba. elizbaris sizmarSi, rac romanis teqstSi warmosaxu-

li samyaroa, Tumc yvelaze metad Sesaferisi realobisaTvis, an-

toni haerSi motivtive Tokze gamobmuli frania. `caSi avfrinde

da iqac damaban?!~ (WilaZe 2006: 166) — lizikos es aRSfoTebuli Se-

Zaxili antonis realuri cxovrebis Sefasebaa. Tumc am ukanaskne-

lis brali am `dabmaSi~ minimaluria, codvebiT damZimebuli gvaris

Sviloba uspobs mas haerSi Tavisuflad frenis saSualebas.

antoni pirveli imedis sxivia godris modgmaSi, romelic sa-

kuTari mamis mosaklavad SemarTavs culs, raTa erTxel da samu-

damod daasrulos sibilwisa da usamarTlobis is morevi, raSic

mTlianad iyo gadaSvebuli kaSelTa yvela wina Taoba. `Wupridan

peplis amofrena, upirveles yovlisa, matlis sikvdilis mauwye-

belia. pepela suliviT unda amoxdes matls, am SemTxvevaSi, Svi-

li — mamas, da ase unda damTavrdes matlis miwieri arseboba, misi

matloba...~ (WilaZe 2006: 175). amrigad, im didi borotebis amosa-

SanTad, rasac kaSeloba hqvia, erTaderTi gamosavali sisxlis

daRvraa, oRond es aucileblad isev kaSelma unda gaakeTos, man


261

unda mospos sakuTari xeliT sakuTari geni, raTa samudamod

amoiZirkvos miwidan Tu miwis piridan gadagvarebul adamianTa

saxsenebeli. magram, meore mxriv, mamismkvleloba upatiebeli

danaSaulia, udidesi codva, Cadenili STamomavlobis winaSe.

amitom anton kaSeli TviTonve arTmevs sakuTar Tavs STamomav-

lobis datovebis uflebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar unda, bo-

rotebam odesme isev Seisxas frTebi, TviTon unda daamTavros

am codviani dinastiis arseboba. aqedan gamomdinare, antoni er-

Tdroulad udidesi misiiTac aris aRWurvili da udidesi sas-

jeliTac dasjili — man boroteba unda amoZirkvos da Semdeg

TviTonac Seewiros msxverplad. sxva gza eris gadasarCenad ar

aris. matlidan amofrenilma pepelam (Svilma) unda moklas mat-

li (mama), magram Tavadac peplad gardasaxuli unda mokvdes, pe-

pelasaviT sam dReSi. marTalia, sakuTar warmosaxvaSi, magram an-

toni mainc klavs mamas, mere ki gansawmendad midis omSi. `antoni

unda gadarCes. aucileblad unda gadarCes. am oms Tu auRo al-

Ro da gaiTavisa, gadarCeba. ganiwmindeba cecxliTa da maxviliT.

cecxliTa da maxviliT moinaTleba axali cxovrebisaTvis~ (Wi-

laZe 2006: 327), — fiqrobs elizbari, magram antoni afxazeTSi

iRupeba snaiperis tyviiT. marTalia, igi ver klavs mamas, magram

samagierod mainc anadgurebs kaSelTa modgmas sakuTari sikvdi-

liT. aseTia romanis mkacri ganaCeni. aseTia eris gadarCenis, mi-

si godridan gamosvlis erTaderTi gza, uaRresad mtkivneuli,

magram aucileblad Sesasrulebeli: `aucilebelia... sruliad

saqarTvelom saswrafod moiSalos muceli... gaikeTos aborti, —

daunaneblad, daundoblad, rogorc ar unda dairRves Cveni ge-

netikuri fondi, gamoifxikos Tavisi wiaRidan, igive warsuli-

dan, anu gonebidan, sulidan — saidanac gnebavT — kaSelis Tesli,

erTxel da samudamod, ukuniTi ukunisamde, Tuki marTla api-

rebs gadarCenas~ (WilaZe 2006: 233). `gvamis sunSi gazrdilma da

gvamis suniT gaJRenTilma~ anton kaSelma es gaakeTa sakuTari

sikvdiliT. magram antonis saqcieli jer kidev ar aris gadarCe-

nis piroba. sinanulis gareSe SeuZlebelia codvebisgan gaTavi-

sufleba. romanis mTeli teqsti tragikuli epozodebis, avto-

risa Tu personaJTa Rrma iniciaciisa da sakuTari Tu eris cod-

vebis gamomzeurebis asparezia. aq mxolod uzneoba, incesti, si-

ada nemsaZe

262

Zulvili, sisastike, egoizmi, tkivili Cans. mSvenierebis sxivi ki

mxolod romanis bolo furclebze gamokrTeba, rodesac fsiqi-

atriul saavadmyofoSi moxvedrili liziko, sakuTar cxovreba-

ze Cafiqrebuli, sinanuls iwyebs. `eg rom kargi adamiani ar iyos,

aq mosasvlelad ar gauxdeboda saqmeo... egao, etyoba, namdvili

STamomavalia Tavisi winaprebisao, aq ro winaT xalxi cxovrob-

da, imaTio~ (WilaZe 2006: 372), — ambobs lizikos Sesaxeb ludovi-

ko, fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos pacienti, romelic, amave dros,

im ludoviko bolonielis simboluri saxea, XV saukunidan moyo-

lebuli rom daeZebs ucnaurad gamqral qarTvel xalxs.

aseTi rTuli struqturisaa oTar WilaZis ukanaskneli ro-

mani, romelSic umTavres da unikalur semiotikur aRmniSvne-

lad godori gvevlineba: igi jer imperiis farglebSi moqceuli

qarTuli sivrcis mxatvruli saxea, Semdeg ki gacilebiT gafar-

Toebuli sivrculadac da Sinaarsobrivadac, sabWoTa da pos-

tsabWoTa sivrcisa. misi naSierebi am SezRuduli sivrcis mier

gamomuSavebul mTavar niSnebs atareben: pirovnuli sisastike,

mudmivi zrunva Tavdacvaze, uzneoba da moraluri principebis

sruli ignorireba. sulisSemxuTveli sivrcis garRvevas mxo-

lod umcrosi anton kaSeli axerxebs, rac Seexeba mSvenierebis

dabrunebas — matlis peplad qcevas — amas, albaT, erTi an ori

Taobis Segnebuli da sinanuliT aRsavse cxovreba mainc dasWir-

deba. amis imeds tovebs Tavis mokvlis msurveli, magram gadar-

Cenili da sakuTar (eris) codvebze Cafiqrebuli lizikos mxat-

vruli saxe da ludoviko bolonielis leqsi, romliTac mwerali

romanis bolo furcels xuravs:

`samaradisod da ukvalod is qreba mxolod,

ris dakargvasac veguebiT... magram Tu vigrZnobT,

rom Cvens sicocxles uimisod azri ara aqvs,

isic brundeba, ufro sworad, kvlav ibadeba,

da, erT dRes, rogorc wylidan miwa, an rZidan yveli,

pirvelyofili brwyinvalebiT amoizrdeba...~

(WilaZe 2006: 381).


263


1. genZexaZe 2004: genZexaZe c. literaturuli meridianebi.

Tb.: 2004.

2. kvaWantiraZe 2001: kvaWantiraZe m. werilebi literatura-

ze. Tb.: 2001.

3. kvaWantiraZe 2004: kvaWantiraZe m. gangaSis romanebi. (gan-

Tavsebulia 13 maisidan 2009); mis.: http://burusi.wordpress.com-/2009/05/13/მანანა-კვანტირაძე-გან/.

4. ognevi 2004: ognevi vl. gvaris bedi da eris gza. Targmna a.

buaCiZem. J. `arili~. Tb.: 2004,#6.

5. WilaZe 2006: WilaZe o. godori. Tb.: `arete~, 2006.

6. Бахтин 1973: Бахтин М. Формы времени и хронотопа в романе. За-

ключительные замечания. 1973 г. mis.: http://www.gumer.info/biblio-

tek_Buks/Literat/baht_form/10.php

7. Ежевика 2012: Ежевика. Краткая энциклопедия символов / Грефе-

нштейн А. (Peter Greif). Peter Greif’s Symbolarium. (г. Екатеринбург,

26 июля 2012 г.); mis.: http://www.symbolarium.ru/index.php/Ежевика.

8. Колючесть 2012: Колючесть. Краткая энциклопедия символов / Грефе-

нштейн А. (Peter Greif). Peter Greif’s Symbolarium. (г. Екатеринбург, 26

июля 2012 г.); mis.: http://www.symbolarium.ru/index.php/Колючесть.

Ada Nemsadze

Doctor of Philology

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature, TSU

Artistic Transformation of the Imperial,

Soviet and Post-Soviet Space in

“The Basket” by Otar Chiladze

Resume

“The Basket” by Otar Chiladze is an interesting novel in many respects. It

tells the story of four generations of Kasheli family, while the writer identifies

the ways of the family and the nation. Within the context of wide range of issu-

ada nemsaZe

264

es the problem of chronotope is of major significance and it is pointed out from

the very beginning – the basket is a micro-model of the strictly limited space in

which Georgia happened to be in the early 20th century. Chronotope of the novel

passes beyond the limits of reality and transforms into the eternal time-space

without time. Basket has an open lid and offers the chance for aspiration

towards the freedom and which will be revealed later in the fourth generation of

the Kashelis.

For each Kasheli generation the properties inherited from the basket are

dominant ones and by the end of 20th century this turns into the national

problem: crisis of spirituality, crush of the traditions, collapse of the values,

becoming a pervert, elimination of all moral norms, including incest and tragedy

of a person left alone in the world...

Space is perceived as some type of the basket in the novel relatively wide –

the yard limited with the high fence of trifoliate and extremely narrow –

chrysalis, expressed by zoomorphic triad: larva-chrysalis-butterfly. One more

sign of the choking environment is the swarm of midges of particular type,

reviving historical memory and contains hint on the danger of Eristavi.

The artistic space provided in the novel is built of the subjects of numerous

different types, shapes and nature. Among them the negative symbols

apparently dominate by means of which Otar Chiladze forms the imperial and

post-imperial space.

In the family of basket the first beam of hope is Anton. He is bearing the

greatest mission and greatest punishment simultaneously – he has to eradicate

the evil at first and then be sacrificed.

The last novel by Otar Chiladze is of such complicated structure with the

basket as main semiotic mark: at first it is the artistic image of Georgian space

within the scopes of the empire and further – of the soviet and post-soviet space.

Its main signs include: personal cruelty, permanent care for self-defense,

dissoluteness and absolute negligence to the moral principles. Only young

Anton Kasheli manages to break through the suffocating space and as for return

of beauty – transformation of larva into the butterfly – perhaps, this would

require regretful life of one or two generations. Character of Liziko, who

attempted to commit suicide but survived and pondering over her own (nation’s)

sins leaves such hope.

sofel aibgis teritoriuli mikuTvnebulobis istoriuli analizi kartografiuli wyaroebis mixedviT

265

dali nikolaiSvili


revaz Tolordava


soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti

sofel aibgis teritoriuli

mikuTvnebulobis istoriuli analizi

kartografiuli wyaroebis mixedviT

aqtualoba. ruka obieqturi realobis aRqmisa da Semecne-

bis, sivrciTi kanonzomierebis Seswavlis erT-erTi saukeTeso

saSualebaa. rogorc aleqsandre aslanikaSvili werda, igi obi-

eqturi realobis subieqturi anasaxia [aslanikaSvili, 1968].

Tumca es subieqturoba ar niSnavs informaciis damaxinjebasa da

realobis araadekvaturad asaxvas. daniSnulebisa da masStabis

Sesabamisad, ruka maqsimaluri sizustiT unda asaxavdes bunebis,

mosaxleobisa da sazogadoebis ama Tu im Taviseburebis terito-

riul ganawilebas.

kartografiuli meTodis gamoyenebas didi xnis istoria

aqvs. jer kidev damwerlobamde, pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi

unda Seqmniliyo umartivesi kartografiuli gamosaxulebebi —

preistoriuli rukebi. am periodidan dawyebuli rukebze moce-

muli informacia met-naklebad asaxavda realobas, zogjer ki

igi, nebiT Tu uneblieT, mcdarad iyo warmoCenili. rukaTSeqmnis

procesisa da kvlevis kartografiuli xerxebis srulyofis pa-

ralelurad TiTqos miRweul unda yofiliyo meti sizuste,

Tumca is xarvezebisagan mTlianad Tanamedrove periodSic ki

ver ganTavisuflda. amasTan, kacobriobis TiTqmis mTeli isto-

riis manZilze ruka xSirad qceula politikuri interesebis ga-

moxatvis erT-erT mZlavr iaraRadac ki. Sesabamisad, iqmneboda


266

aramarTebulad gatarebuli politikuri sazRvrebi, romlebic

naklebad asaxavdnen im drois realur suraTs. aqedan gamomdina-

re, ruka erTi mxriv, asrulebs umniSvnelovanesi da Rirebuli

wyaros funqcias, xolo meore mxriv, ara marto amaxinjebs rea-

lobas, aramed Tanamedrove periodSic qmnis problemebs samec-

niero, kulturuli Tu politikuri TvalsazrisiT. swored am

or konteqstSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

sazRvris adekvaturi asaxva Zvel kartografiul wyaroebSi. sa-

kiTxis Seswavlis aqtualobas gansazRvras isic, rom saqarTve-

los teritoriis amsaxveli Zveli kartografiuli wyaroebi jer

kidev ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili da gaanalizebuli, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom maTze asaxuli informacia fasdaudebeli gan-

Zia sxvadasxva dargis specialistisaTvis.

politikuri mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, jer kidev ar aris sa-

Tanadod SemuSavebuli da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli saxel-

mwifo sazRvrebis organizebis kartografiul-geodeziuri sa-

fuZveli. kidev ufro mcirea im samecniero naSromTa nusxa, sa-

dac aRniSnuli sakiTxis mogvareba efuZneba kadastruli geoin-

formaciuli kartografirebis princips, e.i. im princips, rom-

lis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia nebismieri sivrce-droiTi cvli-

lebis, kontrolisa da operatiuli reagirebis sistemis Seqmna.

swored susti meTodologiuri baziTac SeiZleba aixsnas mrava-

li sademilitacio da sademarkacio sadavo precedentebis arse-

boba Tanamedrove msoflioSi da, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi [Ni-

kolaishvili, Tolordava, 2013].

kvlevis mizania kartografiuli wyaroebis mixedviT saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris ~aibgis monakveTis~ teritoriuli

mikuTvnebulobis asaxvis analizi.

XIX-XX saukuneebis rTuli geopolitikuri situacia, rom-

lis fonzec yalibdeboda Cveni qveynis saxelmwifo sazRvrebi,

metad arTulebs sakiTxis Seswavlasa da misi marTebuli anali-

zis ganxorcielebas. es sirTule ukavSirdeba Zvel kartografi-

ul wyaroebSi asaxuli swori da damaxinjebuli informaciis er-

TmaneTisagan gamijvnas, rac unda efuZnebodes mravalmxriv da

kompleqsur kvlevebs.


267

kvlevis meTodi da sawyisi monacemebi. kvleva daefuZna

sxvadasxva periodSi (umTavresad XIX-XX ss) da sxvadasxva met-

rul sistemaSi Sedgenili rukebis urTierTSedarebas. pirobi-

Tad es rukebi SeiZleba 3 nawilad davajgufod:

• XIX saukunis kavkasiisa da mimdebare teritoriebis (sa-

qarTvelo, azebaijani, somxeTi, ruseTis samxreTi nawili, Tur-

qeTisa da iranis CrdiloeTi nawilebi) samxedro-topografiuli

rukebi, Sedgenili kavkasiis samxedro olqis Stabis topografi-

uli ganyofilebis mier regionSi Catarebuli geodeziuri, to-

pografiuli da astronomiuli samuSaoebis safuZvelze. es ru-

kebi sxvadasxva masStabisaa da Sesrulebulia Zvel rusul met-

rul sistemaSi (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40-`versiani~).

• `saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasis~ [2003] rukebi, romle-

bic asaxaven sxvadasxva istoriuli periodis saqarTvelos teri-

toriasa da sazRvrebs.

• sxvadasxva wlebSi gamocemuli sabWoTa topografiuli

rukebi (masStabebi 1:100,000 da 1:25,000), sadac detaluradaa asa-

xuli reliefi, bunebis komponentebi, infrastruqtura, sayrde-

ni geodeziuri qseli da a.S. [Топографические карты] da rac Zalze

mniSvnelovania, sxvadasxva periodSi (1940, 1960, 1970, 1980-iani

wlebis) gamocemuli an ganaxlebuli rukebi xSirad sxvadasxvana-

irad asaxavs saxelmwifo sazRvrebis konturs.

rukebis sizuste da Sinaarsis sisrule SesaZleblobas iZle-

va sakmaod didi sizustiT gadawydes kvlevis winaSe mdgari amo-

canebi.

rukebis urTierTSedarebis garda, kvleva daefuZna sxvadas-

xva periodSi miRebuli samTavrobo dadgenilebebisa da saerTa-

Soriso xelSekrulebebis analizs, kerZod, maTSi asaxul saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifo sazRvarTan dakavSirebuli informaciis

rukebze adekvaturad asaxvis Sefasebas.

kvlevis obieqti. sofeli aibga mdebareobs md. fsous zemo

welis auzSi, mis orive mxares. moicavs 5 ubans, aqedan 3 ubani

mdebareobs md. fsous marcxena mxares (saqarTvelo, gagris mu-

nicipaliteti), xolo 2 ubani — md. fsous marjvena mxares, adle-

ridan momaval saavtomobilo gzis gaswvriv (ruseTi, adleris


268

raioni). xuTive ubnis saerTo farTobia daaxloebiT 15.5 aTasi

heqtari [Черемных, 2012].

sofeli aibga moxseniebulia mraval samecniero-geografi-

ul literaturaSi, rogorc yofili sofeli. Tumca, zogierT

Tanamedrove rusul wyaroSi md. fsous marcxena sanapiroze

mdebare sofeli aibgac dasaxlebuladaa dasaxelebuli, rac sa-

qarTvelos mosaxleobis ukanaksneli ori sayovelTao aRweriT

ar dasturdeba [saqarTvelos mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwera,

1989; 2002]. saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli dayo-

fis (1961, 1966, 1987), afxazeTis administraciul-teritoriuli

dayofis [Абхазская АССР..., 1953], agreTve, saqarTvelos geogra-

fiuli saxelebis orTografiul leqsikonebSic [1987; 2009] saer-

Tod ar aris dasaxelebuli sofeli aibga.

sofel aibgis sasazRvro teritoria dRes sadavoa ruseTisa

da e.w. afxazeTis mTavrobebs Soris da igi araeTxel gamxdara sam-

TavroboTaSoriso komisiis davis sakiTxi. sxva mraval garemoe-

basTan erTad, sakiTxis mogvarebas xels uSlis Zvel kartografi-

ul wyaroebSi araadekvaturad asaxuli istoriuli realobac.

kvlevis Sedegebi. politikuri situaciebis xSiri cvlile-

bebi saxelmwifo sazRvris istoriuli transformaciebis gama-

pirobebeli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. es iTqmis sak-

vlev obieqtzec. qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobis mTeli isto-

riis manZilze, iseve rogorc sazRvris TiTqmis mTeli perimet-

ri, `aibgis monakveTic~ mudmivi transformaciis reJimSi imyo-

feboda.

saqarTvelos istoriuli rukebis [saqarTvelos istoriuli

atlasi, 2003] analizma aCvena, rom saxelmwifo sazRvris `aibgis

monakveTi~ Zv.w. VI-III saukuneebidan egrisis (kolxeTis) samefos

SemadgenlobaSia, iseve rogorc misgan Crdilo-dasavleTiT

mdebare sakmaod vrceli teritoria. qveynis maSindeli sazRvari

gadioda afxazeTis kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyof qedze, Tum-

ca, Tanamedrovesagan gansxvavebiT, igi md. fsous zemo welis xe-

obisaken ki ar eSveboda (rogorc dRes), aramed mTavari qedis

Txems gacilebiT dasavleTiT gasdevda, savarudod m. avadhari-

dan (2960.7) m. fiStamde (2867 m). Semdgom istoriul epoqebSi aib-

gis monakveTis teritoriuli kuTvnileba drodadro icvlebo-


269

da, Tumca istoriis udides monakveTze igi saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifos an misi samefo-samTavros/saerisTavos — afxazeTis far-

glebSia [nikolaiSvili, Tolordava, 2013].

saxelmwifo sazRvris `aibgis monakveTis~ transformaciebi

intensiur saxes iRebs XIX-XX saukuneebis politikuri batalie-

bis fonze (nax. 1).

XIX saukunis TiTqmis yvela kartografiul wyaroSi, romle-

bic Sedgenilia rusul, frangul, inglisur da germanul enebze

[Charte Generale, 1819; Генеральная Карта земель..., 1819; Генеральная

Карта Грузии..., 1823; Europe. Partie de..., 1827; Карта Черкессии, 1830;

Map to Illustrate..., 1840; Karte des Kaukasischen..., 1856; Генеральная Карта

Кавказа, 1858 da sxv.] `aibgis monakveTi~ ar Sedis saqarTvelos Se-

madgenlobaSi. SeiZleba gamonaklisad dasaxeldes ramdenime ru-

ka. magaliTad, 1808 wels gamocemuli germanuli ruka [Charte

Landeram Caucasus, 1808], sadac abazebis teritoria moicavs did

areals tamanis naxevarkunZulidan iloramde (amJamad oCamCiris

raioni). afxazeTsaa mikuTvnebuli sakvlevi obieqti 1857 wlis

erT-erTi rukis mixedviT [Карта Закубанскихъ..., 1857]. am rukaze

aibga mcire teritoriul erTeuls qmnis da ara erT dasaxle-

bul punqts. 1877 wlamde tomi aibga gansaxlebuli iyo ramdenime

sofelSi. amaze metyvelebs XIX saukunis rusi oficrisa da do-

kumentur-literaturuli nawarmoebis avtoris f. tornaus Ca-

nawerebic: "...Ачипсоу, Айбога и Чужгуча, на верховьях Мдзимты, Псоу

и Мцы. Последние четыре селения известны были у черкесов под одним

общим названием Медовей. В них господствовали также Маршании,

разделившиеся на две отрасли Богорканипов и Масипов..." [Торнау, 2008.

стр. 269]. Tumca aRniSnul rukaze mkafiod ar aris asaxuli aibgis

teritoriuli mikuTvnebuloba.


270

nax. 1. saxelmwifo sazRvris `aibgis monakveTis~ te-

ritoriuli kuTvnileba istoriul periodSi

(Sedgenili XIX-XX saukuneebis kartografiuli

wyaroebis mixedviT)

kavkasiis omebis dasrulebis Semdeg, kerZod 1866 wels, am

teritoriaze, yubanis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi, yalibdeba

Cernomorskis okrugi, romelic Tavdapirvelad moqceuli iyo

tuafsidan md. bzifis qvemo welis xeobamde [Положение Его...,

1866], 1896-1918 wlebSi ki igi Cernomorskis guberniad gadakeTda

[Высочайщее повеление..., 1896]. cxadia, am periodidanac kartogra-

fiul wyaroebSi sakvlevi obieqti kvlav saqarTvelos miRmaaa

mocemuli [Russia, 1883; Карта Кавказскаго края..., 1899; 1901 da sxv.].

Tumca zogierT wyaroSi arc amjeradaa realobis zusti adekva-

turi anasaxi. magaliTad, 1869 wlis kavkasiis rukis [Карта Кавказ-


271

скаго края, 1869; Археологическая Карта..., 1882] mixedviT, Cernomor-

skis okrugi samxreT-aRmosavleTiT aRwevs ara md. bzifis xeo-

bamde, aramed mdinareebis xaSufsesa (Хашупсе) da xolodnaia

reCkas (Холодная речка) wyalgamyofamde, gagrasTan.

nax. 2. kavkasiis mxaris rukis fragmenti

(Sav-TeTri varianti, 1901)

1901 wlis kavkasiis rukaze (40-versiani, masStabi 1:

1,680,000), sadac aRniSnulia saxelmwifo sazRvrebi 1801-1813

wlebis mdgomareobiT [Карта Кавказского края, 1901; Карта Кубанской

области..., 1902], saqarTvelos miRmaa darCenili afxazeTisa da ze-

mo svaneTis teritoriebi da damoukidebeli erTeulebis saxiT

mTiel xalxTa miwebis (Земли горских народов) SemadgenlobaSia

moqceuli (nax. 2).

saxelmwifo sazRvris `aibgis monakveTis~ Semdgomi cvli-

leba aRiniSna 1904 wels [Указ Императора, 1904]. am dokumentidan

irkveva, rom soxumis okrugidan gamoiyo klimaturi sadguris

raioni gagraSi da igi SeuerTda soCis okrugs (Cernomorskis

gubernia), e.i. saqarTvelos sazRvarma samxreT-aRmosavleTiT

gadmoiwia. Sesabamisad, 1904 wlis yubanis olqis rukaze [Карта

Кубанской области..., 1904] `aibgis monakveTi~ mTlianad moqceulia

ruseTis farglebSi. soxumis okrugic ki gamoyofilia quTaisis


272

nax. 3. saqarTvelos rukis fragmenti, 1932

guberniidan da igi mikuTvnebulia soCis okrugs, Tumca aRniS-

nul rukaze igi TiTqos `damoukidebel erTeulad~ gvevlineba,

vinaidan arc Cernomorskis da arc quTaisis guberniis terito-

riaze araa mikuTvnebuli. amave wels gamocemul meore rukaze ki

TviT gagris seqtoric gamoyofilia soxumis okrugidan da mi-

kuTvnebulia soCis okrugs.

sxvadasxva kartografiuli wyaros analizis safuZvelze Se-

iZleba iTqvas, rom sazRvris am monakveTis istoriuli tran-

sformaciebi piks aRwevs XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, gansa-

kuTrebiT ki 1917-1929 wlebSi. am 12 wlis manZilze 8-jer moxda

es cvlilebebi, Sesabamisad, es monakveTi xan saqarTvelos far-

glebSi iyo, xan mis miRma rCeboda.

1918 wlidan sazRvari gadis md. fsouze (soflis 2 ubani ru-

seTis, xolo 3 ubani saqarTvelos farglebSia), 1919 wlidan — md.

bzifze, 1920 wlidan — kvlav md. fsouze m. axaxCamde (г. Камерин-

Депа, 1967.5 м, tepebaSis (Тепебаш) qedze — mdinareebis fsousa da

fxisTas (Троицкая) wyalgamyofi [Договор между Грузией и Россией от

7 мая 1920 года], 1921 wlidan — md. baRrifSTaze, igive xolodnaia-

ze (mdinare q. gagris Crdilo-dasavleTiT, e.i. ruseTis Semad-


273

genlobaSia). 1924 wlidan kvlav icvleba situacia da pilenkovos

Temi saqarTvelos [Постановление ЦИК СССР 31 октября 1924 года],

xolo 1926 wlidan Cernogorskis okrugSia moqceuli (ruseTi)

[Постановление ЦИК СССР 19 марта 1926 года].

1920 wlis xelSekrulebiT md. fsouze gatarebuli sazRvari

qarTuli diplomatiis udidesi warmatebad iqna miCneuli, vinai-

dan `saqarTvelos teritoriuli moTxovnebis ZiriTadi nawili

dakmayofilda da kidevac gascda quTaisis guberniis soxumis

okrugis sazRvrebs da gagris teritoria moicva, romelic ma-

namde Savi zRvis guberniis soWis okrugis SemadgenlobaSi Sedi-

oda~ [samxaraZe, 2012. gv. 10].

nax. 4. saxelmwifo sazRvris `aibgis monakveTi~

1904, 1928 wlebis rukebis mixedviT

1928 wlamde gamocemuli rukebis mixedviT sofeli aibga ru-

seTis SemadgenlobaSia. 1928 wlidan ki miqelirifSis, pilenko-

vos, salmesa da qristefores sasoflo sabWoebi gadaeca saqar-


274

Tvelos, xolo mexuTe aibgis sofsabWo (aibgis me-5 ubani) — Sa-

vizRvispireTis okrugis soWis raionis SemadgenlobaSia [Пос-

тановление ВЦИК, 31.12.1928]. ssrk umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis

am dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT: `...Южнее данного села (с. Аибга –

населённый пункт), в пределах границ колонизационного фонда, отме-

ченных рекогносцирововкой и нанесенных на лесохозяйственную Карту

Сочинского района РСФСР. Далее Аибги границу продолжить по реке

Псоу~. Tumca 1928 da 1929 wlebSi gamocemul rukebze [Закавказская

С.Ф.С.Р., 1928; Карта Грузинской ССР, 1929] `aibgis monakveTi~ mTlia-

nad saqarTvelos miRmaa darCenili. saxelmwifo sazRvris rukaze

nax. 5. saqarTvelos rukis fragmenti, 1931-1932

aramarTebulad gatarebis magaliTia, aseve, 1929 wlis kartog-

rafiuli wyaroebic. 1929 wlidan saxalxo komisarTa sabWos

dadgenileba, stalinis specialuri dadgenilebiT [Постановление

ВЦИК, 12.04.1929] pilenkovos qveraioni saqarTvelos Semadgen-

lobaSi eqceva, Tumca 1929 wlis Semdgom periodSi gamocemul,

maT Soris qarTulenovan, rukebzec sazRvari kvlav 1928 wlis

mdgomareobiTaa mocemuli. magaliTad, 1932 wels saqarTvelos

kartografiis institutis (prof. al. javaxiSvilisa da asist. s.

cxakaias xelmZRvanelobiT) mier gamocemul rukaze sazRvari

gasdevs md. fsous qvemo wels da aRwevs m. axaxCamde, ise rogorc


275

ganisazRvra 1904 wels (nax. 4). 1931-1932 wlebis rukaze [saqar-

Tvelos socialisturi sabWoTa..., 1932] ki, romelic aseve prof.

al javaxiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiTaa gamocemuli, sazRvari gas-

devs mdinareebis fsousa da mzimTis wyalgamyofs. Sesabamisad,

sofel aibgis xuTive ubani saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia moq-

ceuli (nax. 5). gaugebaria, ra dadgenilebis safuZvelzea gata-

rebuli gansxvavebulad saxelmwifo sazRvris es monakveTi er-

Tsa da imave periodSi gamocemul rukebze.

dadgenilebebis mixedviT ar momxdara, Tu ar CavTvliT 2000-

ian wlebSi ganviTarebul movlenebs, rac ukavSirdeba ruseTisa

da e.w. afxazeTis mTavrobebs Soris sasazRvro davas àibgis mo-

nakveTTan~ da Sav zRvaze sazRvao sivrcis gayofis Sesaxeb.

daskvna. kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo sazRvris àibgis monakveTi~ erT-erTi rTulad ga-

dasaWreli sakiTxia, rac dakavSirebulia mraval garemoebasTan,

kerZod, XIX-XX saukuneebSi misi teritoriuli mikuTvnebulobis

xSir cvlasTan, agreTve sabWoTa periodSi arasamarTlebrivad

gatarebul administraciul sazRvrebTan, sxvadasxva wyaroebSi

arsebuli informaciis sxvadasxvagvar interptaciebTan, arade-

limitirebuli da arademarkirebuli sazRvris arsebobasTan,

arakontrolirebad teritoriaze mis mdebareobasTan da sxv. am

TvalsazrisiT, aseve, erT-erT mniSvnelovan gamapirobebel faq-

torad kartografiuli wyaroebic gvevlineba. maT Soris SeiZ-

leba dasaxeldes uzustobebi da realobis araadekvaturi asax-

va kartografiul wyaroebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, metad mniSvne-

lovania Zvel kartografiul wyaroebSi mocemuli saxelmwifo

sazRvris konturis analizi da maTi adekvaturobis Sedareba

samTavrobo dadgenilebebTan. is faqti, rom saxelmwifo sazR-

vris àibgis monakveTi~ dResac qmnis ergvar `cxel politikur

wertils~, saWiroebs kartografiuli wyaroebis erTiani eleq-

tronuli bazis Seqmnasa da maT kompleqsur analizs. am mxriv,

warmodgenili naSromi erTi wingadadgmuli nabijia.


276


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xelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1932. masStabi 1:200.000.

7. sofel aibgis teritoriuli mikuTvnebulobis geografi-

ul-kartometriuli Sefaseba. vaxuSti bagrationis geog-

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vaxiSvilisa da asist. s. cxakaias xelmZRvanelobiT. 1931-

1932. masStabi 1:400,000.

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ruka. SemuSavebuli saqarTvelos kartografiul insti-

tutSi. 1932. masStabi 1:200,000.

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обозначением новой границы России и Персии. 1819.

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28. Карта Закубанскихъ горскихъ народовъ. По статьго Л.Люлье.

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га подполковником Томниевым. Тифлис, 1899 г.

31. Карта Кавказскаго края с обозначением границ 1801-1813г. Состав-

лена в военно-историческом отделе при штабе Кавказскаго военного

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карта. Приложение к XVIII книге Зап. Кавказскгаго отдела Геогр.

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nal.com/57207.html.

Dali Nikolaishvili

Associate Professor


Revaz Tolordava

Associate Professor

Sokhumi State University

The Historical Analysis of Territorial

Belonging of the Village Aibga

According to the Cartographic Sources

Resume

The work examines certain issues of the territorial belonging of Aibga

village, situated on the Georgia-Russian state boarder. The research was con-

ducted in two main directions: the evaluation of historical transformations of


279

state border and evaluation of accuracy of cartographic and historical docu-

ments. Special emphasis has been made on the determination of transformations

degree. On the base of different data demographical situation in the XIX-XXI

centuries is analyzed as well. The research is mainly based on cartographical

sources and historical documents from the different periods and on their com-

parative analysis.

The research showed:

• The frequency of the historical transformation of Georgia-Russian state

borders along "Aibga section", the main factors causing these transformations;

• Divergence between the cartographic sources and governmental

regulations, which is connected with the fact that on the map all five districts of

village Aigba are marked as a Russian side;

• Irregular representation of village Aibga's historical belonging in the

XX century's Soviet scientific and statistical sources, where the village is named

as a "former" or is not accounted at all. In fact, all the five districts, including

Georgian side were uninterruptedly inhabited in between 1864-1990 years;

• The fact of giving village Aibga's Georgian part to the Adler region

officially was motivated with population's economic and cultural interests, but

in reality it had a political background;

• Reality of settling of "Georgian side" of the village Aibga in a modern-day.

Thus, on the basis of cartographic sources of different periods, it is

concluded that the borderline old maps (end of XIX century and the beginning

of XX century) is partially plotted by ignoring the governmental regulations.

Therefore, this section of state border of Georgia is one of the best examples of

the wrong approach in the delimitation of the borderline. This is why the

complex analysis of this issue is very important.

dali osefaSvili

280

dali osefaSvili

profesori, Tsu

ojaxuri Zaladobis gaSuqeba qarTul beWdur

mediaSi da Jurnalisturi eTikis problemebi

Sesavali

ojaxuri Zaladoba erT-erTi sensaciuri Temaa qarTul me-

diaSi, romelic arcTu iSviaTad Jurnalisturi eTikis normebis

darRveviT Suqdeba. msxverplni, ZiriTadad, arian qalebi, rom-

lebic fizikur Zaladobas ganicdian sakuTari meuRleebis an va-

Jebis mxridan, Tumca mainc ar toveben ojaxebs da Tavs arideben

am Temaze saubars.

es Tema e.w. `media ajendaSi~ anu mediis dRis wesrigSi, Ziri-

Tadad, gvxvdeba maSin, rodesac cdiloben sazogadoebas miawo-

don ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mimarTuli

kampaniis amsaxveli informaciuli xasiaTis masalebi. Tumca,

vxvdebiT aseve sensaciuri da dramatuli gaSuqebis faqtebsac,

rodesac ojaxuri Zaladobis konkretuli faqtebia warmodgeni-

li da amgvari faqtebis gaSuqebisas arcTu iSviaTad irRveva

Jurnalisturi eTikis normebi da, amavdroulad, ilaxeba adamia-

nis uflebebi — uTiTeben Zaladobis msxverpli qalis vinaobas;

irRveva udanaSaulobis prezumfciac, roca damnaSaved moixse-

nieben eWvmitanil pirebs.

statiis mizania warmovadginoT kvlevis Sedegebi Tu rogor

aSuqebs Tanamedrove qarTuli beWduri media ojaxuri Zalado-

bis sakiTxebs. am mizniT Seviswavle 2011-12 wlebis qarTuli beW-

duri media, gazeTebi: „alia“, „kviris qronika“, „kviris palit-

ra“, „24 saaTi“, „rezonansi“, „versia“. „praimtaimi“, „axali Tao-

ba“.

ojaxuri Zaladobis gaSuqeba qarTul beWdur mediaSi da Jurnalisturi eTikis problemebi

281

vfiqrobT, Cveni es kvleva mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria,

radgan iseTi kvleva, romelic fokusirebuli iqneboda saqar-

TveloSi ojaxuri Zaladobis konkretuli faqtebis gaSuqebaze,

ar Catarebula jer.

literaturis mimoxilva:

mediaSi qalTa mimarT Zaladobis gaSuqebis Seswavla ameri-

kaSi daiwyo jer kidev 1970-80-ian wlebSi. tiernim „niu-iork ta-

imsis“ 1970-1978 SeswavliT Cauyara safuZveli kvlevebs am mimar-

TulebiT (Tierney, 1982). bulokma da kubertma sagazeTo statiebis raodenobrivi,

Sinaarsobrivi analizi da freimanalizi Caatares (Bullock, C., &

Cubert, J. 2002); reianma, anastraiom da dakunam mkvlelobiT das-

rulebuli Zaladobis SemTxvevaTa gaSuqeba Seiswavles (Rayan.,

Ch, Anastario., M. DaCunha. 2006); gilespim, riCardsma, givensma da

smitma ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverpli gardacvlili qalebis Te-

mis gaSuqebis freimanalizi Caatares (Gillespie LK, Richards TN, Gi-

vens EM, Smith MD. 2013) da sxv.

bolo wlebSi amerikaSi araerTi „mediagaidi“, anu saxel-

mZRvanelo rekomendaciebi momzadda JurnalistebisTvis, ro-

gor unda gavaSuqoT ojaxuri Zaladobis Tema.

saqarTveloSi ojaxuri Zaladobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Te-

masTan dakavSirebiT momzadda bevri sayuradRebo kvleva: „sa-

qarTveloSi qalTa mimarT ZaladobasTan brZolis erovnuli

kvleva“ (CitaSvili., m. 2009); „ojaxur ZaladobasTan brZolis me-

dia reprezentacia“ (javaxiSvili., n. 2011); „vin aris pasuxismge-

beli Zaladobaze?!“ (baxturiZe., i. 2010), sainteresoa bavSvTa mi-

marT Zaladobis amsaxveli kvlevebic: „bavSvTa mimarT Zaladoba

da Jurnalisturi eTika“ (qoriZe., z. 2008), „bavSvTa sakiTxebi da

Jurnalisturi eTikis problemebi qarTul mediaSi“ (osefaSvi-

li., d. 2013). aseve sainteresoa samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT Ca-

tarebuli kvlevac „ojaxuri Zaladoba da misi gadaWris gzebi“

(kusiani., 2. 2012) da sxv.

Cveni kvleva ki warmoadgens ojaxuri Zaladobis gaSuqebas

qarTul beWdur mediaSi. kvleva aqtualuri da mniSvnelovania,

dali osefaSvili

282

radgan aseTi saxis kvleva, romelic fokusirebuli iqneboda Za-

ladobis konkretuli faqtebis gaSuqebaze, ar Catarebula jer.

kvlevis hipoTeza:

ojaxuri Zaladobis Temis gaSuqebisas qarTul mediaSi ar-

cTu iSviaTad ilaxeba adamianis uflebebi — Zaladobis konkre-

tuli faqtebi sensaciurad, Jurnalisturi eTikis normebis

darRveviT Suqdeba. xdeba msxverplTa identifikacia aseve, Se-

saZloa gvxvdebodes udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevis

faqtebic.

sakvlevi kiTxvebi:

ra sixSiriT Suqdeba es Tema qarTul beWdur mediaSi? ro-

gor Suqdeba? ra ZiriTad Secdomebs uSveben qarTveli Jurna-

listebi am Temis gaSuqebisas? — es gaxlavT ZiriTadi sakvlevi

kiTxvebi.

kvlevis meTodologia:

kvlevis ZiriTad meTodad gamoviyene kontentanalizis me-

Todi. sul 194 sagazeTo statia Segvxvda sakvlev periodSi,

2011-2013 wlebis qarTul beWdur mediaSi. SemTxveviTi SerCevis

principiT, gavaanalize yoveli mesame statia (n=64). statisti-

kuri monacemebi damuSavda specialuri kompiuteruli progra-

mis SPSS-ის meSveobiT.

kvlevisTvis viyenebdi Semdeg cvladebs: Zaladobis forma;

publikaciis forma (Janri); wyaroTa balansi; wyaroebi; fokusi;

Zaladobis msxverpli; moZalade; informaciis sisrule; foto;

sensaciuri gaSuqeba; msxverplis identifikacia; msxverplis da-

madanaSaulebeli ena; Secdomebi Jurnalisturi eTikis Tval-

sazrisiT.

kvlevis ZiriTadi mignebebi:

rogorc kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, ojaxuri Zaladoba ga-

mowveulia, ZiriTadad, ojaxuri konfliqtebiT. terminologiad


283

mediis mier, ZiriTadad, swored „ojaxuri Zaladobaa“ gamoyene-

buli gaanalizebuli sagazeTo masalebis 52 SemTxvevaSi (80%).

saintereso iyo kvlevisTvis isic, Tu ojaxuri Zaladobis

romeli forma sWarbobda Cven mier Seswavlil publikaciebSi.

daveyrdeniT gaerosa da JurnalistTa saerTaSoriso federaci-

is ganmartebas, rom arsebobs ojaxuri Zaladobis 4 saxe: fiziku-

ri; seqsualuri; fsiqologiuri da ekonomiuri.

diagrama 1. Zaladobis forma

ganxiluli sagazeTo masalebis analizis Sedegad aRmoCnda,

rom, ZiriTadad, fizikuri Zaladoba Warbobs 45 statiaSi (69.2%);

fsiqologiuri Zaladoba gvxvdeba 10 statiaSi 915,4%), seqsua-

luri Zaladoba 8 statiaSi (12.3%); xolo ekonomikuri 2 publi-

kaciaSi (3.1%).

rac Seexeba statiaTa formas, Warbobs, ZiriTadad, interviu

38 SemTxveva (58.5%); adamianuri istoria 11 (16.9%); axali ambavi

-3 (4.6%) da kategoria „sxva“ 13 (20%).

dali osefaSvili

284

დიაგრამა 2. პუბლიკაციების ფორმა (ჟანრი)

rac Seexeba statiaTa fokuss, rogorc kvlevis Sedegad aR-

moCnda, sWarbobs ojaxuri Zaladobis gaSuqebis faqtebi. ganxi-

lul publikaciaTa 72.3 %-Si (47 statia); ojaxuri Zaladobis wi-

naaRmdeg brZolasTan dakavSirebuli publikaciebi 27.7 procen-

tia (18 statia).

fataluri SedegiT, mkvlelobiT dasrulebuli ojaxuri Za-

ladobis SemTxvevais gaSuqeba gvxvdeba gaanalizebul statiaTa

29 procentSi (19 statia).

statiebis toni neitraluria mxolod 34 SemTxvevaSi (52.3

%). danarCen SemTxvevebSi gvxvdeba JurnalistTa mxridan gake-

Tebuli Sefasebebi.

JurnalistTa mxridan Victim blame language gamoyenebas vxvde-

biT gaanalizebul statiaTa 12.3 procentSi (8 SemTxveva). es, Zi-

riTadad, vlindeba iseT tipur kiTxvaSi, rogoricaa: „Tqveni

bralia, ratom ar wamoxvediT ojaxidan?“ Tumca, vxvdebiT aram-

xolod msxverplTa dadanaSaulebis SemTxvevebs, aramed mkvle-

lad da damnaSaved moxseniebis SemTxvevebsac iqamde, vidre maTi

braleuloba ar aris damtkicebuli.

informacia srulad aris warmodgenili (completeness on infor-

mation gvxvdeba) statiaTa 19 SemTxvevaSi (29.2%) xolo 46 Sem-

TxvevaSi (70.2%) — arasrulad.


285

balansi daculia statiebis mxolod 20 %-Si (13 SemTxveva).

ar aris daculi 80%-Si (52 SemTxveva). sasurvelia, ojaxuri kon-

fliqtis gaSuqebisas orive mxare iyos warmodgenili Jurnalis-

tTa mier momzadebul publikaciebSi.

rac Seexeba informaciis wyaroebs, Zaladobis msxverpli

warmodgenilia 45 statiaSi, ojaxis wevri — 6. fsiqologi — 8;

adamianis uflebaTa damcveli arasamTavrobo organizaciis

warmomadgeneli — 19; mezobeli — 11; adamianis uflebaTa damcve-

li — 2; sxva wyaroebi — 18. sasurvelia, yoveli publikacia, ro-

gorc minimum, 3 wyaros mainc unda eyrdnobodes, raTa ndoba ga-

moiwvios auditoriaSi.

დიაგრამა 3. ინფორმაციის წყაროები

kvlevis mixedviT gamoikveTa, rom ojaxuri Zaladobis

msxverplni, ZiriTadad, arian qalebi, romlebic ganicdian

Zaladobas qmrebis an vaJebis mxridan, statiaTa 83.1%-Si (54

SemTxveva); bavSvebze ganxorcielebuli ojaxuri Zaladoba

Segvxvda statiaTa 10.8 procentSi (7 SemTxveva); statiaTa 3.1

procentSi (2 SemTxveva) Segvxvda mamakacebze colebis mxridan

ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba.

dali osefaSvili

286

დიაგრამა 4. ძალადობის მსხვერპლი

vin arian moZaladeebi? rogorc kvlevam gviCvena, ZiriTa-

dad, mamakacebi arian moZaladeebi, romlebic Zaladobas axor-

cieleben sakuTar colebze, gaanalizebul sagazeTo masalaTa

76.9 % (50 SemTxveva); qalebi, romlebic qmrebze Zaladoben, 6.2

procentia (4 SemTxveva); Svilebi, romlebic fizikur Zaladobas

axdenen dedebze 10.8 % (7 SemTxveva) da sxva ojaxis wevri 4.6% (3

statia).

დიაგრამა 5. მოძალადე


287

rogorc kvlevam gviCvena, Zaladobis msxverpli qalebis 38.5

procenti (25 SemTxveva) mainc saxlSi rCeba da agrZelebs moZa-

lade qmarTan Tu SvilTan cxovrebas. 61.5% (40 statia) wamosu-

lia saxlidan da droebiT TavSesafarSia an naTesavTan an naqi-

raveb binaSi cxovrobs. Tumca, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom

JurnalistTa mxridan es Secdomaa, rodesac uTiTeben Zalado-

bis msxverpli qalebis adgilmdebareobas, radgan moZaladem Se-

saZloa, kvlavac miagnos msxverpls da scados Zaladoba;

fotoebi axlavs statiaTa 86.2 procents. 13.8 procentia (9

SemTxveva). warmodgenili fotos an naxatis gareSe. umetesad,

fotoebi dramatulia, sisxliani danebiT an sisxlis gubeebiT.

vxvdebiT ojaxuri konfliqtis monawile personebis fotoeb-

sac. marTalia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi cdiloben Tvalebis dafar-

vas, Tumca, mainc SesaZlebelia adamianis identificireba.

garda fotoebisa, Zaladobis msxverplTa identifikacia Se-

saZlebelia gaanalizebul statiaTa 26.2 procentSi (17 SemTxve-

va), SeuZlebelia 73.8 procentSi (48 SemTxveva), anu ZiriTadad,

Jurnalistebi cdiloben daicvan msxverpli wyaros anonimuroba

da ar moixsenion saxeliTa da gvariT;

Zaladobis faqtebi sensaciurad da dramatulad aris gad-

mocemuli statiaTa 75.4 procentSi (49 SemTxveva).

mTlianobaSi ki, sxvadasxva saxis es Secdomebi, Jurnalistu-

ri eTikis darRvevis faqtebi gvxvdeba statiaTa 41.5 procentSi

(27 SemTxveva), xolo daculia eTikis normebi statiaTa 58.5 pro-

centSi (38 SemTxveva).

daskvna:

amgvarad, rogorc kvlevam gviCvena, qarTul mediaSi ojaxu-

ri Zaladobis Temis gaSuqebisas Jurnalistebi mraval Secdomas

uSveben eTikuri TvalsazrisiT. faqtebs aSuqeben sensaciurad,

myvirala saTaurebiT, dramatuli fotoebiTa da Temis gazeTis

pirvel gverdze gamotaniT; es sakiTxi Suqdeba ara rogorc so-

cialuri problema, aramed rogorc kriminalis Tema. SesaZle-

bels xdian Zaladobis msxverplTa identificirebas; uTiTeben

maT adgilsamyofels da ar fiqroben imaze, rom SesaZloa es ada-

mianebi kvlavac aRmoCndnen moZaladis msxverplni; rom Zalado-

dali osefaSvili

288

bis msxverpls amgvari dramatuli gaSuqebiT SesaZloa xelmeo-

red miadges tramva fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT da stigmis

msxverplni aRmoCndnen, gansakuTrebiT, ki, Zaladobis msxverpl

bavSvebs; arRveven aseve udanaSaulobis prezumfcias da tragi-

kuli SedegiT dasrulebuli faqtebis gaSuqebisas, damnaSaved

da mkvlelad moixsenieben adamians iqamde, vidre ar aris misi

braleuloba damtkicebuli; garkveul SemTxvevebSi, uxeSad ir-

Rveva rogorc bavSvTa, aseve zogadad, adamianis uflebebi.

Tumca, erTi ram gvinda aRvniSnoT xazgasmiT, rom am kvlevis

mizans ar warmoadgenda romelime konkretuli gazeTis kritika.

gvsurda Cveneba im tendenciis, romelic Tanamedrove qarTul

medias axasiaTebs am mgrZnobiare Temis gaSuqebisas. erTaderTi

gamosavali, Cveni azriT, Jurnalisturi profesiuli eTikis

normebis dacvaa.

kvlevis limiti da momavali kvlevis gegma:

Cven SemovisazRvreT ojaxuri Zaladobis Temis mxolod beW-

duri mediis masalebis SeswavliT. momavali kvlevebisTvis, Se-

darebiT sruli suraTis saCveneblad sainteresoa satelevizio

da onlainmediis Seswavla da beWdur mediasTan Sedareba. garda

amisa, SesaZlebelia aseve, Tvisobrivi kvlevis Catareba im Jur-

nalistebs Soris, vinc am Temebs aSuqeben da aseve am Temis Ses-

wavla romelime dasavluri qveynis mediaSi.


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291

Dali Osepashvili

Professor


Covering of Domestic Violence

in Georgian Print Media and Problems

of Journalism Ethics

Resume

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the research on

covering the topic of domestic violence by the modern Georgian print media.

For this aim the author has studied newspapers: ‘Alia, ‘Kviris Chronika’, ‘Kviris

Palitra’, ’24 Saati’, ‘Rezonansi’, ‘Versia’, ‘Prime Time’, ‘Akhali Taoba’.

Content-analysis is used as the method of research. According to the results of

the research, the domestic violence mainly is caused by the domestic conflicts.

According to the research, the women fall mostly the victims of domestic

violence. They are the subject of violence from their husbands but do not leave

their families and avoid sharing the facts; It also turned out that the frequency of

covering the given topic is low. Georgian media basically gives the information

concerning the campaign of struggle against the domestic violence, though there

are the cases of sensational coverage when the certain facts of violence are

illustrated in Georgian media and at the same time the professional ethical

standards of journalism are breached. They allow the identification of the

victims of the violence; indicate their location and do not think about the

possibility that, these people may become the victims of violence once again;

they do not realize that as a result of similar dramatic coverage the victim of the

violence may suffer from the psychological point of view again and they may

become victims of stigma, especially, children victims of violence; Georgian

journalists also breach presumption of innocence and during the coverage of

cases with tragic outcome, define the murderers and criminals before they are

proved to be guilty; in some cases, there are some facts of breaching the rights

of the children, and human rights in general.

Т. И. Сащук

292

Татяна Сащук

Докторант

Киевский национальный университет имени Тараса Шевченко

Формы презентации социальной

проблематики в аналитических

материалах украинских изданий

Решение социальных проблем, которые существуют в современном

обществе, – важный вопрос нашей действительности. В освещении масс-

медиа, которые являются мощным средством влияния на аудиторию,

проблемы социальной практики показаны как одни из самых актуальных,

как те, что нуждаются во внимании общества. Очевидно, что СМИ влияют

на формирование социальной политики в государстве, влияют на об-

щественность и призывают ее к действию.

Социальная тематика на страницах печатных СМИ реализуется во

взаимосвязи с другими актуальными проблемами настоящего времени, в

контексте этих проблем, в совокупности с ними. Однако всегда ключевой

фигурой, которая играет важную роль в формировании, пропагандирова-

нии, осуществлении социальной практики, является человек.

Многие исследователи изучали отдельные аспекты проблем соци-

альной практики в масс-медиа, среди них – Д. Климанская1, М. Корниен-

ко2, О. Лаврик3, Т. Семигина4, Л. Скокова5, О. Ткаченко6, Т. Фролова7,

А. Чекмишев8 и др.

По мнению К. Шендеровского, «медиа в любых ситуациях должны

иметь возможность выполнять свою социальную функцию. Кроме того,

медиа являются интересными тогда, когда они в социальном плане затра-

гивают вопросы, которые особенно тревожат людей. Основным современ-

ным заданием медиа должно быть преодоление пяти «С» (сенсация, скан-

дал, смерть, смех, секс), которые преобладают в современной журналисти-

Формы презентации социальной проблематики в аналитических материалах украинских изданий

293

ке, и изменение их на три «Д» (добро, помощь, доверие) (помощь – на

украинском «допомога» – Авт.).

Соответственно и формирование социальной надежды в медиаматери-

алах приводит к появлению социально значимой журналистики («социаль-

ной журналистики», «социальнопроблемных медиа», общественной жур-

налистики, журналистики соучастия и тому подобное)»9. Ученый после-

довательно доводит тезис, что социальная журналистика – это отдельный

институт, который полноценно функционирует в нашем обществе, требуя

от своей аудитории не пассивного созерцания, прочтения, прослушивания

информации, а активного участия в творении и перестройке общества.

Последующего глубинного рассмотрения институализация коммуни-

кации в сфере решения социальных проблем приобретает в кандидатской

диссертации К. Шендеровского. Ученый последовательно доказывает, что

«в современных условиях приобрел значимость институционный подход,

согласно которым коммуникации не отражают (не освещают) реальность,

а творят ее, выступая в роли генератора новых качеств социального. Ин-

ституциалисты определяют условия создания и развития институционных

кодексов поведения, норм, принципов, формируют стратегии, связанные с

приобретением социальными институтами статусов и форм»10.

Исследование вышеназванных ученых базируется на комплексной ха-

рактеристике проблемно-тематического уровня контента национальных и

региональных масс-медиа. Однако проблемы социальной практики не

рассматриваются в этих трудах как отдельный предмет научного изучения

(или исследуются в сравнительном аспекте с другими темами), хотя степе-

нь их важности актуализируется с каждым годом, о чем свидетельствует

контент современных украинских общенациональных печатных масс-ме-

диа.

Одной из мощных попыток систематизации и обобщения проблемати-

ки СМИ и отведения важного места актуальным проблемам социальной

практики в освещении масс-медиа есть научный труд коллектива авторов

«Проблематика СМИ: Информационная повестка дня» (под ред. М. Шкон-

дина).

Пособие структурировано на три раздела, в которых представлена

актуальная проблематика современных масс-медиа: глобальные процессы

современности в проблематике СМИ (противоречие глобализации, демо-

графические проблемы, миграционные процессы, проблемы экологии),

Т. И. Сащук

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основные сферы общественной жизни как объект журналистики (полити-

ческая проблематика, экономическая проблематика, социальная проблема-

тика, культурологическая проблематика), актуальные проблемы социаль-

ной практики в освещении СМИ (духовно-религиозная проблематика,

проблема благотворительной деятельности, проблемы детства в информа-

ционном поле СМИ, гендерная проблематика, антикриминальная пробле-

матика, проблематика антинаркотических публикаций)11.

Как видим, весомое место в структуре важнейших тем и проблем

масс-медийного пространства занимает именно социальная проблематика,

структурированная на шесть самых актуальных подтем, которые не ис-

черпывают все возможности и векторы проблем социальной практики.

Русский ученый И. Ясавеев в пособии «Конструирование социальных

проблем средствами массовой коммуникации» особое внимание уделяет

конкуренции между социальными проблемами за место в «повестке дня»,

которая устанавливается средствами массовой информации, конструиро-

ванию социальных проблем преступности и ВИЧ/СПИДА русскими и

региональными телекомпаниями и газетами, а также последствиям медиа-

конструирования социальных проблем таким как «эмоциональное сгора-

ние» аудитории. Автор детально рассматривает основные социологические

подходы к социальным проблемам: направлений социальной патологии,

социальной дезорганизации, функционалистского подхода, критического,

интеракционистского и конструкционистского12.

Экономический подход к моделированию социальных процессов

предлагает В. Райцин в своем пособии13. Ученый рассчитывает стандарты

уровня жизни населения, в первую очередь прожиточного минимума, ко-

торый также является одним из аспектов реализации социальной пробле-

матики.

Интересным с точки зрения анализа социальной психологии массовой

коммуникации является учебник Н. Богомоловой14. Книга посвящена ана-

лизу современного состояния социально-психологических исследований

СМИ, которые приобретают особое значение в эпоху бурного развития

информационных технологий. В работе проанализированы теоретические

и эмпирические исследования массовой коммуникации, проведенные рус-

скими и заграничными специалистами.

Анализ вышеназванных научных трудов свидетельствует об активной

заинтересованности учеными анализом проблем социальной практики с


295

точки зрения психологии, социологии, экономики и массовых коммуни-

каций.

М. Бережная в своем исследовании социальной действительности

отмечает, что к началу 2000-х годов произошло «формирование нового

направления в профессиональной идеологии – социальной журналистику,

ориентированной на конструктивный подход в освещении социальной

проблематики и позитивное социальное действие общества»15.

Исследуя социальную проблематику в русском информационном

пространстве, Т. Фролова подходяще выделяет четыре основных сферы

общества: политическую, экономическую, социальную, духовную. Со-

циальная сфера, по мнению ученой, «определяет предметное своеобразие

социальной журналистики, прежде всего ее тематические особенности:

проблемы труда, занятости, доходов, образования, здравоохранения, со-

циальной защиты, межнациональных взаимоотношений, женщин, детей

семьи, других социальных групп и отдельных сегментов социальной

инфраструктуры и так далее. Проблематика более подвижная, перемен-

чивая, более злободневная: каждое общество разрешает свои собственные

проблемы, которые выходят из характера социальных связей в опреде-

ленный исторический период»16. Одно из заданий социальной журналис-

тики научный работник видит в обращении в пространство человека и, как

следствие, – полнота подачи информации об обществе, качестве социаль-

ного анализа, участии граждан в информационном обмене.

Вышеназванные тенденции в освещении соцыальных тем демонстри-

руют современные украинские СМИ, в частности ежедневная всеукра-

инская газета общественно-политической тематики «День» и международ-

ный общественно-политический еженедельник «Зеркало недели».

За исследуемый период перечислены авторитетные издания среди ли-

деров по тиражам, уровнем цитирования, влиятельностью на аудиторию.

Эти газеты имеют постоянного, четко определенного, читателя. Еще боль-

шей является их потенциальная аудитория – те читатели, которые обра-

щаются к газетам эпизодически, а не периодически, не стали постоянными

подписчиками или читателями. Задекларированный редакцией тираж

«Дня» – 62500-65400, пятничный выпуск – 90000, еженедельника «Зеркало

недели» – 48000-52000 экземпляров.

Еще одним критерием для выбора и сравнения стал тот факт, что ука-

занные еженедельник и ежедневное издание отображают интересы ауди-

Т. И. Сащук

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тории Украины и выходят для читателей государства (газета «День» также

выдает англоязычный дайджест во вторник, четверг тиражом свыше 7 тыс.

экз.). Издания близки по тематике и проблематике, общей парадигме

освещения событий, объективности, а также их электронные версии дают

возможность читателю оставить комментарий о прочитанной публикации,

оценить ее, порекомендовать в социальных сетях, ссылаться на прочита-

нное и тому подобное, то есть предусмотрено обсуждение самых актуаль-

ных, по мнению аудитории, тем и проблем. Анализируемые источники

имеют общие тенденции в объеме, территории распространения, охватыва-

нии потенциальной аудитории, а поэтому сравнение парадигмы и

особенностей освещения социальной проблематики в изданиях является

плодотворным в векторе изучения контента. Исследование контента ана-

лизируемых источников позволит понять особенности влияния этих

изданий на читателей и на формирование мыслей и настроений граждан

Украины.

Смысловое наполнение этих печатных масс-медиа подчиняется руб-

рикации изданий. Весомые аспекты социальной практики газета «День»

подает в рубриках «Политика», «Экономика», «Взгляд», «Мысль», «Раз-

мышления», «Проблема», «Ситуация», «Параллели», «Событие», «Факт и

комментарий», «Точка зрения», «NB!», «ЧП» «Резонанс», «Эксклюзив»,

«Фотофакт», «Телегид», «Проект», «Культура», «Почта», «Украинцы, –

читайте!», «Общество», «Тенденции», «Опыт», и др., что свидетельствует

о масштабе охватывания актуальной проблематики. Социальная проблема-

тика международного общественно-политического еженедельника «Зерка-

ло недели» освещается в основных рубриках: «Власть», «Деньги», «Чело-

век», «Культура», «Социум», «Внутренняя политика», «Право».

Объединительным фактором для «Зеркала недели» и «Дня» является

целевая аудитория изданий – украинская интеллигенция. Иными словами,

это читатели, небезразличные к истории, политике, экономике, обществен-

ному и социальному строению своей родины, ее прошлого, настоящего и

будущего; политики, сознательные граждане, способные осмыслить глу-

бину аналитических публикаций.

Мониторинг контента еженедельника «Зеркало недели» и ежедневной

газеты «День» (за сентябрь-ноябрь 2013 года) засвидетельствовал, что

издания представляют социальную проблематику через взаимодействие с


297

другими актуальными общественными вопросами в таких тематических

блоках:

- экономика и политика: «О финансовых мостах с Поднебесной»,

автор: Наталья Белоусова (День. – 1 октября); «С чего начинается разви-

тие?», автор: Владимир Дубровский (Зеркало недели. – 9 октября);

- наука и образование: «Нанотехнологии в Украине: вдогонку за

уходящим поездом», автор: Петр Усатенко (Зеркало недели. – 27 сентя-

бря); «Как университеты… зарабатывают деньги?», автор: Наталья Мали-

мон (День. – 8 октября);

- государство и его взаимодействие с другими социальными

институтами: «Государство не может гарантировать защиту персональ-

ных данных», автор: Мария Томак (День. – 8 октября); «Культура жизни vs

культуры смерти (О попытках налаживания коммуникации по вопросам

биоэтики между Церковью и обществом)», автор: Юлиана Лавриш (День.

– 30 сентября);

- социальная культура: «Социальной культуре нужно обучать»,

автор: Ирина Кириченко (Зеркало недели. – 6 сентября); «Частная

собственность за рамками общественного признания?», автор: Ирина

Кириченко (Зеркало недели. – 27 сентября);

- экология и сбережение энергоресурсов: «Климатический вердикт

(Эксперты: в Украине будут исчезать весна и осень, участятся природные

катаклизмы. Как к этому готовиться?)», авторы: Ирина Диховид, Оксана

Миколюк (День. – 3 октября); «Выбрось батарейку правильно», автор:

Ольга Харченко (День. – 8 октября);

- физическое и моральное здоровье нации: «Крокодил» в Украине.

Аптечная наркомания набирает обороты», автор: Сергей Гордиенко (Зер-

кало недели. – 4 октября); «Дешевые, искуственные и нездоровые (60 %

наших помещений неэкологичны и наносят вред здоровью. Что с этим

делать?)», автор: Оксана Миколюк (День. – 1 октября);

- материнство и детство: «Быть или не быть международному

усыновлению», автор: Наталья Кравченко (Зеркало недели. – 20 сентября);

«Семья как мечта (В Украине сокращается усыновление: граждане не хо-

тят брать на воспитание детей старше 10 лет)», автор: Оксана Миколюк

(День. – 1 октября);

- культура и искусство: «Переселение храма культуры в никуда –

это фактически его уничтожение!», автор: Татьяна Полищук (День. – 10

Т. И. Сащук

298

октября); «Украинская классика и аншлаги», автор: Людмила Обуховская

(День. – 8 октября).

Смысловые контексты и содержательные аспекты социальной пробле-

матики представлены в аналитических материалах украинских изданий

значительно шире. Автором очерчена только схема, которая демонстри-

рует основные тенденции в освещении социальных тем, обусловленные

направлениями социальной политики государства, а также социальными

стереотипами, устойчивыми представления аудитории о напряженности в

отдельных направлениях социальной проблематики.

Отметим, что наиболее подходящим, влиятельным инструментом

воздействия на читательскую аудиторию, своеобразным инструментом для

реализации функций критики и контроля выступают аналитические

материалы. Авторы публикаций используют такие весомые аргументы

аналитики: интерпретирование событий через другие факты, привлечение

мнение экспертов, донесение ключевой идеи, детальное ее описание,

четкая аргументация высказывания, приведение доказательств, ясность и

простота стиля, уместные вставки. Что ще касается жанровых форм пре-

зентации социальной проблематики, то характерными примерами ее

реализации есть аналитическая и проблемная статья, корреспонденция,

комментарий (аналитические жанры), репортаж, интервью (информацион-

ные жанры). Иногда в статье используются элементы интервью или ком-

ментария. Аналитические материалы обычно дополнены фотографиями,

графикой, диаграммами, что усиливает влияние текста публикации на ре-

ципиента.

К примеру, журналист «Зеркала недели» Оксана Кузякив дискусию

относительно перспективы подписания Украиной Соглашения об ассоциа-

ции в Европейском Союзе освещает в форме аналитической статьи

«Украинский бизнес начинает смотреть в сторону запада» (Зеркало

недели. – 4 октября). За счет подачи конкретной проблемы, автор создает

точный ракурс ее освещения и детального анализа, отслеживает мнения

экспертов, удачно использует цифровые данные, резюмирует результаты

опросов.

Таким образом, тенденции социальной проблематики на страницах

украинских изданий «День» и «Зеркало недели» воплощаются в рубрика-

ционном комплексе, в публикациях, которые объединяются общими проб-

лемно-тематическими характеристиками, направленными на освещение,


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анализ, раскрытие остроактуальних тем. Классификация векторов социаль-

ной проблематики, которые исследуются в анализируемых масс-медиа, не

может претендовать на всеохваченность проблем социальной практики,

однако иллюстрирует типичные тенденции освещения актуальной пробле-

матики социальной области общественной жизни. Аналитическая и

проблемная статья, репортаж, интервью оказались продуктивным инстру-

ментом для осуществления анализа актуальных социальных проблем.

Примечания

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2009. Вип. 15. С. 273–279.

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медіаризики та медіапрофілактика // Наукові записки Інституту

журналістики. К., 2011. Т. 43. С. 69–99.

3. Лаврик О. В. Соціальна проблематика газетних виступів. Харків,

2010. 72 с.

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2007. 156 с.

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смислів соціального життя // Соціологія: теорія, методи, маркетинг.

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чинник у процесі виховання особистості (на матеріалі обласної

преси Сумщини) // Наукові записки інституту журналістики. К.,

2010. Т. 38. С. 69–72.

7. Фролова Т. И. Социальная проблематика / Проблематика СМИ:

Информационная повестка дня. М., 2008. С. 98–142.

8. Чекмишев О. В. Основи професіональної комунікації. Теорія і прак-

тика новинної журналістики. К., 2004. 129 с.

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11. Шкондин М. В. , Вычуб Г. С., Фролова Т. И. Проблематика СМИ:

Информационная повестка дня. М., 2008. 316 с.

12. Ясавеев И. Г. Конструирование социальных проблем средствами

массовой коммуникации. М., 2004. 200 с.

13. Райцин В. Я. Моделирование социальных процессов. М., 2005. 192 с.

14. Богомолова Н. Социальная психология печати, радио и телевидения.

М., 1991. 125 с.

15. Бережная М. А. Позитивные ракурсы социальной проблематики на

современном телеэкране // Вестник ВГУ. Серия: Филология.

Журналистика. 2008. № 2. С. 150–154.

16. Фролова Т. И. Социальная проблематика / Проблематика СМИ:

Информационная повестка дня. М., 2008. С. 98–142.

tatiana sasCuki

doqtoranti

taras SevCenkos saxelobis kievis

saxelmwifo universiteti (ukraina)

socialuri problematikis prezentaciis formebi

ukrainuli gamocemebis analitikur masalebSi

reziume

statiaSi gamokvleulia zogierTi ukrainuli gamocemis ana-

litikur masalebSi socialuri problematikis prezentaciis

formebi. ufro metad gamoyofilia aqtualuri mimarTulebebi,

romlebic gaSuqebulia socialuri problemebis gadawyvetis

konteqstSi. ganxilulia ukrainuli beWduri mediis Tematuri

da Janrobrivi paradigmebi.

migraciuli procesebi saqarTveloSi da misi demografiuli Sedegebi

301

ioseb saluqvaZe

profesori, Tsu

giorgi melaZe


migraciuli procesebi saqarTveloSi

da misi demografiuli Sedegebi

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis

xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze, sxvadasxva formiTa da intensi-

vobiT, yovelTvis axasiaTebda migraciuli procesebi. sabWoTa

imperiis arsebobis periodSi gare migraciuli procesebi minima-

luri iyo, vinaidan aRniSnuli imperia praqtikulad Caketil

sivrces warmoadgenda. am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosaTvis gare

migraciad unda miviCnioT calkeul sabWoTa respublikebTan

arsebuli migraciuli procesebi. saqarTvelos statistikis

erovnuli samsaxuris (SemdgomSi sses) monacemebiT, saqarTvelo

emigraciuli qveyana 1960 wlidan xdeba. am wels qveynidan ga-

sulTa raodenobam 16.8 aTasiT gadaaWarba SemosulTa raodeno-

bas. 1990 wlamde migraciis uaryofiTi saldos yvelaze maRali

mniSvneloba 1975 wels dafiqsirda (-25.5 aTasi), ris Semdgom igi

Semcirda da 1976-1990 ww. saSualod -17.6 aTass Seadgenda. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom ganxiluli drois monakveTSi migraciuli sal-

do uaryofiTi iyo, mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis absoluturi

raodenobis maCvenebeli am ukanasknels yovelTvis aRemateboda,

ris Sedegadac qveynis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba arasodes

ar Semcirebula.

saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

ganviTarebulma eqstraordinarulma procesebma umZimesi soci-

alur-ekonomikuri krizisi da demografiuli sistemis mniSvne-

lovani deformireba gamoiwvia. aRniSnul movlenaSi kataliza-


302

toris roli, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom, aTobiT wlebis

manZilze arsebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebis myisierma gawyvetam,

afxazeTSi da samxreT oseTSi gareSe Zalebis mier xelovnurad

inspirirebulma SeiaraRebulma konfliqtebma da samoqalaqo

omma Seasrules. qveynis marTvaSi saxelmwifo kontrolis Sesus-

tebam kidev ufro daZaba arsebuli saerTo viTareba. moiSala sa-

xalxo meurneobis rigi dargebi, mkveTrad gauaresda kriminoge-

nuli situacia, arsebulma saerTo viTarebam kritikul zRvars

miaRwia.

postsocialistur sivrceSi ekonomikis daqveiTebas arsad

miuRia iseTi masStabebi da intensiuri xasiaTi, rogoric saqar-

TveloSi. 1990-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi katastroful var-

dnas ganicdida ZiriTadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis indeqsebi.

1990-1994 ww. saqarTveloSi warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqti

TiTqmis 5-jer Semcirda. 1994 wels mrewvelobis mTliani pro-

duqcia 1958 wlis, xolo soflis meurneobisa 1945 wlis doneze

iyo daqveiTebuli. 1990 wels mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebuli iyo na-

xevar milionze meti adamiani (Ciqava, 1997). aTi wlis Semdeg es

maCvenebeli aTjer Semcirda, anu moxda saqarTvelos deindus-

trializacia (gaCeCilaZe, 2011). mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani na-

wili umuSevari darCa. 1990 wels saSualo Tviurma inflaciam sa-

qarTveloSi 1.7% Seadgina, 1992 wels — 21.3%, xolo 1994 wels —

56.3% (i.arCvaZe. statistikuri Soki). 1994 wels mTliani Sida

produqti erT sul mosaxleze mxolod 500 dolaris toli iyo

(http://www.unstats.un.org). 2000 wels realurma mTlianma Sida pro-

duqtma 1990 wlis donis mxolod 29% Seadgina, rac yofil pos-

tsabWoTa respublikebs Soris yvelaze uaresi maCvenebeli iyo

(ix. naxazi 1).


303

naxazi 1

realuri mTliani Sida produqtis cvlileba saqarTveloSi

da yofil sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi 1990-2000 ww.

1990 = 100%

wyaro: http://www.siteresource.worldbank.org

umwvavesi socialur-ekonomikuri krizisis da arastabilu-

ri politikuri mdgomareobis gamo, qveynis moqalaqeTa mniSvne-

lovani nawili iZulebuli gaxda sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxebis

gadarCenis mizniT, samudamod, droebiT da gaurkveveli vadiT

sazRvargareT gamgzavrebuliyo.

oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, emigraci-

uli procesebis piki 1992-1996 wlebSi dafiqsirda. aRniSnuli

drois monakveTSi, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis uaryofiTma gare

migraciulma saldom 673.1 aTasi adamiani Seadgina. sagulisxmo

faqtia, rom es ukanaskneli bevrad aRemateboda 1960-1991 ww. 32

wlis manZilze dafiqsirebul gare migraciis uaryofiT saldos,

romelic 474.5 aTasis toli iyo. 1997-2001 ww. SeimCneoda uaryo-

fiTi migraciuli saldos klebis procesi.

migraciul procesebSi mniSvnelovani gardatexa moxda 2004

wels, rodesac 1960 wlidan pirvelad, qveyanaSi CamosulTa rao-

denobam 5.5 aTasiT gadaaWarba gasulTa raodenobas. 2005 wels

dadebiTi gare migraciuli saldo TiTqmis 14-jer gaizarda da

76.3 aTasi Seadgina (ix. cxrili 1).


304

aRniSnuli movlena, nawilobriv, SesaZlebelia aixsnas im

faqtiT, rom vardebis revoluciis Semdgom periodSi, sazRvar-

gareT myof Cveni Tanamemamuleebis garkveul nawils miecaT qve-

yanaSi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa da

Rirseuli dasaqmebis imedi, ris gamoc isini dabrundnen samSob-

loSi. samwuxarod, procesi xanmokle aRmoCnda da 2006-2008 ww.

gare migraciuli saldo kvlav uaryofiTi iyo. oficialuri mo-

nacemebiT (2009-2011 ww.), gare migraciuli saldo dadebiT niS-

nuls daubrunda, ris Semdgom igi kvlav uaryofiTia.

cxrili 1

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gare migraciis saldo

1990-2014 ww.

migraciis saldo migraciis saldo

wlebi raodenoba

(aTasi)

koeficienti

(‰)

wlebi raodenoba

(aTasi)

koeficienti

(‰)

1990 -13.2 -2.4 2002 -27.8 -6.4

1991 -22.6 -4.1 2003 -27.5 -6.4

1992 -139.3 -25.8 2004 5.5 1.3

1993 -140.9 -27.4 2005 76.3 17.5

1994 -142.6 -29.3 2006 -12.1 -2.8

1995 -127.2 -26.9 2007 -20.7 -4.7

1996 -123.1 -26.7 2008 -10.2 -2.3

1997 -59.9 -13.2 2009 34.2 7.8

1998 -39.2 -8.7 2010 18.1 4.1

1999 -36.3 -8.2 2011 20.2 4.5

2000 -35.2 -8.0 2012 -21.5 -4.8

2001 -32.6 -7.4 2013 -2.6 -0.6

wyaro: sses.

ukanasknel wlebSi, globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis Sede-

gad, bevr qveyanaSi gauaresda migrantTa SromiTi da sayofacx-

ovrebo pirobebi. migrantebis garkveuli raodenoba samuSaos

gareSe darCa, ris gamoc maTi nawili situaciis gaumjobesebisa

da samsaxuris miRebis molodiniT imave qveyanaSi darCa. zogier-


305

Ti maTgani sxva qveyanaSi gadavida, mcire nawili ki samSobloSi

dabrunda.

saqarTvelodan emigraciis rig mizezTagan umTavresi umu-

Sevrobaa. oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad,

umuSevrobis maCvenebeli 2004-2010 ww. 2.4 punqtiT gaizarda da

2012 wels 15.0% Seadgina. aRsaniSnavia, rom eqspertTa SefasebiT

aRniSnul wels umuSevrobis done gacilebiT maRali — 32.4%-is

toli iyo (lacabiZe, carciZe, 2013).

2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos agvistos omisa da msoflio

ekonomikuri krizisis zegavlenis Sedegad qveyana Sevida rece-

siis fazaSi. omis Sedegad saqarTvelom ganicada didi pirdapiri

ekonomikuri zarali, rac zrdis maCveneblis mkveTr SemcirebaSi

aisaxa. 2008 wels mSp-s zrdam mxolod 2.1% Seadgina, maSin rode-

sac 2007 wels es cifri 12.3% iyo. oms mohyva mniSvnelovani eko-

logiuri ziani da seriozuli socialuri problemebi. iZulebiT

gadaadgilebul pirTa raodenoba gaizarda TiTqmis 160 000 aTa-

si kaciT. saWiro gaxda maTTvis droebiTi sacxovrebeli saxle-

bis aSeneba da socialuri daxmareba (http://www.internaldisplace-

ment.org).

arsebul mdgomareobaSi 2004, 2005, 2009-2011 wlebSi saqar-

TveloSi dafiqsirebuli migraciis saldos dadebiTi mniSvne-

lobebi eWvis safuZvels badebs. miT umetes, rom gaeros specia-

listebis SefasebebiT 2005-2010 wlebSi gare migraciis saSualo

wliuri saldos mniSvneloba uaryofiTi iyo da -30.0 aTass Sead-

genda (http://esa.un.org). igive wyaros mixedviT, kidev ufro meti

iyo aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2000-2005 ww. (-62.0 aTasi). cxadia mo-

tanili mniSvnelobebi saSualo maCveneblebia da calkeuli wle-

bis mixedviT isini garkveul gadaxrebs eqvemdebarebian, magram

faqti erTia, rom isini yovelTvis uaryofiTi iyo.

gaeros eqspertebis SefasebiT, 2005-2010 ww. yofili ssr

kavSiris qveynebs Soris mosaxleobis migraciuli matebis uar-

yofiTi saSualowliuri koeficienti saqarTveloSi yovel

1000 mcxovrebze yvelaze maRali iyo da — 11.5-s Seadgenda (ix.

naxazi 2).


306

naxazi 2

mosaxleobis migraciuli matebis saSualowliuri

koeficienti yofili ssr kavSiris qveynebSi

(yovel 1000 mcxovrebze)

2005-2010 ww

wyaro : International Migration 2009.

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan emigraciuli procesebi

umTavres rols asruleben saqarTvelos demografiuli siste-

mis formirebaSi. arsebuli mdgomareoba Sesabamisad aisaxa de-

mografiul maCveneblebSi. mkveTrad Semcirda mosaxleobis da

dabadebulTa absoluturi raodenoba, gaizarda mokvdaobis ko-

eficienti, intensiurad mimdinareobda mosaxleobis demogra-

fiuli daberebis procesi.

oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT 1992-2004

ww. mosaxleobis raodenobis klebis permanentuli procesi mim-

dinareobda (ix. cxrili 2). aRniSnuli drois monakveTSi 20%-iT

Semcirda qveynis mosaxleoba.


307

cxrili 2

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika

1990-2013 ww.

wlebi mosaxleobis

raodenoba

(aTasi)

wlebi mosaxleobis

raodenoba

(aTasi)

wlebi mosaxle-

obis

raodenoba

(aTasi)

1990 5424.4 1998 4504.9 2006 4401.3

1991 5453.3 1999 4469.8 2007 4394.7

1992 5467.4 2000 4435.2 2008 4382.1

1993 5345.8 2001 4401.4 2009 4385.4

1994 4929.9 2002 4371.5 2010 4436.4

1995 4794.2 2003 4342.6 2011 4469.2

1996 4674.5 2004 4315.2 2012 4497.6

1997 4558.4 2005 4321.5 2013 4483.8

1993 da 1994 wlebidan cxinvalis regionisa da afxazeTis gareSe.

wyaro : sses

dafiqsirebuli kleba, ZiriTadad, aqtiuri reproduqciuli

asakisa (20-29 ww.) da Sromisunarian asakSi (15-64 ww.) myofi mosax-

leobis xarjze moxda. sagulisxmo faqtia, rom 1989-2002 wlebSi

fertiluri asakis qalebis Sobadobis potencialis realizaci-

is xarisxi 36.6-dan 25.5%-mde Semcirda (melaZe, 2007). ukanasknel

wlebSi (2008-2012 ww.) qveyanaSi mosaxleobis raodenobis mateba

dafiqsirda, romelic 2013 wels kvlav klebiT Seicvala. aRniS-

nul wels qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobam 4483.8 aTasi Seadgina.

miuxedavad calkeul wlebSi Sobadobis zogadi koeficien-

tis matebisa, 1990-2013 wlebSi misi ZiriTadi tendencia klebiT

xasiaTdeboda (ix. naxazi 3).


308

naxazi 3

Sobadobis, mokvdaobisa da bunebrivi

matebis zogadi koeficientebis

dinamika saqarTveloSi 1990-2013 ww.

wyaro : sses

Sobadobis zogadi koeficientis mkveTri kleba 1990-1994 ww.

dafiqsirda, rodesac misi mniSvneloba 5.3 punqtiT Semcirda.

1990 welTan SedarebiT, 2003 wels dabadebulTa absoluturi

raodenoba ganaxevrda. 2006-2009 ww. saqarTveloSi dabadebuli

bavSvebis absoluturi raodenobis sagrZnobi mateba aRiniSna,

ris Sedegadac Sobadobis zogadi koeficienti 3.2 punqtiT gai-

zarda da 14.4 (2009 w.) Seadgina, rac 1991 wlis Semdgom yvelaze

maRali maCvenebeli iyo. sazogadoebis garkveul nawilSi warmo-

iSva azri aRniSnul movlenaze saqarTvelos kaTolikos patri-

arqis ilia II-s cnobili mowodebisa (2008 wlidan saqarTvelos

patriarqi naTlavs yovel mesame da Semdegi rigiTobis bavSvebs)

da xelisuflebis warmatebuli socialur-ekonomikuri politi-

kis dadebiTi zegavlenis Sesaxeb. nawilobriv SesaZlebelia gavi-

ziaroT aRniSnuli mosazreba, magram naklebad sarwmunod mig-

vaCnia dabadebulTa raodenobis aseTi sagrZnobi matebis axsna

mxolod zemoaRniSnuli mizezebiT, miT umetes, rom qveyanaSi ar

gatarebula raime pronatalisturi politika. movlenis arsis

ZiriTadi safuZveli demografiuli sistemisa da garemomcveli

samyaros urTierTobiT gamowveul urTules procesebSi unda


309

veZioT (melaZe, 2013). aRniSnul wlebSi dabadebulTa raodenob-

riv matebaze zegavlena moaxdina reproduqciuli asakis qaleb-

Si momxdarma struqturulma cvlilebebma. saqarTveloSi daba-

debuli bavSvebis yvelaze didi wili modis 20-24 ww. asakis de-

debze. Sobadobis mateba qveyanaSi 2006 wlidan SeiniSneboda. aR-

niSnul wels 20-24 ww. asakis qalebi dabadebulebi arian 1982-

1986 ww. rodesac realurad maRali iyo Sobadoba. SesaZlebelia

iTqvas, rom 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi Camoyalibebuli

demografiuli talRis SesaZleblobebi (Sobadobaze zegavle-

nis TvalsazrisiT) iwureba da uaxloes wlebSi qveynisaTvis So-

badobis klebis tendencia iqneba damaxasiaTebeli (calkeul

wlebSi SesaZlebelia misi umniSvnelo mateba, rac zegavlenas

ver moaxdens ZiriTad tendenciaze). 2009 wlis Semdgom saqar-

TveloSi ukve mimdinareobs aRniSnuli procesi.

ukanasknel wlebSi SeiniSneba mokvdaobis matebis tendencia.

2013 wels mokvdaobis zogadi koeficienti 10.8%-s toli iyo,

rac 1990-2013 ww. erT-erTi maRali maCvenebelia.

mimdinare negatiuri demografiuli procesebis Sedegad

sagrZnoblad Semcirda mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba. 1999-2004 ww.

bunebrivi matebis koeficienti nulTan axlos imyofeboda, xolo

2002 wels misi nulovani mniSvnelobac ki dafiqsirda. 2013 wels mi-

si maCvenebeli dabali iyo da 2.1%-s Seadgenda (ix. naxazi 3).

saqarTveloSi mimdinare Sobadobis klebisa da farTomas-

Stabiani emigraciuli procesebis Sedegad gaizarda mosaxleo-

bis daberebis maCvenebeli. 2008 wels saqarTvelo msoflios 25

demografiulad yvelaze daberebul qveynebs Soris me-14 ad-

gilze imyofeboda (An Aging World, 2009). 2014 wlis 1 ianvris mona-

cemebiT, 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis wili qveyanaSi

TiTqmis 14%-s Seadgenda.

emigraciuli procesebis Sedegad sagrZnobi cvlilebebi ga-

nicada saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erovnulma struqturam. sam-

wuxarod, 2002 wlis Semdgom saqarTveloSi ar Catarebuli mo-

saxleobis sayovelTao aRwera, romelic mniSvnelovan informa-

cias iZleva aRniSnuli struqturis Sesaxeb. arsebuli viTarebi-

dan gamomdinare, zemoaRniSnuli aRweris monacemebiT unda vi-

sargebloT, romlis Tanaxmad emigrirebuli mosaxleobis saer-


310

To raodenobidan mniSvnelovan nawils (60.9%) qarTvelebi Sead-

gendnen. maRali maCveneblebi gaaCndaT somxebs (11.1%), azerbai-

janelebs (7.7%) da berZnebs (7.7%).

emigraciuli procesis siRrmiseuli daxasiaTebisaTvis mi-

zanSewonilia emigraciis intensiurobis indeqsis gamoyeneba,

romelic gviCvenebs Tu calkeuli erovnebis yoveli 1000 adamia-

nidan ramdeni gaemgzavra emigraciaSi. misma analizma gviCvena,

rom yvelaze maRali emigraciis intensivobiT berZnebi gamoir-

Ceodnen, romelTa maCvenebelic 2.7-jer aRemateboda meore ad-

gilze myof ebraeli erovnebis mosaxleobis maCvenebels. ganxi-

luli koeficienti mniSvnelovani sididiT gamoirCeoda osi

erovnebis adamianebSic (ix. naxazi 4).

naxazi 4

emigrantebis ganawileba erovnebisa

da emigraciis intensiurobis

indeqsis mixedviT saqarTveloSi 2002

wlis aRweris monacemebis mixedviT

wyaro: melaZe, 2007


311

momxdari cvlilebebis Sedegad yvela erovnebis mosaxleo-

bis absoluturma raodenobam kleba ganicada. aRniSnuli pro-

cesi gansakuTrebiT farTo masStabiT gamoirCeoda berZeni, eb-

raeli da rusi erovnebis adamianebs Soris.

procentuli ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT, garda qarTveli da

azerbaijaneli mosaxleobisa, Semcirda yvela danarCeni erovne-

bebis wili. qarTvelebis wilma 84% Seadgina. aseTi maRali maCve-

nebeli arasodes ar dafiqsirebula saqarTveloSi 1897 wlidan

Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRwerebis mixedviT. azerbaijanelebi

pirvelad aRmoCndnen (qarTvelebis Semdgom) meore adgilze ro-

gorc absoluturi, aseve procentuli maCveneblebis mixedvi-

Tac.

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan mimdinare demografiuli

procesebi adekvaturad aisaxa saqarTvelos mosaxleobis asa-

kobriv-sqesobriv struqturaze. demografiuli ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT drois arcTu didi monakveTis manZilze (1990-

2014 ww.), qveynis asakobriv-sqesobrivi piramida sul ufro iRebs

regresuli piramidis formas (ix. naxazi 5).

naxazi 5

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqesobrivi

piramidebi 1990 da 2014 ww.

1990 2014

ukanasknel wlebSi qveynis xelisufleba atarebs socialur-

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaken mimarTul rig


312

RonisZiebebs. aRniSnulma qmedebebma, garkveulwilad, pozitiu-

ri gavlena unda moaxdinon demografiul viTarebasa da migra-

ciul procesebze. miuxedavad arsebuli siZneleebisa, ukanas-

knel wlebSi samTavrobo doneze xelmowerilia rigi saerTaSo-

riso xelSekrulebebi da miRebulia kanonebi, romlebic xels

Seuwyobs migraciuli procesebis samarTlebriv CarCoSi moqce-

vas, migraciis legalizebasa da misi efeqturobis amaRlebas,

dabrunebuli migrantebis reintegracias. migraciis sferoSi

ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi wingadadgmul nabijebad unda

iyos aRqmuli, vinaidan iTvaliswineben qveynis interesebsa da

evrointegraciisaken swrafvas.


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efeqtiani dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofis gzebi // bioekonomika

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2007.

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313

9. http://www.esa.un.org

10. http://www.internaldisplacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/%28httpE

nvelopes%29/C38CFB59E6593F79C12579C6006DCACC?OpenDocumen

t#19.2.1

11. http://www.siteresources.worldbank.org/INTTRANSITION/Newsletters/20

561622/JanFeb2002.pdf

12. http://www.unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/resCountry.asp

Joseph Salukvadze

Professor


Giorgi Meladze,

Associate Professor


Migration Processes in Georgia and

Their Demographic Consequences

Resume

According to the official statistics, since 1960 Georgia has predominantly

become a country of migration. In the specified year the out-migrants exceeded

in-migrants by 16,800 persons. Until 1990 the largest number of out-migration

was fixed in 1975 – 25,500, while during 1976-1990 an average negative

balance comprised 17,600 persons annually. However, due to quite substantial

natural growth Georgia never experienced the population decline before the

independence.

After the independence Georgia has undergone the most dramatic and

intense decline of economy, compared to other countries of the post-socialist

space. Significant part of the population remained unemployed. As a result of

acute socio-economic crisis and unstable political situation, a significant number

of Georgian citizens decided to leave the country on permanent basis,

temporarily or for unknown period, in order to secure their and family living.

The above-described situation has had subsequent imprint on demogra-

phical figures: population number and absolute number of births significantly


314

decreased; death rate increased; As a consequence of negative demographic

processes, natural growth of population decreased significantly. During 1999-

2004 rate of natural increase was close to 0, and in 2002 became 0. This index

was quite low also in 2013 making up only 2.1‰. Emigration from the country

reached threatening scale. Since 1990’s more than million people left Georgia.

The process of birth number decrease and wide-scale emigration from Georgia

intensely determines the growth of population aging index. In 2008 Georgia

ranked 14th among 25 demographically most aged countries worldwide. Accor-

ding to National Statistics Office of Georgia in 2014 the share of persons of 65

and older amounted to almost 14%.

Despite the significant difficulties existing in the country, the situation in

the field of migration policy in Georgia is improving gradually. The legal acts

adopted during the recent years will help to keep migration processes within the

legal frames – legalizing migrations and integrating returning migrants in the

society. The aspiration of Georgia to harmonize its environment with EU rega-

rding migration, is a part of Georgian Euro-integration policy that has still long

way to go, but has already brought certain positive results that are crucial for

long term socioeconomic development of the country.

nacionaluri identobis problemebi

sabWoTa periodis disidentur mediaSi

315

nana talaxaZe




(`oqros sawmisisa“ da

`saqarTvelos moambis~ magaliTze)

gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebSi saqarTveloSi safuZveli Ca-

eyara araoficialur Jurnalistikas, e.w. samizdatebis — TviT-

gamocemaTa istorias, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba disiden-

turi moZraobisa da antisabWoTa propagandis gaaqtiurebas ru-

seTsa da ssrk-is sxva respublikebSi. mas didi mxardaWera hqon-

da sazRvargareTidanac.

TviTgamocemaTa iniciatorebi iyvnen `disidentebad~ wode-

buli adamianebi, romlebic aralegalurad eweodnen sagamom-

cemlo saqmianobas, konspiraciulad beWdavdnen, amravlebdnen

da avrcelebdnen sabWoTa cenzurisagan akrZalul mxatvrul Tu

publicistur literaturas da didi riskis fasad upirispirde-

bodnen sabWoTa xelisuflebis totalitarul sistemas. cnobi-

li disidenti vladimer bukovski `samizdats~ ase ganmartavda:

`TviTon wer, TviTon ukeTeb redaqtirebas, utareb cenzuras,

TviTon gamoscem, avrceleb da, Semdeg, am yvelafrisTvis Tvi-

Tonve ixdi sasjels~ (sayvareliZe 2010: 76).

sabWoTa kavSirSi disidenturi moZraoba yalibdeboda mar-

qsistul-leninuri propagandiT gajerebul ideologizirebul

politikur, samarTlebriv, ekonomikur Tu kulturul-saganma-

naTleblo sivrceSi da umkacresi partiuli kontrolis piro-

bebSi. bunebrivia, monopolia sabWoTa sainformacio saSuale-

bebzec xorcieldeboda, romelic uwyebrivi interesebis samsa-

xurSi idga da alternatiuli informaciis legalurad gavrce-

nana talaxaZe

316

lebis araviTari SesaZlebloba ar arsebobda. mxolod 70-iani

wlebis SuaxanebSi msoflioSi mimdinare politikurma proce-

sebma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa reJimis kulturul-ideologiuri

garemos SedarebiT liberalizacias, ramac gaaaqtiura erovnu-

li opoziciuri dajgufebebis saqmianoba da gaaRviZa qveynis ga-

naxlebisa da dakarguli nacionaluri Rirebulebebis aRdgenis

imedi.

1975 wels helsinkSi ssrk-is mier xeli moewera èvropis

uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis TaTbiris daskvniT aqts~, ri-

Tic sabWoTa xelisuflebam sakuTar Tavze aiRo adamianis uf-

lebebis dacvis valdebulebebi. Seiqmna adamianTa uflebebis

dacvis helsinkis jgufebi moskovsa da sxva respublikebSi. maT

Soris saqarTveloSic. zviad gamsaxurdias, merab kostavasa da

viqtor rcxilaZis monawileobiT Camoyalibda pirveli legalu-

ri opoziciuri organizacia `helsinkis jgufi~, romelmac miz-

nad daisaxa: araZaladobrivi gziT sabWoTa reJimisa da komunis-

turi ideologiis winaaRmdeg politikuri brZola, ìlia WavWa-

vaZis mier Camoyalibebuli nacionaluri programis ganxorcie-

leba, erovnul sivrceSi mobilizeba~ (sonRulaSvili 2013: 34),

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli ideebis popularizacia, adamian-

Ta uflebebis dacvisa da sxva politikuri Tu socialuri prob-

lemebis saaSkaraoze gamotana da antisabWoTa propagandiT ko-

munisturi stereotipebis msxvreva.

gamoikveTa disidenturi moZraobis formebi da meTodebi.

maT Soris erT-erTi iyo e.w. `literaturuli samizdatebis~ or-

ganizeba, romelTa saSualebiTac mkiTxvelamde aRwevda sabWoTa

cenzuris mier `Serisxuli~ mwerlebis akrZaluli nawarmoebebi,

mag., b. pasternakis èqimi Jivago~, a. axmatovas, m. cvetaevas, i.

brodskis, o. mandelStamisa da sxvaTa Semoqmedebis nimuSebi. sa-

qarTveloSic TviTgamocemebiT vrceldeboda a. solJenicinis,

a. saxarovis, k. gamsaxurdias, z. gamsaxurdias antisabWoTa xasia-

Tis werilebi. 1974 wels zviad gamsaxurdias, merab kostavasa da

manana arCvaZis iniciativiT TbilisSi konspiraciulad daibeWda

ssrk-dan `misdami mtruli moRvaweobis gamo~ gaZevebuli aleq-

sandre solJenicinis oTxnawiliani `gulagis arqipelagi~, rom-



317

lis aTasobiT egzemplari saqarTveloSi, ruseTsa da ssrk-is

sxva respublikebSi gavrcelda.

sabWoTa cenzuris dasaZlevad disidenturi moZraobis um-

Tavresi qmediTi iaraRi iyo aralegaluri presa, romelic akrZa-

luli informaciis mopovebiTa da gavrcelebiT saxelisufle-

bo, oficialuri mediis opoziciur alternativad iqca da masSi

aisaxa disidenturi moZraobis maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic idea-

lebisa da politikuri mimarTulebebis mixedviT sakmaod gan-

sxvavebuli iyo.

saqarTveloSi disidenturi moZraobis mTavar motivaciad

nacionalur-patriotuli diskursi ganixileboda da miznad isa-

xavda ruseTis didmpyrobeluri Sovinisturi politikis mxile-

bas da am gziT nacionaluri identobis gaazrebasa da erovnuli

damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas sabWoTa kavSiridan srul ga-

moyofamde (baltiispireli da ukraineli disidentebis msgav-

sad). paralelurad, saqarTveloSic aqtualuri gaxda ufleba-

dacviTi moZraobebi, romlebic sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciiT

garantirebuli samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis

dacvaze iyo orientirebuli da yuradRebas amaxvilebda sazoga-

doebriv-politikuri cxovrebis saWirboroto problemebze.

qarTul nacionalur narativSi gamoikveTa erovnuli iden-

tobis ZiriTadi komponentebi — ena, teritoria, istoriuli max-

sovroba, religia, tradiciebi da a.S., romlebmac xeli Seuwyves

aqtiuri nacionalizmis aRorZinebas, rac bunebrivi movlenaa

`yvelgan, sadac es ganwyobilebebi da kulturebi, maTi wevrebis

TvalsazrisiT safrTxes ganicdian mezoblebisa Tu centris

mxridan~ (smiTi 2008: 186). saqarTvelosTvis es centric da `me-

zoblobac~ moskovTan, da, zogadad, ruseTTan asocirdeboda,

romlis xelisuflebis rusifikatoruli politika 1801 wlidan

dawyebuli da gasabWoebis Semdeg gagrZelebuli, imdenad xisti

iyo, rom qarTuli nacionalisturi ganwyobilebebi ufro myari

aRmoCnda, vidre ideologiuri faqtorebi da swored `Tavisuf-

lebis idealma misca dasabami nacionalur TviTgamorkvevas da

brZolas nacionaluri nebis realizaciisaTvis~ (smiTi 2008: 95).

1975-76 wlebSi qarTvelma disidentebma gamosces litera-

turul-politikuri Jurnalebi `oqros sawmisi~ (gamovida oTxi

nana talaxaZe

318

nomeri) da `saqarTvelos moambe~ (gamovida ori nomeri), romle-

bic, marTalia, mcire tiraJiT ibeWdeboda, magram disidentTa

da maT TanamdgomTa gulmodginebiT konspiraciulad mravlde-

boda da vrceldeboda sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenaSi, gansa-

kuTrebiT — axalgazrdebSi, rac xels uwyobda antisabWoTa gan-

wyobilebebis gaRrmavebasa da erovnul-patriotuli TviTSeg-

nebis gaZlierebas. orive Jurnals redaqtorobda mecnieri, mwe-

rali da publicisti, SemdgomSi saqarTvelos respublikis pir-

veli prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia.

`sawmisi, sawomisi, Rrubels niSnavs qarTulad~ — ase ixsneba

òqros sawmisis~ pirveli gverdi. `sawmisi, sawvimisi wvimis mSo-

belia, viTarca RvTismSobeli qristesi, logosis, romelic gar-

dmoxda uRvTobis gvalviT gadamxmar miwaze, viTarca wvima gan-

macxovelebeli. sanukvaria wvima xangrZlivi gvalvis Semdgom,

aseve sanukvaria sityva xangrZlivi iZulebiTi mdumarebis Sem-

dgom — ai, ratom daerqva Cvens Jurnals òqros sawmisi~ (oqros

sawmisi 2006: 43). swored mravalwliani mdumarebis darRvevisa

da simarTlis Tqmis pretenziiT daarsda literaturuli pro-

filis Jurnali òqros sawmisi~, romelic am amocanas erovnul-

kulturuli diskursiT axorcielebda da mis mTavar samiznes

ruseTis didmpyrobeluri SovinizmiT gajerebuli totalita-

ruli politika warmoadgenda. ukiduresad negatiuri aqcentebi

rusuli fenomenisadmi, romelic qarTul cnobierebaSi rusul

CeqmasTan asocirdeboda, gamowveuli iyo im istoriuli maxsov-

robiT, romelic bolSevizmTan, saqarTvelos okupaciasTan da

sisxlian represiebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. Znelia òqros sawmi-

sis~ mxolod literaturul Jurnalad gaazreba, radgan masSi

Tavmoyrili mxatvruli produqcia TiTqos erTiani politiku-

ri sivrcea, sadac yoveli striqoni samSoblos dakarguli damo-

ukideblobis aRdgenis surviliTa da patriotul-nacionalis-

turi emociebiT aris gajerebuli, xolo masSi warmodgenili

qarTuli mwerlobis sxvadasxva Taobis Semoqmedni ki gaerTiane-

bulni arian erTi niSniT — erovnuli TematikiTa da dampyrob-

lisadmi gaunelebeli siZulviliT. es tendencia damaxasiaTebe-

lia qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerlobisaTvis, romelic, kultu-

rul-saganmanaTleblo da esTetikur funqciasTan erTad, yo-



319

velTvis iTavsebda konkretul ideologiur funqcias da tra-

diciulad erovnuli ideologiis ideebis gamavrceleblis misia

ekisreboda garkveuli istoriuli Tu politikuri garemoebebis

gamo. cxadia, disidenturi Jurnalis mesveurebi, romelTa nawi-

li Tavad iyo mwerali Tu publicisti, swored arsebuli realo-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT irCevdnen iseT literaturul masalas, ro-

melic nacionaluri identobisa da sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg

daumorCileblobis propagandiT iyo aRbeWdili.

SemTxveviTi ar iyo òqros sawmisis~ furclebze akaki we-

reTlisa da vaJa-fSavelas antibolSevikuri da antirusuli gan-

wyobis gamomxatveli leqsebis gamoqveyneba, sadac mkacradaa Se-

fasebuli qarTveli social-demokratebis nihilisturi damoki-

debuleba erovnuli faseulobebisadmi. saukunis win dawerili

akakis leqsi `Cemi Wmunva~ axal droebasac exmianeba da im qar-

Tvels exeba, romelsac `hgonia Tavs debs samSoblosaTvis, / mi-

sive mters ki emsaxureba~ da romlis gamoisobiT èrovnebis ma-

gari cixe / SeugneblobiT SigniTve tydeba~. daumorCileblobis

Jini ikiTxeba striqonebSi: `visac ar esmis es wminda mcneba / da

sxvis daCagvra gulSi aqvs marad / unda aviRoT maxvili mazed /

da movixmaroT, magram ki frTxilad~ (oqros sawmisi 2006:221).

aseTive paTosiTaa gamsWvaluli vaJa-fSavelas gamouqveynebeli

leqsi `social-demokratebisadmi~, sadac sityvebSi — `Sen, ei,

Tma-grZelo, wverebcancara, / Wkuaze mosvlis magier gadairie

TanTana! / aCuqeb saqarTvelosa, Tu vinmem dagikakuna~ (oqros

sawmisi 2006 : 217) igulisxmeba ruseTi, saidanac gavrcelda sa-

qarTveloSi social-demokratiuli moZraoba da savalalo Se-

degebic moitana. saerTod, disidenturi presa xSirad akriti-

kebs qarTvel social-demokratebs, ixsenebs maT `codvebs~ sa-

qarTvelos damoukideblobis xelyofaSi da erovnuli ideolo-

gis — ilia WavWavaZis mklelobaSic. am mxriv sayuradRebo doku-

mentia dabeWdili òqros sawmisSi~ — cnobili poetisa da soci-

al-demokratiuli partiis aqtiuri wevris irodion evdoSvilis

`werili sandro SanSiaSvilisadmi~, romelic ilias mkvlelobis

Semdeg gaemijna social-demokratebs da 1911 wels gadasaxleba-

Si myofi megobars swerda: ìlia damexmara me Tavis sikvdiliT,

im dRidan ki samudamod vibrune piri qarTveli esdekebidan (so-

nana talaxaZe

320

cial-demokratebi) da Tu mivbrundebi dRes maTken, mxolod

imisTvis, rom mivafurTxo maT~ (oqros sawmisi 2006 : 213).

garda klasikuri mwerlobisa, TviTgamocemebSi adgili da-

eTmo sabWoTa periodSi moRvawe iseT avtorebs, romlebic iZu-

lebiT iqcnen sabWoTa mwerlobis `TvalsaCino~ warmomadgenle-

bad da araerTi leqsi mouZRvnes socialistur aRmSeneblobas.

rogorc akaki baqraZe aRniSnavs: ès ar momxdara nebayoflobiT,

msoflmxedvelobis bunebrivi ganviTarebiT. igi moxda SiSiT,

ZaldatanebiT, maTraxiT. jojoxeTur darjakSi gaiara yovelma

qarTvelma mweralma, rom cocxali gadarCeniliyo~ (baqraZe

1990: 23). Jurnalma swored gasabWoebamdeli periodis nawarmoe-

bebisa Tu cenzuris mier akrZaluli nimuSebis gamoqveynebiT

scada mkiTxvelisTvis `Tvalis axela~ da amjerad ioseb griSaS-

vilis ori leqsi airCia — òcdaxuTi Tebervali“ da àxal xeli-

suflebas~, romlebic dawerilia 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals. isto-

riis es tabudadebuli monakveTi erTgvari lustraciaa qarTve-

li bolSevikebisa, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis xelyofasa da ruseTis koloniad qce-

vaSi. swored amis gamo mimarTavs i. griSaSvili maT Semdegi sity-

vebiT: `magram eri ar SegindobT, rom sxvis xiStiT SemoxvediT~, an

`verasgziT ver avitanT gamarjvebul rusis Ceqmas / zeinaxad gad-

viqceviT, guls CaviklavT aRTqmas Smagurs / da usisxlod mters

ar mivcemT arcerT kuTxes, arcerT agurs!~ gamafrTxileblad

JRerda omisken mowodebac: àm giaurebs, mSierTa urdos ./ vaWa-

moT tyvia naWikWikari / da rom aravin aRar gagvqurdos / mkvdre-

biT avqoloT qalaqis kari!~ (oqros sawmisi 2006 : 318).

aranaklebi simwvaviT gamoirCeva òqros sawmisis~ 1975 wlis

pirvel nomerSi dabeWdili sabWoTa cenzuris mier uaryofili

mwerlis, lado asaTianisa da mirza gelovanis Zmadnaficis, gab-

riel jabuSanuris (1914-1968) antisabWoTa epopea ìnveqtiva-mo-

numenti~. igi `mieZRvna~ stalins, romelsac avtori uwodebs sis-

xlian belads, satanas, iudas da ase mimarTavs: `ramdeni Reric

Tmisa gasxia, imdeni kacis gamZimebs codva. / mSvidad umzeren

xalxTa wamebas / Tvalebi Seni, — Cveulni garyvnas / maT SeuZli-

aT Seuwynareblad / isev umziron samyaros warRvnas. / Sen daab-

nele msoflio TalxiT / mzes moerkale kupris Rrublebad /Ta-



321

visufleba waarTvi xalxebs / da Tavisuflad fiqris uflebac~

(oqros sawmisi 2006 : 73-74). es vrceli epopea dawerilia 1950-53

wlebSi da gamoxatulia stalinis sikvdiliT gamowveuli aRta-

cebac, romelmac xalxi ixsna misi xundebisgan da axali samyaro

aRdga.

lado asaTians araerTi leqsi aqvs miZRvnili sabWoTa bela-

debisadmi, Tumca maT mier `mSenebare~ qveyanaSi araerTgzis ga-

umwarebiaT patriotizmisa da siyvarulis mqadagebli Semoqme-

di. aukrZalavT misi wigni `winaprebi~ da leqsebic. swored arao-

ficialur presaSi, òqros sawmisSi~ daibeWda pirvelad lado

asaTianis 1941 wels dawerili leqsi `dedisadmi~, romelsac av-

toris sicocxleSi gamoqveyneba ar eRirsa da romelSic `saxie-

rad gamoikveTa maSindeli sazogadoebrivi movlenebic, litera-

turuli yofac da TviTon lados biografiis calkeuli, aqamde

miCqmaluli SemTxvevebi~ (CxeiZe 1995: 65). uCveulo pesimizmi

Cans `salaRobos~ avtoris sityvebSi: `netav, SensaviT bnelSi

vtirode, ar vuyurebde qveynis daqcevas~, `me kargad vici male

movkvdebi, me ver gavuZleb am saukunes“ (oqros sawmisi 2006 : 222)

da a. S. es leqsi mogvianebiT, 1988 wels òqros sawmisidan~ gada-

beWdes Jurnal `ganTiadSi~, sadac cenzuram Caaswora erTi

sityva — striqonSi `Cveni saxl-kari aawiokes daubanelma glexis

kacebma~, Secvala — `gauxarelma glexis kacebma~ CxeiZe 1995:66.

TviTgamocemaTa furclebze galaktionis erTi leqsic dai-

beWda optimisturi finaliT, saTauriT `saqarTvelo~: `dadgeba

dro, ufrosi Zma / umcross veRar ubatonebs, / gwamdeT yvelas, sa-

qarTvelo / kvlav Tavis Tavs upatronebs~ (oqros sawmisi 2006: 316).

aseve, disidenturma Jurnalebma pirvelad gaacnes mkiTxve-

lebs merab abaSiZis, SoTa CantlaZis, niko samadaSvilisa da sxva

niWier da mokrZalebul SemoqmedTa àrasabWouri~ nawarmoebe-

bi. Jurnali mxolod pragmatuli midgomebiT beWdavda prozisa

da poeziis iseT nimuSebsac, romlebic maRalmxatvruli Rirse-

bebiT ar gamoirCeoda, magram patriotul-paTetikuri Tu anti-

sabWoTa intonaciebiT erovnul grZnobebze moqmedebda.

xelisuflebis seriozuli gamowveva iyo òqros sawmisis~

furclebze qarTveli emigranti mwerlebis Semoqmedebis gacno-

ba. JurnalSi pirvelad gamoqveynda `xalxis mtrad~ Seracxuli

nana talaxaZe

322

grigol robaqiZis (1880-1962) 1943 wels berlinSi Seqmnili leq-

si `qarTveli dedis werili~ (omSi wayvanili Svilisadmi), rome-

lic avtorma miuZRvna debs `mosagoneblad Cveni dedisa~. xolo,

redaqciam gamosaTxovari weriliT gaacno mkiTxvels emigracia-

Si `axlaxan gardacvlili poetis~ giorgi gamyreliZis (1903-1975

ww.) poezia, romelic saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo grigol zode-

lis fsevdonimiT (g. gamyreliZe 1922 wels saswavleblad wavida

sazRvargareT, meore msoflio omis Semdeg gadasaxlda amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi da pensiamde gasvlamde muSaobda radio `a-

merikis xmis~ qarTul ganyofilebaSi. gardaicvala q. miunxenSi

(SaraZe 1991: 270). rogorc redaqcia aRniSnavs: `Tavis SesaniSnav

leqsebSi man daitira iavardqmnili mamulis bedi, Tumca mamul-

ma veRar daitira igi da amjerad germaniis miwas miabares nos-

talgiiT gulgaserili~ (oqros sawmisi 2006: 141). g. gamyreliZis

leqsebi gadmoibeWda krebulidan `gviani rTveli~, romelic san-

tiago de CileSi gamovida 1960 wels.

unda aRiniSnos disidenturi moZraobis kidev erTi aprobi-

rebuli forma, romelic miznad isaxavda araformaluri kontaq-

tebis damyarebas ucxoeTSi myof sabWoTa xelisuflebisgan dev-

nil emigraciasTan da maTi saSualebiT obieqturi informaciis

gacvla-gamocvlasa da disidenturi presis gavrcelebas sazR-

vargareT. sabWoTa makontrolebeli organoebis mkacri da sadam-

sjelo RonisZiebebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelodan konspiraciu-

lad miwodebuli masalebi ibeWdeboda emigrantul mediaSi da mas

xSirad iyenebda antisabWoTa radiosadguri `Tavisufleba~.

TviTgamocemaTa mesveurebma pirvelad miaqcies yuradReba

1924 da 1943 wlebis SeTqmulTa antisabWoTa saqmianobas da maTi

tabudadebuli Semoqmedeba gaacnes mkiTxvelebs. maT Soris, ga-

morCeulia e.w. `Savsielis~, 1924 wlis ajanyebis monawilis, qaqu-

ca ColoyaSvilis TanamebrZolis basil meliqiSvilis (1904-1930

ww.) SesaniSnavi moTxroba `gvelebis tba~, miniaturebi da leqse-

bi. basil melqiSvilis moTxrobebis pirveli krebuli 1963 wels

gamoica, magram literaturul wreebs Tu SeumCneveli darCaT

damwyebi Semoqmedis weris originaluri manera, Sesabamis orga-

noebs ar gamorCeniaT b. meliqiSvilis orazrovani qveteqstebi.

mravali wlis Semdeg zviad gamsaxurdiam da merab kostavam



323

TviTgamocemebis saSualebiT kvlav Seaxsenes sazogadoebas ud-

rood daRupuli niWieri mwerlis Semoqmedeba, romelic àRmo-

Cenad~ iqca qarTveli axalgazrdobisaTvis da misi nawarmoebe-

bis romantikul-patriotuli wiaRsvlebi da antisabWoTa Seu-

rigeblobiT gajerebuli striqonebi zustad `miesadaga~ 70-iani

wlebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis suliskveTe-

bas. b. meliqiSvilis popularobas isic ganapirobebda, rom ìm

drosac ki iSviaTi iyo iseTi mwerali, romelic sicocxleSi qa-

quca ColoyaSvilis gverdiT, xolo sikvdilis Semdeg zviad gam-

saxurdiasa da merab kostavas gverdiT ibrZoda sabWoTa reJimis

winaaRmdeg~ (arganaSvili 2014 :153).

aranaklebi interesi mohyva òqros sawmisis~ meoTxe nomer-

Si gamoqveynebul `saqarTvelos ayvavebisaTvis mebrZolo axal-

gazrda nacionlistebis~ e.w. `samanis~ wevris, legendaruli adam

bobRiaSvilis-alvanelis (1912-1943 ww.) leqsebsa da moTxrobebs:

`gauRunavi sityva~, `tyve RameSi~, `sikvdili kaklianSi~ da sxv.

(`samani~ 1941 wels Seiqmna Tsu-Si. misi mizani iyo sabWoTa xeli-

suflebis damxoba, saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba ruseTisgan da

omidan xalxisa da qveynis uvneblad gamoyvana. TbilisSi SeTqmu-

lebis gamoaSkaravebis Semdeg samanelebi iatakqveSeTSi gadavid-

nen, Tavi mTa-TuSeTs Seafares da iqidan gaagrZeles antisabWo-

Ta propaganda). adam bobRiaSvili mokles `Ck~-s agentebma~ TuSe-

Tis tyeSi da igi vaJkacobisa da mtrisadmi daumorCileblobis

simbolod iqca. rogorc rostom CxeiZe werda: àdami ufro sxva

simboloa, mas crusamSoblo arafrisdidebiT ar ereoda WeSma-

rit samSobloSi. igi mwerali iyo da sZulda totalitaruli re-

Jimi. sZulda omi da sisastike, sZulda kaciskvla, sZulda saoku-

pacio jari da misi adamianuri Rirseba am siZulvils ver Seele-

oda (CxeiZe 1995: 21).

òqros sawmisSi~ daibeWda ori qalbatonis — nunu SalvaSvi-

lis konstantine gamsaxurdiasadmi miZRvnili leqsi da cnobili

disidenti qalis elisabed qavTaraZis (1905-1988 ww.) ese saTau-

riT `qveyana dakarguli saflavebisa~, romelSic erovnuli

grZnobebis gulwrfeli manifestaciiT, istoriuli pirebisa da

`sagmiro~ epizodebis siuxveSi, miTebisa da legendebis samyaro-

Si qarTuli identobis gancdaa gamoxatuli. xolo mxatvrul sa-

nana talaxaZe

324

xeSi — `caze gamoCndeboda ucxo kometa, geslian kudiT, misi Si-

Sis qveS iZinebdnen da iRviZebdnen saqarTveloSi~ (oqros sawmi-

si 2006:254) — igulisxmeba sabWoTa reJimi, romelmac elisabed

qavTaraZe, cnobili socialist-federalistis qaixosro qavTa-

raZis qaliSvili antisabWoTa saqmianobisaTvis 1928 wels daapa-

timra da gadasaxlebaSi 28 weli gaatarebina. mxolod 1986 wels

dabrunda igi TbilisSi da CaerTo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel

moZraobaSi.

konstantine gamsaxurdias nacionalisturi `gamoxdomebi~

ucxo ar yofila sabWoTa politikuri Tu kulturuli isteb-

liSmentisTvis da misi Semoqmedeba araerTgzis gamxdara Tav-

dasxmebis obieqti sxvadasxva partiul plenumze, mweralTa Sek-

rebebsa Tu yrilobebze, xolo sabWoTa ruseTis didmpyrobelu-

ri politikis kritikis gamo solovkis arqipelagzec iyo gada-

saxlebuli, sadac gatarebuli sami weli aRwera novelaSi `mtre-

bis megobroba~ da romelic mxolod TviTgamocemiT gaxda xel-

misawvdomi mkiTxvelisaTvis. aqve hpova adgili konstantine gam-

saxurdias bevrma `daarqivebulma~ Tu 20-iani wlebis presaSi da-

beWdilma an, saerTod, oficiozisgan dawunebulma politikuri

xasiaTis statiebma, fragmentebma mogonebebidan, Ria werilebma,

`dRiuris Canawerebma~ da sxva masalebma, romlebmac disiden-

tur presas meti wona da akademizmi SesZines. dResac ar daukar-

gavT aqtualoba konstantine gamsaxurdias `Ria werils ulia-

nov-leninisadmi~, `vin aris Sovinisti~, `gaorebuli saqarTve-

lo~, `Cveni kultur-politika~ da sxv. arc sabWoTa nomenklatu-

ras da arc `wiTel inteligencias~, bunebrivia, ar moewoneboda

disidentur presaSi 1921 wlis gazeT `social-federalistidan~

gadmobeWdili konstantine gansaxurdias is statiebi da Ria we-

rilebi, sadac mwerali patara erebis TviTgamorkvevasa da Tavi-

suflebaze, mwerlis movaleobebze da erovnuli identobis sxva

problemebze saubrobs: `piradad me mgonia, rom mwerali arc er-

Ti mTavrobis, arc erTi politikuri partiis `mojamagire~ ar

unda iyos, radgan mwerali mxolod Tavisufali sulis da sity-

vis `mojamagire“ yofila mudam. igi awmyoSi da momavalSic ase

unda darCes, radganac icvlebian da qrebian partiebi da mTav-

robebi, xolo eri ukvdavia~ (oqros sawmisi, 2006: 204). oficia-



325

luri ideologiis dogmatikosebisTvis arc patriotizmisa da

Sovinizmis miseuli ganmarteba iqneboda misaRebi: `Sovinizmi,

rogorc imperialisturi ideologiis paroli, mudam did erebs

axasiaTebdaT. patara eris wiaRSi SeuZlebeli ambavic gaxlavT~

(oqros sawmisi 2006:208). ìsic Sovinizmia Tqvenis mxriT, rom

roca Tqven qarTulis nacvlad rusuli ena da rusuli kolori-

ti gindaT gaavrceloT iseT qveyanaSi, romelic rusis ers ar

ekuTvnis~ (oqros sawmisi 2006: 209) da sxv.

òqros sawmissa~ da `saqarTvelos moambis~ TiTqmis yvela

nomerSi ibeWdeboda zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kostavas, ro-

melic merab kamarelis fsevdonimiT werda, mxatvruli nawarmo-

ebebi da publicisturi werilebi. òqros sawmisis~ pirvelive

nomerSi aRiniSna guram rCeuliSvilis dabadebis 40 wlisTavi da

rubrikiT àlaverdobis cecxli~ gamoqveynda m. kostavas, z. gam-

saxurdiasa da v. rcxilaZis brwyinvale werilebi. guram rCeu-

liSvilisadmi esodeni yuradReba Tavad mwerlis Tavisuflebis-

moyvare pirovnulma Tvisebebma ganapiroba. amitom werda mis Se-

saxeb merab kostava: `rCeuliSvili mesaxeba graalis erT-erT

mcvelad, igi aris wodebulTagan rCeuli, stiqiaTa siRrmeebis-

ken wiaRsvliT zRudeTa msxvreveli, kaci mSfoTvare da daude-

gari!~ (oqros sawmisi 2006:117). xolo viqtor rcxilaZis Sefase-

biT: `rCeuliSvilis xedva qarTulia da mis nawerebSi igrZnoba

mozRvavebuli gancda erovnuli tragediisa, aseT literaturas

SeuZlia garkveuli gamajansaRebeli impulsebi Seitanos sazoga-

doebaSi, Seacnobinos mis wevrebs erTi erovnuli sulis Semadge-

nel nawilad Tavi, romelsac dRes ase gaafTrebiT ebrZvis mis-

Tvis ucxo msoflgageba da moZRvrebani~ (oqros sawmisi 2006: 132).

TviTgamocemebSi didi yuradReba daeTmo nacionaluri

identobis maxasiaTebel iseT komponentebs, rogoricaa teri-

toriuli fenomeni da kulturuli memkvidreoba. sayovelTaod

gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT: `teritoria — es is adgilia, romel-

sac mivekuTvnebiT — es aris sakraluri miwa, Cveni mama-papaTa,

sjulmdebelTa, mefeTa, brZenTa, kacTa, poetTa da mRvdelmsa-

xurTa miwa da amitom aris Cveni samSoblo. Cven iseve vekuTvniT

mas, rogorc igi gvekuTvnis Cven~ (smiTi 74). Tumca ruseTis aneq-

sirebuli saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba araerTgzis

nana talaxaZe

326

damdgara didi safrTxis winaSe da gansakuTrebiT maSin, rode-

sac ruseTma `1828 wlidan moyolebuli, qarTveli mahmadianebiT

dasaxlebuli samcxe-javaxeTi, eruSeTi da palakacio osmaleTs

waarTva, iqauri mcxovreblebi iseT sulier ganwyobilebebSi Ca-

agdo, rom qarTvelma mahmadianebma TavianTi mamapapuri samosax-

lodan ayra da osmaleTSi gadasaxleba arCies~ (oqros sawmisi

2006:99). es amonaridi ivane javaxiSvilis statiidan moviyvaneT,

romelic `oqros sawmisSi~ daibeWda saTauriT `XIX saukunis sa-

qarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi~. masSi gaanalizebulia qarTuli

istoriografiis iseTi tabudadebuli Temebi, rogoricaa ruse-

Tis koloniuri politikis savalalo Sedegebi amierkavkasiaSi

da qarTuli miwebis mitacebiTa da ucxomiwelTa CamosaxlebiT

erovnuli Rirsebebis Selaxvisa da qarTvelTa Seviwrovebis

problemebi. avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs somex daSnakelTa im

proeqtzec, romelSic `didi somxeTis~ aRdgenas moiTxoven da

maT mier stambulSi dabeWdil `viTomc istoriul fantastikur

rukaze~, sadac somxeTi gadaWimulia Savi zRvidan kaspiis zRvam-

de, xolo `baTumi, axalcixe, TviT mcxeTa da Tbilisic ki am ru-

kaze somxeTSia moqceuli da saqarTvelos patara viwro zoliRa

aqvs mikuTvnebuli~ (oqros sawmisi 2006:101).

qarTvelma mkiTxvelma swored TviTgamocemaTa SemweobiT

gaicno is mniSvnelovani dokumenti, romliTac sruliad saqar-

Tvelos patriarqma ambrosi xelaiam 1922 wlis 7 Tebervals ama-

Relvebeli mowodebiT mimarTa civilizebul qveynebs genuis er-

Ta saerTaSoriso konferenciaze da saqveynod ganacxada, rom

ruseTma 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals: `kvlav daadga Cagvris uReli

patara, tanjul qveyanas, gacilebiT uaresi uReli, vidre odes-

me Rirsebia mas Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze~

(oqros sawmisi 2006:313).

dokumenturobisa da sarwmunoobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvne-

lovan informacias Seicavda disidentur presaSi gamoqveynebu-

li sxvadasxva samTavrobo RonisZiebis, TaTbirisa Tu konferen-

ciis stenografiuli Canawerebi, romlebic sruli saxiT sabWo-

Ta presaSi ar ibeWdeboda, mag., disidentebma yuradReba miaqci-

es nacionaluri identobis mTavar gamoxatulebas — enas da xe-

lisuflebis im mankier politikaze gaamaxviles yuradReba,



327

romlis mizani iyo ararusebisTvis rusuli enis swavlebis gaZ-

liereba da sabWoTa xelisuflebis ideologebis sanukvari oc-

nebis — `sabWoTa eris~ Seqmnis ideis ganxorcieleba. 70-ian wleb-

Si erovnul individualobaTa winaaRmdeg brZolis erT-erT

farTod gavrcelebul formad orenovnebis qadageba iqca, Tum-

ca sxva respublikebisagan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi amis miR-

weva Zneli aRmoCnda, radgan erovnuli opoziciisa da mecniere-

bisa da kulturis zogierTi moRvawisgan am iniciativas serio-

zuli protesti mohyva. saqarTvelom SeZlo SeenarCunebina

kulturuli damoukideblobis elementebi imperiis fargleb-

Sic ki da, am mxriv, TviTgamocemebsac didi wvlili miuZRviT.

`oqros sawmisis~ pirvel nomerSi daibeWda mweral nodar wule-

iskiris sityvis stenograma warmoTqmuli e. SevardnaZesTan Sex-

vedris dros mweralTa kavSirSi, sadac n. wuleiskirma qarTuli

enis Seviwroebis faqtebis ilustrirebiT is savalalo suraTi

warmoadgena, romelic mSobliuri enis arsebobasac ki serio-

zul safrTxes uqmnida: `axalgazrdebs yvelafers vaswavliT,

garda mSobliuri enisa, mSobliuri istoriisa, amitom misi az-

rovneba SezRudulia, mkvdaria, raRac icis, magram gamoTqma

uWirs, sabolood cudi specialistia~ (oqros sawmisi 2006:26),

xolo rusuli enis swavlisken mowodebas, mtkice moTxovnas `yo-

velma qarTvelma turgeneviviT icodes rusuli ena~, igi usamar-

Tlo moTxovnad miiCnevs da piriqiT, Txoulobs qarTuli enis

`gadarCenas~.

amave Temas exmianeba revaz jafariZis sityva warmoTqmuli

saqarTvelos mweralTa VIII yrilobaze, sadac `didi leninis~ ci-

tatebis apelirebiT da amonaridebiT leninis Sromebidan (`sru-

liad araviTari privilegia arc erT ers, arc enas~) mwerali ap-

rotestebs saqarTvelos skolebSi rusul enaze sxvadasxva sag-

nis swavlebis SemoRebas da wers: `mxolod gulubryvilo adami-

ans SeuZlia imis fiqri, rom ama Tu im enis ugulebelyofiT ara-

viTar danaSauls ar sCadian am enis mflobeli eris winaSe~ (oq-

ros sawmisi 2006:396).

umaRles saswavleblebSi da skolebSi saqarTvelos istori-

isa da enis swavlebis problemebs mieZRvna nikoloz samxaraZis

werilebi: `saqarTvelos istoriis swavlebis sakiTxisaTvis~,

nana talaxaZe

328

`saqarTvelos istoriis swavleba qarTul skolebSi~ da sxv.

romlebic `saqarTvelos moambeSi~ gamoqveynda.

`oqros sawmisisgan~ gansxvavebiT, `saqarTvelos moambe~ po-

litikuri profilis Jurnali iyo, romelic publicistur

WrilSi ganixilavda nacionaluri identobis problematikas —

rusifikatoruli politikis gaaqtiurebas, `wiTeli inteligen-

ciisa~ da `wiTeli samRvdeloebis~ `sukTan~ TanamSromlobis

formebsa da sxv. aseve, man seriozuli yuradReba dauTmo ufle-

badacviT sakiTxebs, romelic moicavda saprotesto moqmede-

bebs Tavisufali sityvis dasacavad. swored `saqarTvelos moam-

bis~ 1975 wlis pirvel nomerSi daibeWda gaeros adamianTa ufle-

bebis dacvis deklaracia. aseve, mowodebebi Tavisuflebisa da

damoukideblobis, politpatimrebis ganTavisuflebis moTxov-

niT. konkretuli faqtebis, konspiraciulad mopovebuli doku-

mentebis gamoaSkaravebiT Jurnali amxelda sabWoTa samarTal-

damcvelTa antisamarTlebriv qmedebebs. maT Soris, patimrebisa

da gansxvavebulad moazrovneTa mimarT araadamianuri wamebisa

da agentebis gadabirebis sastik praqtikas.

`saqarTvelos moambis~ furclebze seriozuli msjelobis

sagani gaxda musliman mesxTa sakiTxi, romelsac, merab kostava-

sa da viqtor rcxilaZis statiebi mieZRvna da SemoklebiT dai-

beWda saqarTvelodan gasaxlebul mesxTa mimarTva saqarTvelos

kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis e. Sevardna-

Zisadmi da sabWoTa kavSiris kompartiis XXIII yrilobis prezidi-

umisadmi gagzavnili saCivari, sadac mkafiod iyo gacxadebuli

stalinuri politikis msxverplTa vedreba: `oci welia, niadag

gaviZaxiT, vacxadebT protests, rom `Turqebi~ ara varT!~(saar-

qivo moambe 2011 :11).

qarTuli TviTgamocemebisTvis sabediswero gamodga meore

msoflio omis monawilis Salva maRlakeliZis nekrologis ga-

moqveyneba, romelic viqtor rcxilaZes ekuTvnoda da ase mTav-

rdeboda: `simboluri iyo batoni Salvas gardacvaleba 7 noem-

bers. maSin, roca saqarTvelos sataxto qalaqis mTavar gamzir-

ze rus dampyrobelTa sazeimo Ceqmebis braxuni ismoda, patara

miyruebul oTaxSi, saqarTvelos mxedarTmTavris gacivebuli

cxedari esvena qarTvelTagan dautirebi~ (saarqivo moambe 2012:



329

12). Salva maRlakeliZe meore msoflio omis dros germaneli ge-

nerali iyo da komunizmis damarcxebaSi xedavda saqarTvelos

Tavisufal momavals.

1976 wels òqros sawmisi~ da `saqarTvelos moambe~ daixura,

xolo misi organizatorebi — m. kostava, z. gamsaxurdia da v.

rcxilaZe daapatimres.

dabejiTebiT unda iTqvas, rom 70-iani wlebis disidenturma

moZraobam da `TviTgamocemebma~ gza gaukvales 80-iani wlebidan

axali politikuri partiebisa da organizaciebis da, Sesabami-

sad, opoziciuri mediis Camoyalibebas, antikomunisturi moZra-

obis aRmavlobas da qarTuli èrovnuli energiis~ gaZlierebas,

rac 90-ian wlebSi ssrk-is daSliTa da saqarTvelos damoukideb-

lobiT damTavrda.


1. arganaSvili g., basil meliqiSvili, Jurnali `literaturu-

li palitra~, 2014, 3.

2. baqraZe a., mwerlobis moTviniereba, `sarangi~, 1990.

3. òqros sawmisi, qarTuli TviTgamocema 30 wlisaa~, `saqar-

Tvelos macne~, Tb., 2006. 4. saarqivo moambe, 2011, 11; 2012, 12.

5. sayvareliZe f., disidenturi moZraoba ssrk-Si; Jurnali

`solidaroba~, 2010, 4.

6. smiTi e., nacionaluri identoba, `logos-presi~, Tb., 2008.

7. sonRulaSvili n., èpoqis gamowveva da qarTuli erovnuli

identoba~, 1900-1921 ww. ùniversali~, Tb., 2013.

8. SaraZe g., ucxoeTis cis qveS, wigni I, `merani“, Tb., 1991.

9. CxeiZe r., dawyevlili Taoba, `lomisi~ Tb., 1995.

nana talaxaZe

330

Nana Talakhadze

Associate Professor


National Identity problems in Post Soviet Period Dissident Media

(on the texempees of “Golden Fleece” and “Georgian Moambe”)

Resume

In the 70s of the past century unofficial journalism, the so called self-publi-

shing, came into esxistence in Georgia and other Soviet states, the history of

which is directly related to the activisation of dissident movement and anti-So-

viet propaganda.

Upon the initiative of the first legal opposition organization "Helsinki Gro-

up" founded by the so called new wave representatives – Zviad Gamsakhurdia,

Merab Kostava and Viktor Rtskhiladze, in 1975-76, literary political magazines

`Golden Fleece~ (four issues) and Georgian Moambe~ (two issues) were illegal-

lly published and secretly distributed, editoe Zviad Gamsakhurdia.

The priorities of the Georgian dissident movement is clearly outlined on

the pages of the mentioned magazine, namely – whistleblowing of Russian

expansionist chauvinistic policy and struggle for the national identity and inde-

pendence until the full secession from the Soviet Union (similarly to the Baltic

and Ukranian dissidents).

The literary-political Journal "Golden Fleece" used to carry out this task

with national political discussions and publishing patriotic lyrics of Georgian

classic writers, imbued with anti-Russian spirit (Akaki Tsereteli "My Concerns",

Vazha-Pshavela "to Social Democrats"), as well as artistic works and epistolary

publicist samples of writers and poets who were banned by the Communist

censors. The "Golden Fleece" was the first magazine which introduced 1924 and

1943 years conspirators' taboo creativity (Basil Melikishvili, Otar Maisuradze,

Adam Bobgiashvili) to the readers. The magazine also presented the samples of

poetry of the Georgian imigrant writers who were regarded enemies of the

nation (Grigol Robakidze, Giorgi Gamkrelidze).

Nearly every issue of `Golden Fleece~ published artistic works and

publicistic letters of Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava, along with the

banned political characteristic articles, fragments of memoires and open letters



331

(“Open Letter to Ulyanov Lenin~, `Who is Chauvinists~, `Our Cultural-Politics~

and others) from the archive of Konstantine Gamsakhurdia.

The magazine `Georgian Moambe~ analyzed national identity problems ra-

ther through journalistic point of view – Activation of Russian policy,

antinational approach toward native language and history teaching in edu-

cational institutions, Government's careless attitude to the Georgian cultural

monuments (the demand to relocate military polygon from Davit Gareji),

cooperation forms of `Red Clergy~ and `Red intelligentsia~ with `KGB~ and so

on. The magazine has paid great attention to the issues of human rights and

concrete facts. By disclosing secretly obtained documents the magazine exposed

unlawful actions of the Soviet law-enforcement institutions, including torture of

prisoners, and resort to cruel practice in order to win the people over.

Publishing of the appeal made by the Georgian Patriarch Ambrosi Khelaia,

which read that – `On February 25, 1921, Russia had once again embarked upon

the route of oppression placing a yoke on a small, suffering country, the worst

yoke, that had ever been put on it throughout its long and troubled history~ – on

the pages of `Samizdat~ was a great challenge to the Soviet regime.

The obituary of the Second World War participant, German Army Gen.

Shalva Maghlakelidze published by the mentioned magazines turned out to be

fatal for the dissident press; the fact played a key role in the arrest of the

dissidents and closure of the journals "Golden Fleece" and "Georgian Moambe~.

It must be said, that the dissident media of the 70s has paved the way for

anti-communist movement, rising up in the 80s, and contributed to the awa-

kening of the Georgian consciousness and breakdown of soviet stereotypes,

which ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union and Georgia’s liberation in

the 90s.

avTandil tukvaZe

332

avTandil tukvaZe


aSS-is, britaneTis da saqarTvelos politikuri

kulturis SedarebiTi analizi

politikuri kultura sulieri kulturis nawilia; igi po-

litikis da kulturis integrirebuli gamoxatulebaa da gan-

msazRvrel gavlenas axdens politikur reJimze.

politikuri kultura sazogadoebis politikuri qcevis mo-

delia, romelic mkveTrad vlindeba arCevnebis, referendumebis

dros, xelisuflebaze zewolis, mxardaWeris procesSi,

`politikuri TamaSis wesebSi~ da masSi mniSvnelovan Tavisebu-

rebebs ganapirobebs konkretuli qveynis politikuri, istoriu-

li, ekonomikuri, religiuri, erovnuli, kulturuli, geopoli-

tikuri ganviTarebis specifika;1 politikuri kulturis kompo-

nentebSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs politikuri gamocdile-

ba, ganaTlebisa da inteleqtis done, politikuri sistemis, po-

litikuri procesis, demokratiis sabaziso Rirebulebebis,

qveynis administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobis irgvliv sazo-

gadoebis codnis done; garda kognituri elementebisa, politi-

kur kulturaze did zegavlenas axdens aracnobieri, emociuri

elementebi, romlebic xSirad gansazRvraven sazogadoebis po-

litikuri qcevebis mimarTulebasa da xasiaTs; politikuri kul-

tura yalibdeba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi da mas gansa-

kuTrebuli simyare axasiaTebs: britaneTSi samoqalaqo kultu-

ra saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, TandaTanobiT, evoluciuri gziT

yalibdeboda da viTardeboda, xolo transformirebad qveyneb-

Si, saqarTvelos msgavsad, amis miRweva surT ramodenime wlis

1 a. tukvaZe. politikuri kulturis tipebi (SedarebiTi analizi) Tb;

2007 gv 17.

aSS-is, britaneTis da saqarTvelos politikuri kulturis SedarebiTi analizi

333

ganmavlobaSi; miuxedavad imisa, rom globalizaciis procesSi

swrafad vrceldeba demokratiuli, universaluri liberaluri

Rirebulebebi, mainc utopiuri ideaa samoqalaqo kulturisa da

demokratiis myisieri damyarebaze aqcentireba; politikur

kulturis formirebaze gavlenas axdens ojaxi, skola, Tanato-

lebi, universiteti, partiebi, religiuri da sxva faqtorebi; mi-

si swavla saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis kedlebSi SeuZlebe-

lia, Tumca ganaTlebis maRali done aucilebelia demokratiu-

li kulturis ganviTarebis procesSi, magram Cven SemTxvevaSi,

ganaTlebuli da inteleqtualuri adamiani xSirad qveSevrdomi-

sa da patriarqaluri kulturis matarebelia; amis mizezad al-

mondisa da verbas mier dasaxelebuli faqtorebi (bundovani

warmodgena politikur institutebsa da politikur rolebze)

ar gamodgeba, aramed totalitaruli warsulidan memkvidreo-

biT miRebuli qveSevrdomuli orientaciebi, Seurigebeli ideo-

logiuri orientirebi, qurduli mentaliteti, sxvis saxelmwi-

foSi xangrZlivi cxovreba aris.

politikuri kulturis tipi, romelic ganviTarebis dones

asaxavs, ganapirobebs demokratiis xarisxs: aqedan gamomdinare,

akeTeben mecnierebi pesimistur daskvnas, rom dasavluri demok-

ratiebis, politikuri sistemebis `transplantacia~ SeuZlebe-

lia aradasavluri civilizaciebis qveynebSi da samwuxarod am

WeSmaritebis dadasturebaa aziis, afrikis, samxreT amerikis, pos-

tsocialisturi qveynebis umravlesobis Tanamedrove istoria.

mkvlevarebi ganasxvaveben demokratiul, avtoritarul, sa-

moqalaqo politikuri kulturis tipebs, sadac sxvadasxva pro-

centuli TanafardobiTaa gadanawilebuli patriarqaluri, qve-

Sevrdomuli da monawileobiTi orientaciebi; gamoyofen er-

Tgvarovan, fragmentul, sabazro da etatistur, aRmosavleTisa

da dasavleTis subkulturebis tipebs, adgenen msoflio poli-

tikuri kulturis virtualur models da xedaven misi formire-

bis konturebs, politikuri kulturis zogad modelebze day-

rdnobiT cdiloben gansazRvron konkretuli qveynis politi-

kuri kulturis tipi da Seafason demokratiulad an arademok-

ratiulad, rac, TavisTavad, pirobiTia, radganac kulturaSi

Semavali elementebis irgvlivac ar arsebobs sayovelTao Tan-

avTandil tukvaZe

334

xmoba; ufro realuria vilaparakoT, politikuri kulturis im-

den tipze, ramdeni eri da saxelmwifoc arsebobs dedamiwis zur-

gze; yovel SemTxvevaSi erovnuli Taviseburebebi qmnis mraval-

ferovan mozaikas da misi gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.

politikuri kulturis Semadgeneli elementebis, Rirebu-

lebebis (kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis uflebebi, kompromisu-

narianoba, tolerantoba, pluralizmi, kerZo sakuTrebisa da pi-

radi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba,

politikuri institutebis demokratiuloba da sakuTari saxel-

mwifoTi siamayis grZnoba, umciresobis interesebis gaTvalis-

wineba politikuri kursis SemuSavebis procesSi da sxva) ganvi-

Tarebaze gavlenas axdens e.w. `genetikuri kodi~, tradiciebi,

mentaliteti, romelic subieqtidan dawyebuli mTlianad eris

qcevas legitimacias sZens; yovelive gamoxatulia saxelmwifos

vizualur mxaresa da xalxis xasiaTSi, magram araswori iqneboda

gvefiqra xalxis izolirebuli ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze,

gansakuTrebiT dRes, roca globalizaciis epoqaSi sakomunika-

cio saSualebebis axali tenologiebis damkvidrebam da saerTo

bazris ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad gazarda da intensiuri gaxa-

da saxelmwifoebisa da adamianebis doneze kavSirebi, rac, sabo-

loo jamSi, kulturebis urTierTgamdidrebisa da saerTo Rire-

bulebebis Camoyalibebas aCqarebs.

zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, cxadia, aSS-is, britaneTis da

saqarTvelos politikuri kulturis SedarebiTi analizi piro-

biT xasiaTs atarebs, magram Cveni azriT saWiroa, radganac, faq-

tobrivad, erTmaneTs vadarebT, erTi mxriv, samoqalaqo kultu-

ras britaneTisa da aSS-is saxiT da, meore mxriv, fragmentul,

transformirebad saqarTvelos politikur kulturas, romel-

Sic Warbobs qveSevrdomuli orientaciebi mzard monawileobiT

kulturas; meore mxriv, aseTi Sedareba, miuxedavad mravali

cdomilebisa, Seicavs pragmatul elementebsac, dagvexmareba

dasavluri Rirebulebebis avkargianobis garkvevaSi, maT tran-

splantaciaSi da rac mTavaria demokratiis `uCveulo adgilas~1

aSenebaSi, romlis potenciali saqarTvelos namdvilad gaaCnia.

1 am termins israelTan da indoeTTan mimarTebiT iyenebs Tomas mag-

Stadti


335

politikuri kulturis ganviTarebaze did gavlenas axdens

eTnikuri da religiuri gansxvavebulobis aRqma konkretuli

xalxis mier, romelic tolerantobis grZnobaSi poulobs gamo-

xatulebas: tolerantoba mniSvnelovani demokratiuli Rirebu-

lebaa, romelic sxvadasxva eTnikuri, religiuri da socialuri

jgufebis mSvidobian Tanacxovrebas gulisxmobs; tolerantoba

politikur pluralizms, umciresobebis interesebis pativisce-

mas niSnavs da, bunebrivia, igi politikuri kulturis da demok-

ratiis sabaziso Rirebulebas warmoadgens.

aSS-is da didi britaneTis sazogadoeba tolerantulia da

amis yvelaze naTeli dadastureba afroamerikeli prezidenti,

eTnikuri, religiuri da sxva umciresobebis samarTlebrivi

statusia am qveynebSi, magram istoria adasturebs, rom es pro-

cesi mtkivneulad viTardeboda wina saukuneebSi: aSS-Si, gansa-

kuTrebiT samxreTis Statebis mier waqezebuli da mxardaWerili

iyo `rasobrivi wesrigis~ damyarebis mizniT ku-klus-klanis saq-

mianoba, romelmac mogvianebiT `warmatebuli~ kampania gaaCaRa

kaTolikebisa da ebraelebis winaaRmdeg; `amerikuli sadnobi

qvabi~ gansakuTrebulobaze, amerikuli Rirebulebebis, poli-

tikuri sistemis, konstituciis, cxovrebis wesis upiratesobeb-

ze apelirebiT, mravalerovnuli kulturis gaerTgvarovnebaze,

gaamerikelebaze akeTebda aqcents; namdvili amerikelobis dac-

vis politikam warmoSva antimigraciuli da antikaTolikuri

moZraoba; seriozuli safrTxe daemuqra qveynis erTianobas da

saerTo saxelmwifoSi Tanacxovrebas; 1829-49 wlebSi e.w. `jeqso-

nuri demokratiis~ dros mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda TeTri ma-

makacis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, xolo SezRudvebi

dauwesda qalebs, Savkanianebs; imigrantebis warmatebuli asimi-

laciis politikaSi monawileobdnen mecenatebic, romlebic sa-

xelmwifos exmarebodnen biblioTekebis, muzeumebis, saswavlo-

aRmzrdelobiTi dawesebulebebis gaxsnaSi, raTa daeCqarebinaT

amerikelobis identobis gancda imigraciis axal talRaSi; wina-

aRmdegobam gansxvavebul kulturul da yofiT Rirebeulebebs

Soris warmoSva `kulturuli demokratiiis cneba~; koleni niu-

iorkis socialuri kvlevebis axali skolis warmomadgeneli

wers, rom kulturuli ganviTareba emyareba kulturul plura-

avTandil tukvaZe

336

lizms. kulturuli pluralizmi SeiZleba iyos mxolod demok-

ratiul sazogadoebaSi, romlis institutebi aqezeben indivi-

dualurobas, pirovnulobas, xasiaTs, romlis mizandasaxulobe-

bi anaTleben Zmobis, Tavisuflebis, TanamSromlobis upirate-

sobebSi; amerika dgas alternativis winaSe: `ku-klus-klani~ Tu

`kulturuli pluralizmi~.1

amerikuli sazogadoebisTvis rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religi-

uri, politikuri tolerantizmis Camoyalibeba erTiani saxel-

mwifos da saxelmwifo erad formirebis procesSi sasicocxlo

mniSvnelobas iZenda, sxvanairad mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba SeuZ-

lebeli iyo; amas kargad grZnobdnen konstituciis mamebi, ami-

tomaa, konstituciaSi federalizmis sasargeblod da demokra-

tiis `sazianod~ mTeli rigi debulebebi; aSS-is moqalaqeebma

`gadaabijes~ eTnikur, rasobriv, religiur, sqesobriv gansxva-

vebulobis barierebs da WeSmaritad tolerantul kulturas Ca-

uyares safuZveli: mxolod am gziT formirdeba saxelmwifo

erad nebismieri xalxi.

tolerantobis didi warsuli da tradicia axasiaTebs qar-

Tul kulturas. amerikelebisgan gansxvavebiT qarTvelebi jer

kulturul erTobad formirdnen da Semdgom saxelmwifoebrio-

basTan erTad Camoyalibdnen erad da, amdenad, eri-saxelmwifos

kategoriaSi moiazrebian; sakiTxis gaubraloebad migvaCnia ne-

bismieri mcdeloba qarTvelebis da ebraelebis, somxebis, mu-

sulmanebis, rusebis da sxva erovnebebis mravalsaukunovani

mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba saqarTvelos teritoriaze marto

marTmadidebluri sarwmunoebiT, geopolitikuri realiebiT,

istoriuli mexsierebiT an sxva parametrebiT avxsnaT eTnikuri

da religiuri tolerantuli kultura, romelmac saukuneebs

gauZlo da ganviTarda aseT `uCveulo adgilas~: TbilisSi erTi

kilometris radiusSi yvela aRmsareblobis samlocveloebis

Tavmoyra, sabWoTa periodSi osuri skolebis, umaRlesi saswav-

leblis da Teatris arseboba, Tavis avtonomiaSi titulovani

eris `gaafxazeba~, uproblemod moqalaqeobis miniWeba (evrokav-

Siris baltiispireli wevri qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT); SesaZloa

1 a. tukvaZe. politikuri kulturis erovnuli Taviseburebebi. ix: Jur-

nali”cxovreba da kanoni”Tb; 2013 3(23) gv 59.


337

davaskvnaT, rom tolerantoba qarTvelebisTvis RmerTisgan bo-

Zebuli madlia da masze gavlena verc ruseTis mier provocire-

bulma konfliqtebma moaxdina.

ilia WavWavaZe 1888 wels daviT aRmaSeneblis mosaxseniebel

dRisadmi daweril statiaSi `daviT aRmaSenebeli~ werda: `igi

Tavdadebuli moyvare Tavis erovnobisa da marTlmadidebelis

sarwmunoebisa, didi pativismcemeli iyo sxvis erovnobisac da

sarwmunoebisa. amisTana Semwynarebeli sxvisa maSin, rodesac igi

yovladSemZlebel mbrZaneblad Seiqmna svadasxva Teslis da

sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis erisa, amisTana eris Rirsebis Tayvanis-

mcemeli im droSi, roca kaci kacs SesaWmeladac ar hzogavda,

amisTana kacTmoyvaruli pativiscema sxvis sarwmunoebisa, nuTu

sakvirveli da saocari ar aris meTormete saukunis kacisagan!

meti-Ra did-bunevanoba moeTxoveba gana meTormete saukunis

kacs maSin,roca dRes, mecxramete saukunis dasaruls sakvirve-

lad migvaCnia gladstoni, rom irlandiis erovnobas da sarwmu-

noebas esarCleba imave kacTmoyvareobiT, ra kacTmoyvareobi-

Tac daviT aRmaSenebeli sxva ers pativsa-scemda! Cven matianeebs

Tavi davaneboT da vimowmoT sxva eris mematianeni. isinic ki aR-

tacebiT ixsenieben daviT aRmaSenebels, rogorc kacs, pativis-

mcemels da Semwynarebels sxva erisas da sjulisas.~1 Semdgom

ilia imowmebs somexi maTe edeselis, vardan didis, mahmadiani

mwerlis al-aianis Sexedulebebs; magram mTavari sxvaa, didi da-

viTis Tvalsazrisi ar iyo amovardnili qarTuli konteqstidan

da tolerantoba, rogorc zemoT iyo miTiTebuli, wiTeli xazi-

viT gasdevs saqarTvelos Suasaukuneebisa da uaxles istorias;

sakiTxis sxva mxarea warsulSi rogori samsaxuri gauwia man sa-

xelmwifos, magram erTi ram cxadia, Cven masze dayrdnobiT unda

movaxdinoT erovnuli umciresobebis samoqalaqo integracia,

identificireba qarTul saxelmwifoebriobasTan da mxolod am

SemTxvevaSi davuaxlovdebiT evropul Rirebulebebs da Camova-

yalibebT demokratiul sazogadoebas.

globalizaciis epoqaSi kulturuli modernizaciis proce-

si Cqardeba, rac, saboloo jamSi, tradiciuli faseulobebis

nacvlad axal Rirebulebebs amkvidrebs mosaxleobis, gansakuT-

1 ilia WavWavaZe. Txz. Tb; 1984 gv 606-607.

avTandil tukvaZe

338

rebiT axalgazrdobis SegnebaSi: Tanasworobis gancda, ekolo-

giuri da genderuli problemebi, religiuri, eTnikuri da sxva

umciresobebis uflebebis dacvis aucilebloba, rac warmoSobs

mravalricxovan saerTaSoriso organizaciebs; yovelive, sabo-

loo jamSi, ayalibebs saerTo politikuri kulturis niSnebs sa-

zogadoebriv cnobierebaSi. gansakuTrebiT aRniSnuli tenden-

cia naTlad vlindeba axalgazrdobis politiur kulturaSi ra-

zec metyvelebs saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi Catare-

buli sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi.1 Tumca, marTlmadideb-

luri kultura avlens garkveul reaqcias dasavluri libera-

luri Rirebulebebis mimarT: dRes is qveyanaa demokratiuli,

sadac umciresobebis interesebi maqsimaluradaa daculi, mag-

ram umciresobebis uflebebis dacvis `maqsimalizacia~ winaaR-

mdegobaSi modis qristianul-moralur RirebulebebTan da, uf-

ro metic, arRvevs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisufle-

bebs da saerTod adamianis Tanacxovrebis moralur da eTikur

normebs: erTsqesianebis qorwinebis (islamur qveynebSi qristia-

noba ukve asocirdeba homoseqsualizmTan) da gansakuTrebiT,

Svilad ayvanis uflebis dakanoneba, arRvevs gaeros mier aRia-

rebul adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Ziri-

Tad principebs, maT Soris, bavSvTa uflebebis deklaracias. ama-

ve dros, am dargis specialistebis umravlesoba (70%) miiCnevs,

rom homoseqsualizmi davadebaa da gankurnebadia, xolo 30%

Tvlis, rom igi Tandayoli Tvisebaa da, maSasadame, RmerTma Seq-

mna aseTi; ratom vemyarebiT meore varauds da amiT xom ar vaka-

nonebT avadmyofobas da propagandas vuwevT mas. gansxvavebuli

sqesobrivi orientaciis mqone adamianebi unda sargeblobdnen

yvela im uflebebiT, rac sazogadoebis danarCen wevrebs gaaCni-

aT da amaze metyvelebs saqarTvelos parlamentis mier axlaxan

miRebuli antidiskrimanaciuli kanonic, magram maT upiratesi

mdgomareoba ar unda SevuqmnaT, rac propagandas niSnavs da Se-

saZloa am mimarTulebiT waqezebis tolfasic ki gaxdes; ameri-

kuli masmedia ebrZvis ojaxis instituts, rogorc diqtaturis

1 javaxiSvilis,politeqnikuri, ilias, soxumis, saqarTvelosa da

Tbilisis saswavlo universitetebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs am tendencias.


339

magaliTs da Sovinizmis inkubators, socialuri usamarTlobis

budes da amitom, Cveni azriT, yovelmxriv mxars uWers aratra-

diciul urTierTobebs.1

aSS-is politikuri kulturis stabilurobis garanti, pir-

vel rigSi, misi konstituciaa, romelmac Camoayaliba msoflio-

Si yvelaze stabiluri politikuri sistema da safuZveli daudo

arnaxul ekonomikur, politikur, socialur, kulturul ganvi-

Tarebas da es qveyana zesaxelmwifod aqcia; aSS-is politikuri

kulturis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa britane-

Tis parlamentarizmis gamocdilebam; kanonis uzenaesobis, ker-

Zo sakuTrebis xelSeuxleblobis, xelisuflebis danawilebis

ideebi da principebi kargad iyo cnobili emigranti mosaxleo-

bisTvis, magram amerikul sinamdvileSi saxelmwifoebrivi mSe-

neblobis gzaze xelisuflebis xelaxali gamogonebis amerikuli

idea vetosa da impiCmentis institutis damkvidrebaSi mdgoma-

reobs; aSS-is konstitucia amerikeli xalxis politikuri kul-

turis bunebrivi ganviTarebis logikuri Sedegia; masSi mokled

da lakonurad aris formirebuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi

da Tavisuflebebi, federaluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis

uflebamosilebebi, sasamarTlo sistema, romelic inglisur

precedentul samarTals emyareba; sasamarTlos damoukideb-

lobis maRalma xarisxma StatebSi mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba

pluralistuli demokratiis da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Ca-

moyalibeba.

amerikelebi damsaxurebulad amayoben Tavisi konstituci-

iT, politikuri sistemiT, `patiosani politikuri TamaSis wese-

biT~; marTlac amerika unikaluri qveyanaa, romelmac yvelaze

srulad uzrunvelyo adamianis SesaZleblobebis realizacia;

amerikuli demokratia da Rirebulebebi saukeTesoa msoflioSi

gaaCnia universaluri xasiaTi da igi sxva xalxebmac unda gadai-

Ron, aseTia amerikelebis ganwyoba.

politikuri sistemisa da samarTlebrivi normebisadmi da-

mokidebuleba Tavisebur xasiaTs atarebs britaneTSi, sadac Sua

saukuneebidan moyolebuli arsebobs saparlamento demokratia,

1 Филимонов Г. Ю. Внешная купьтурная политика США как комронент «мягкой силы». М.2010 с 67.

avTandil tukvaZe

340

xolo konstituciuri normebi ingliselebis cnobierebaSia dam-

kvidrebuli; ingliselebi yvelaze adre mividnen kerZo sakuT-

rebis xelSeuxeblobis ideamde; maT politikur kulturaSi

mkvidrdeba azri, rom radikalur azrs, revoluciebs sazogado-

ebis dapirispirebamde da politikuri kulturis fragmentaci-

amde mivyavarT da amitom evoluciur ganviTarebas, memkvidreo-

bis SenarCunebas aniWeben upiratesobas: britaneTi klasikuri

konstituciuri monarqiis qveyanaa, sadac erTmaneTs organu-

lad erwymis orpalatiani saparlamento demokratia da memkvid-

reobiTi monarqia; britanelebi amerikelebis msgavsad amayoben

politikuri sistemiT, parlamentiT, sadac politikuri gadawy-

vetileba iRebs legitimacias; amerikelebisgan gansxvavebiT uf-

ro ixrebian wesrigisken, ara aqvT konstitucia, magram ufro me-

tad sjeraT samarTlianobis, xasiaTdebian kanonmorCilebiT,

naklebad informirebuli arian da gamoirCevian konservatoru-

li azrovnebiT; metia tradiciebisadmi pativiscemis grZnoba,

xangrZlivia istoriuli mexsiereba da aSS-is msgavsad politi-

kuri kultura samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirobebSi ganviTarda

da amitomac gauZlo istoriul ryevebs da ar Seqmnila politi-

kuri institutebis rRvevisa da radikaluri cvlilebebis pre-

cedenti.

saqarTvelos politikuri kulturis ganxilva politikur

sistemasTan, mmarTvelobis formasTan, konstituciasTan da

mTlianad saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi ganviTarebuli demokra-

tiebis konteqstSi rTulia da mraval pasuxgaucemel kiTxvas

warmoSobs, magram saWiroa, rom ufro kargad gavacnobieroT sa-

moqalaqo kulturis gzaze arsebuli problemebi.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis istoria pirobiTad Seg-

viZlia sam nawilad davyoT: sruli damoukideblobis, `nawilob-

riv~, `naxevrad damoukideblobis~ (romelSic igulisxmeba ro-

gorc calkeuli nawilebis, aseve, saxelmwifoebriobis SezRud-

va gare Zalis mier, romelic xasiaTdeboda sruli damoukideb-

lobisaken swrafviT), damoukideblobis dakargvis (sxvis saxel-

mwifoSi cxovreba) periodebi, sadac ukanaskneli ruseTisa da

sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnas gulisxmobs, romelsac

axlda rogorc radikaluri, ise zomieri dapirispireba centra-


341

lur xelisuflebasTan; bunebrivia, saxelmwifoebriobis gan-

cdis politikuri da samarTlebrivi kultura gansxvavebulia

zemoT dasaxelebul epoqebSi; gansakuTrebuli ziani saxlmwi-

foebriv azrovnebas sabWoTa totalitarizmma daamCnia: amis Se-

degia is, rom oTxmoci wlis winaT, 1921 wels ufro dabalanse-

buli konstitucia miviReT, vidre 1995, 2004 wlebSi.

konstituciis simyareze damokidebulia sazogadoebrivi

ndobis formireba politikur institutebis mimarT; ocdaaTam-

de sakonstitucio cvlileba (romlis analogi ar moiZebneba

postsabWoTa sivrceSi), romelsac araferi saerTo ara aqvs

CvenTvis misaRebi mmarTvelobis formis ZiebasTan da miznad

mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gaZlierebas isaxavda,

arRvevda wonasworobas xelisuflebriv Stoebs Soris da nam-

dvilad ar waadgeba kanonis uzenaesobis principis da saxelmwi-

foebrivi azrovnebis damkvidrebas sazogadoebriv cnobiereba-

Si; aqedan gamomdinare, arsebuli politikuri sistemis mimarT

naklebi loialoba qarTuli politikuri kulturis nawilia,

rac arastabilurobis ganmapirobebeli faqtoria.

sazogadoebrivi azris polarizacia saqarTveloSi kidev

ufro gaaZliera masobrivma umuSevrobam da mZime socialur-e-

konomikurma mdgomareobam da nacionalebis mmarTvelobis

dros damyarebulma avtoritarulma reJimma; politikur siste-

masTan da mTavrobasTan iqna gaigivebuli mmarTveli elitis

partiuli saqmianoba; aseve, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria gviC-

venebs, rom politikur speqtrSi arseboben cru opoziciuri da

xelisuflebasTan mtrul reJimSi funqcionirebadi politiku-

ri Zalebi; ganviTarebuli demokratiebisagan gansxvavebiT, ga-

movirCeviT partiebis simravliT, romelTa umravlesobas gaur-

kveveli ideologiuri orientirebi da brZolis meTodebi gaaC-

niaT; politikur speqtrSi gansxvavebuli xedvaa demokratiis

sabaziso Rirebulebebis irgvliv, rac politikuri kulturis

fragmentacias ganapirobebs; jerac araa gamokveTili kon-

struqciuli opozicia, politikuri TamaSis saerTo Rirebule-

bebi da, Sesabamisad, aSS-isa da britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, Ta-

namSromlobis politikuri kultura sustia; mTlianobaSi aRe-

buli qarTul sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi Warbobs qveSevrdo-

avTandil tukvaZe

342

muli, morCilebiTi kulturis elementebi, romelic mxsneli

lideris ZiebaSi gamoixateba da komunisturi memkvidreobis

garda, zviad gamsaxurdias Zaladobrivma damxobam, nacionale-

bis mmarTvelobis meTodebmac ganamtkices moqalaqeebis cnobi-

erebaSi; britaneTTan da aSS-Tan SedarebiT aSkaraa institute-

bis mimarT undobloba da saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis defi-

citi rogorc mmarTveli elitis, ise sazogadoebis mxridan.

individualizmi aSS-is politikuri kulturis sabaziso na-

wilia; pirovnulma gancdebma, rwmena-warmodgenebma asaxva hpova

g. melvilis, g. topos, u. uitmanis da sxvaTa nawarmoebebSi; mo-

Warbebuli individualizmis mizezebi emigrantebis fsiqologi-

aSi unda veZeboT: maT TavianT qveyanasTan gawyvites kavSiri da

mTlianad sakuTar Tavze iyvnen damokidebulni; maTi umravle-

soba Tavisuflebis, damoukideblobis, kargi cxovrebis Ziebam

Caiyvana amerikaSi; kvlevebi adastureben, rom aSS-is moqalaqee-

bis umravlesoba Tavisuflebas, TanasworobasTan SedarebiT

met upiratesobas aniWeben, rasac ver vityviT rusebze, germane-

lebze da sxva xalxebze;

individualizmi amerikuli mentalitetis ganuyofeli nawi-

lia; individi aSS-is politikuri kulturaSi aris yvelaze mniS-

vnelovani Rirebuleba, xolo saxelmwifo, ojaxi da sazogadoe-

ba pirovnebis uflebebis Semdgom ganixileba; pirovnul ufle-

bebs upiratesoba eniWeba koleqtiur interesebTan SedarebiT;

politika xSirad biznesis nairsaxeobad aris aRqmuli; amerikaSi

pirovneba evropisagan gansxvavebiT Tavisufali iyo tradiciu-

lobis, Temobriobis, klanurobis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli

feodaluri institutebisgan da axal urTierTobebs mTlianad

individualuri SesaZleblobebisa da miswrafebebis safuZvelze

agebda; Tavisuflebisa da individualizmis Taviseburi anarek-

lia 1791 wels konstituciaSi Setanili Sesworeba: `ramdenadac

kargad organizebuli policia aucilebelia Tavisufali saxel-

mwifos usafrTxoebisTvis, ar SeiZleba dairRves xalxis ufle-

ba, Seinaxos da ataros iaraRi~1. amerikelebs sjeraT, rom verc

erTi samarTaldamcavi organo ver uzrunvelyofs ganaiaraRos

1 sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi. nawili 1 Tb; 2008 gv 56.


343

yvela damnaSave, magram iaraRis SeZenis da tarebis akrZalviT

nebismieri saxelmwifo moaxdens kanonmorCili moqalaqeebis ga-

niaraRebas kriminalis winaSe da amiT SezRudavs maT Tavisuf-

lebas.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi damoukideblobas fsiqologiu-

rad momzadebulebi Sexvdnen, radganac ruseTisa da sabWoTa im-

periis periodSi sakuTar saxelmwifoebriobaze fiqri, ocneba

da brZola arasodes SeuwyvetiaT, magram, gacilebiT meti sir-

Tuleebis winaSe aRmoCndnen socialur-ekonomikuri, politiku-

ri, erovnuli, kulturuli gardaqmnebis procesSi: damoukide-

bel qveyanas moazrovne individebi, mmarTveli elita esaWiroe-

boda, romlebic damoukideblad SeZlebdnen gardamavali epoqis

gamowvevebis gamklavebas, magram Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos

sinamdvileSi saxeze saSemsruleblo marTvis kulturaze orien-

tirebuli komunisturi nomenklatura da saxelmwifo mmarTve-

lobiTi kulturisgan gaucxoebuli disidenturi erovnuli Za-

lebi iyvnen.1

socialisturi politikuri kultura mTlianad gamoricxav-

da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis unar-Cvevebs da orientirebuli

iyo socialur daxmarebebze da sabWoTa periodSi mobilizaci-

ur mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda komunisturi idealebis ganxor-

cielebis gzaze: Cveulebrivi sameurneo amocanebis Sesrulebis

procesi `brZolebisa~ da revoluciur etapebad iyofoda (brZo-

la industrializaciisTvis, brZola yamiris aTvisebisTvis,

xuTwledis oTx weliwadSi SesrulebisTvis da sxva). sazogado-

ebriv sakuTrebaze dafuZnebulma totalitarulma sistemam,

politikurma kulturam individi sazogadoebaSi gaTqvifa; sa-

zogadoebrivi cnobiereba da Tanasworobis ideebi gaxda wamyva-

ni ideologiuri pradigmebi, xolo individualuri interesebi,

miswrafebebi, burJuaziul da mavne gadmonaSTebad iTvleboda.

mTlianobaSi, garda zemoT Tqmulisa, saqarTvelos politi-

kur kulturas dasavlur demokratiul Rirebulebebs aSorebs

politikur kulturaSi radikaluri dapirispireba demokratiis

sabaziso Rirebulebebis irgvliv, qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas-

Tan araidentificirebuli eTnopolitikuri kulturebi, rom-

1 a. tukvaZe. politikuri elita. Tb 1998 gv 218.

avTandil tukvaZe

344

lebic TandaTanobiT iqneba daZleuli saxelmwifoebriobis gan-

mtkicebis, dasavluri rekomendaciebis da gansakuTrebiT aso-

cirebis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli gardaqmnebis pro-

cesSi.


1. ilia WavWavaZe. Txz. Tb; 1984.

2. sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi. nawili 1 Tb; 2008.

3. a. tukvaZe. politikuri kulturis tipebi (SedarebiTi anali-

zi) Tb; 2007.

4. a. tukvaZe. politikuri elita. Tb 1998.

5. Tomas magStadti. gavigoT politika.Tb 2010.

6. Филимонов Г. Ю. Внешная купьтурная политика США как комронент

«мягкой силы». М.2010.

7. Peter Reicher (Hg) Politishe Kultur in Westeuropa. Campus Vtrlag Frank-

furt. Ntw York. 1984.

Avtandil Tukvadze

Assistant Professor


Comparative analysis of USA,

British and Georgian political cultures

Resume

The specificities of the Socio-economic, state-political, national, geopo-

litical, religious and historical developments of particular countries determine

the peculiarities of their political culture.

As many types of political culture can be named as there are states and na-

tions on the five continents of the world and many facts can be named in support

of this statement, but the history of long cohabitation between different peoples,

naturally gives birth to some common features between them, rendering the

comparison of these diverse cultures, and thus the making of conclusions,

plausible.

humanitaruli intervencia: adamianis uflebebi VS saxelmwifo suvereniteti

345

jaba urotaZe

doqtoranti, Tsu

humanitaruli intervencia:

adamianis uflebebi VS saxelmwifo suvereniteti

saerTaSoriso politikaSi mimdinare movlenebis fonze, gansa-

kuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs humanitaruli intervenciis sakiTxi.

msoflio sazogadoebaSi xSirad imarTeba mwvave kamaTi, Tu

ramdenad marTebulia saerTaSoriso samxedro intervenciis

ganxorcieleba konfliqtis SesaCereblad.

es sakiTxi aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvisac, radgan ruseTma

2008 wels ganxorcielebuli agresia gaamarTla humanitaruli in-

tervenciis aucileblobis motiviT. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba-

Si aRiarebuli humanitaruli intervenciis kriteriumebis codna

da analizi, saSualebas mogvcems ukeT davasabuToT ruseTis ag-

resiis samarTlebriv da moralur normebTan Seusabamobis faqti.

me-19 saukunesa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi civilizebuli

da aracivilizebuli qveynebis mimarT suverenitetis gansxvave-

buli normebi gamoiyeneboda. am periodSi adamianis fundamen-

turi uflebebi ar iyo aRiarebuli, samxedro intervenciebis

SezRudvebi Zalze umniSvnelo iyo, dapyrobis ufleba aRiarebu-

li iyo da omi ar iyo akrZaluli. humanitaruli intervenciebis

ganxorcielebis sakiTxi damokidebuli iyo msoflios dominan-

ti Zalebis interesebze, romlebzec formaluri saerTaSoriso

institutebi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi nakleb zegav-

lenas axdendnen1.

II msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi Zalis gamoyenebis ufle-

ba sagrZnoblad SeizRuda da davida or SemTxvevamde, esenia —

1 Miles Kahler, “Legitimacy, humanitarian intervention, and international institutions”,

politics, philosophy and economics, (2011) p. 24

jaba urotaZe

346

Tavdacvis ufleba da gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTva1. aSS-

sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis gamo, uSiSroebis sabWos

mudmiv wevrTa SeTanxmeba Zalis gamoyenebaze TiTqmis SeuZlebe-

li gaxda. 1940-1990-ian wlebSi gaerom mxolod orjer SeZlo ga-

dawyvetilebis miReba, romelic mSvidobis darRvevis faqts

afiqsirebda. Tumca am periodSi, oTxmocamde saxelmwifoTaSo-

risi omi mimdinareobda, Sida konfliqtebis CaTvliT ki maTi

ricxvi samass aRwevda2.

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa

sistemaSi axali era dadga, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas civi omis

dasruleba mohyva da msoflioSi erTaderT dominant Zalad aSS

iqca. calmxrivi intervencia aRar qmnida zesaxelmwifoebs So-

ris konfliqtis dawyebis safrTxes3. rezoluciebis raodenoba

gaizarda weliwadSi saSualod 15-dan (civi omis dros), TiTqmis

samocamde (1990-ian wlebSi). gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo Zalis ga-

moyenebis nebas iZleoda ara mxolod mSvidobis darRvevis Sem-

TxvevebSi, aramed samoqalaqo omebis da saxelmwifo xelisufle-

bis kolafsis drosac (somali 1992, haiti 1994)4. 1999 wels natos

mier gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos avtorizaciis gareSe kosovoSi

intervenciam, damatebiTi aqtualoba SesZina uSiSroebis sabWos

nebarTvis gareSe humanitaruli intervenciis legalurobis sa-

kiTxze debatebs. natos brals sdeben, rom maTi moqmedeba iu-

goslaviis winaaRmdeg ganpirobebuli iyo qveynis dasustebis

surviliT, vinaidan is ar iyo prodasavluri qveyana.

2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg aSS-s meti motivacia mieca

ganexorcielebina intervenciebi (avRaneTi 2001, erayi 2003) te-

rorizmTan brZolis sababiT, Tumca xelisuflebaSi demokrate-

bis mosvlis Semdeg aSS-is xisti sagareo politika Seicvala uf-

ro rbili, urTierTTanamSromlobaze dafuZnebuli politikiT.

1 iqve. 2 g. sanikiZe, n. kiRuraZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi,

msoflio politikis globalizacia, gamomcemloba `meridiani~ , 2001. http://ucss.ge/publication/012%20Tanamedrove%20Saertashoriso%20Urtiertobebi.pdf gv. 136.

3 Miles Kahler, “Legitimacy, humanitarian intervention, and international institutions”, politics, philosophy and economics, (2011) p. 25.

4 iqve, p. 24.


347

esaa erT-erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom moxda samxedro interven-

cia libiaSi 2011 wels da ratom dRemde Riad ar ereva aSS siriis

samoqalaqo omSi. libiis SemTxvevaSi moxda SeTanxmeba uSiSroe-

bis sabWos xuTive wevrs Soris, siriaSi Zalis gamoyenebaze uSiS-

roebis sabWo Tanxmobas ar aZlevs, imitom, rom ruseTis strate-

giul interesebSi Sedis jer kidev ssrk-is droidan, siriaSi misi

mokavSire mmarTveli reJimis SenarCuneba. aranakleb mniSvnelo-

vani faqtoria is, rom aSS-isa da misi mokavSireebis mier am sau-

kuneSi ganxorcielebuli intervenciebis Sedegebi sakmaod saka-

maToa. dRes libia, erayi da avRaneTi msoflioSi politikurad

erT-erTi yvelaze arastabiluri qveynebia da intervenciis Sem-

deg mosuli xelisuflebebi warumateblad cdiloben wesrigis

damyarebas.

amitom dasavleTi araa darwmunebuli, rom siriaSi samxedro

intervencia qveynisTvis sasikeTo iqneba. 2008 wels ruseTma sa-

qarTveloSi SeWra humanitaruli mizezebiT gaamarTla, ruse-

Tis oficialurma pirebma gaavrceles informacia 2000 osi mSvi-

dobiani moqalaqis mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da daarqves amas genoci-

di. evropis kavSiris sabWom ki uaryo qarTvelebis mier osebis

genocidi da daadastura qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg ganxorciele-

buli eTnowmendis faqtebi1. intervenciis namdvili motivebis

gasarkvevad mniSvnelovania gavixsenoT, rom agvistos omidan

ramdenime TviT adre dasavleTis qveynebis umravlesobam aRiara

kosovos damoukidebloba. vinaidan serbeTi ruseTis tradici-

ul mokavSired iTvleba, ruseTma miiCnia, rom mas msoflio po-

litikaSi seriozul Zalad aRaravin Tvlida. mas prestiJis aR-

sadgenad sWirdeboda Zlevamosili omi, rac miiRes kidec 2008

wlis agvistoSi. ruseTma agvistos omSi gamarjveba CaTvala did

saerTaSoriso politikaSi dabrunebad.

humanitaruli intervenciis sayovelTaod miRebuli samar-

Tlebrivi an politikuri ganmarteba ar arsebobs. qvemoT moyva-

nilia humanitaruli intervenciis ganmartebis ramdenime maga-

liTi:

1 independent international fact finding mission on the conflict in Georgia, report, (2009)

pp. 18,28 http://www.ceiig.ch/pdf/IIFFMCG_Volume_I.pdf

jaba urotaZe

348

1. humanitaruli intervencia aris saxelmwifos mier (an sa-

xelmwifoTa jgufis mier) sxva saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg samxedro

Zalis gamoyeneba, romelic mimarTulia adamianebis (garda saku-

Tari moqalaqeebisa) fundamenturi uflebebis farTomasStabiani

da mZime darRvevebis prevenciis an Sewyvetisken, im qveynis nebar-

Tvis gareSe, romlis winaaRmdegac gamoiyeneba Zala1;

2. intervenciis Teoria, eyrdnoba ra humanurobis princips,

cnobs saxelmwifos uflebas ganaxorcielos saerTaSoriso kon-

troli sxva saxelmwifos im qmedebebze, romlebic mis Sida suve-

renitets exeba, roca es qmedeba ewinaaRmdegeba humanurobis

normebs2;

3. humanitaruli intervencia aris Zalis gamoyeneba, an misi

gamoyenebis muqara saxelmwifos, an saxelmwifoTa jgufis mier,

upirveles yovlisa samizne qveynis mosaxleobis dasacavad, sa-

erTaSorisod aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebis masobrivi dar-

Rvevebisgan3.

miuxedavad ganmartebebSi azrTa sxvaobisa da rac yvelaze

mniSvnelovania, gaeros nebarTvis rig SemTxvevebSi ugulebel-

yofisa, arsebobs konsensusi humanitaruli intervenciis ramde-

nime saerTo maxasiaTebelTan dakavSirebiT. esenia:

1. humanitaruli intervencia aris samxedro Zalis gamoyene-

ba im qveynis winaaRmdeg, romelic ar axorcielebs agresias sxva

qveynis mimarT;

2. humanitaruli intervencia motivirebuli unda iyos mxo-

lod humanitaruli miznebiT da ara kerZo interesebiT4;

arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba konkretul sakiTxebTan da-

kavSirebiT:

1 J.L. Holzgrefe, The humanitarianintervention debate, J.L. Holzgrefe, Robert O. keo-

hane, Humanitarian intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, Cambridge university press, (2003) p.18.

2 Anne Ryniker, The ICRC’s position on humanitarian intervention, International re-view of the Red Cross, No482, (2001) p. 528.

3 Sean D. murphy, "Humanitarian intervention: the United Nations in an evolving world order p11-12 (1996), nanaxia (17.03.2013) R. Goodman, "Humanitarian intervention and pretexts for war", the american journal of international law,(2006) p. 107. http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/rgoodman/pdfs/RGoodmanHumanitarianInterventionPretextsforWar.pdf

4 Alton Frye, Humanitarian Intervention: Crafting a Workable Doctrine, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2000.


349

a) SeiZleba Tu ara intervencias ewodos humanitaruli, Tu

is xorcieldeba samizne saxelmwifos nebarTviT;

b) sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvis motiviT;

g) saerTaSoriso samarTlis ra konkretuli normebis dar-

RvevisTvis SeiZleba ganxorcieldes humanitaruli intervencia:

genocidisa da eTnowmendis, Tu sxva iseT SemTxvevebSi, rogori-

caa demokratiis principebis danergva, sityvis Tavisufleba da

sxva;

d) unda ewodos Tu ara humanitaruli intervencia mxolod

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTvis gareSe samxedro moqmede-

bas.

pasuxi am kiTxvebze SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes:

a) humanitaruli intervencia winaaRmdegobaSi modis saxel-

mwifos suverenitetis principTan da upiratesobas aniWebs ada-

mianis fundamenturi uflebebis dacvas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sa-

xelmwifom misca nebarTva, rom sakuTar teritoriaze ganxor-

cieldes samxedro intervencia, maSin es ar warmoadgens misi su-

verenitetis darRvevas, Tumca aris gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi.

mag: 1860 wels safrangeTma Seiyvana samxedro Zalebi siriaSi ad-

gilobrivi qristianebis masobrivi xocvis SeCerebis motiviT,

razedac miiRo Tanxmoba osmaleTis xelisuflebisgan. Tumca aS-

karaa, rom es nebarTva iyo iZulebiTi nabiji da osmaleTs ar

Seswevda Zala winaaRmdegoba gaewia safrangeTis jarebisTvis;

b) sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvis motiviT sxva qveynis wina-

aRmdeg samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba ar warmoadgens humanitaru-

li intervenciis nairsaxeobas. arsebobs mosazreba, rom amgvari

intervenciis samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens Tavdacvis

ufleba, sxvaTa azriT ki, am sakiTxs aregulireben saerTaSori-

so CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi, romlebic gansxvavdebian

Tavdacvis uflebis principebisagan1. humanitaruli interven-

cia klasikuri gagebiT unda ganxorcieldes, upirvelesad, ucxo

qveynis moqalaqeebis uflebebis uxeSi darRvevis SeCerebis mo-

tiviT da ara sakuTari qveynis da misi moqalaqeebis interesebi-

dan gamomdinare;

1 T.D. Gill, Humanitarian Intervention: Legality, Justice and Legitimacy, The Global

Yearbook of International Law & Jurisprudence Vol.2 2004 (2005) p51-74.

jaba urotaZe

350

g) yvelaze gavrcelebuli azria, rom humanitaruli inter-

vencia unda xorcieldebodes mxolod adamianis uflebaTa mZi-

me, masobrivi da sistematiuri darRvevebis dros. aseTi danaSau-

lia genocidi da eTnikuri wmenda. genocidis ganmarteba moyva-

nilia gaeros 1948 wlis konvenciaSi genocidis danaSaulis Tavi-

dan acilebisa da dasjis Sesaxeb: `genocidi niSnavs nebismier

qvemoT CamoTvlil qmedebas, romelic Cadenilia erovnuli, eT-

nikuri, rasobrivi an religiuri jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi

ganadgurebis mizniT, rogoricaa:

• jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba;

• jgufis wevrTaTvis sxeulis mZime dazianebis an fsiqiku-

ri moSlilobis miyeneba;

• jgufisaTvis ganzrax iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, rac miznad

isaxavs mis mTlian an nawilobriv fizikur ganadgurebas;

• iseTi zomebis gatareba, romelTa mizania jgufis SigniT

Sobadobis aRkveTa;

• erTi jgufidan meoreSi bavSvebis ZaladobiT gadacema~1.

vinaidan ar aris dawesebuli zusti kriteriumebi, romlebic

gansazRvraven, Tu ra masStabs unda miaRwios mkvlelobebma, rom

movlenas genocidi ewodos — am faqts iyeneben humanitaruli in-

tervenciis mowinaaRmdegeni da aRniSnaven, rom es sababs aZlevs

Zlier saxelmwifoebs gaamarTlon Zalismieri meTodebi sxva su-

verenuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg da, faqtobrivad, nebismi-

er konfliqts daarqvan genocidi. aseTi gaurkvevlobis magali-

Tia ruseTis mier osebis genocidis aRiareba 2008 wlis ruseT-

saqarTvelos omis dros. Tumca evropis kavSiris sabWom uaryo

qarTvelebis mier osebis genocidi da daadastura qarTvelebis

winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli eTnowmendis faqtebi. zogi mecni-

eri (f. tesoni) momxrea iseT SemTxvevebzec gavrceldes humani-

taruli intervenciis ufleba, rogoricaa: SimSili, epidemiebi,

demokratiuli normebis ugulebelyofa: magaliTad, gaeros

uSiSroebis sabWom 1994 wels gasca haitiSi intervenciis nebar-

1 gaeros 1948 wlis konvencia genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisa

da dasjis Sesaxeb https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?option=com_ldmssearch&vi-ew=docView&id=1219170&lang=ge


351

Tva saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad gandevnili, xalxis mier

arCeuli xelisuflebis aRdgenis motiviT, Tumca humanitarul

katastrofas im dros haitiSi adgili ar hqonda.

jefri buTvelis azriT humanitaruli intervenciebis auci-

lebloba SemTxvevebisufro farTo wreze unda gavrceldes da

man gamoyo SemTxvevebis oTxi jgufi:

• adamianis uflebaTa masStaburi da sistematiuri dar-

Rvevebi, maT Soris genocidi;

• umravlesobis naTlad gamoxatuli nebis ugulebelyofa,

mag: demokratiulad arCeuli mTavrobis damxoba;

• arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis aSkara magaliTebi, rodesac

centraluri xelisufleba ar funqcionirebs da mSvidobiani mo-

saxleoba daucvelia ajanyebulTa, savele meTaurTa da krimina-

lur dajgufebaTa winaSe;

• Zalis ukanono da arahumanuri gamoyeneba nebismieri da-

pirispirebuli mxaris mier samoqalaqo omis dros, rodesac ad-

gili aqvs eTnikur an/da religiur separatizms1.

d) Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi Zalis gamoyenebi-

saTvis aucilebelia gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTva, gamo-

nakliss warmoadgens Tavdacvis uflebis ganxorcieleba. mkvle-

varTa nawilis azriT mxolod uSiSroebis sabWos avtorizebis

gareSe Zalis gamoyenebas SeiZleba ewodos humanitaruli inter-

vencia.2 Cveni azriT, misi mTavari maxasiaTebelia samxedro Za-

lis gamoyeneba sxva qveynis winaaRmdeg, adamianTa tanjvis Tavi-

dan acilebis motiviT. uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTvis arsebobis,

an ararsebobis faqts am movlenis definiciisTvis gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes.

erT-erTi mTavari problemaa mimarTeba saxelmwifo suvere-

nitetsa da adamianis uflebebs Soris da imis garkveva, Tu ro-

dis irRveva suvereniteti adamianis uflebebis dacvis motiviT.

aseve unda gavarkvioT, ra zomebia miRebuli gaeros mier am di-

lemis gadasaWrelad.

1 Jeffrey Boutwell, intervention, sovereignty and international security. report of

pugwash study group meeting. 1999. 2 T.D. Gill, Humanitarian Intervention: Legality, Justice and Legitimacy, The Global

Yearbook of International Law & Jurisprudence Vol.2 2004 (2005) p51-74.

jaba urotaZe

352

Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTals safuZveli Caeyara

1648 wlis vestfaliis zaviT, romliTac dasrulda ocdaaTwlia-

ni omi evropaSi. am zaviT saxelmwifoebma aRiares saxelmwifos

Sida saqmeebSi Caurevlobis, teritoriuli mTlianobis pativis-

cemis da saxelmwifoTa Tanasworobis principi. es principebi

ganmtkicda 1945 wels miRebuli gaeros wesdebiT, romlis meore

muxlis pirvel punqtis mixedviT: organizacia emyareba yvela

misi wevris suverenuli Tanasworobis princips1.

2.7 muxlis Tanaxmad, mocemuli wesdeba srulebiTac ar aZ-

levs uflebas gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias, Caerios

iseT saqmeebSi, romlebic arsebiTad nebismieri saxelmwifos Si-

nagan kompetencias miekuTvneba da ar moiTxovs gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciis wevrebisgan warmoadginon aseTi sakiTxebi

am wesdebis mixedviT gansaxilvelad.

saxelmwifo suvereniteti gulisxmobs or aspeqts: Sidasa-

xelmwifoebrivs da saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivs. Sidasaxelmwi-

foebrivi aspeqti gulisxmobs xelisuflebis uzenaesobas sa-

xelmwifos teritoriaze da am teritoriaze mcxovreb pirTa

daqvemdebarebulobas am xelisuflebisadmi. saerTaSorisosa-

marTlebrivi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis dauqvem-

debareblobas sxva xelisuflebisadmi2. aqedan gamomdinare, na-

Telia, rom adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mizniT humanitaruli in-

tervenciis ganxorcielebis momxreTa mTavari winaRoba swored

suverenitetisa da qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Caurevlobis princi-

pebia.

intervenciisa da saxelmwifo suverenitetis saerTaSoriso

komisiis angariSSi aRniSnulia, rom: `saxelmwifo suverenitetis

dacva, Tundac misi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli momxreebisTvis, ar

niSnavs saxelmwifos SeuzRudav Zalauflebas, gaakeTos is, rac

moesurveba sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg... suvereniteti

ormag pasuxismgeblobas moicavs: saerTaSoriso arenaze sxva sa-

1 C. Abbot, Rights and responsibilities resolving the dilemma of humanitarian inter-

vention, Oxford research group, (2005), p. 1. 2 ruxaZe n., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sa-

marTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, 1, 2009, gv. 46, http://libra-ry.law.tsu.ge/files/Publications/Journal%20International%20Law_N1_2009.pdf


353

xelmwifoebis suverenitetis pativiscemas da qveynis SigniT

mcxovrebTa Rirsebis da fundamenturi uflebebis dacvas1.

gaeros generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma 1999 wlis seqtem-

berSi gaakeTa gancxadeba humanitarul intervenciasa da suve-

renitetis princips Soris winaaRmdegobaze: `kriminaluri qme-

debebis ganmaxorcielebelma saxelmwifoebma unda icodnen, rom

sazRvrebi ar warmoadgenen dacvis absolutur saSualebas...

adamianis uflebebis masobrivi da sistematiuri darRvevebi —

sadac ar unda ganxorcieldes isini — ar unda iqnes reagirebis

gareSe datovebuli~2.

kanadis mTavrobis mier 2000 wlis seqtemberSi daarsebulma

`intervenciisa da saxelmwifo suverenitetis saerTaSoriso ko-

misiam~ moamzada angariSi — `pasuxismgebloba dacvaze~, anu

"Responsibility to Protect" (R2P), romelSic moiTxova saxelmwifo su-

verenitetis ideis gadaxedva da, nacvlad terminisa `suvereni-

teti, rogorc kontroli~, `suvereniteti, rogorc pasuxismgeb-

loba~ SemoReba, romlis mixedviTac suverenuli saxelmwifos-

Tvis miniWebuli uflebebi, pasuxismgeblobebiT balansdeba. an-

gariSis mizania ara Caurevlobis normis gauqmeba, aramed misi

srulyofa. rodesac mSvidobiani mosaxleoba itanjeba adamianis

uflebebis mniSvnelovani darRvevebisgan da saxelmwifos ar

aqvs Zala an survili Tavidan aicilos es darRvevebi, Caurevlo-

bis principze maRla, am moqalaqeTa dacvis pasuxismgebloba un-

da dadges3.

humanitaruli intervenciis am koncefciis mixedviT, nebis-

mieri samxedro intervencia unda pasuxobdes eqvs kriteriums,

raTa Zalis gamoyeneba iyos gamarTlebuli:

1. samarTliani mizezi (Just Cause) — unda dadgindes, aris Tu

ara danaSauli, imdenad mZime, rom dasaSvebia Caurevlobis prin-

cipis darRveva. aseTi SemTxvevebia:

1 International Commission On Intervention And State Sovereignty, “The responsibility

to protect”, International development research center, (2001) p. 8 http://respon-sibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf

2 T. Weiss,“The politics of Humanitarian ideas”, security dialogue, 2000. 3 C. Abbot, Rights and responsibilities resolving the dilemma of humanitarian inter-

vention, Oxford research group, (2005), p. 8.

jaba urotaZe

354

• adamianTa sikvdilis didi masStabebi, ganxorcielebuli

genocidis mizniT an mis gareSe, romlis mizezia saxelmwifos mi-

zanmimarTuli qmedebebi an gulgriloba an moqmedebis uunaroba

an arSemdgari saxelmwifos situacia an

• farTomasStabiani eTnikuri wmenda... romelic xorciel-

deba mkvlelobebis, ZaliT gasaxlebis, teroris an gaupatiure-

bebis gziT1.

2. swori ganzraxva — intervenciis upirvelesi mizani unda

iyos adamianTa tanjvis Tavidan acileba2;

3. ukiduresi zoma — samxedro intervenciis ganxorciele-

bamde, krizisis daZlevis yvela sxva saSualebis gamoyenebis Se-

saZlebloba unda iqnes amowuruli;

4. legitimuroba — intervencia aucileblad unda iyos san-

qcirebuli gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier;

5. proporciuli zomebi — humanitaruli miznebis misaRwe-

vad degmili samxedro intervenciis masStabi, xangrZlivoba da

intensivoba unda iyos SeZlebisdagvarad minimaluri3;

6. warmatebis perspeqtiva — unda arsebobdes warmatebis

gonivruli Sansi, qmedebis Sedegi ar unda iyos umoqmedobis Se-

degze uaresi4.

aRniSnuli kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2005 wels ga-

marTul gaeros msoflio samitze miRebul iqna `pasuxismgeblo-

ba dacvaze~ koncefciis principebi, xolo 2006 wels uSiSroebis

sabWos rezoluciiT (1674) kidev erTxel dadasturda mxardaWe-

ra am koncefciis mimarT.

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTaSo-

riso xelSekruleba, romelic Zalis gamoyenebis sakiTxebs are-

gulirebs aris gaeros wesdeba. am dokumentis 2.4 muxlis mixed-

viT, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yvela wevri Tavs ika-

vebs Zalis, muqaris an misi gamoyenebisagan, rogorc nebismieri

1 International Commission On Intervention And State Sovereignty, “The responsibility

to protect”, International development research center, (2001) p. 48. responsibili-tytoprotect.org/iciss%20report.pdf

2 iqve pXII. 3 iqve pXII. 4 C. Abbot, Rights and responsibilities resolving the dilemma of humanitarian interventi-

on, Oxford research group, (2005), p9.


355

saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da politikuri damou-

kideblobis winaaRmdeg, aseve, gaeros miznebTan SeuTavsebeli

raime sxva saxiT. wesdebis me-7 Tavis Tanaxmad, Zalis gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia Tavdacvis mizniT an uSiSroebis sabWos nebar-

TviT, Tu safrTxe emuqreba saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da usaf-

rTxoebas. uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTvisTvis aucilebelia xuTi-

ve mudmivi wevris (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, ruseTi, Ci-

neTi) Tanxmoba. am debulebebidan gamomdinare calsaxaa, rom ak-

rZalulia sxva saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg humanitaruli inter-

venciis calmxrivad, anu uSiSroebis sabWos nebarTvis gareSe

ganxorcieleba.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom humanitaruli intervencia kanoni-

eria, radgan igi ar arRvevs gaeros wesdebis 2.4 muxls da ar aris

mimarTuli „saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da poli-

tikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg“, aramed igi gamiznulia

mxolod humanitaruli katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad. am-

gvari gamarTleba mouZebna belgiis mTavrobam kosovoSi inter-

vencias, Tumca am argumentis winaaRmdeg metyvelebs gaeros sa-

erTaSoriso sasamarTlos 1949 wlis gadawyvetileba korfus

srutesTan dakavSirebiT, rodesac didma britaneTma ganaxor-

ciela naRmebisgan srutis gawmendis operacia albaneTis teri-

toriul wylebSi, ramac albaneTis protesti gamoiwvia. brita-

nelebi amtkicebdnen, rom mxolod maT SeeZloT am problemis

mogvareba da maTi qmedebebi `ar uqmnidnen safrTxes albaneTis

teritoriul mTlianobas da politikur damoukideblobas~1. saqme ganixila saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom, romelmac ar ga-

iTvaliswina didi britaneTis argumentacia:

`sasamarTlo ver gaiTvaliswinebs dacvis amgvar pozicias. sa-

samarTlo Tvlis, rom e.w. intervenciis ufleba warmoadgens Za-

lismieri politikis manifestacias, romelic warsulSi gamxdara

yvelaze mZime samarTaldarRvevebis mizezi da romelsac, miuxe-

davad saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi arsebuli xarvezebisa, ar un-

da hqondes adgili saerTaSoriso samarTalSi. intervencia... bu-

nebrivia ganxorcieldeba mxolod yvelaze Zlevamosili qveyne-

1 D.W. Bowett, “Self-defence in international law”, The lawbook exchange Ltd., (2009)

p. 151.

jaba urotaZe

356

bis mier, rac advilad gamoiwvevs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ad-

ministrirebis damaxinjebas~1.

rogorc ganxilvebidan Cans, mravali mecnieri da organiza-

cia cdilobs mkafiod iqnes Camoyalibebuli da samarTlebrivad

daregulirebuli humanitaruli intervenciis cneba, gadawyve-

tilebis miRebis meqanizmebi, kriteriumebi, romlebSic gaTva-

liswinebuli iqneba darRvevebis simZimis, Zalis gamoyenebis da

pasuxis proporciulobis xarisxi.

es metad saTuTi Temebia da saWiroa samarTlisa da moralis

zRvarze siaruli, rom ar iqnes gamoyenebuli ukiduresi zomebi,

sadac Zneli iqneba sazRvris gavleba saxelmwifo suverenitetsa

da adamianis uflebebis dacvas Soris.


1. ruxaZe n., humanitaruli intervencia Tanamedrove saerTa-

Soriso samarTalSi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali,

http://library.law.tsu.ge/files/Publications/Journal%20International%20Law

_N1_2009.pdf

2. g. sanikiZe, n. kiRuraZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTier-

Tobebi, msoflio politikis globalizacia, gamomcemloba

`meridiani~, 2001 http://ucss.ge/publication/012%20Tanamedrove%-

20Saertashoriso%20Urtiertobebi.pdf

3. gaeros 1948 wlis konvencia genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan

acilebisa da dasjis Sesaxeb https://matsne.gov.ge/index.php?op-

tion=com_ldmssearch&view=docView&id=1219170&lang=ge

4. J.L. Holzgrefe, Robert O. Keohane, Humanitarian intervention: Ethical, Le-

gal and Political Dilemmas, Cambridge university press, (2003).

5. Independent international fact finding mission on the conflict in Georgia,

report, (2009).

6. D.W. Bowett, “Self-defense in international law”, The Lawbook Eexchange

Ltd., (2009).

1 ICJ, The corfu channel case, (merits), (1949), p. 35 http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/-

files/1/1645.pdf


357

7. ICJ, The Corfu channel case, (merits), (1949) http://www.icj-cij.org/docket-

/files/1/1645.pdf

8. “Humanitarian Intervention, legal and political aspects”, Danish institute of

international affairs, (1999) http://subweb.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/-

Andet/Humanitarian_Intervention_1999.pdf

9. Anne RYNIKER, The ICRC’s position on humanitarian intervention,

International review of the Red Cross, No482, (2001).

10. T.D. Gill, Humanitarian Intervention: Legality, Justice and Legitimacy, The

Global Yearbook of International Law & Jurisprudence Vol.2 2004 (2005)

p.51-74.

11. Alton Frye, Humanitarian Intervention: Crafting a Workable Doctrine, New

York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2000.

12. R. Goodman, "Humanitarian intervention and pretexts for war", the ame-

rican journal of international law, (2006) http://www.law.harvard.edu/facul-

ty/rgoodman/pdfs/RGoodmanHumanitarianInterventionPretextsforWar.pdf

13. Jeffrey Boutwell, intervention, sovereignty and international security. report

of pugwash study group meeting. 1999.

14. T. Weiss, “The politics of Humanitarian ideas”, security dialogue, 2000.

15. C. Abbot, Rights and responsibilities resolving the dilemma of humanitarian

intervention, Oxford research group, (2005).

16. International Commission On Intervention And State Sovereignty, “The

responsibility to protect”, International development research center, (2001)

http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20Report.pdf

17. Miles Kahler, “Legitimacy, humanitarian intervention, and international

institutions”, politics, philosophy and economics, (2011).

18. Terry Nardin, “The moral basis of Humanitarian Intervention”, Center for

Global Peace and Conflict Studies, University of California, 2000.

19. Mark S. Stein, Unauthorized humanitarian intervention, Social Philosophy

& Policy Foundation, 2004.

jaba urotaZe

358

Jaba Urotadze

PhD Student


"Issues of Humanitarian Intervention Definition"

Resume

Among the current events in international politics, humanitarian interven-

tion is receiving special attention. The arguments about the necessity of inter-

national armed intervention aimed at stopping gross and systematic violations of

human rights are taking place quite often in the world society.

This issue is also important for Georgia, as Russia justified its aggression

in 2008 on the basis that there was necessity of humanitarian intervention.

Knowledge and analysis of internationally recognized criteria for humanitarian

intervention will enable us to prove the irrelevance of Russia’s aggression with

international legal and ethical norms.

In this work we consider the issues of definition of humanitarian inter-

vention and its place in international law. We will also examine the conflict

between state sovereignty and human rights, and in the circumstances of the

prevalence of basic human rights over the principles of state sovereignty.

Many scientists and organizations are trying to define the following issues:

the exact criteria of humanitarian intervention, proportionate use of force,

mechanisms of decision making (who and when should intervene) etc.

The issue is highly sensitive, and it is necessary not to cross the line of jus-

tice and morality, and abstain from the extensive use of force when it becomes

hard to draw the clear line between state sovereignty and human rights.

gadaadgilebis gavlena qorwinebis procesze musulim mesxebs Soris amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

359



gadaadgilebis gavlena qorwinebis procesze

musulim mesxebs Soris amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

Sesavali

migracia ar aris axali fenomeni, — adamianebi mudmivad ga-

daadgildebian sxvadasxva adgilas da sxvadasxva motiviT. gada-

adgilebebi gansxvavebuli mizezebiT xdeba, zogjer es gamowve-

ulia sxva qveyanaSi cxovrebis Zlieri surviliT, zogjer ekono-

mikuri, politikuri garemo da pirobebi qmnis gadaadgilebis

aucileblobas. (Oudenhoven 2006). axal qveyanaSi adamianebs ux-

debaT axal garemosTan Segueba, adapatacia da zogjer asimili-

aciac.

muslimi mesxebi unikaluri jgufia, romelTac bevrjer ga-

moscades gadadgilebis siZneleebi Tavis Tavze. 1944 wels, sta-

linis brZanebiT, rogorc „arasando adamianebi“ deportirebu-

lebi iyvnen samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan uzbekeTSi, yir-

gizeTsa da yazaxeTSi. maT Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis mixed-

viT, maTi gadaadgileba sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva mizeziT mox-

da. zogjer isini msgavsi religiis pirobebSi cxovrobdnen. maga-

liTad; uzbekeTSi deportaciis Semdeg, 1944 wlidan 1989 wlamde

uzbek muslimebTan erTad, Semdeg enac da religiac gansxvavde-

boda, ruseTis federaciaSi ki marTlmadidebel qristian ru-

sebTan erTad 1989 wlidan 2005 wlamde. arsebuli gamokvlevebis

mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mahmadiani mesxebi garemos eguebod-

nen, magram maTi asimilacia arcerT qveyanaSi ar momxdara. (Trier&. Khanzhin 2007).


360

Cemi molodiniT individualisturi kulturuli garemo,

romelic amerikis SeerTebul StatebSia, aucileblad aisaxeba

muslimi mesxebis cxovrebaze. am naSromis mizania vaCveno, Tu

rogori gavlena iqonia amerikaSi gadasaxlebam muslimi mesxebis

ojaxebze, ra Seicvala maT ojaxur urTieTobebSi da aisaxa Tu

ara axal garemoSi cxovreba maTi ojaxis Seqmnis gadawyvetile-

bis miRebis procesze.

Teoriuli mimoxilva

kvlevebi ojaxTan erTad imigraciis Sesaxeb bevri ar aris.

ojaxi erTi mTliani organizmia. es aris sistema, romlis Se-

madgenel yvela nawilze nebismieri zemoqmedeba aisaxeba mTeli

ojaxis cxovrebaze, iseve rogorc piriqiT (Minuchin, 1974).

muslimi mesxebis sazogadoeba aris tradiciuli da daxuru-

li sazogadoeba, romelSic individebis qceva gansazRvrulia am

sazogadoebisTvis istoriulad mocemuli modelebiT. misTvis

damaxasiaTebelia stabiluri socialuri qcevis wesebi, rome-

lic Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. aseT sazogadoebaSi cvlileba

nela mimdinareobs, xolo TviT sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

belia meqanikuri solidaroba.

arsebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mus-

lim mesxebs nawili tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi SemorCenili

aqvT yvela qveyanaSi, sadac maT mouwiaT cxovreba (Trier, T. 2007).

muslimi mesxebis ojaxSi tradiciuli mamakacuri da qaluri

rolebi gansazRvrulia genderuli niSnis mixedviT. es koleqti-

visturi kulturis wamomadgenlobiT da maTi religiiT aris

ganpirobebuli. maTTvis damaxasiaTeblia gafarToebul ojaxe-

bad cxovrebac, ojaxebis Seqmnisas programa, mSoblebis mniSvne-

lovani roli ojaxis Seqmnis procesSi. ZiriTadad, monogamiuri

ojaxebi aqvT, aseve unda aRiniSnos genderuli segregacia ga-

naTlebaSi.

kvlevis procesSi velodi, rom muslimi mesxebis amerikaSi

cxovrebis mcire periodis miuxedavad 2005 wlidan 2014 wlam-

de, axali sacxovrebeli garemo gavlenas iqoniebda ojaxur sis-

temaze, axal formas miscemda ojaxur urTierTobebs, kerZod,


361

imis gamo rom qalebi ufro metad aqtiurebi arian ojaxis gareT

amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi, es aisaxeboda muslimi mesxebis

ojaxSi genderuli funqciebis ganawilebaze da aseve ojaxSi ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi maT monawileobaze.

kvlevebi, romelic ltolvilebis ojaxebSi gadaadgilebis

efeqts swavlobdnen, uCveneben, rom gadadgilebis Semdeg oja-

xebis struqtura icvleba, es gamoixateba sxvadasxva aspeqtSi,

kerZod, maspinZeli garemo gavlenas axdens da cvlis ojaxur mo-

delebs (Glick &Van Hook, 2002; Gratton at al 2007). axal garemoSi sa-

ojaxo saqmeebis modelebi da genderuli rolebis cvlileba

xdeba (Coben &Deng, 1998), resurs Teoriis mixedviT, ojaxSi Zala-

uflebis sturqtura SesaZlebelia Seicvalos qalTa mier miRe-

buli ganaTlebis gavleniT (Blood &Wolfe, 1960). feministur

kvlevebSi asaxulia, rom axali garemo cvlis devnilebis iden-

tobas, genders da kulturas imigrantTa ojaxebSi (Camino &

Krulfeld (ads) 1994). amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konteqstSi ki

ojaxSi qalebis poziciebi icvleba, radgan ekonomikuri Zala-

ufleba cvlis ojaxur urTierTobebs (Lim 1997; Ferree1979; Glenn

1987; Kibria, 1990, 1994).

genderuli rolebi muslimi mesxebis sazogadoebaSi fiqsi-

rebulia ise, rogorc es konservatorul sazogadoebaSia miRe-

buli. Cveulebriv, yvelaze ufrosi asakis mesxi mamakaci aris

ojaxis ufrosi (Tavi), qalebi valdebulni arian daemorCilon

mamas, Zmas, qmars. bevr mesxur ojaxSi dRemde ganawilebulia ma-

makacuri da qaluri samuSaoebi. mahmadiani mesxebis ojaxSi, ro-

gorc wesi, vaJi ufro Tavisufalia, vidre gogona. maT ojaxebSi

gogonebi SedarebiT adre Txovdebian, vidre biWebi irTaven

cols. miuxedavad amisa, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom vaJebi Zalian

mkacri disciplinis qveS imyofebian, isinic emorCilebian uf-

rosebs gakveul sakiTxebSi, es ganakuTrebiT ojaxis Seqmnas See-

xeba.

ojaxis gavlenisa da aseve genderuli segregaciis magali-

Tad SeiZleba moviyvanoT daojaxebis gadawyvetilebis miReba

muslimi mesxebis ojaxSi. roca ojaxSi wydeba Svilebis daqorwi-

nebis sakiTxi, axalgazrdebi valdebulebi arian daemorCilon


362

mSoblebis nebas „mSoblebma ukeT ician“ principiT. unda aRi-

niSnos, rom qorwinebas Zalian didi mniSnveloba aqvs muslimi

mesxebis cxovrebaSi, es aris mniSvnelovani ara mxolod im oja-

xisTvis, visac qorwili aqvs, aramed sxva potenciuri ojaxebis-

Tvisac, radgan qal-vaJis SerCeva, kvlevaSi monawileebis azriT,

swored qorwilebSi xdeba.

qorwinebas rac Seexeba, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, homogamiu-

robiT xasiaTdeba. Zalian iSviaTia Sereuli qorwinebebi. roca

coli mohyavT, qali aucileblad mesxi unda iyos, iSviTad Se-

saZlebelia ara mesxic, Tu is miiRebs qmris kulturas da Cveu-

lebebs. xolo qalis gaTxoveba SesaZlebelia saerTo religiis

da wes-Cveulebis gamo moxdes. qorwineba mesxebs Soris iTvleba

mesxebis SemakavSireblad da, aseve, xels uwyobs qalisa da mama-

kacis rolebis SenarCunebas ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi.

sakiTxis dasma

am jgufis istoriis manZilze sxvadasxva pirobebSi gamow-

rTobili ojaxuri Rirebulebebi, genderuli rolebi aqamde ar-

sebuli kvlevebis mixedviT met-naklebad SenarCunebuli iqna (Trier, T. 2007), Cemi kvlevis mizani iyo gamomekvlia amerikis Ser-

Tebul StatebSi gadmosvlis Sedegad mimdinare cvlilebebi.

imigranti da ltolvili ojaxebis kvlevis arsebuli kvleve-

bis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom miuxedavad iseTi

tradiciuli, daxuruli da patriarqaluri sazogadoebisa, ro-

goric muslimi mesxebis sazogadoebaa, axalma, sruliad gansxva-

vebulma socio-ekonomikurma da kulturulma garemom SeiZleba

gavlena iqonios maT tradiciebze. es gavlena aisaxeba cxovrebis

sxvadasxva sferoze, naSromi fokusirebulia axali garemos gav-

lenis Seswavlaze muslimi mesxebis ojaxur urTierTobebze,

kerZod, ojaxis Seqmnis procesze.

meTodologia

kvlevis procesSi vixelmZRvanele imigraciis mkvlevarebis

rCeviT (Kim at al. 2001), romlebic Tvlian, rom imigraciis proce-


363

sis Seswavlisas ufro siRrmiseuli problemebis gaanalizebis-

Tvis ukeTesia Tvisobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba.

Cem mier Catarebuli kvleva aris Tvisobrivi, romelic moi-

cavda: siRrmiseul interviuebs, jgufur Sexvedrebs, araforma-

lur saubrebs kvlevis monawileebTan da, nawilobriv, dakvirve-

bis Sedegebs.

Tvisobriv kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes pensilvaniis da

ilinoisis StatebSi mcxovrebma muslimma mesxebma. gamokiTxva

Catarda 2 etapad, 2012 wlis martsa da aprilSi pensilvaniaSi da

2014 wlis TebervalSi ilinoisis StatSi.

sul Catarda 30 siRrmiseuli interviu mahmadian mesxeb-

Tan, romlebic cxovroben amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 2005

wlidan.

kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo rogorc axalgzarda Taobam,

ise saSualod ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebma. asaki meryeob-

da 17-dan 65 wlamde.

siRrmiseul interviuebSi monawileTa sqesi,

ganaTleba da ojaxuri mdgomareoba

sqesi N asaki ganaTleba qorwineba

N 20-29 30-45 46-62 sk. teq. un. daq. dauq. qali 14 5 7 2 9 3 11 3

mamakaci 16 4 2 10 10 3 3 13 3

sul 30 9 9 12 19 6 3 24 6 SerCevisTvis gamoyenebuli iyo meTodi „Tovlis gunda“. ad-

gilobrivi Temis araformaluri xelmZRvanelebi mexmarebodnen

monawileebTan dakavSirebaSi, gamokiTxvebi Catarda maT saxleb-

Si, xolo jgufuri Sexvedrebi ilinoisis StatSi — „ahicxa Tur-

qTa“ — kulturul centrSi.

naxevrad struqturirebuli interviuebi Catarda rusul

enaze. trasnkriptebi gakeTda rusulad niujersis universi-

tetSi da ilinoisis universitetSi Cem mier. kvlevis procesi

mimdinareobda kvlevis eTikis dacvis gaTvaliswinebiT. kvlevam

gaiara instituciuri ganxilvis sabWo (IRB). gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis mixedviT gamoi-

yo 2 ZiriTadi Tema da Sesabamisi qveTemebi.


364

ZiriTadi Temebi: ojaxuri urTierTobebi, genderuli ro-

lebi.

pirvel kategoriaSi gamoiyo Semdegi qveTemebi: ojaxebis

gansaxlebis tipebi, urTierTobebi Taobebs Soris, finansebis

ganawileba ojaxSi; gadawyvetilebis miReba ojaxSi - qorwineba.

meore kategoriaSi: qalis funqcia, ojaxuri saqmianobebis

ganawileba, samuSao, ganaTleba, ojaxis ufrosi gadawyvetilebe-

bis miRebis procesSi,

arsebuli masalebis analizis safuZvelze SemiZlia gagizia-

roT ZiriTadi mignebebi. statiaSi ganxiluli iqneba am kvlevis

erTi nawili, kerZod, cvlilebebi muslimi mesxebis ojaxSi qor-

winebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi

ZiriTadi mignebebi:

rogor iqmneboda muslimi mesxebis ojaxi warsulSi

ojaxi mniSvnelovani insitutia muslimi mesxebisTvis. roca

muslimi mesxebis ojaxSi gadawyveten, rom vaJi dasaqorwinebe-

lia an qaliSvili unda gaTxovdes, iwyeba Sesabamisi ojaxis

„partiis Zebna“ an ician ojaxi, romelic maTi ojaxis Sesaferi-

sia socialurad, warmoSobiT da ekonomikurad. amis Semdeg iwye-

ba molaparakeba maT danaTesavebaze. am procesSi aqtiur monawi-

leobas iReben ojaxis mier SerCeuli naTesavebi. orive ojaxi

muslimi mesxi unda iyos, qorwineba sxva erovnebis an kulturis

warmomadgenlebze iSviaTia.

rogorc kvlevis axalgzarda da saSualo asakis monawileebi

yvebian, Zvel periodSi, maTi mSoblebis axalgazrdobaSi, iyo

SemTxvevebi roca orive ojaxi TviTon, Svilebis daukiTxavad

akeTebda arCevans da gadawyvetilebasac iRebda. qal-vaJi saer-

Tod ar iyo am procesSi CarTuli, — isini qorwilis dRes xvde-

bodnen erTmaneTs da Tanaxma iyvnen mSoblebis arCevanze. arc va-

Ji da arc qali ar ambobda uars mSoblebis gadawyvetilebaze. Za-

lian cota muslimi mesxi aprotestebda aseT gadawyvetilebas.

dauwereli kanoni, rom mSoblebi SvilebisTvis cuds ar gaakeTe-

ben moqmedebda da dResac ZalaSia.


365

„mSoblebma ukeTesad ician, ra aris CvenTvis kargi.~ — 27

wlis vaJi.

ufro mogvianebiT, ukve SerCeuli ojaxis mowonebuli qa-

liSvilis ojaxSi uSvebdnen „elCs“, adamians, romelsac mihqonda

ambavi maTi damoyvrebis survilis Sesaxeb. qaliSvilis ojaxis

Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi, vaJi midioda gogonas ojaxSi mis gasac-

nobad da xvdeboda gogonas, rasakvirvelia mesame pirTan erTad.

isini qalis ojaxSi vinme naTesavis TandaswrebiT an iqve saxlSi,

magram calke oTaxSi saubroben (rogorc isini yvebian) da bo-

los, radenime saaTiani saubris Semdeg acxadebdnen TavianT ga-

dawyvetilebas daqorwinebis Sesaxeb. amis Semdeg vaJis ojaxidan,

gogonas ojaxSi midian ojaxis ufrosi mamakacebi da qali iniSne-

boda im ritualebis Sesabamisad, rac aqvT wlebis ganmavlobaSi.

aseve Tanxmdeboda qorwilis TariRi, qorwilamde axalgazrdebi

erTmaneTs ar naxulobdnen. qorwilis dResve gogona sacxov-

reblad gadadioda vaJis ojaxSi.

`Cemi da ise gaTxovda, warmodgena ar hqonda vis mihyveboda,

qorwilis kasetaze naxes, mere saxlSi SemoTvales, rom Tqveni

ojaxis gogona mogvewonao, mamam Tanxmoba ganacxada, ufosi me

viyavi da me vTqvi, rom me uflebas vaZlev jer is gaTxovdes -

Tqo. movidnen ojaxSi, Cvens naTesav qalTan erTad, Cemi da da mo-

mavali siZe Sevidnen salaparakod, daaxloebiT 3 saaTi ilapara-

kes, gamoacxades rom Tanaxma arian . . . . dainiSnen da 3 TveSi qor-

wili gaimarTa. am 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi erTxelac ar unaxavT er-

TmaneTi, maSin arc telefonebi iyo da arc interneti. qorwilSi

mokides xeli da waiyvanes. dRes ase veravin mogeqceva, me 30

wlis var. maqvs SemoTavazebebi, magram uars vambob, radgan mxo-

lod ojaxis mowoneba araa mTavari~ - 30 wlis gogona.

ojaxis Seqmnis procesSi aris kidev erTi gza, roca qalis na-

Tesavebi (bicolebi an mamidebi), cdiloben erTi ojaxi daaaxlo-

von meoresTan, isini, ZiriTadad, dedamTilebTan cdiloben in-

formaciis gacvlas. es xdeba Semdegi saxiT. radganac muslimi

mesxebi ar kargaven erTmaneTs, xSirad dadian erTmaneTTan wveu-

lebeze, gansakuTrebiT qorwilebSi ojaxebTan erTad (didi oja-

xebiT). qorwilSi naTesavi aCvenebs dedamTils gogonas. Tu mas

es gogona moewoneba, Tavis vaJs elaparakeba rom kargi gogo Se-


366

arCies da man unda gaicnos. axalgazrdebi qorwilSic ki ar ur-

TierToben erTmaneTTan. amis Semdeg es naTesavi qali uTanxmebs

vaJis stumrobis Sesaxeb gogonas gasacnobad an vaJis mSoblebi

rekaven Tanxmobis misaRebad. magram am SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis Tan-

xmoba sakmarisi araa, — axla ukve gogonac unda iyos Tanaxma Sex-

vdes vaJs da daelaparkos momavalze.

ase grZeldeboda droTa ganmavlobaSi, ase iyo krasnodar-

Sic, Zalian cota SemTxvevaa cnobili, roca mSoblebis nebis sa-

winaRmdegod siyvaruliT qorwindebodnen, an ara mesxebTan

qmnidnen ojaxebs.

`ganqorwinebis mxriv CvenTan TiTqmis 0%-ia, swored imitom,

rom mSoblebma ukeT ician visze unda daqorwinde~ 27 wlis vaJi.

ra Seicvala da rogor iqmneba ojaxebi amerikaSi

amerikaSi muslimi mesxebi, arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT,

gafantulebi arian 33 StatSi, maTi pirveli gansaxlebis mere,

rogorc kvlevis monawileebi saubroben, Seicvales adgilmde-

bareoba, radgan:

`Cven varT xalxi, vinc erTad cxovrobs ZiriTadad, da vcdi-

lobT erTmaneTTan axlos davsaxldeT, mezoblebi naTesavebi

nacnobebi~, - 60 wlis mamkaci.

muslimi mesxebi cdiloben erT StatSi, an qalaqSi dasaxlde-

nen, erTmaneTTan axlos. es sazogadoeba daxuruli da homogami-

uri sazogadoebaa. muslim mesxebSi Temis SigniTac arCeven sa-

qarTvelodan warmomavlobis ojaxebs (soflis saxeliT ganas-

xvaveben erTmaneTs, romeli soflidanaa da SesaZlebelia Tu ara

am soflis adamianTan da naTesaveba). winaprebisgan gadmocemiT

ician ama Tu im soflis mcxovrebTa wes-Cveulebebi da amasac aq-

ceven yuradRebas amerikaSic), Sesabamisad dadian qorwilebSi,

nacnobebi rekaven erTmaneTTan da qorwilebSi epatiJebian, ame-

rikaSi manZils mniSvneloba ar aqvs, mainc midian manqaniT. am

qorwilebSi grZeldeba tradiciulad gogonebis „gadanaxule-

ba“, an biWebis mier gogonebis `SemCneva~.

`gogonebis deficitia amerikaSi~, ambobs guldawyvetili,

kvlevaSi monawile 54 wlis mamakaci.


367

amerikaSi cxovrebis Semdeg gansxvaveba is aris, rom xandaxan

ambis motanis Semdeg iwyeba suraTebis Tvaliereba socialur

qselebSi, ZiriTadad es „odnoklasnikebia“, sadac xdeba ojaxis

wevrebis mier gogonebis SeTvaliereba. qorwilebSi ki naTesavi

qali cdilobs aCvenos qal-vaJs erTmaneTi, mas Semdeg rac es de-

damTilTan aris SeTanxmebuli. dedamTili centraluri figu-

raa, mTvaria mas moewonos sarZlo.

„es imitom, rom deda da Cemi coli arian saxlSi, ZiriTadad,

dadedamTilic wynar da Tvinier gogos arCevs, romelmac kargad

icis Cveni wesebi“ — ambobs 27 wlis vaJi.

gansxvaveba amerikaSi cxovrebis mere isaa, rom Zalian

mniSnvelovania gogonas Tanxmoba. Tu is ar aris Tanaxma, veravin

aiZulebs mas mSoblebis nebaze iaros.

`qalebi mixvdnen, rom maT amerikaSi aqvT iseTive uflebebi,

rogoric mamakacebs,~ ambobs 27 wlis gogona.

aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom gogonebis aseT TavisuflebaSi

did rols TamaSoben gogonas dedebi, romlebic qaliSvilebis

mxares iWeren, rogorc muslimi mesxi axalgzarda biWebi ambo-

ben.

`TavianTi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, TviTon xom zustad

igive gza gaiares da ar undaT TavianTma Svilebmac igive gziT

iaron“ — 25 wlis vaJi. aq, am garemoSi maT aqvT amis gamoxatvis

saSualeba.

damatebiTi faqtori Tavisulebisa is aris, rom amerikaSi

TiTqmis yvela ojaxi muSaobs, ekonomikuri mdgomareoba TiT-

qmis yvelas normalurad aqvs, Zvel cxovrebasTan SedarebiT, es

ki gavlenas axdens qalebis Tavisuflebaze da maT mier aseTi ga-

dawyvetilebis miRebaze.

`roca ojaxSi finansuri saSualeba aris, aseTi ojaxis gogo-

nebi pretenziulebi arian, kaprizulebi da maT advilad ver mia-

Rebineb gadawyvetilebas~ — aRniSnavs 54 wlis mamakaci.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca go-

gona uars ambobs swavlis dasrulebis mizeziT. mSoblebic Tan-

xmdebian da SemoTavazebaze uars amboben, radagan amerikaSi go-

gonebi Zalian motivirebulebi arian ganaTlebis misaRebad da

mSoblebic xels uwyoben ganaTlebis dasrulebaSi.


368

`ganaTleba kargia qalisTvis, rom qmris gverdze dgoma

SeZlos, finansurad Semomtani iyos ojaxSi~ - 47 wlis mamakaci.

Tuki krasnodarSi gogonebs skolidan aTxovebdnen, aq sko-

lis dasruleba aucilebelia, mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba sau-

bari gaTxovebaze, xolo Tuki gogonam gadawyvita kolejSi swav-

la, ojaxi cdilobs gverdSi daudges. amerikis mTavrobis daxma-

rebac xels uwobs maT gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcielebaSi, mag-

ram Semdeg sxva problema dgeba, ganaTlebul gogonebs aRar un-

daT `gaunaTlebel~ vaJebze gaTxoveba, mSoblebi maTze gavlenas

veRar axdenen, esec cvlilebaa amerikaSi gadmosvlis Semdeg. ko-

lejdamTavrebuli gogonebi ukve ganaTlebul biWebs eZeben.

`Cemma gogom daamTavra umaRlesi. 24 wlisaa, magram ar mos-

wons aravin da eZebs ganaTlebuls, rac naTesavebis mxridan main-

cdamainc mowonebas ar imsaxurebs.~- 57wlis mamakaci.

„maT swavla ar undaT, advilad undaT fulis Sovna, mxolod

gadamzidavi manqanebis tareba SeuZliaT. mTeli kvirebi da Tvee-

bi ar arian saxlSi. aba, es ra ojaxia“ — ambobs 17 wlis gogona.

amerikaSi, Tu gogona dasTanxmda Sexvedras, vaJTan Sexved-

ris mere isini erTmaneTSi telefonis nomrebs cvlian da ase

ekontaqtebian erTmaneTs, Tu erTsa da imave qalaqSi cxovroben

SeiZleba ramdenjerme Sexvdnen kidec.

`unda gaicno adamiani, Tumca amisTvis es dro ar aris sakma-

risi~ — 17-24 wlis gogonebi amboben.

cvalebadobas ara marto gogonebi aRniSnaven, aramed biWe-

bic xazs usvamen. rogorc muslimi mesxi biWebi amboben, mSoble-

bi isev mniSnvnelovanni darCnen, magram sxva rameebi mainc Seic-

vala cotaTi mainc, kerZod:

`me daviniSne am wesebis mixedviT, da Semdeg Sexvedrebi rom

daviwyeT, mivxvdiT, rom Cven ar viyaviT erTmaneTisTvis da dav-

SordiT. es sxva dros da sxvagan ar moxdeboda~ (25 wlis vaJi)

amerikaSi, iseve rogorc krasnodarSi, rogorc Cemi infor-

mantebi amboben, Tu qal-vaJs erTmaneTi moewonaT, mere saqmis

kursSi ayeneben mSoblebs, mSoblebi gaikiTxav-gamoikiTxaven,

Tu ojaxebi Sesabamisia erTmaneTis, maSin Tanxmdebian da iwyeba

elCebis gagzavna, Tu ase ar aris, maSin mSoblebs SeuZliaT am

qorwinebis CaSla.


369

àmerikaSi qalebma amoisunTqes. Tvalebi gaaxiles, dainaxes,

rom maTac aqvT uflebebi~ - 30 wlis gogona.

àq qalebi ufro Tavisuflebi arian vidre iyvnen, — vswav-

lobT, vmuSaobT, manqanebs vatarebT.~ — 20 wlis gogona.

vaJebi Tvlian rom Seicvala raRacebi.

`mxolod mama ver gadawyvets Cven beds, me 2-jer CameSala ase

colis moyvanis procesi, detalebze ar vilaparkeb,~ — 25 wlis

vaJi asec xdeba, axalgazrebi iziareben rom maTi cxovreba maTi

gadasawyvetia da mSoblebis Careva kargad ar mTavrdeba xolme.

àse mSoblebis gadwyvetilebiT Seqmnili ojaxebi pantapun-

tiT ingreva, aRmoaCenen rom ar arian erTmaneTisTvis da dam-

Tavrda~ (28 wlis vaJi) Tumca patriarqaluri sazogadoebisTvis

damaxasiTebeli Tavisebureba, rom qalebis Tavisufleba

maTTvis mosawoni araa, aSkaraa.

àmerikaSi ufro xSiria ganqorwineba, vidre es odesme yofi-

la, esec qalebis Tavisuflebaa~ — 26 wlis vaJi.

Sedegebi da daskvnebi

rogorc kvlevam aCvena, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi cxov-

rebam gavlena iqonia muslimi mesxebis cxovrebis stilze: oja-

xis struqturaze, Zalauflebis ganawilebaze ojaxSi, ojaxis

Seqmnis procesze.

imigraciis procesSi Cven kvlevaSi monawile muslim mesxeb-

Tan SenarCunebulia, rogorc minuxini ambobs, ojaxuri rolebis

struqtura, — yvelas Tavisi roli aqvs da tradiciebis Sesabami-

sad asruleben am rolebs: meuRlis, dedis, mamis, qaliSvilis, va-

Jis, bebiis, babuis, dedamTlis, mamamTilis, sidedris, simamris,

rZlis, ufrosi Zmis da a. S.

SenarCunebulia ojaxuri wesebis (aRiarebuli da uxmo wese-

bi) (Bowen M 1978) struqura. amaze metyvelebs, dRemde arsebu-

li „mSoblebma Cvenze ukeT ician“ gamonaTqvami, romelic miuxe-

davad gansxvavebuli garemo pirobebisa da finansuri damouki-

deblobisa, dRemde muSaobs.


370

isini myarad mihyvebian homogamiuri qorwinebis wesebs, ro-

melic aseve xazs usvams maT TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas da ga-

remosTan asimilaciis winaaRmdegobas.

daskvna

es aris unikaluri jgufi adamianebisa, romelmac bevrjer

ganicada adgilmonacveleoba da yvela gadaadgilebisas, ameri-

kaSi gadmosvlamde, inarCunebda Tavis saxes da TviTmyofadobas.

maT didi xani icxovres sabWoTa kavSirSi gadasaxlebasa da gada-

adgilebaSi, (uzbekeTsa da ruseTSi), xolo amerikaSi ki, miuxe-

davad maTi aq cxovrebis mcire droisa da gamocdilebisa, cvli-

leba saxezea.

meqanizmebi, romelic am yvelaferze zegavlenas axdens, Cemi

azriT, aris sxva tipis ganaTleba, romelsac isini iReben ameri-

kis SeerTebul StatebSi. Sromis bazari romelic, aseve, aris

gansxvavebuli sabWoTa da postsabWoTa sivrceebisgan. ganaT-

leba da Sromis bazari met damoukideblobas aniWebs qalebs da

axalgazrdebs ojaxSi.

SegviZlia gavaerTianoT feministuri (Camino & Krulfeld (ads)

1994) da resursebis (Blood & Wolfe, 1960) Teoriis mosazrebebi da

vTqvaT, rom muslimi mesxebis ojaxebSi, romlebic amerikis Se-

erTebul StatebSi cxovroben, icvleba qalebis ganaTleba da

ekonomikuri stabiluroba, rac gavlenas axdens ojaxSi gadawy-

vetilebis miRebis procesze, genderuli rolebis gadanawile-

baze da kulturul cvalebadobaze.

savaraudod, es procesi gangrZobadia. interviuebs Soris

orwlianma gansxvavebam aCvena, rom cvlilebebs kidev eqneba ad-

gili momavalSi.


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14. Oudenhoven J.P (2006)The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psy-

chology edited by D.L. Sam & J. Berry. Cambridge University press 2006.

15. Trier, T. Tarkhan-Mouravi,G. Kilimnik, F (2011) “Meskhetians: Home-

ward Bound...” Published by European Centre for Minority Issues –

Caucasus.

16. Trier, Tom and Andrei Khanzhin, eds. 2007.The Meskhetian Turks at a

Crossroads: Integration, Repatriation or Resettlement? Berlin, Germany:

LITVerlag: Berlin.

Ekaterine Pirtskhalava

Assistant Professor


Displacement Effects on the Marriage

Process among Muslim Meskhetians in the USA

Resume

This paper is e a part of my research, which examines how the processes of

relocation to the USA influence the everyday lives of the Muslim Meskhetians,

a group that originated on the territory of Georgia and that has been subjected to

external rule and multiple forced displacements in the twentieth century. Most

recently, a large number of the Muslims Meskhetian were granted refugee status

and resettled in the United States of America. Guided by the previous studies

on cultural adaptation and identity maintenance, I explore how this group has

negotiated resettlement in the United States. I analyze the in-depth interviews

with the immigrants, who live in the states of Pennsylvania and Illinois, to

illustrate the changes and effects of the relocation on the on the marriage

process among Muslim Mesketians in the USA. I focus on the following

important areas: suitable spouse choosing process, family member involving in

arrangement marriage, and decision making process in family about marriage.

This article finds that Muslim Meskhetians, who are unique groups, who

have endured a long history of displacement that has does not changed their

family patterns and tradition, now in the U.S are carefully negotiating traditional

values of patriarchal religious conservatism with contemporary American

liberalism.

monumentalizmi da mexsierebis politika Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi

373

Tamar qaraia asistent profesori, Tsu


sabWoTa imperiis daSlis Semdeg yofilma mokavSire qveyneb-

ma — saxelmwifoebriobis mSenebloba axlidan daiwyes, risTvi-

sac saWiro iyo eris konsolidacia axali idealebis garSemo da

nacionaluri identobis Camoyalibeba, romelic daupirispirde-

boda Zvel, „sabWoTa moqalaqes“, romelsac sabWoTa mesveurebi qmnidnen. identobis Camoyalibebis process Tan axlda axali ko-

leqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmnisken mimarTuli politikis ganxor-

cieleba, romelic miznad koloniuri mexsierebisagan ganTavi-

suflebas da istoriuli movlenebis arsebuli interpretaciis gadafasebas isaxavda. Sedegad, daiwyo miCqmaluri faqtebis ga-

momzeureba, romelic sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis iyo miuRebe-

li da es yovelive sabWoTa gmirebis da dResaswaulebis daviwye-

bis fonze xdeboda. Sesabamisad, daviwyeba da gaxseneba gaxda mexsierebis politikis umTavresi strategia, romlis saboloo daniSnuleba damoukidebeli saxelmwifos erovnuli identobis

Camoyalibeba iyo. identoba da mexsiereba, orive unda ganvixiloT, rogorc

dinamikuri procesi, romelic konstruqcionisturi xedvis Ta-

naxmad mudmivad icvleba, da, am cvlilebis Sesabamisad, for-

mirdeba sazogadoebis fundamenturi Rirebulebebi, miznebi da interesebi. koleqtiuri mexsiereba warmoadgens saukeTeso in-

dikators, Tu rogor iazrebs sazogadoba sakuTar Tavs da

„sxvebs“, rac, TavisTavad, asaxvas hpovebs mis prioritetebSi da, Sesabamisad, miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom mexsiereba erovnuli identobis umTavresi komponentia, mas

Tamar qaraia

374

rTaven politikis diskursSi da metic, SesaZlebelia, visaub-

roT „mexsierebis oficialur politikaze“, romelic sxvadasxva strategiis gamoyenebiT qmnis sazogadoebriv azrs ama Tu im movlenis garSemo.

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis brZola sabWoTa monumenturuli arqiteqturisgan ganTavisuflebiT daiwyo, radganac, is ar Seesabameboda axal suliskveTebas, romelic sabWoTa identobis Canacvlebas cdilobda. Sesabamisad, iden-

tobis konstruirebis procesi SesaZlebelia gavaanalizoT ara mxolod politikuri da ideologiuri orientirebis, aramed vi-

zualuri, monumentalur-arqiteqturul nagebobaTa SeswavliT.

arqiteqtura, rogorc politikuri iaraRi gamoyenebis did periods iTvlis, radganac mmarTvelobis stilis da Rirebule-

bebis gamoxatva da sazogadoebisaTvis misi mudmivi Sexseneba,

swored monumentalizmis, e.w. „mexsierebis adgilebis“ SeqmniT miiRweva. saqarTvelo, msgavsad sxva sabWoTa saxelmwifoebisa, CaerTo sabWoTa monumentur memkvidreobasTan „brZolis“ pro-

cesSi, romelic SesaZlebelia davyoT or nawilad: pirveli eta-

pi emTxveva XX saukunis 90-ian wlebs, rodesac imperiis ngrevis-

Tanave komunist beladTa Zeglebis didi nawili Camoagdes. Tum-

ca gacilebiT gaazrebuli politika, romelsac SesaZlebelia meore etapi vuwodoT 2006 wlidan, saqarTvelosa da ruseTs So-

ris urTierTobaTa daZabvis Semdeg, daiwyo da gansakuTrebiT agvistos omis Semdeg gamwvavda, rodesac sabWoTa beladTa Zeg-

lebi, rogorc erT-erTi simbolo ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoC-

nda.

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg axali epoqis sastarto piro-

bebis xelSemwyobi erT-erTi faqtori xelisuflebis erTgvari

mesianisturi aRqma iyo, romlis Tanaxmadac qveyanaSi axali Zala gamoCnda. yvelaze rTul situaciaSi, am Zalas unda exsna saxel-

mwifo im mZime mdgomareobidan, romelSic is TiTqmis aTwleu-

lis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda1. amas Tan erTvoda prezident mi-

1 es ar iyo mxolod sazogadoebis ganwyoba, Tavad xelisuflebis war-

momadgenlebic TavianT gamosvlebSi xels uwyobdnen am grZnobis gan-


375

xeil saakaSvilis qarizmatuli Tvisebebi da TviTaRqmac. Tavad prezidentis gancxadebis Tanaxmad am etapze ers hqonda unika-

luri Sansi Sesuliyo istoriaSi, rogorc „Taoba, romlis Za-

lisxmeviTa da uSualo monawileobiT, pirvelad, daviT aRmaSe-

neblis epoqis Semdeg, saqarTvelo xelaxla gaerTianda1“.2

sazogadoebis xelisuflebisadmi pozitiuri ganwyobis erT-

erT mniSvnelovan xelSemwyob faqtors warmoadgenda, aseve, xe-

lisuflebis politika, romelic simbolisturi da komemoraci-

uli RonisZiebebisadmi did miswrafebas ganicdida. Tuki gamo-

viyenebT pier noras koncefcias „mexsierebis adgilebis“ Seqmnis Sesaxeb, postrevoluciuri mTavroba, aRniSnuli politikis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi gatarebaze iyo orientirebuli. am qme-

debis daniSnuleba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sazogadoebis konsolidacia da mmarTvelTa legitimurobis arsebuli niSnu-

lis SenarCuneba iyo. rTuli xanis daZlevis da Zveli didebis dabrunebisaTvis

brZolis dawyebis alegoria SesaZloa veZeboT mixeil saakaSvi-

lis mier inauguraciisas ficis daviT aRamaSeneblis saflavze dadebiT.

„...dRes saqarTvelo danawevrebulia, dRes qarTveli xalxi damcirebulia! ... saqarTvelo arsebobda, saqarTvelo arsebobs da yovelTvis iarsebebs. saqarTvelo ar momkvdara. Cven yvelam erTad unda vTqvaT, ermac da bermac, mTavrobamac da yvela ada-

mianma, Cvenma moqalaqem, yvelam... yvelaferi unda gadavdoT

viTarebas. mag., mogvianebiT, Tavis erT erT gamosvlaSi prezidentma saakaSvilma aRniSna „...darwmunebuli viyavi, rom dRevandeli msof-lios istoriaSi saqarTvelo, misi simciris miuxedavad, sulier mi-sias aiRebda da axla am istoriuli misiis Sesrulebis dro dadga“. 25 maiss saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma wlis Sema-

jamebeli brifingi gamarTa. 26.05.2005 1 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla zugdidSi.

20.11.2005 2 sainteresoa is faqti, rom mixeil saakaSvili asociaciuri kavSiris

damyarebas, ufro metad, daviT aRmaSenebelTan cdilobda, vidre saqarTvelos damoukidebeli respublikis pirvel xelisuflebasTan, rac SesaZloa am ukanasknelis social-demokratiuli ideologiisad-mi kuTvnilebiT da daviTis warmatebuli mmarTvelobis stiliT iyo

ganpirobebuli.

Tamar qaraia

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gverdze, unda movemzadoT, unda gaverTiandeT, gavZlierdeT da aRvadginoT saqarTvelos erTianoba da mTlianoba. es aris Cemi cxovrebis mizani.“1 am sityvebiT prezidenti miuTiTebda im gamowvevebze, romlebic axali xelisuflebis winaSe idga da, amave dros, mizanze, romlis gansaxorcieleblad is xelisufle-

baSi modioda.

ficis saflavze dadeba iyo Jesti, maCvenebeli imisa, rom, rogorc daviT aRmaSenebeli iyo yvelas mefe, miuxedavad sar-

wmunoebisa, qonebisa, erovnebisa, aseve saqarTvelos preziden-

ti acxadebda, rom is iqneboda yvelas prezidenti da, amasTana-

ve, mouwodebda yvelas visac qveyanaze guli Sestkioda gaerTia-

nebuliyvnen samSoblos siyvaruliT da gaegrZelebinaT is esta-

feta, romelic gmirma winaprebma datoves „..daviTis saflavze Cven yvelam erTad unda vTqvaT, saqarTvelo moemzadeba, saqar-

Tvelo gaerTiandeba, saqarTvelo gaZlierdeba da saqarTvelo gamTliandeba. saqarTvelo Seikvreba erT Zlier saxelmwifod. me minda, Tqveni daxmareba viTxovo am saqmis ganxorcielebaSi. me minda, yvelani erTad davdgeT da yvelani erTmaneTs davud-

geT gverdiT...“2

ceremonias sazogadoebaSic Sesabamisi reqcia da molodine-

bi hqonda. paralelebi daviT aRmaSeneblis adreul asakSi game-

febasTan da saqarTvelosTvis uCveulo axalgazrda piris pre-

zidentad arCevasTanac ki gaivlo, quTaisis (sadac prezidentma fici dado) Teatris fasadze gamofenili baneri xalxs Seaxse-

nebda, rom gelaTSi prezident mixeil saakaSvilis inauguracia

iyo „daviT aRmaSeneblis gza - rwmenisa da mamulis xsnisaTvis“. Zvelisadmi Zireulad gamijvnis kidev erT simbolur gamo-

xatulebas saxelmwifos axali simbolikebis Seqmna warmoadgen-

da, rodesac axali gerbi, droSa da himni xazgasmiT miuTiTebda saqarTvelos gmirul warsulze, diad brZolaze, maTdami mem-

kvidreobiTobaze da amave dros sazogadoebis konsolidacias cdilobda erTi miznis garSemo, radganac saxelwifo simbolika

1 prezident m. saakaSvilis sainauguracio sityva 25.01.2004. www.priesi-

dent.gov.ge (moZiebulia 04.04.2011) 2 iqve.


377

erTi ZiriTadi lozungis garSemo gaerTianda, romlis Tanaxma-

dac „Zala erTobaSi“ iyo1. garda saxelmwifo simboloebis Secvlisa, xelisufleba Ta-

vad qmnida axal simbolos, romelic gamoxatavda im ideas, rom-

liTac revoluciis Semdeg movidnen xelisuflebaSi, Tanac me-

sianuri suliskveTebis matarebeli iqneboda. aseT simbolos vardebis revoluciidan sami wlis Tavze Tavisuflebis moedan-

ze sazeimod aRmarTuli wminda giorgis qandakeba ganasaxiereb-

da, romelic sazogadoebis nawilisaTvis wmindanad aRiqmeboda

nawilisaTvis erTgvari kitCi iyo, Tumca alegoriulad is uCve-

nebda, rom giorgobas (23 moembers, vardebis revoluciis dRes,

aseve 6 maiss aslan abaSiZis mier baTumis datovebis dRes, aseve giorgobas) saqarTvelom daamarcxa boroteba, warsulSi dato-

va rTuli periodi da axla gamarjvebebis da winsvlis dro iyo. meore tendencia, romelic SeimCneva xelisuflebis politi-

kaSi istoriuli gmirebisadmi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebule-

baa, xdeba erTgvari „warsulis aRmoCena“, romelsac Tuki erik

hobsbaumis Teoriis farglebSi ganvixilavT, miznad sazogadoe-

baSi rwmenis gaRviveba, misi konsolidacia edo. Tu gadavxedavT

mexsierebis strategiebs es erTgvarad `damfuZnebeli mamebis~

Sesaxeb miTebis Seqmnas uaxlovdeba, ramdenadac am gmirebis gax-

senebiT sazogadoebas mouTxrobdnen, Tu rogor SeZlo saqar-

Tvelom gaevlo amdeni Znelbedobis Jami da gadarCeniliyo.

amasTanave, amave gmirebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT aseve usa-

xaven awmyosa da momavlis samoqmedo gegmas, Tu maSin gadavrCiT,

axlac gadavrCebiT. iseve rogorc dRes saqarTvelos aqvs uam-

ravi problema, mteric arasodes gamolevia, „...am qalaqs (Tbi-

liss) araerTi zesaxelmwifos xelmZRvaneli unaxavs, magram isi-

1 garda axali simbolikis miRebisa, aseve, didi aqcenti keTdeboda sa-

zogadoebaSi maT popularizaciaze, ramac Sedegs miaRwia „am droSas sxvadasxva dResaswaulis dros xalxi Tavad fens, rac komunistebis periodisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli movlenaa... dRes saqarTve-loSi, erovnebis miuxedavad, arc erTi bavSvi ar aris, romelmac sa-kuTari qveynis himni ar icis. 22.11.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mi-xeil saakaSvilma saerTaSoriso forumi `evropis gaTavisuflebis axali talRa, demokratia da transformacia~ gaxsna.

Tamar qaraia

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ni saqarTveloSi modiodnen rogorc dampyroblebi sakuTar ko-

loniaSi. maTi aq mosvla ngrevis, sisxlisa da cremlis mizezi da Sedegi iyo“ 1.

dResac saqarTvelos araerTi gamowveva aqvs esenia terito-

riuli mTlianobis aRdgena, saxelmwifo aparatis gajansaReba

da, rac mTavaria, sazogadoebisaTvis rwmenis dabruneba, rom:

„Cven istoriuli procesis momswreni varT. unda gvesmodes, rom praqtikulad axali qarTuli saxelmwifo iqmneba. Tavisi insti-

tutebiT, mentalitetiT, unar-CvevebiT, gansakuTrebuli tra-

diciebiT.2 am fonze umniSvnelovanesia istoriuli gmirebis gaxseneba,

romelTa umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania, rom isini qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZodnen (farnavazi da quji, daviT aRma-

Senebeli, vaxtang gorgasali). amasTanave, samSoblo ixsenebs da

pativs scems maT da amis gamoxatuleba iyo magaliTad, 1924 wlis

ajanyebis gmiris qaquca ColoyaSvilis neStis gadmosveneba 2005

wels, romelic saxalxo dResaswaulad iqca da romliTac xazi

gaesva im faqts, rom samSoblo ibrunebda gmirebs, romelnic qveynis ganTavisuflebis ideas Seewirnen. es iyo erTgvari kome-

moraciuli aqcia, romliTac sazogadoebisTvis erTdroulad xdeboda daviwyebuli warsulis moTxroba da, amave dros, Cvene-

ba, Tu rogori unda iyos sanimuSo qarTveli.

qaquca mniSvnelovania qarTul istoriul narativSi, ramde-

nadac misi saxe qarTuli valutis kupiurazec aisaxa da saxeli-

suflebo diskursSic araerTxel iqna gamoyenebuli, rogorc magaliTi winaaRmegobis moZraobisa, romelic warumateblad dasrulda, magram datova anderZi, rac axalma Taobam unda Seas-

rulos. 3

1 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro gamosvla buSis

vizitTan dakavSirebiT. 2005-05-10. www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebulia 04.05.2011)

2 prezident m. saakaSvilis sainauguracio sityva 25.01.2004. www.priesi-dent.gov.ge (moZiebulia 04.04.2011)

3 mogvianebiT, mexsierebis strategiis cvlilebasTan erTad, qaqucas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa, kerZod TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolidan aqcenti ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaze iqna gadatanili.


379

mxolod istoriul warsulze apelireba ar iyo sakmarisi sa-

zogadoebis konsolidaciisa da mentalitetis cvlilebisTvis, maT sWirdebodaT magaliTebi Tanamedroveobidan, romelTac mibaZavdnen da romelTa qcevac mowonebuli da dafasebuli iq-

neboda. amasTanave, Cveni drois gmirebis Cveneba iqneboda er-

Tgvari progresis maCvenebeli, rom sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebis yinuli daiZra da saWiroa yvelani CaverToT am procesebSi.

„axali saqarTvelos namdvili gmirebi“1, SesaZloa yofiliyvnen rogorc rigiTi adamianebi, arakorumpirebuli saxelmwifo mo-

xeleebi, mSoblebi, romelTac Svilebi jarSi gauSves2 an, aseve, namdvili gmirebi, romelTac saqarTvelos erTianobas Seswires Tavi. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe unda Cabmuliyo qveynis mSeneblobis saqmeSi, unda gamxdariyo Cveni drois gmiri

an moxalise, radganac „pirvelad, mas Semdeg, rac daviTis, Tama-

ris, giorgi brwyinvalis dros saqarTvelos hyavda moxaliseTa jari3,“ axla gaCnda SesZlebloba saqarTvelom aRadginos isto-

riuli warsuli da isev hyavdes msgavsi jari. aRniSnulis reali-

zeba rezervistebis programis SemuSaveba iyo, rodesac TiToe-

uli moqalaqes unda gaevlo samxedro wvrTnebi, SeeZina garkve-

uli samxedro unar-Cvevebi, raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gam-

xdariyo samSoblos rigiTi jariskaci.

Tumca gmiruli warsulis paralelurad, diskursSi aseve Cndebian personaJebi, romlebic saxelmwifoebriobas safrTxes uqmnidnen, romelTa „razmelebi sofel-sofel dadiodnen da xalxs eubnebodnen: qarTvelebo, ar gamoxvideT, mteri asjer

Zlieria da is arafers dagviSavebs, – magram movida mteri, ro-

melmac miwasTan gaaswora, gadawva Tbilisi, namusi axada qveya-

nas da qarTvelebis Ralatis gamo saqarTvelos damoukideblo-

1 saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili parlamentSi wlis saanga-

riSo moxsenebiT gamovida. 24.02.2005 www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebu-

lia24.05.2012) 2 26.05.2004 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro gamo-

svla saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRisadmi miZRvnil aRlumze www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebulia 04.05.2011)

3 25.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma pervelkur-

selebs sityviT mimarTa www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebulia 24.05.2012)

Tamar qaraia

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bas wertili dausva.1“, da romlebic gvaxsovdes, gardamaval etapze saWiroa sifrTxile, radganac msgavsi precedentebi ar gameordes. amasTanave, safrTxis SegrZneba gansakuTrebiT gaZ-

lierda 2005 wlisTvis, rodesac politikur arenaze gamoCnden adamianebi, romlebic sabWoTa samxedro samsaxurebTan asocir-

debodnen (igor giorgaZe) da romelTac xelisuflebis sawina-

aRmdegod daiwyes aqtiuroba, amas emateba urTierTobis daZabva ruseTis federaciasTan. amis fonze mexsierebis politika uf-

ro metad gaaqtiurda da is saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis politi-

kis nawili gaxda.

politikuri prioritetebis cvlilebasTan erTad, dRis wesrigSi dgeba stalinis, rogorc sabWoTa diqtatoris gadafa-

sebis sakiTxi. Sesabamisad misi saxeli politikur diskursSi ga-

moCnda. oRond am gamoCenas negatiuri datvirTva qonda da sab-

WoTa kavSiris represiebis avtorad aRiqmeboda, ramac, Tavis

mxriv, gamoiwvia beladis da meore msoflio omis monumentebis

saqarTveloSi arsebobis racionalurobis sakiTxis dasma.

amasTanave, SeimCneva beladis dadebiTad aRqmisa da am ideis

gavrcelebisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba. magaliTad, 2007

wlis TebervalSi telekompania rusTavi 2-is eTerSi daiwyo se-

rial „stalini LIVE~-is Cveneba, romelSic naCvenebi iyo ioseb

stalinis cxovrebis ukanaskneli Tve, romelSiac beladi ixse-

nebs ganvlil gzas da bolos sakuTari qmedebebis monaniebas cdilobs. telekompaniis generaluri direqtori aRniSnuli se-

rialis reklamirebisas acxadebda: `es filmi mayurebels saSua-

lebas aZlevs gaigos, raze fiqrobda stalini, vin sZulda da vin uyvarda; aseve gaigos iyo Tu ara stalini marTla aseTi cudi rogorc Cven amdeni wlebi TavSi gviWedavdnen da Turme es yve-

laferi ase ar yofila~2. aRniSnulma gancxadebam, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis

mkacri kritika gamoiwvia. mas samarcxvino da skandaluri Sefa-

1 11.09.2005 saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla pa-

triotTa pirvel erovnul forumze 2 lustracia stalinze debatebis fonze. 17.02.2007. http://www.civil.-

ge/geo/article.php?;d=14829.


381

seba uwodes, radganac sisxliani tiranis miTis Zlieri qarTve-

li politkosiT Canacvlebis mcdelobis gansxvavebulad Sefa-

seba ver moxdeboda. arxis sapasuxo gancxadebis Tanaxmad, saqar-

TveloSi jer kidev iyvnen didi raodenobiT adamianebi, romel-

TaTvis stalinis saxeli mniSvnelovani iyo da, Sesabamisad, fil-

mi swored maTze iyo gaTvlili.

diskursSi okupaciis, represiebis da sabWoTa kavSiris poli-

tikis negatiuri Sefasebis mcdelobis damkvidrebisas SesamCne-

via e.w. hegemonuri narativis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba1, romlis drosac sazogadoebisaTvis konkretuli momentebis Txrobas, da-

maxsovrebas Tan axlavs Sesabamisi vizualuri mxardaWerac, rac monumentebis gadatana/Camogdeba/SeqmnaSi gamoixateba.

stalinis Sefasebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebulad mwvave 2008 wlis ruseT saqarTvelos omis Semdeg gaxda da daukavSirda

omisgan yvelaze metad dazaralebuli qalaqis - goris moedanze stalinis monumentis arsebobis marTebulobis sakiTxs.

saxelisuflebo wreebSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanax-

mad, qalaqSi, romelic omis dros permanentulad da daundob-

lad ibombeboda rusi agresorebis mier, ar SeiZleboda mdgari-

yo sabWoTa beladis qandakeba, romelsac didi wvlili miuZRo-

da bolSevikebis mier demokratiuli saqarTvelos aneqsiaSi da im mZime mdgomarebaSi, raSic dResdReobiT qveyana imyofeboda. amasTanave, sabWoTa kavSiris samarTalmemkvidre ruseTis fede-

racia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, cdilobda aRedgina stalinis

droindeli imperia, kvlavac agrZelebda saqarTvelos okupaci-

as da saqarTvelos teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawilis mita-

cebasTan erTad aTaseulobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. goris centralur moedanze mdgari Zegli, aseve, ewinaaR-

mdegeboda saxelmwifos oficialur politikas, romelic war-

sulis Sefasebas da sazogadoebaSi sabWoTa mentalitetis dam-

sxvrevas iTvaliswinebda. prezident mixeil saakaSvilis gancxa-

debiT XXI saukuneSi, rodesac saqarTvelos aqvs Tavisi damou-

kidebeli istoria, am qveyanaSi ar SeiZleba erTdroulad arse-

bobdes okupaciis muzeumi da okupantTa Zeglebi. radganac sa-

1 Sontag, Susan. Regarding the Pain of Others. New York: Picador, 2003. 85–88. Print.

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fuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos, rogorc Tavisufali

qveynis mentalitets da saxelmwifoebriv prioritetebs.1

aRniSnuli Zeglis qalaqis centridan gadatanis idea 2008 wels mTavrobis sxdomaze gacxadda, rodesac vice premierma gi-

orgi baramiZem xazi gausva, rom mudmivad TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli ers ar SeiZleba Tavisuflebis simbolod okupantis Zegli hqondes, mxolod im argumentze dayrdnobiT, rom is sa-

qarTveloSi daibada2. oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad, goris centralur moe-

danze Zeglis arseboba „axirebuli da gaugebari daudevroba

iyo“,3 romelic saxelmwifos idiotur mdgomareobaSi ayenebda

(gia nodia). aRniSnul iniciativas mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi miesalmnen, magram sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli reaqcia gamo-

iwvia. kerZod, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da politikosTa war-

momadgenlebi or banakad daiyvnen. nawili mxars uWerda Zeglis aRebas, meore nawili ki aprotestebda. orive mxare xazs usvam-

da, rom aRniSnul gadawyvetilebas politikuri sarCuli hqon-

da, rasac Zeglis gadatanis momxreebi dadebiT, xolo mowinaaR-

mdegeebi uaryofiT mxared miiCnevdnen. Zeglis gadatanis momxreTa Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli gadawyve-

tileba, saxelmwifos mxridan emsaxureboda xazgasmas, rom is agrZelebda brZolas imperiis winaaRmdeg da ar dauSvebda mtkivneuli istoriis ganmeorebas. es gadawyvetileba gulis-

xmobda rogorc protests ruseTis imperiuli politikis wina-

aRmdeg, aseve sazogadoebaSi aRviZebda eris koleqtiur mexsie-

rebaSi winaaRmdegobis moZraobas, romelic aTwleulebis gan-

mavlobaSi warumatebeli iyo, magram amJamad miznisTvis unda mi-

eRwia. ideis momxreTa erT-erTi argumentis Tanaxmad, Zeglis

1 mixeil saakaSvilma stalinis Zeglis demontaJTan dakavSirebiT gan-

cxadeba gaakeTa. http://www.president.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=-226&info_id=5285

2 stalinis Zegli SesaZloa muzeumSi gadaitanon 03.10.08 rusTavi 2http://www.rustavi2.com.ge/news/news_textg.php?rec_start=128&rec_start_nav=-11&id_news=28153&pg=&srch_w=&im=main&srch=1&ct=0&wth=0&l=0&ddd=

3 nika rurua: stalini iyo politikuri damnaSave, Tbilisi 13:29 - 25.06.10 `ji-eiC-eni~http://ghn.ge/news-17700.html (moZiebulia 04.04.2011)


383

arseboba qalaqis centrSi, aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos da misi xelisuflebis mier evropuli faseulobebis gaziarebis sakiTxs, ramdenadac aRniSnuli Zegli mianiSnebda, rom beladis mexsiereba qveyanaSi jerac cocxali iyo, (amis argumentad mo-

yavdaT, rom evropelebma SeZles totalitaruli warsulis ga-

dalaxva, ruseTma ki vera. es erT-erT evropul faseulobad aRiqmeboda) Sesabamisad, cocxlobda diadi sabWoeTis nostal-

gia da Sansi, rom forsmaJorul situaciaSi mteri konformis-

tulad ganwyobili adamianebis povnas moaxerxebda.

amasTanave, sabWoTa monumentebis qveyanaSi arseboba xeli-

suflebas kidev erTxel axsenebda, rom miuxedavad wamatebul

reformebze apelirebisa, is mainc postsabWoTa saxelmwifo iyo, romelic jer kidev ver gamijvnoda ruseTs, miuxedavad misi

mxridan araerTjeradad Tavdasxmisa. sazogadoebaSic ki, sta-

linis Zeglis gadatana ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebad da erTgvar revanSad aRiqmeboda, ramdenadac xeli-

sufleba cdilobda istoriis gadaweras da axali versiis Seq-

mnas, politikuri berketebis gamoyenebiT.

stalinis Zeglis gadatanis mowinaaRmdegeTa ZiriTadi ar-

gumenti, swored im principze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom xelisuf-

leba miznad totalitaruli warsulis Sefasebas da staliniz-

mis, rogorc fenomenis Seswavlas ar unda isaxavdes miznad. sta-

linis, rogorc beladisadmi arsebuli dadebiTi ganwyobis gane-

itraleba Zeglis „CamokvercxlbekebiT“ ver moxdeboda. menta-

lobis Sescvlelad saWiro iyo sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc sis-

temis mecnieruli kvleva, sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRleba da mxolod am gziT moxerxdeboda sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mi-

Tebis gadafaseba. sistemis demontaJi ara Zeglebis moSorebiT, aramed Cvens

TavebSi, es iyo maTi ZiriTadi devizi. warsulis srulad gaazre-

bis SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa Zeglebi ar warmoadgenda safrTxes arc xelisuflebisTvis da, Sesabamisad, arc sazogadoebisaTvis. mas mxolod turistuli mniSvneloba eqneboda, rogoric es aRmo-

savleT evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam warmatebiT gana-

xorciela.

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384

gorSi stalinis Zeglis demontaJis precedenti Seexo saqar-

Tvelos sxvadasxva qalaqSi arsebul sabWoTa Zeglebs da maTi legitimurobis sakiTxis erTian konteqstSi ganxilva daiwyo. es

ukve sabWoTa Zeglebisadmi SemuSavebuli erTiani praqtika iyo

da ara konkretuli, gorSi stalinis Zeglis arseboba-ararsebo-

bis sakiTxi. ramac aRniSnul Tematikas goris faqtori Camoaci-

la da ufro metad sistemuri gaxada. Zeglebis demontaJis pro-

cesi goridan daiwyo, Zegli RamiT winaswari gafrTxilebis ga-

reSe goris centridan malulad gadaitanes. analogiurad wari-

marTa Zeglebis gadatanis procesi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qa-

laqebSi, kerZod, tyibulSi, quTaisSi, axmetasa da TelavSi. saqarTvelos mosaxleobam stalinis „Camokvercxlbekebis1~

procesi policielebis mier gadaRebuli kadrebis saSualebiT naxa, saidanac Canda, Tu rogori ovaciebiT xvdeboda adgilze Sekrebili adamianebis jgufi Zeglis Camogdebas. oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad mozeime xalxi gamoxatavda sabWoTa menta-

litetTan damSvidobebas da rom, es procesi ara mxolod xeli-

suflebis CareviT, aramed TavisTavad xalxis surviliT xdebo-

da. miTumetes Zeglis gadatanamde araerTxel gamarTula am ad-

gilas axalgazrdebis aqcia, romlebic, xelisuflebas umoqme-

dobaSi adanaSaulebdnen da monumentis saswrafod gadatanas iTxovdnen. sazogadoebis reaqcia Zeglis Cumad gadatanaze

mkveTrad negatiuri iyo. stalinis RamiT „motacebis“ mizezad oficialuri wyaroebi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaRizianebis Tavidan acilebis survils asaxelebdnen. centraluri mTavro-

bis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, beladis Zegli stalinis muzeumSi un-

da aRmarTuliyo, Tumca aRniSnuli dapireba ar Sesrulebula2. mogvanebiT, xelisuflebis mier gaxmovanda stalinis muzeu-

mis koncefciis Secvlis idea, romliTac es ukanaskneli stali-

nizmis muzeumad unda gadakeTebuliyo. am gadawyvetilebiT iq-

1 termini nodar ladarias mier iqna gamoyenebuli. 2 Zeglis dabrunebis idea dResac cocxlobs. xelisuflebis cvlilebis

Semdegac araerTi politikosi pirdeboda goris macxovreblebs beladis Zeglis dabrunebas, magram Tavisuflebis qartiaSi 2014 wels Sesuli cvlilebis Tanaxmad kanonmdeblobiT ikrZaleba komunizmTan da faSizmTan dakavSirebuli Zeglebis dadgma.


385

mneboda mexsierebis kidev erTi adgili, romelic Tavis wvlils

Seitanda istoriis hegemonuri versiis damkvidrebis procesSi. jer kidev 2008 wlis seqtemberSi nika vaCeiSvilma ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba gorSi, stalinis muzeumSi kidev erTi okupaciis muzeumis gaxsnas gegmavda, romelic sazogadoe-

bas gaacnobda orsaukunovani rusuli okupaciis Sesaxeb masa-

las. axali muzeumi unda daeproeqtebinaT polonel da litvel specialistebs, romelTac aRniSnul sakiTxze muSaobis didi ga-

mocdileba qondaT.1 oficialuri diskursis Tanaxmad arsebul

stalinis muzeumSi ufro metad komunizmis propaganda mimdina-

reobda, vidre realobis asaxva, ramdenadac gidebis teqsti orientirebuli iyo gaemarTlebina sabWoTa xelisuflebis sis-

xliani represiebi, amitomac saWiro iyo muzeumis Sinaarsis da, Sesabamisad, eqspoziciis Secvla da misi Tanamedrove moTxovni-

lebebze morgeba. kulturis ministrma nika ruruam 2008 wlis agvistoSi sa-

qarTveloSi datrialebuli ubedureba, stalinizmis produq-

tad Seafasa da dasZina, rom urTierTSeuTavsebelia stalinis muzeumi, sabWoTa beladis gandidebis leqciebiT, da saqarTve-

los swrafva civilizebuli msofliosken2. Zeglis adgilas unda dadgmuliyo stalinuri sabWoTa represiebis Sedegad daRupu-

li adamianebis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili memoriali, romlis make-

tis SesarCevad kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministrom 2010 wels saerTaSoriso konkursi gamoacxada. namuSevrebi sakon-

kurso proeqtebi 2011 wlis 21 ianvridan 30 ianvris CaTvliT ga-

mofenili iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo samxatvro akademiis sagamo-

feno darbazSi. warmodgenili 42 proeqtidan Tamar kvesitaZisa da paata sa-

naias skulpturam „amaoebas ar amoeba“ gaimarjva. 5-metriani be-

tonis qandakeba ganasaxierebs daCexili adamianebis erTobas, romlebic, miuxedavad Wrilobebisa, win moiweven. skulpturis saxelwodebad aRebul iqna kote yubaneiSvilis zemoaRniSnuli 1 В Доме-музее Сталина откроют музей российской оккупации http://www.in-

terfax.by/article/27874 25.09.08 2 stalinis muzeums stalinizmis muzeumi Secvlis 13.04.2012 http://www.ra-

diotavisupleba.ge/content/article/24547737.html

Tamar qaraia

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fraza, xolo Zeglis avtorebis Tanaxmad is gamoxatavs „rom rac amaoebaa, ar unda CaeWido, ar unda a m o e b a. arada, es xSirad xdeba Cven cxovrebaSi. ZeglTan am frazas saerTo Tundac is aqvs, rom stalinis kultic amaoeba iyo da es drom ukve gamoaCi-

na. Tumca, naxevari gori mainc CaWidebulia am amaoebas1.“

prezidentma saakaSvilma Zeglze saubrisas xazi gausva, rom

es monumenti saqarTvelos ideas ganasaxierebs, „rogorc ar un-

da dagvanawevron, dagvCexon, gvebrZolon, mainc davdgebiT fex-

ze da gavagrZelebT svlas win2“. miuxedavad konkursSi gamarjve-

bisa skulptura stalinis Zeglis adgilas ar aRmarTes. CamoT-

vlil mizezTa Soris erT-erTi, Tavad skulpturis vizualuri

mxare iyo, kerZod, omgamovlil qalaqSi daCexili adamianebis xilva isdac mZime fsiqologiur mdgomareobas kidev ufro da-

amZimebda. amitomac araoficialuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad erTi wlis Semdeg, axali konkursis Catareba daigegma, Tumca xeli-

suflebis cvlilebis gamo is ar Catarebula.

stalinis, rogorc meore msoflio omis erT-erTi umTavre-

si gmiris, mimarT arsebul politikas daukavSirda meore msof-

lio omSi daRupulTa memorialebis sakiTxi, romelic msgavsad beladis Zeglisa sabWoTa mmarTvelobasTan asocirdeboda da erovnuli mniSvnelobis matarebeli ar yofila. miuxedavad var-

debis revoluciis Semdgomi xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli da-

mokidebulebisa gmirebis mimarT, meore msoflio omSi daRupu-

li mebrZolebi nacionaluri gmirebis siaSi ar Caewernen, radga-

nac isini sabWoTa sistemas emsaxrebodnen, romelsac saerTo sa-

qarTvelosTan araferi ar qonia.

xelisuflebis am politikis gamoxatuleba iyo qalaq quTa-

isSi arsebuli didebis memoriali, romelic 2009 wlis 19 dekem-

bers aafeTqes. memorialis afeTqebis mizezad memorialis adgi-

las parlamentis mSeneblobis survili dasaxelda, Tumca opo-

ziciuri partiebisa da sazogadoebis nawilisaTvis es faqti xe-

1 `amaoebas ar amoeba~ stalinis nacvlad 11.02.2011 http://liberali.ge/ge/-

liberali/articles/105104/ 2 „amaoebas ar amoeba“ gorSi aRar daidgmeba? 04.04.2011g http://www.radi-

otavisupleba.ge/content/article/3546476.html


387

lisuflebis antirusuli politikis gagrZelebas warmoadgen-

da. es im fonze rodesac saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris omis

Semdeg urTierToba uaRresad daZabuli iyo. amasTanave, albaT arc is faqtia SemTxveviTi, rom memorialis afeTqebis oficia-

lur TariRad 21 dekemberi dasaxelda, rac stalinis da saakaS-

vilis dabadebis dRe iyo. simboluri TvalsazrisiT swored am dRes monumentis afeTqeba ganasaxierebda sabWoTa warsulidan kidev erTi nabijis gadadgmas.

aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT ruseTi namdvilad gaRizianda, ramdenadac jer kidev monumentis demontaJis ideis gaJRere-

bisTanave, kremlSi es mosazreba meore msoflio omis veterane-

bisadmi upativcemulobis gamoxatulebad Sefasda. xolo, memo-

rialis afeTqebidan ramdenime kviris Semdeg, quTaisSi dangreu-

li memorialis aslis moskovSi dadgmis ideas kenWi ruseTis fe-

deraciis sakanonmdeblo organoSi eyara da 448 xmiT arcerTis winaaRmdeg gadawyvetileba iniciativis sasargeblod iqna miRe-

buli. didebis memorialis analogis mSeneblobasac, Tavis mxriv,

rusulma mxarem simboluri datvirTva mianiWa. monumentis av-

torma merab berZeniSvilma aRdgenis procesSi CarTvaze uari ganacxada im principiT, rom mas eskizebi aRar hqonda. saboloo jamSi, moskovSi dadgmuli monumentis saxelic ki simboluri datvirTvis matarebelia, mas „faSizmis winaRmdeg Cven erTad viyaviT~ uwodes, monumenti kompoziciurad gamoxatavs fotos, sadac meliton qanTariasa da mixail egorovs raixstagze sabWo-

Ta droSa aaqvT. xolo quTaisSi afeTqebuli didebis memoriali

warmoadgens kompoziciis ukana xeds. aseve simboluri datvir-

Tva hqonda im faqtsac, rom monumentis gaxsnaze miwvul stum-

rebs Soris qarTveli politikosebic iyvnen1. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom rusi politikosebis sapasuxo Sefasebisas aRniS-

nul faqtSi damnaSaved saqarTvelos xelisufleba, rogorc

1 monumenti monumentis wil, 25.12.2010 http://www.liberali.ge/ge/liberali/arti-

cles/104410/ (moZiebulia 5.11. 2013)

Tamar qaraia

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calke mxare, gamoyavdaT da am procesSi Tavad saqarTvelos mo-

saxleoba aranairad ar iyo gareuli.

rusuli okupaciis Sesaxeb xsovnis matarebeli kidev erTi adgili 2011 wlis maisSi gmirTa moedanze gaixsna. is TbilisSi

yvelaze maRali memoriali iyo, romelic espanelma arqiteq-

torma alberto domingo kabom daaproeqta. memoriali erTgva-

rad sabWoTa da Tanamedrove rusulo okupaciis gaerTianebas cdilobs, ramdenedac masze amotvifrulia 1918 wels daRupuli iunkrebi, 1924 wlis ajanyebis meTaurebi, 1992-93 wlebSi afxa-

zeTsa da samaCabloSi, 2008 wlis agvistos omSi ruseTis agresi-

is Sedegad daRupul meomrebi, jamSi 3500-mde adamiani.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavdapirvelad apeli-

reba keTdeboda axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobaze, axal SesaZ-

leblobebze, axal adamianebze, moiTxovda warsulidan faqtebis gamoTxovas, romelic orientirebuli iqneboda sazogadoebis gaerTianebaze, Sidakonfliqtebis aRmofxvraze, mankieri Cveve-

bis daviwyebaze. am procesSi umniSvnelovanesi iyo diadi brZo-

lebis, gamarjvebebis da maTi avtorebis memoralizacia. saqar-

TveloSi Seiqmna gmirebis „panTeoni“, romelTaTvis unda mieba-

ZaT, amasTan, is moicavda ara mxolod istoriul gmirebs, aramed Tanamedroveebsac, moqalaqeebs, romlebic keTilsindisierad asrulebdnen maTze dakisrebul movaleobas. es ukanaskneli mi-

uTiTebda, rom qveyanaSi mdgomareoba ar aris statikuri, ara-

med dinamikuria, mudmivad progresirebs. ruseTis federacii-

dan saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis deportacia, energodiversia, em-

bargo qarTul produqtebze. es is faqtorebia, romelTac sa-

qarTveloSi mexsierebis politikis strategiis radikaluri cvlileba gamoiwvia.

Tumca gamowvevebis cvlilebaTa fonze Seicvala gmirebis

panTeoni. arsebuli „gantevebis vacis Ziebisa“ da „damfuZnebeli

mamebis“ Ziebis procesi Canacvlda „viqtimizaciis“ strategiiT, rodesac aqcenti gadatanil iqna Tu ras ver miaRwia qveyanam, ra dakarga mas Semdeg, rac Zaladobis gamoyenebiT Camoaciles gan-

viTarebis arCeul kurss. amasTan, msxverplis mexsiereba moi-

cavda SiSs, rom SesaZloa istoria ganmeordes da „mterma“ qveya-


389

naSi moZebnos dasayrdeni, rac man warsulSi moaxerxa. miTume-

tes qveyanaSi dResac moiZebnebodnen adamianebi, romelTa xedva radikalurad gansxvavdeboda arsebuli saxelisuflebo dis-

kursisagan.

agvistos omis Semdeg, viqtimizaciis procesi SesaZlebelia Sefasdes, rogorc erTgvari proeqti, romelic kompleqsuri aq-

tivobebis gamoyenebiT miznad isaxavda axali koleqtiuri mexsi-

erebis konstruirebas. amasTanave, surda aRniSnuli mexsierebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilad qceva. aRniSnul procesSi mo-

numentebi warmoadgenen saukeTeso damxmare resursebs, ramde-

nadac isini atareben xsovnas da gadascemen sazogadoebas, ro-

melsac, Tavis mxriv, is yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamoxatavs.


1. 25 maiss saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma wlis

Semajamebeli brifingi gamarTa. 26.05.2005 www.priesident.gov.ge

(moZiebulia 04.04.2011). 2. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla zug-

didSi. 20.11.2005 www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebulia 04.04.2011).

3. prezident m. saakaSvilis sainauguracio sityva (25.01.2004).

www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebulia 04.04.2011).

4. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II socialur-eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. (2004),

`geokeria~, Tbilisi. 5. saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma saerTaSoriso

forumi `evropis gaTavisuflebis axali talRa, demokratia da transformacia~ gaxsna 22.11.2005 www.priesident.gov.ge (mo-

Ziebulia 06.04.2011).

6. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro gamosvla buSis vizitTan dakavSirebiT. (2005-05-10). www.priesident.gov.ge

(moZiebulia 04.05.2011).

7. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis mimarTva qar-

Tveli erisadmi. Tbilisis sakrebuloSi saqarTvelos prezi-

Tamar qaraia

390

denti umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebs Sexvda.

03.05.2005 www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebulia 06.05.2011).

8. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla baTumSi

saerTaSoriso konferenciaze – `saqarTvelos mTavrobis inici-

ativa samxreT oseTis konfliqtis mSvidobian daregulirebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT~ 10.07.2005 www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebulia

04.05.2011).

9. saqarTvelos prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili parlamentSi wlis

saangariSo moxsenebiT gamovida. (24.02.2005) www.priesident.gov.ge

(moZiebulia 24.05.2012)

10. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis sajaro gamos-

vla saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dRisadmi miZRvnil aR-

lumze (26.05.2004) www.priesident.gov.ge (moZiebulia 04.05.2011).

11. saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma pervelkurse-

lebs sityviT mimarTa (25.09.2005) www.priesident.gov.ge (moZie-

bulia 24.05.2012).

12. saqarTvelos prezidentis mixeil saakaSvilis gamosvla pat-

riotTa pirvel erovnul forumze (11.09.2005). http://www.pre-

sident.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=226&info_id=5285 (moZie-

bulia 24.05.2012). lustracia stalinze debatebis fonze.

17.02.2007 (moZiebulia 24.05.2012).

13. mixeil saakaSvilma stalinis Zeglis demontaJTan dakavSire-

biT gancxadeba gaakeTa. http://www.president.gov.ge/index.php?-

lang_id=GEO&sec_id=226&info_id=5285 (moZiebulia 04.04.2011).

14. stalinis Zegli SesaZloa muzeumSi gadaitanon (03.10.08)

rusTavi 2 (moZiebulia 04.04.2011). 15. nika rurua: stalini iyo politikuri damnaSave Tbilisi

13:29 – 25.06.10 `ji-eiC-eni~ http://ghn.ge/news-17700.html (moZiebu-

lia 04.04.2011).

16. iakaSvili, p. (29.07.2009) Zeglia Tu kerpi? 24 saaTi. gv.10.

17. stalini muzeumSi ori azri 11 agvisto, 2009 (moZiebulia

04.04.2011). 18. В Доме-музее Сталина откроют музей российской оккупации

http://www.interfax.by/article/27874 (25.09.08).


391

19. აფციაური g. stalinis muzeums stalinizmis muzeumi Sec-

vlis. 13.04.2012 http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/24547737.html

(moZiebulia 04.04.2013).

20. `amaoebas ar amoeba~ stalinis nacvlad 11.02.2011 http://libe-

rali.ge/ge/liberali/articles/105104/

21. afciauri g., 04.04.2011 `amaoebas ar amoeba~ gorSi aRar daidgmeba?

„radio Tavisufleba“ http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/-

3546476.html (moZiebulia 04.04.2013).

22. monumenti monumentis wil 25.12.2010)http://www.liberali.ge/ge/li-

berali/articles/104410/ (moZiebulia 06.04.2011).

Tamar Karaia

Assistant Professor


Monumentalizm and Memory

Politics in Contemporary Georgia

Resume

After the collapse of the soviet empire, former soviet republics started to

build their statehood, to consolidate the nation around new ideals and to trans-

form old identities, confronting the soviet ones was the main challenge of this

process. While creating new collective memory politicians re-interpreted their

national histories, they re-wrote history textbooks, invented new heroes and ene-

mies, established ceremonies etc.

Georgia, as a former soviet republic began dealing with the soviet past, ho-

wever, in the 90th these processes were limited and delayed, we could not speak

about contiguous politics of the memory and this caused changeable foreign po-

licy priorities. After the Rose Revolution, the new government initiated reforms

in most of the major spheres of institutional life, re-addressing the totalitarian

past, seing a number of problematic manifestations in political and cultural life

in the post-soviet country. For renovation of the state system, it was essential to

set boundaries with the pre-revolution state system correspondingly. Analyzing

the politics of memory, symbolism is the most notable attitude of this period.

Tamar qaraia

392

Subsequent to 2006 when Georgian citizens were deported from Russian Fe-

deration, tendencies of politics of memory changed rapidly. In the political dis-

course appeared terms such as “occupation”, “repression” etc. From this period,

the strategies of memory could be associated with politics of victimization and

creation of the collective memory prioritized as a national security issue. For

this paper we selected some cases to show how symbols and monuments are in-

cluded to construct hegemonic narrative and implement agendas of politics of

memory in contemporary Georgia. According to our hypothesis similar “me-

mory sites” are notable in Eastern European countries and using this version of

the narrative as a model in Georgia conditioned by its counter Russian character.

The Role of Civil Society in Policy Making Process

393

Marine Kevkhishvili

PhD Student


The Role of Civil Society in Public Policy Making Process

In post socialist Georgia are interest in civil society was renewed as the key

role players involved in public policies, as a link between citizens and the state

and an important feature of democratization. These ideas were more or less

argued by the members of civil sector or intellectual elite. After the Parli-

amentary elections of 2012, due to governance change and reforms, the

expanded civil society expanded engaging in making new laws, programs,

policies and strategies, holding government accountable for their commitments.

Despite of this, under the new political and social environment civil society

involvement in policy making is still not completely understood in the society.

This paper focuses on the concepts of civil society and public policy and tries to

point out some thoughts to define shortly what is understood by civil society and

by its involvement in policy making from the viewpoints of different thinkers

and describes situation in Georgia.

Key terms: Civil society, policy, government, public policy making.

Short theoretical overview of civil society

The civil society is understood differently by different thinkers. Until the

end of the 18th century, the term civil society was equal with the state or

political society (Keane1988, 36). At the beginning of the 19th century G.W.F.

Hegel envisioned civil society as bourgeoisie driven economy, to be found

between the spheres of family and state (Keane 1988, 50-55). Marx uses the

term “civil society” associated to a class society in which two opposed classes

bourgeois and workers struggle with one another.

J. Cohen and A. Arato refer civil society to the area of associations, social

movements and forms of public communication (Cohen & Arato, 1992, p. IX).

By Veneklasen it is defined as a sphere of social interaction, cooperation and

Marine Kevkhishvili

394

community problem solving through informal and formal organizations.

(Veneklasen, 1994). (Ghaus-Pasha, 2004)

De Tocqueville (1990) and more recently, Robert D. Putnam (1999)

viewed civil society fundamental for democracy development. By Habermas it

is an expression of concerns and interests of marginalized groups in the public

placed on the political agenda (Habermas 1992, 374, Theory of Communicative

Action). Brown et al. (2000, in Teegen, 2004: 664), defines “civil society as an

individual or collective action of citizens independent from the state and the

market. It is defined as the arena, outside the family, the government, and the

market, where people associate to advance their interests (Malena and Volkhart

Finn Heinrich).

In current sociology, Víctor Pérez-Díaz states that developments all over

the world suggest the diffusion of a western model of society that merge liberal

democracy, markets (a welfare system) and a plural society (a web of asso-

ciations). Such understanding makes me think how to set concrete boundaries of

civil society.

In Eastern Europe, the consolidation of a new political and social regime

could only happen by making far-reaching reforms to develop a market

economy, closely linked to the European economy and the world market.

Markets and associations cooperate with political actors (Keane 2003) to make

world governance more accountable and responsive to social demands (Anheier

et al., 2001; Kaldor, 2003). Voluntary associations (labour, peasants, students,

environmentalists, etc.) mobilize resources to defend their interests, assert their

identities, articulate a normative stand and win acceptance of the social order

(Klandermans, 1992;Tilly, 1978; Touraine et al., 1984). In the US, grant-giving

foundations have played a strategic role, through funding and advice, their

influence has helped to define educational, human rights and social policies for

many decades (Anheier and Hammack, 2009; López Novo, 2008 in Víctor

Pérez-Díaz, 2011).

Despite variety of views developed about civil society from theoretical

frameworks the most complicated area with limited understanding is of what

comprises civil society. Most often civil society is defined as organized and

unorganized groups, a very wide range of institutions operating at the global,

regional, national and local level. Civil society includes NGOs, community

groups, research institutes, think tanks, advocacy groups, trade unions, and

academic institutions, parts of the media, professional associations, and faith-


395

based institutions involved in the process of policy making created to guide

decision making in response to a political issue or a public problem. While the

state represents the broad interests of society at large, individual society groups

have a responsibility to advocate the interest that they represent. This promotes

a system of good governance on the basis of mutual accountability and brings

positive change. Civil society organizations (CSOs) attempt to solve societal

challenges and provide work between the household, the private sector, and the

state to negotiate matters of public concern.

Accordingly, civil society is an essential tie between citizens and the state

which provides an environment for decision-making process and creates

democratic culture among people through an interactive process (Fowler, 2000,

in Nadia and Renard, 2009, 5). ‘A healthy civil society is considered an integral

part of any democratic system of governance. Fundamentally, civil society is a

medium in which the social contracts between citizens and political and

economic centres of power are negotiated and reproduced it implies that the

existence of independent organizations, with active communication between

organizations, citizens and the state, leading ultimately to a certain degree of

influence on policy-making’ (Orysia Lutsevych, REP BP 2013).

Harbeson describes civil society as a protector and mediator, “civil society

may act both as a buffer and a broker between government and society, as a

symbol of political norms, agent of change, regulator of participation, integrator

of particular interests." (Harbeson, 1994, 22; (Lund, 2013) It is acknowledged

that government relies on civil society organizations (CSOs) - grouping of

individuals and associations, formal and informal, which belong neither to the

public sector nor to the profit-making private sector to ensure that policies are

suitable to the needs of the people.

Georgia’s civil society: an overview

Georgia’s modern civil society sprung to existence in 1991. Influenced by

western aid (the Open Society Georgia Foundation, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung,

and Eurasia Foundation, etc.) they successfully fought for environmental

protection to human rights taxation and corruption in state institutions. They

played a key role in the peaceful events of the 2003 Rose Revolution. In new

stage due to government attitudes, new priorities and donor funding the

Watchdog and advocacy organizations had to undergo difficult transitions.

However, they with another type of CSOs have built strong expertise and

influence in the areas of security and geopolitics. Slow development of civil

Marine Kevkhishvili

396

society organizations in Georgia and the lack of a strong voice on matters of

economic development show low level of sustainability because of financing

obstacles and little capacity to ensure that the voices of citizens are included in

policy-making.

Mostly, local NGOs and new types of public associations have little ability

to help wide range of population to formulate opinions and influence policies

because they are isolated from public deliberations about important issues. They

do not know their local NGOs and are reluctant to take public initiatives. They

are unwilling to contribute their time or financial resources and engage in

collective actions. Western donors The US Agency for International

Development (USAID), The European Union, The Open Society Foundation

(OSF), etc) have invested in strengthening good governance by empowering

citizens to participate in decision-making, and to develop NGO capacity through

training, conferences and study trips.

In order to represent the development of Georgian civil society in detail, an

Assessment Georgian Civil Society Report represents the following phases of

civil society development:

1. 1992 to 1995 it was too young and weak to play a significant role in the

society. The government due to serious problems did not exert control over

independent civil society groups.

2. 1995 to 1999: It was the period of growth quantitatively and

qualitatively. The government was eager to boost its democratic credentials in

the eyes of the West and its interference continued to be minimal in the third

sector.

3. 1999 to 2003: Georgian civil society appeared ‘mature’ enough to

mobilise citizens for protest actions and to defend their rights. Government tried

to discredit NGOs and applied financial and political measures to suppress civil

society with the help of pro-government media. Instead civil society

consolidated the fight for their rights.

4. 2003 to 2008: at this time the role of civil society increased. Many

representatives of civil society were promoted to key positions in government

and a successful campaign to defeat the criminal and corrupt oligarchy that had

gained strength in the 1990s had begun.

5. 2008 Georgian civil society was in deep trouble as donor organizations

reduced their support to them. Many civil society activists have left the civil

society sector and moved to state sector.


397

6. After elections in 2012 new stage began for the civil society and

government partnership. The engagement of civil society in policy change and

making has increased due to unstable socio-political environment like poverty,

low standards of living, unemployment and etc.

Today, civil society faces a new period of development. The relationships

between CSOs and the government are changing. The Asian Development Bank

in 2010 reported that “CSOs are still engaged in an extensive dialogue with the

government and the government also tries to broaden existing forms of

dialogue.” Government perceptions of the nonprofit sector are mixed, and en-

gagement is ad hoc. Few NGOs have the capacity to conduct professional,

rigorous policy analysis of complex issues and to advocate for change based on

research.’

Policy study and analysis face various problems and challenges in Georgia.

There was not a high demand for the development of strategic directions of the

policy so far but under the new political and social environment there is a

necessity to better realize the fundamental nature of public policy making

process.

Public policy

As this article focuses on the role of civil society in policy making process.

First of all a it is important to define the notion of public policy. According to

Thei Geurts, public policy is defined as a choice that government makes in

response to a political issue or a public problem based on values and norms,

decisions and actions of government and the intentions that determine those

decisions and actions. It includes identification of the problem, formulation of

the solution, identification of different alternatives, selecting from those

alternatives on the basis of their impact and laying them down in some type of

statement or law.

The main process of policy making consists of initiation, formulation,

implementation and evaluation. Good-quality policy making depends on high-

quality information and the best possible use of evidence by government (Thei

Geurts, Public Policy Making: The 21st Century Perspective).

Hill (1993, 47) defines ‘policy’ as ‘the product of political influence,

determining and setting limits to what the state does.’ Public policy is known as

a course of action to solve social problems, which adopts a specific strategy for

its planning and implementation chosen by government (Anderson, 1975;

Marine Kevkhishvili

398

Also, public policies are designed to achieve defined goals and present

solutions to societal problems. It refers to a long series of actions carried out to

solve societal problems (Newton and van Deth 2005, 263).The major models

that characterize public policies are: the institutional, the rational, the

incremental, the group, the elite and the process models (Christoph Knill/Jale

Tosun, 2008)

If we look at the role of civil society in public policy during 1991-2012, it

is week. The period of 2003-2008 might be regarded as the time of civil society

strengthening. The shift of civil society members to state sector and the fight

with the remnants from the old system will not give us strong argument about

their solid function in state sector. Later, as soon as the new state institutions

started to become sustainable (from 2008), the role of civil society in public

policy diminished once again.

According the possessed descriptive materials about the current role of

civil society in public policy it is shown that government attempts to be open for

collaboration with the representatives of civil sector in some issues. Most

widespread practice in establishing and building trust between them is the

invitation of local and international organizations for discussion of drafts of new

regulations, strategies and laws. Working documents sent to the key

stakeholders involved in coalitions for making amendments are followed by

open discussions, round tables or conferences. There are some experiences

when the government considers the suggestions of civil sector or opposes them

on different grounds.

At this stage it is difficult to assess the role of civil society in public policy

making after the parliamentary elections of 2012, due to several reasons. First of

all monitoring and evaluation of the development process requires time to see

the result of the process. Second, there is lack of fundamental researches to

analyze the process of the result of collaboration between government and the

civil society. Furthermore, there is a limited knowledge and experience of

practice in collaboration between state and civil sectors which will guide to

intense partnership. However, the engagement of civil society in public policy

making and change has increased due to unstable socio-political environment

like poverty, low standards of living, unemployment and etc.

Therefore, the intensive research studies should be conducted and the

following questions should be answered: How civil society shapes public

policies? How Georgian academic researchers, civil society, and government


399

policy-makers interact with each other? How governments are going to support

civil society in social media initiatives in an efficient, effective and transparent

way? How responsibilities for the results are shared when civil society is

actively engaged in public policy making process?

I believe that fundamental research on the public policy involvement of

civil society organizations would contribute to the public policy making process

and assessment in Georgia.

References

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ssment. Lynne Rienner Publisher , p. 36.

12. Peels, R., & Develtere, P. (2009, september). Civil Society Involvement

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dern Italy. Princeton, NJ: .

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ONS IN POLICY MAKING PROCESS IN RWANDA. P.A. Brynard (united

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მარინე ქევხიשვილი დოქტორანტი, თსუ

სამოქალაქო საზოგადოების როლი საჯარო სექტორשი პოლიტიკის გატარებისას

რეზიუმე

სტატია „სამოქალაქო საზოგადოების როლი საჯარო სექტორשი გატარებისას“, ეხება დღევანდელი საზოგადოებისათვის მეტად აქ-ტუალურ საკითხს – სამოქალაქო საზოგადოების გაძლიერების აუცი-ლებლობას საჯარო პოლიტიკის שემუשავების პროცესשი, როგორც დემოკრატიის განვითარების ერთ-ერთ უმნიשვნელოვანეს ფაქტორს.

2013 წლიდან საქართველოს მთავრობა აქტიურად თანამשრომ-ლობს სამოქალაქო საზოგადოებასთან ახალი საკანონმდებლო თუ სა-ჯარო ინიციატივის שემუשავების განხილვაשი და მიზნად ისახავს სა-ზოგადოებრივი ნდობის ამაღლებას, მოქალაქეთა როლის გაძლიერ-ებას გადაწყვეტილებების მიღების პროცესשი და გამჭვირვალობის გა-ზრდას საჯარო პოლიტიკის ეფექტიანობის უზრუნველყოფისათვის.

სამოქალაქო საზოგადოების როლი განსხვავებულია სხვადასხვა ქვეყანაשი. იგი მთავარი და שუამავალი რგოლია სახელმწიფოსა და მოქალაქეებს שორის საზოგადოებრივი ორგანიზაციების, ასოციაცი-


401

ების, კოალიციების სახით, რაც שესაძლებლობას აძლევს მოქალაქეს გამოხატოს თავისი აზრი.

საქართველოשი მოქალაქეთა ჩართულობის ხარისხი საჯარო გა-დაწყვეტილებების მიღების პროცესשი დაბალია, რადგან მოქალაქე-ები არ გამოთქვამენ თავიანთ שეხედულებებს აქტიურად და სამოქა-ლაქო ორგანიზაციებსაც არ აქვთ გამოცდილება, თუ როგორ ჩართონ მოქალაქეები თავიანთ საქმიანობაשი.

მიუხედავად მიღწეული שედეგებისა, ფართო სამოქალაქო სა-ზოგადოების ჩართულობა ყოველი ახალი საჯარო პოლიტიკის שემუ- ი არ არის უზრუნველყოფილი დაשავებისა და გატარების პროცესשსრულყოფილად გაგებული.

manana SamiliSvili

402

manana SamiliSvili


politikuri simbolo

qarTul vizualur mediaenaSi

simboloebi politikaSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs.

maT SeuZliaT Tanxmiereba Seqmnan politikur sivrceSi, rac de-

mokratiuli transformaciis stadiaSi myofi sazogadoebis

konsolidaciisTvis gasakuTrebiT saWirborotoa. simboluri

kapitalis efeqtiani gamoyeneba politikosis warmatebis sawin-

daria. gamorCeulad did mniSvnelobas iZens igi amomrCevelTan

komunikaciis procesSi, radgan demokratiul qveynebSi mocemu-

li kapitali mudmivad mowmdeba da fasdeba iseTi politikuri

ritualebiT, rogoricaa – arCevnebi da sajaro manifestaciebi.

mxolod kargad nafiqri, Sinaganad arawinaaRmdegobrivi mode-

lireba politikuri simbolikisa gvaZlevs winapirobas im auci-

lebeli potencialis Sesaqmnelad, rac demokratiuli institu-

tebis ganviTarebisTvisaa saWiro.

winamdebare naSromiT SevecadeT warmogveCina, Tu ramdenad

sworadaa aRqmuli qarTul politikur realobaSi simboloTa

roli da mniSvneloba; xdeba Tu ara maTi, rogorc ambivalentu-

ri instrumentis, interpretireba politikuri Zalauflebis-

Tvis brZolisa da misi realizaciis procesSi. gamovkveTeT is

ZiriTadi Taviseburebani, rac aRniSnuli kuTxiT qarTuli po-

litikuri sivrcisTvisaa niSandoblivi.

politikur simboloze saubrisas, pirvel yovlisa, mxedve-

lobaSi unda viqonioT is ZiriTadi markerebi, romlebic simbo-

los formirebisas gamoiyofa. qvemoT SemogTavazebT erTgvar

klasifikacias, rac am rTul da mravalaqcentian sakiTxs met

mkafioobas SesZens da calkeul nimuSebze dayrdnobiT, naTlad

warmoaCens Tanamedrove simbolizebuli politikis aqtualur

politikuri simbolo qarTul vizualur mediaenaSi

403

niuansebs. magaliTebis ganxilvisas gamovyofT simbolos — niS-

nis — denotaciur (nivTier, garegnul) da konotaciur (Sinagan,

asociaciur) mniSvnelobebs, xolo vizualuri mediaSemadgenlis

analizisas mivmarTavT deskripciis meTods.

miuxedavad imisa, rom metafora da simbolo erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdeba, gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rodesac swored metafora

xdeba politikuri simbolos formirebis safuZveli. msgavsi vi-

Tareba gansakuTrebiT mxatvrul teqstebsa da e.w. literatu-

ruli Jurnalizmis nimuSebSi TvalsaCinovdeba. nina aruTinova

aRniSnavs: `metaforas, romelic saxes azrobriobisken mimar-

Tavs, upirispirdeba simbolo, romelic, agreTve, saxes emyareba,

magram mimarTulia formis stabilizaciisken (aruTinova 2010:

1).~ Tuki mxatvruli saxe semantikurad ukavSirdeba metaforas,

niSani da simbolo semiotikuri gziTaa masTan dakavSirebuli.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zogjer metafora politikuri sim-

bolos datvirTvas iZens. naTqvamis dasturad nimuSebs movix-

mobT. politikuri metaforis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo msjelobas

gvTavazobs Tamar berekaSvili, romelic ukanaskneli periodis

qarTuli realobidan `xatovani~ politikuri metyvelebis STam-

beWdav nimuSebs ganixilavs (berekaSvili 2007: 35 — 41). mas maga-

liTad cnobili gamonaTqvamic moaqvs: `Cven oboli eri varT~ da

am xatovan gamonaTqvams eqsprezident eduard SevardnaZes mia-

kuTvnebs. arada, fraza genialuri oTar WilaZisaa (metafore-

biT rom eazrovnaT Cvens politikosebs, aseT savalalo Sede-

gebs rodi movimkidiT!). Cvens sakvlev Temas exmianeba is faqtic,

rom cnobilma qarTvelma mweralma aka morCilaZem Tavis erT-

erT Txzulebas `obole~ uwoda, rac literaturis kritikosma

savsebiT marTebulad amoikiTxa, rogorc — `oboli eri.~ am mi-

niSnebaze saubrobs lali avaliani Jurnal `kritikaSi~ gamoqvey-

nebul werilSi `mexsiereba~ (avaliani 2013: 51-63).

zemoxsenebuli metafora Tanamedrove qarTvelma mweralma

maxvilgonivrulad gamoiyena romanis saxeldebad. am azrs amya-

rebs is faqtic, rom morCilaZiseuli ganzrax stilizebuli,

msubuqi Txrobis maneriT Sesrulebuli, sevdanarevi iumoriT

Sezavebuli nawarmoebi `maradiuli droTa kavSirisa da TaobaTa

erTobis gansaxierebaa~ (l. avaliani), rac ase Zlier exmianeba

manana SamiliSvili

404

oTar WilaZis samwerlo kredos, misi Semoqmedebis arss. nawar-

moebSi obole ZvelisZveli xirimis Tofia, romelic imereTis

mefes cixisTav gotisTvis uCuqebia. romanSi swored am utyvi

`personaJis~ irgvliv viTardeba movlenebi da Cvens aluzias ki-

dev metad amyarebs.`obole~ winaprebTan identifikaciis niSania,

romelic `droTa kavSiris~ simbolod gvevlineba.

msgavsi movlena ikveTeba gabriel garsia markesis cnobili

pulicisturი weriliს saxeldebaSi. `22 400 000 kvadratuli ki-

lometri `koka-kolas~ reklamis gareSe~ — ase moswrebulad daa-

saTaura markesma narkvevi, romelic gasuli saukunis 50-ian wleb-

Si sabWoTa kavSirSi misi mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebs asaxavs. ma-

Sindeli sabWoeTidan yvelaze TvalSisacemad mas swored es faq-

ti miuCnevia. da marTlac, mTelis amsaxveli amgvari detalis war-

moCeniT, mweralma simbolurad warmosaxa sabWouri Tvaluwvde-

neli sivrce, romelsac `vesternizaciis~ xeli arc ki Sexebia, me-

tic — TviT yvelaze gavrcelebuli da popularuli globaluri

simbolos — `koka-kolas~ gareSe aTeulobiT weli uarsebia.

zogjer simbolos warmoqmna politikosTa araordinalur

qmedebas ukavSirdeba, rac metwilad qarizmuli lideris an po-

litikosi — ritoris imijiTaa ganpirobebuli. cxadia, es winas-

warganzraxuli mcdeloba ar gaxlavT, ufro spontanurobis el-

feri dahkravs, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ikiTxeba garkveuli lo-

gika. gavixsenoT benjamin franklinis mier 1787 wels, konstitu-

ciis konventis dros sazeimod warmoTqmuli sityva. am orato-

rulma gamosvlam skami, romelzec jorj vaSingtoni ijda, sim-

bolod aqcia: `sxdomis msvlelobisas, me mravaljer Semixedavs

am mzisTvis, prezidentis zurgs ukan, ise rom, ver gamerkvia,

amomavali iyo is Tu Camavali. magram axla, bolosdabolos,

maqvs bedniereba vicode, rom is amomavali mzea da ara — Camava-

li~ (nadareiSvili 2002: 88). mas Semdeg es sityvebi amerikis moma-

vali didebis simbolod iqca, xolo mzisgamosaxulebiani sapre-

zidento skami — mis nivTier gamoxatulebad.

ramdenad Seesabameba aRniSnul SemTxvevas Cven mier qvemoT

motanili nimuSi, sadavoa, Tumca, erTob simboluri datvirTvi-

sa aRmoCnda `vardebis revoluciis~ (TavisTavad, es saxeldebac

simboluria) kulminaciisas, parlamentSi SeWrili opozicione-


405

ri lideris, mixeil saakaSvilis qmedeba. albaT gaxsovT, mwyur-

valiviT rogor daewafa igi mwvane Cais nayens SevardnaZis Wiqi-

dan. es movlena mediam myisierad arsebuli reJimis dasasrulisa

da axali droebis dasawyisis simbolod aqcia. unda iTqvas, rom

aRniSnuli faqti ara mxolod qarTuli, saerTaSoriso mediis

TvalsawierSic moeqca. am ukanasknelma uprecendento intensi-

vobiT gaaSuqa `vardebis revoluciis~ mTeli procesi, riTac me-

diis e.w. `demonstrirebis efeqti~ Seqmna. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

wamyvani msoflio mediasaSualebebis mier uwyvet reJimSi tran-

slirebuli revoluciuri bataliebi erTgvari inspiratori aR-

moCnda ukrainaSi analogiuri procesebisa, rac, sabolood, `na-

rinjisferi revoluciiT~ dasrulda.

aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom `vardebis~ revoluciis (iseve, ro-

gorc `narinjisferi~ revoluciis) teqnologiuri warmateba ga-

napiroba sxvadasxva simboluri formis kombinirebulma gamoye-

nebam: vizualurma (politikuri simbolikis safirmo stili), mu-

sikalurma (mudmivi musikaluri performansi — e.w. `wvimis musi-

kosTa~ (esec politikuri metaforaa) mier gamarTuli permanen-

tuli koncertebi) da ritorikulma (politikuri gancxadebebi). rodesac vizualuri simbolikis safirmo stilze vsaub-

robT, uwinaresad opoziciis lideris, zurab Jvanias simboli-

zebuli aqcia gvaxsendeba — wiTeli vardiT xelSi rogor mouZR-

oda igi saprotesto msvlelobas. saerTod, vizualur enaSi var-

di sispetakisa da samoTxebrivi siwmindis simboloa, romelic

qalwuli mariamis saxels ukavSirdeba. swored kaTolikuri aso-

ciaciebis gamo ruseTSi mas didad ar swyalobdnen. qarTuli re-

voluciis mesveurebma am aRmniSvnels axali koncepti mouZebnes

— igi usisxlo, mSvidobiani, xaverdovani revoluciis simbolod

aqcies. Tumca, arc aq aRmoCndnen originalurebi. vizualur ko-

munikaciaSi gaTviTcnobierebulTaTvis kargadaa cnobili saa-

gento `magnum-presis~ mier gavrcelebuli fotosuraTi, ro-

melzedac kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli jariskacebis winaSe mdga-

ri, samizned qceuli uiaraRo qalbatonia aRbeWdili. mas xelSi

mxolod xasxasa, wiTeli vardi uWiravs. aq savsebiT naTelia fo-

tos avtoris Canafiqri — vardi man Zaladobis alternativad, pa-

cifistur simbolod warmoaCina.

manana SamiliSvili

406

saerTod, vizualuri ena, misi universalurobisa da simar-

tivis gamo, aqtiurad gamoiyeneba politikur komunikaciaSi.

maT sxvadasxva politikur Tu religiur mimdinareobasTan va-

kavSirebT. magaliTad: viri — aSS-is demokratiuli partiis sim-

boloa. me-19 saukuneSi bibliuri motivebisadmi interesi War-

bobda, rac am simbolos Seqmnis safuZveli gaxda; spilo — aSS-is

respublikuri partiis simboloa. igi sibrZnis, maradiulobis,

simSvidisa da TanagrZnobis gamomxatvelia; erT-erTi pirveli

sabWoTa emblemaa xuTqimiani varskvlavi; wiTeli jvari — gul-

mowyalebis simboloa (musulmanur qveynebSi mas wiTeli naxe-

varmTvariT cvlian); samkapi cnobilia, rogorc poseidonis ni-

Sani. igi TavadaznaurTa niSani iyo istoriul ruseTSi. dRes uk-

rainis mcire gerbia. induri RvTaebis — Sivas samkapi inercias,

aqtiurobas gamoxatavda da a.S.

vizualuri simbolikis mTeli speqtri gamoiyeneba reklama-

Si rogorc sasaqonle niSnebis, aseve — politikuri reklamis

Seqmnisas; agreTve, brendirebis dros, mxatvrobaSi da a.S. 1939

wlidan amerikul komiqsebSi erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli

gmiri iyo betmeni — Ramuras kostiumiani adamiani, romelic dam-

naSaveebs aSinebda. betmeni sakuTar qalaqs borotebisgan icav-

da. mis mTavar mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda masze Seyvarebuli

qali — kata. kata ki — alqajis simboloa (gavixsenoT dRemde Se-

morCenili SiSi Savi katebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki isini gzas

gadagviWrian).

vizualurma niSnebma ikonuris (xatweriTi) saxelwodeba mii-

Res. roman iakobsoni Tvlida, rom xiluli niSnebisTvis mTavaria

sivrciTi ganzomileba, smeniTisTvis ki — drouli. rTuli xilu-

li niSani erTdroulad ramdenime Semadgenels Seicavs, xolo

rTuli smeniTi niSani, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba Tanmimdevrul Se-

madgenelTa seriisagan. pavel florenski politikur rek-

lamaSi sainteresod mijnavda anfassa da profils. anfasi: `ne-

bismieri portreti anfasSi kompoziciurad ganekuTvneba ikonu-

ris rigs. Sesabamisad, mxatvris CanafiqrSi unda Sediodes gamosa-

xuli piris idealizeba, misi RvTaebriv simaRlemde ayvana. aqedan

gamomdinare, amgvari portreti ganixileba rogorc gundrukis

kmeva, apoTeozi.~ Tuki sxvagvarad warmovidgenT, zurgidan adami-


407

ani ususurad aRiqmeba, winaaRmdegobis Zalis gareSe; visac mosa-

lodneli safrTxis gacnobierebac ki ar SeuZlia. profili ki,

florenskisve SexedulebiT: `gvamcnobs gamosaxulis Zalaufle-

bas.~ aq saubaria medlebsa da monetebze datanil gamosaxulebeb-

ze. `saTuTune, romelzedac profilia amotvifruli, ara mxo-

lod samSvenisia, aramed swored imitom fasobs, rom Zalauflebis

mqonem Tavad gaiRo igi saCuqrad, riTac man Tavisi Zalis mcire-

od aTinaTi uwilada dasaCuqrebuls~ (poCebcovi 1997: 258).

am mosazrebis kvalad magaliTsac moviSveliebT: politiku-

ri reklamis Tanamedrove frangma ostatma, imijologma Jak se-

gelam, romelsac prezidentebis Semqmnelsac eZaxian, politiku-

rad sruliad gakotrebuli safrangeTis prezidenti fransua

miterani meore vadiT `gaaprezidenta~ (pirveladac swored man

aqcia uferuli memarcxene lideri safrangeTis saWeTmpyrob-

lad). es man im droisTvis sruliad novaciuri piarstrategiiT

moaxerxa. sxva mraval siaxleTa Soris, pretendents saarCevno

plakatze profilSi pozicionireba urCia, ramac amomrCevlis

ganwyobaze saukeTesod imuSava (segela 2010: 35 — 60).

es magaliTebi adasturebs, rom saqme gvaqvs gamosaxulebaSi

asaxul gansazRvrul simbolizebasTan. saerTod, gamosaxulebi-

sadmi wayenebuli yoveli konkretuli amocana sxvagvari instru-

mentiT unda gadavWraT. magaliTad, adreqristianul xelovneba-

Si adamianis sxeuli codvasTan asocirdeboda, Sesabamisad, sila-

mazesac ver ganasaxierebda. igi unda qceuliyo `sulierebis vi-

zualur simbolod~. rogor SeiZleboda amis miRweva? adamianisa

da samyaros dematerializacia gamosaxulebidan siRrmisa da mo-

culobis mocilebiT, ferTa gamis SemcirebiT, pozebis, Jestebisa

da metyveli nakvTebis gaubraloebiT miiRweoda. asasaxi obieq-

tebis kompoziciuri simetriuloba saeklesio xelisuflebis mi-

er damyarebuli ierarqiuli wesrigis simyares gamoxatavda.

TiTqos zemoTqmuls ganavrcobso, ignasio arauxo amgvarad

ganasxvavebs simetriisa da asimetriis mniSvnelobebs: `simetria

gulisxmobs: simkacres, dasvenebas, uSfoTvelobas, klasicizms,

Zalas. asimetria gamoxatavs: sisustes, moZraobas, dinamizms,

`sicocxles,~ Tavisuflebas, gamosaxuls — rogorc mTlianoba-

Si, ise detalebSi.~ simetriuli formebi Seesabameba `didmniS-

manana SamiliSvili

408

vnelovan~, `warmomadgenlobiT~ formebs, asimetriulni ki —

garkveuli xarisxiT `sasiamovnos.~

simboloebis samyaro — Zalauflebis samyaroa. igi Semou-

sazRvravia. unda Tu ara xelisuflebas, is yovelTvis axdens

simboloTa generirebas. sxvaTa Soris, es simboloebi, arcTu iS-

viaTad, imave xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg amuSavdebian xolme.

naTqvamis dasturad movixmobT gaxmaurebul faqts abu greibis

cixeSi amerikel jariskacTa mier erayel samxedro tyveTa wame-

bis Sesaxeb. am skandaluri SemTxvevis aRmnusxveli fotoebi te-

lekompania „si-bi-es-is“ eTeriT 2004 wlis 28 aprils gavrcelda.

araadamianuri mopyrobis amsaxveli kadrebi amerikul medias

sruliad SemTxveviT Cauvarda xelT. erT-erTma jariskacma sa-

kuTari `gmirobiT~ Tavis mosawoneblad erayeli tyveebis wame-

biT garTobis amsaxveli foto samSobloSi axlobels gaugzavna.

am ukanasknelma ki es ambavi gaasajarova. yvelaze aRmaSfoTebe-

li is iyo, rom fotoze gamosaxul jalaTTagan erT-erTi ameri-

keli senatoris, teri inglendis qaliSvili lindi aRmoCnda (!).

es Zalze savalalo SemTxveva im kuTxiTac iwvevs Cvens inte-

ress, rom kidev erTxel usvams xazs Tanamedrove epoqis Tavise-

burebas, romelic vizualuri kulturis niSniTaa aRbeWdili.

saqme isaa, rom baRdadis maxloblad mdebare abu greibis cixeSi

wamebis Sesaxeb informaciam gacilebiT adre gaJona. amis Tao-

baze `saerTaSoriso amnistia~ jer kidev erTi wliT adre, 2003

wlis 23 ivniss ityobineboda. Tumca, faqts rezonansi iqamde ar

moyolia, sanam es sulisSemZvreli suraTebi msofliom telee-

TeriT TvalnaTliv ar ixila (sxvaTa Soris, „si-bi-esi“ mzad iyo

aprilis pirvelive ricxvebSi gaeSva es informacia, magram pen-

tagonis zewolis gamo misi Cveneba ramdenime xniT daayovna). 5

maiss ki ukve `vaSington postma~ axali fotosuraTebi gamoaq-

veyna. saerTo jamSi, varaudobdnen, rom kerZo mflobelobaSi am

Sinaarsis 1800-mde foto mainc moipoveboda.

xazgasasmelia is viTarebac, rom am odenobis fotoebidan

mxolod gansazRvrulma kadrebma miipyro gamorCeuli yuradRe-

ba da myari adgili daimkvidra rogorc dasavlur, ise arabul

koleqtiur mexsierebaSi. mediis avanscena daipyro fotoebma,

romlebic, mediamkvlevar v. bailenhofis SexedulebiT, insceni-


409

rebisa da reJisuris mkafio niSnebs Seicavda. magaliTad, kadri,

romelzedac aRbeWdilia Tavze tomaraCamocmuli, mavTulSe-

moxveuli tusaRi mamakaci, anda foto — lindi inglends SiSveli

erayeli samxedro tyve ZaRlis sayeluriT rom uWiravs. dabo-

los, kadri, romelzec inglendi da misi Tanamzraxveli Carlz

greineri mowonebis niSnad cera TiTebaweulebi pozireben SiS-

veli erayeli tusaRebis fonze. samive suraTi referenciis sa-

xeebad gvevlineba. maTSi adresatisadmi mimarTvis metadre ma-

Rali potenciali igrZnoba.

saerTod, gamomsaxvelobiTi diskursisTvis xedvis specifi-

kuri reJimia damaxasiaTebeli. es kargad Cans ganxiluli fotoe-

bidan. qalic da kacic pozireben, e.i. Tavs saqveynod warmoaCe-

nen. maTi poza adasturebs, rom aq mayurebelia — rogorc ro-

land barti ityvis: `pozirebis~ procesSi sakuTar Tavs windawin

vaqcev saxed~ (barti 1997: 21). amgvarad, Cven winaSea fotosura-

Tebi, Cveni mzerisTvis gankuTvnili da saxed maformirebeli

imisa, rasac gviCvenebs. isini ikonebia — politikuri simboloe-

bi, romlebic yovelTvis adresats miemarTeba.

suzan zontagis azriT, es kadrebi metyveleben `sasjelze~

(Haimsuchung), romlis arsic isaa, rom gamosaxulebisa da Tanamo-

nawileobis zRvarze arsebuli, mimezissa da aqts Soris meryeobis

gamomxatveli fotosuraTebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia `tramvuli

realoba~, dafuZnebuli imaze, rom man, vinc iRebda fotoebs, ar

SeuSala xeli mas, rasac is iRebda (aqve gavixsenoT zontagis mier

SesaniSnavad Tqmuli: `sicocxle kinematografiaa, sikvdili —

fotografia~). originaluri fraza ase ikiTxeba: `dReidan es ga-

mosaxulebebi qveyanas `dasjian~. Seeguebian ki adamianebi amas?~

(griobneri 2003: 169). rogorc istorikosi iuta freverti ity-

vis, es fotoebi ikonuria, anu niSnad, saxe-simbolod gvevlineba

antihumanurobisa (freverti 2004: 5). marTlac, maTi denotaciu-

ri done aaSkaravebs konkretuli pirebis, rigiTi jariskacebisa

Tu oficrebis mxridan kaciWamiuri mopyrobis mTel sisastikes,

rac kolonializmis vizualuri diskursis specifikur nimuSad

aRiqmeba; konotaciuri ki — sxvadasxva ikonografiuli repertu-

aris heterogenul ansambls warmoadgens — kolonializmTan er-

Tad, qristianobisa da pornografiisa (bailenhofi 2010: 68).

manana SamiliSvili

410

SeuZlebelia am SemTxvevam ar gagvaxsenos 2012 wlis `cixis

kadrebis~ saxeliT monaTluli movlenebi. qarTul cixeebSi pa-

timarTa mimarT sastiki mopyrobis Semzaravi faqtebi (miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom maTi didi nawilis avTenturoba eWvqveS dadga, wi-

na xelisuflebam mainc ver aicila es mZime braldeba) Sokismom-

gvreli aRmoCnda qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis, ramac gadawyvita

kidec oqtombris arCevnebis bedi. modernuli kulturis kon-

stituciisTvis niSneuli — vizualuri imperativis Sesabamisad,

Cven SemTxvevaSic yvelaferi gamosaxulebiT daiwyo. cixis kad-

rebis telemediiT gavrcelebamde didi xniT adre, qarTul pre-

saSic, ZiriTadad opoziciurSi, periodulad qveyndeboda in-

formacia am problemis Sesaxeb. metic, masze uflebadamcveli

saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da saxalxo damcvelis mxrida-

nac araerTxel gamaxvilebula yuradReba, magram xelisufleba

jiutad ganagrZobda ignorirebis politikas (gavixsenoT m. saa-

kaSvilis ironiuli fraza — qarTul gazeTebs ar vkiTxulobo)

da yovelives politikuri oponentebis morigi angariSgebis

mcdelobad acxadebda. saboloo jamSi ki, `wayruebis~ politi-

kam mis winaaRmdeg bumerangis principiT imuSava.

rTulia mtkiceba, ramdenad `ikonuria~ es kadrebi, magram,

erTi ki naTelia, rom isini `Zalauflebis spirals~ qmnian — erTi

mxriv, sidiadisa da Zalis demonstrirebas axdenen (jalaTni miT

ufro Zalmosilni Canan, rac metad ususuria maTi msxverpli),

meore mxriv ki — simxdalis, anonimurobisa da adamianuri saxis

dakargvis savalalo Sedegebs gvidastureben.rac yvelaze mniS-

vnelovania, am kadrebiT gacxadda mTavari — miznis misaRwevad

nebismieri saSualeba ar amarTlebs da rom nebismieri xelisuf-

lebis zrunvis sagani adamiani unda iyos. swored dasavluri li-

beraluri individualizmis amosavali Tezaa safuZveli WeSma-

riti demokratiisa. am RirebulebiT Tu ar sazrdoobs umaRlesi

xelisufali, am siqveles Tu ar emsaxureba media, maSin yvela

sxva mcdeloba, ragind maRali miznebiTac unda iyos gacxadebu-

li, fuWi da amaoa. Tuki qveyanaSi adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi

daculi araa. mxolod karg performanssa da servisze orienti-

rebuli mTavroba oden demokratiulobis iluzias qmnis, vidre

realurad miiswrafvis gacxadebuli miznisken.


411

Cven or konkretul SemTxvevas Soris analogiebze visaub-

reT, sxva mxriv, maT Soris, raRa Tqma unda, didi sxvaobaa. mag-

ram, aqve erT mTavar ganmasxvavebelsac vaxsenebT. Tuki amerike-

li moqalaqe pasuxismgeblianad moiqca da adamianis fundamen-

turi Rirebulebebis Semlaxveli faqti ar damala, myis samsjav-

roze gamoitana, Cven SemTxvevaSi, skandalurma masalebma, ro-

gorc irkveva, ara erTi Tve dahyo Taroze, saWiro droisa da po-

litikurad xelsayreli situaciis molodinSi. vfiqrobT, es

faqtic isevea zneobriobis Tema, rogorc Tavad wamebis kadrebi.

sadReisod, qarTul politikaSi simboluri datvirTva fer-

Ta gamamac SeiZina. wiTelma da lurjma ferebma, ase vTqvaT, opo-

ziciuri wyvilis saxe miiRo (tradiciuli TeTri da Savis msgav-

sad, sadac erTi meoreze dominirebs), radgan ori, mkveTrad da-

pirispirebuli politikuri Zalis — nacionaluri moZraobisa da

`qarTuli ocnebis~ ideologiur aRmniSvnelebad mogvevlina.

uTuod sainteresoa is faqtic, rom mocemul ferTa politikur

konceptebad moxseniebis precendenti iumoristuli Sous

eTerSi Sedga. amasTan, sagulisxmoa, rom nacionaluri moZrao-

bisadmi loialurad ganwyobili mediasaSualebis iumoristul

teleteqstSi wiTeli feri dominirebs da piriqiT, `qarTuli

ocnebis~ mxardamWer arxebze lurjis primatia.

zogadad, wiTeli feri warmatebasTan, ZlierebasTan, ambici-

asa da gavlenasTan asocirdeba, igi xazs usvams Zalauflebas. me-

wamuli feri qarTul droSazecaa warmodgenili. lurji — sta-

bilurobis, daculobis, simSvidis, harmoniis, sazrianobis ga-

momxatveli feria. amerikul politikaSi igi liberalizmsa da

ndobaze miuTiTebs, gaerTianebul samefoSi ki — konservatiz-

mze. Tu wiTeli gvaRelvebs da gvaforiaqebs, lurji piriqiT —

gvamSvidebs da vnebaTaRelvas gviokebs.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `qarTuli ocnebis~ gzavnili ase

SeiZleba wavikiTxoT: boboqari cxovrebidan mSvid da gawonas-

worebul yofas davubrundeT. sxvaTa Soris, Cven mier zemoxse-

nebulma segelam miteranis saarCevno kampaniaSi mometebulad

swored lurji feri gamoiyena. sloganic Sesaferisi moufiqra:

`mSvidi Zala.~ es oqsimoroni gaxda swored misi gamarjvebis sa-

windari.

manana SamiliSvili

412

vizualur mediaenaSi gamoxatul politikur simbolikas Se-

uZlia xeli Seuwyos xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis komunikaci-

as, magram aseve gaaZlieros politikur urTierTobaTa asimetri-

ac. msgavsi viTareba gansakuTrebiT mkafioa qveynebSi, romlebic

ZiriTadi politikuri institutebis Seqmnis etapze imyofebian.

amis naTel magaliTad gamogvadgeba saqarTveloSi axlaxan Cata-

rebuli TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi. rigiTi amomrCevlebis apa-

Tiuri ganwyoba, rac arCevnebSi monawileobisgan Tavis SekavebiT

gamoixata, sxva mizezebTan erTad, ganpirobebuli iyo dabneulo-

biT, romelsac maTSi xelisuflebisTvis brZolis gamomxatveli

sul ufro mzardi, agresiuli politikuri simbolikis cnebaTa

eqspansia warmoqmnis. Sedegad, saarCevno kampaniisas xSirad gamo-

yenebuli sityvebi: `xalxi~, `demokratia~, `kanoni~, am simboloTa

mniSvnelobebis gaufasurebasa da, rac gansakuTrebiT saSiSia,

maT saboloo waSlas iwvevs adamianebis warmodgenaSi.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

Tanadroul qarTul mediaSi politikur simboloTa funqcioni-

rebis Tavisebureba `simbolisturi politikis~ cnebis konteq-

stSi ganixileba. im mniSvnelobiT, rom CvenSi politikuri media-

komunikacia mimarTulia ara racionaluri aRqmisken, aramed ma-

sebisTvis myari mniSvnelobebis STagonebisken, vizualuri efeq-

tebis inscenirebis meSveobiT. mediiT gacxadebul politikur simboloebze saubari daus-

ruleblad SeiZleba. am sakiTxis aqtualoba dRiTidRe izrdeba.

arcaa gasakviri, radgan Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi Za-

lauflebisTvis brZola simboloebisa da niSnebisTvis brZolis

gzaze gadis da es procesi sul ufro aSkara xdeba. amitomac

iwevs win misi Seswavlis saWiroeba. rac Seexeba winamdebare naS-

roms, cxadia, mas ar aqvs siRrmiseuli da mravlismomcveli

kvlevis pretenzia. igi mxolod mokrZalebuli mcdeloba gax-

lavT am uaRresad saintereso, mravalaqcentiani Temis zogier-

Ti, Cveni realobisTvis sagulisxmo aspeqtis warmoCenisa.


413


1. avaliani 2013: avaliani l., `mexsiereba~, Jurnali: `kri-

tika~ 8, literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2013.

2. aruTinova 2010: aruTinova, n., `simbolo~, Jurnali `se-

miotika,~ internetSi ganTavsebulia 2010 wlis 2 agvis-

todan, mis.: http://semioticsjournal.wordpress.com/2010/08/02/

3. bailenhofi 2010: Байленхоф В., ,,Изображение – события Абу

Граиб,, философско – теоретический журнал ,,Синий Диван,, № 14,

изд, ,,Три квадрата,, Москва, 2010.

4. barti 1997: Барт Р., Camera Lucida, M., 1997.

5. berekaSvili 201: berekaSvili T., `zogierTi Tanamedrove

politikuri metaforis Sesaxeb~, Jurnali: `semiotika~, 1,

ilias universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2007.

6. griobneri 2003: Grobner V., Ungestalten. Die visuelle Kultur der

Gewalt im Mittelalter, Munchen, 2003.

7. nadareiSvili 2002: nadareiSvili m., `presa da politikuri

simboloebi,~ `Jurnalisturi Ziebani~ t. III, gamomc. `uni-

versali,~ Tb., 2002.

8. poCebcovi 1997: Почебсов Г., ,,Символы в политической рекламе,,

Киев, 1997.

9. segela 2010: segela J., `xmebze nadirobis nacionaluri Tavi-

seburebani~, sagamomcemlo saxli `inovacia,~ Tbilisi, 2010.

10. freverti 2004: Frevert U., Momente der Macht. Die bilder von Abu

Ghraib: Opfer, Darsteller und ihre Betrachter// FR.22 Mai 2004.


Associate Professor


Political symbols within Georgian visual media language

Resume

Visual language, because of its universality, is widely used in political

communication. There are many symbols around us and their world is a world

full of power. Intentionally or unintentionally the government always manages

manana SamiliSvili

414

to generate symbols and often these symbols tend to work against the said

authority. Symbols make any relationship understandable, simultaneously

making them easily predictable. You can try to change the reality, but it is very

hard and sometimes impossible – to change the symbols.

Today, Georgia is living with symbolism of the past and the present, because

nowadays the symbols of opposite meanings can cohabitate effortlessly. A ple-

thora of visual symbols are used in visual media, they serve as product symbols or

make up political advertisements and they are also common during the branding

process. From the point of view of symbolical communication, one of the most

important links is the example of pop-culture, which is transmitted by media.

Political symbols serve as powerful broadcasters within the political and

public discourse they do not only regulate the exchange of information between

political institutions and the public, but also aid the flow of information within

the political elite itself. In modern Georgian politics, the qualities of symbols are

known and discussed as a part of `symbolical politics~. With the meaning that

our political communication is not oriented towards rational perception but is

more focused on influencing the mass public through visual tricks.

Political symbolism for Georgia, as well as other countries that are

undergoing transformation, is becoming a tool for ambivalence, it has the

capacity to aid the communication between the government and the general

public as well as to empower the political relationship asymmetry. This

tendency is emphasized during the pre-election period, when the voters are

confused due to the political symbols streamlined through media, representing

the battle in order to gain authority.

Study of the mentioned problem is based on Georgian works about political

semiotics as well as on the ideas of Roman Jakobson, Ferdinand De Saussure,

Pavel Florensky, Roland Barthes, Umberto Eco and other world renowned

scientists who had works in semiotics. Within the given research, modern visual

media examples, which serve as political symbols, are used as empirical data.

sivrciTi monacemebis erovnuli infrastruqtura, saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba

415

vladimer CxaiZe


sivrciTi monacemebis erovnuli

infrastruqtura, saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba

Sesavali — ratom sivrciTi informacia

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi yvela is saqmianoba, romelic

dedamiwis zedapirze xorcieldeba, dakavSirebulia sivrciT in-

formaciaze, misi mopovebis siswrafeze, sizusteze da am infor-

maciis mimocvlis SesaZleblobebze, rac ganapirobebs misi gamo-

yenebis efeqturobas.

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi kavSirgabmulobisa da in-

formaciuli teqnologiebis miRwevebma mogvca am mimarTulebis

mravalferovani gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi.

es gansakuTrebiT gamoixata sivrciTi — geografiuli in-

formaciis SeqmnaSi, damuSavebasa da gamoyenebaSi. SesaZlebeli

gaxda sxvadasxva saxis geografiuli informaciis mopoveba. mra-

vali organizacia Tavisi saqmianobis farglebSi qmnis da iyenebs

geografiul informacias, romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saWiro

da efeqturia ara marto mwarmoebeli organizaciisaTvis, ara-

med sxva organizaciebisTvisac saxelmwifo Tu kerZo seqtorSi.

am garemoebam ganapiroba geografiuli informaciis mimocvlis

aucilebloba, rac SeuZlebelia aseTi informaciis warmodgeni-

sa da struqturirebis standartebis ararsebobis pirobebSi.

mTels msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi,

dadga sakiTxi sivrciTi informaciis mimocvlisa ara marto cal-

keul uwyebebs, aramed regionebsa da qveynebs Soris. am mizniT bevr

qveyanaSi Seiqmna organizaciebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen ase-

Ti informaciis standartizaciasa da mimocvlis uzrunvelyofas.

vladimer CxaiZe

416

2001 wels evrokavSiris iniciativiT Seiqmna arasamTavrobo

organizacia `evrogeografiqsi~ (Eurogeographics), romelic uz-

runvelyofs kavSirebs evropis qveynebis sakadastro, miwis re-

gistraciisa da kartografiis uwyebebTan. misi umTavresi daniS-

nulebaa evrokavSiris (da ara marto) wevri qveynebisa da organi-

zaciebis mier Seqmnili geografiuli informaciis harmonizacia,

standartizacia da xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa.

ra aris sivrciTi monacemebis infrastruqtura (SDI)

sivrciTi monacemebis infrastruqtura warmoadgens stan-

dartebis, personalisa da politikis erTobliobas, romelic

aucilebelia geografiuli informaciis Segrovebis, marTvisa

da gavrcelebis efeqturobisaTvis. mravali saxelmwifo orga-

nizacia da mkvlevari flobs geografiul informacias sxvadas-

xva formiTa da konteqstiT, vinaidan, sakuTari midgomebidan

gamomdinare, sxvadasxvagvarad aTviTcnobiereben mas.

sivrciTi monacemebis infrastruqtura SeiZleba Semdegnai-

rad gamovsaxoT: (nax.1)

organizacia

wesebi, meTodebi

metamonacemi

geo-monacemebi

servisebi

kompetencia

standartebi

teqnikuri infrastruqtura


417

geomonacemebi da momsaxurebebi standartuli saxiT unda

aRiweros metamonacemebis katalogSi, raTa potenciur momxma-

rebels hqondes zogadi warmodgena xelmisawvdomi monacemebisa

da momsaxurebebis Sesaxeb da, aseve, am monacemebisa da momsaxu-

rebebis gamoyenebis pirobebis Sesaxeb.

geomonacemebi, momsaxurebebi da metamonacemebi dReisaT-

vis Seqmnilia saerTaSoriso standartebis gamoyenebiT. stan-

dartebis ISO1 19 100 seriebi xels uwyobs specifikaciebis Seq-

mnas geomonacemebisa da metamonacemebisaTvis, xarisxis gazom-

vebisa da sxva bevri ganacxadisaTvis. OGC2 standartebi veb ru-

kebis momsaxurebebisTvis (WMS – Web Map Service), veb gamosaxvis

momsaxurebebisTvis (WFS – Web Feature Service) da veb dafarvis

momsaxurebebisTvis (WFS), iseve rogorc KLM, Tavdapirvelad

Seqmnili Google-is mier, gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saxis geosivrci-

Ti momsaxurebebisTvis.

kanonmdebloba, wesebi da instruqciebi, romlebic xels

uwyobs geomonacemebis efeqtur gamoyenebas, aseve mniSvnelova-

ni nawilia infrastruqturisa. aseTma kanonmdeblobam, amave

dros, unda daicvas arsebiTi interesebi dakavSirebuli, maga-

liTad, erovnul usafrTxoebasa da pirovnul integrirebasTan.

kanonmdeblobam, aseve, unda ganmartos pasuxismgeblobebi dain-

teresebuli saagentoebisTvis.

infrastruqturis xelSewyoba unda moxdes efeqturi orga-

nizaciis mier, romelsac SeuZlia samuSaos koordinireba da

ganxorcieleba.

SDI-is ganviTareba moiTxovs kompetenturobas sxvadasxva

sferoebSi, rogoricaa geodezia, kartografia, informaciuli

da kompiuteruli teqnologiebi, kanonmdebloba da ekonomika.

Tavad SDI-is koncefcia, aseve, mniSvnelovani Temaa ganaTlebisa

da swavlebisTvis.

kargad funqcionirebadi sivrciTi monacemebis infras-

truqturis Seqmnis ZiriTadi miznebia:

1 www.iso.org 2 www.opengeospatial.org

vladimer CxaiZe

418

• monacemTa Segrovebisa da teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis-

Tvis xarjebis Semcireba samuSaos dublirebis Tavidan acilebi-

sa da adgilobriv, regionalur da centralur doneze monacem-

Ta mwarmoeblebs Soris efeqturi TanamSromlobis Seqmnis meS-

veobiT;

• monacemTa xarisxisa da Tanmimdevrulobis gaumjobeseba,

da monacemTa xarisxis aRwerisaTvis standartuli modelebis

danergva;

• sxvadasxva wyaroebidan monacemebis gaerTianebis xel-

Sewyoba semantikuri, teqnikuri da organizaciuli SeTavsebis

miRwevis gziT;

• monacemebze wvdomis gaumjobeseba, magaliTad, veb-ze

damyarebuli, kviraSi 7 dRis da 24 saaTis gamavlobaSi xelmisaw-

vdomi momsaxurebebis SeTavazebiT;

• eleqtronuli mmarTvelobisa da saxelmwifo organoebi-

dan miRebuli monacemebis gamoyenebaze damyarebuli biznesis

ganviTarebis xelSewyoba.

sivrciTi monacemebis infrastruqturis ganviTareba

geografiuli informacia iwarmoeba bevri sxvadasxva

organizaciis mier erovnul, regionul da adgilobriv doneze.

informaciis efeqturi warmoeba, teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa da

gamoyeneba gulisxmobs koordinirebul qmedebebs sxvadasxva

dainteresebul mxareebs Soris funqciuri SeTavsebis Seqmnis

mizniT.

evrokavSiris INSPIRE direqtivebi qmnis saerToevropul in-

frastruqturasa da saerTo wesebs sajaro sivrciTi monaceme-

bisa da monacemTa momsaxurebebis gacvlis, gaziarebis, wvdomisa

da gamoyenebisaTvis. jer kidev bevri gamowvevaa, rodesac saqme

exeba direqtivebis efeqtur ganxocielebas.

momavali wlebis ganmavlobaSi yuradReba, aseve, gamaxvile-

buli iqneba efeqturi SDI-is ganviTarebasa da ganxorcielebas-

Tan dakavSirebul samuSaoze erovnul da lokalur doneze, ra-

Ta miRweuli iyos wina TavSi aRniSnuli sargebeli.


419

geografiuli informacia e-mmarTvelobisTvis

bevr qveyanaSi swrafad viTardeba e-mmarTveloba. farTo

masStabiT e-momsaxurebebi damyarebuli iqneba maRali xarisxisa

da internetiT xelmisawvdom, harmonizirebul geografiul in-

formaciaze.

e-momsaxurebebis ganviTareba, aseve, ganapirobebs mWidro

TanamSromlobas sxvadasxva saagentoebs Soris da, xSir SemTxve-

vaSi, procesebis Semdgom cvlilebebs sxvadasxva davalebebis

Sesasruleblad.

socialuri cvlilebebi

axali Taoba SeuZleblad miiCnevs cxovrebas internetisa da

mobilur telefonze ramdenime dawkapunebiT didi raodenobis

informaciaze wvdomis gareSe. `homo sapiensis~ es Tviseba aseve

gavlenas moaxdens geografiuli informaciis miwodebis biz-

nesmodelebze.

teqnologiebisa da, zogadad, sazogadoebis cvlilebebi uf-

ro da ufro swrafi gaxdeba, rac niSnavs, rom cxovrebaSi ufro

saWiro iqneba xangrZlivi ganaTleba.

sazogadoebaze damyarebuli rukebis warmoeba, savaraudod,

gaizrdeba. arsebul iniciativebTan erTad, rogoricaa Wikipedia,

City wikis, Geonames, OpenStreetMap da Twitter, warmodgenili iqneba

sxva saxis gaerTianebuli wyaroebi. axali gamowveva iqneba aseTi

iniciativebis Zlieri mxareebis gamoyeneba erovnuli rukebis

warmoebasa da sivrciTi monacemebis infrastruqturaSi.

ruka moTxovniT

teqnikuri ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebis cvlilebis Sede-

gad momxmareblebi saWiroeben rukas moTxovniT. geomonacemebi

asrulebs mniSvnelovan rols yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da adami-

anebi moZebnian informacias maSinve, roca maT dasWirdebaT da

ara mogvianebiT, rukebze da atlasebSi.

vladimer CxaiZe

420

axali biznesmodelebi

imis gamo, rac zemoT iTqva teqnikur da socialur cvlile-

bebTan dakavSirebiT, arsebuli faswarmoqmnisa da licenzirebis

modelebi xSirad miCneulia sakmaod rTulad, xistad da Zvi-

radRirebulad. mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba iqneba axali biznes

modelebis moZebna, romlebic xels Seuwyobs momxmarebelTa

ufro did raodenobebs, gamoiyenos arsebuli maRali xarisxis

monacemebi. es aseve moicavs rukebis mwarmoebeli saagentoebis

mxridan ufro meti ufaso monacemebiT uzrunvelyofas.

dakavSirebuli monacemebi

adreuli droidan adgilmdebareoba uzrunvelyofs Zlier

organizaciul safuZvels sazogadoebisaTvis da msoflios Se-

saxeb Cveni codnisTvis. rukebs, geografiul cnobarebsa da

eleqtoratebs — yvelas gaaCnia `adgili~ Tavisi arsiT. amJamad,

msoflio internet qselis gamoCenidan ori dekadis Semdeg, ad-

gilmdebareobas gaaCnia SesaZlebloba xelaxla gansazRvros

Cveni asakis cifruli safuZveli `veb 3.0~-is meSveobiT, monace-

mis vebiT. mis arqiteqturaSi Tavidanve CaSenebuli `dakavSire-

buli monacemi~ xelaxla moisazrebs dokumentebis vebs, gamoa-

Cens mas `globaluri Ria samTavrobo moZraobis~ mier. is saSua-

lebas iZleva monacemi da informacia iyos gaziarebuli, moZeb-

nili da integrirebuli iseve iolad, rogorc dReisaTvis hiper-

teqstia.

3D qalaqis modelebi

momxmareblebi moiTxoven ufro rTul da realur modelebs

Senobebis fasadebis zusti geometriuli modelirebiT. es mo-

iTxovs umaRles avtomatizirebul rekonstruqciul saSuale-

bebsa da 3D-Si qalaqis modelebis marTvasTan dakavSirebul Zi-

riTadi principebis standartizacias.


421

informaciuli da komunikaciuri teqnologiebi

informaciuli da komunikaciuri teqnologiebi gaagrZe-

lebs ganviTarebas. ramdenime magaliTia paraleluri gamoTvle-

bi multikoruli da ujredovani procesorebiT, vizualizaciis

axali teqnikuri xerxebi (3D) da Rrublovani gamoTvlebi (cloud

computing). aSkaraa, rom sanaxaobiTi saSualebebis ganviTarebac

geosivrciTi gziT ((Microsoft’s Natal, Sony Motion Controller, Nintendo

WII) midis.

savaraudod, swrafad gaizrdeba `Rrublovani gamoTvlebi~,

romelic aerTianebs infrastruqturis kombinaciebs momsaxu-

rebis saxiT, platformas momsaxurebis saxiT da programul uz-

runvelyofas momsaxurebis saxiT.

mobiluri mowyobilobebi kidev ufro gaZlierdeba. dRei-

saTvis ukve arsebobs 100 000-mde ganacxadi garkveuli saxis ge-

ografiuli informaciiT. mobilur telefonebs ukve gaaCniaT

GPS da kompasebi da male isini aseve aRiWurveba adgilmdebareo-

bis ganmsazRvreli sxva saxis sistemebiT (MEMS, INS, RFID), rac

maT SenobebSi sruli navigaciis saSualebas miscems.

monacemTa mogrovebis teqnika

gagrZeldeba monacemTa mogrovebis teqnikis ganviTareba

axali saSualo formatiani kamerebiT, LIDAR, axali satelitebi-

Ta da sensorebiT da UAV-is gamoyenebiT.

standartizacia

saerTaSoriso standartizaciis samuSaos, gansakuTrebiT

ISO/TC 211-isa da OGG-s farglebSi, mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs

da kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gaxdeba momavali wlebis ganmav-

lobaSi. im mizniT, rom moxdes standartizaciis samuSaoSi in-

vesticiebis sruli gamoyeneba, saWiroa SemoTavazebuli stan-

dartebis ukeT testireba da strategiebis ganxorcielebaze mu-

Saoba.

vladimer CxaiZe

422

INSPIRE direqtivebis struqtura

rogorc ukve iyo aRniSnuli, INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial

Information in the European Community) Seiqmna sivrciTi informaciis

standartebis dasacavad. igi moicavs monacemTa sami jgufisgan

Semdgar struqturas:

jgufi I

• koordinatTa sistema;

• geografiuli bade;

• geografiuli saxelwodebebi;

• administraciuli erTeulebi;

• misamarTebi;

• sakadastro nakveTebi;

• satransporto qselebi;

• hidrografia;

• daculi teritoriebi.

jgufi II

• simaRluri modelis sistema;

• miwis safari;

• orTofotoebi;

• geologia.

jgufi III

• statistikuri erTeulebi;

• Senobebi;

• niadagi;

• miwaTsargebloba;

• jandacva da usafrTxooba;

• komunaluri da samTavrobo momsaxureba;

• garemos dacvis monitoringis saSualebebi;


423

• warmoebisa da industriis saSualebebi;

• soflis meurneobisa da akvakulturuli saSualebebi;

• arealis marTva/SezRudva/ regulirebis zonebi da anga-

riSvaldebuli erTeulebi;

• bunebrivi riskis zonebi;

• atmosferuli pirobebi;

• meteorologiuri geografiuli maxasiaTeblebi;

• okeanografuli geografiuli maxasiaTeblebi;

• zRvis regionebi;

• bio-geografiuli regionebi;

• bunebrivi garemo da biotipebi;

• saxeobebis ganawileba;

• energiis wyaroebi;

• mineraluri resursebi.

mimdinare Sedegebi

evropis geoportalze (evrogeografiqsi — evropis globa-

luri ruka — EGM) Seqmnili da integrierebulia Semdegi Temebi:

• ადმინისტრაციული საზღვრები; • დასახლებული პუნქტები; • სატრანსპორტო ქსელი; • ჰიდროგრაფიული ქსელი; • გეოგრაფიული სახელწოდებები; • ინტერესის ობიექტები. igi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: (nax. 2)

vladimer CxaiZe

424

arsebuli mdgomareoba da iniciativebi

saqarTvelos geosivrciTi monacemebis strategia 2014-2015

wlisaTvis. Seqmnili da Camoyalibebulia samuSao komisia, rome-

lic Seqmnis samuSao jgufebs da gadaanawilebs Sesasrulebel

samuSaoebs. strategiis farglebSi proeqtis koordinacia saja-

ro reestris erovnul saagentos daevala.

komisiisa da samuSao jgufebis muSaobis procesSi dadgin-

deba sivrciTi monacemebis Semqmneli da momxmarebeli organi-

zaciebi.

miznebi da samoqmedo gegmebi

dainteresebul mxareTa sargebeli:

saqarTvelos sivrciT monacemTa informaciis (SDI) strate-

giis formulirebasa da, aseve, strategiis ganxorcielebaSi

wvlilis Setana. geosivrciTi monacemebis warmoebisa da gamoye-

nebis gasaumjobeseblad strategiam unda mogvces momavali mi-

marTulebebisa da saqmianobebis naTeli suraTi. amasTan, man un-

da Seqmnas safuZveli mimdinare da Semdgomi moqmedebebisTvis,


425

sxvadasxva saqmianobebs Soris prioritetebis gansazRvrisTvis

da, aseve, dainteresebul mxareebTan urTierTobisTvis.

Soreuli xedva sivrciTi informaciis samarTavad formu-

lirebulia Semdegnairad:

rac SeiZleba martivi, rac SeiZleba bevrisTvis, xelmisawvdomi

geografiuli informaciis mosaZebnad, gasagebad da gamosaye-

neblad dagegmili qmedebebi:

dasaxeleba aRwera Sedegi

1 erovnuli sivrciTi

monacemebis infras-

truqturis (NSDI)

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

grZelvadiani komu-

nikaciis strategiis

SemuSaveba.

saministroebis/saagento-

ebis mier miznobrivi jgu-

febis gansazRvra da in-

formaciis miwodeba NSDI-

is komisiis farglebSi ar-

sebul sazogadoebasTan

urTierTobis (PR) jgu-

fisTvis, romelic Semdeg

etapze imuSavebs am miz-

nobriv jgufebTan.

sivrciT monacemTa

infrastruqturis

(SDI) upiratesobe-

bi kargad aris cno-

bili.

2 kanonmdeblobis Se-

muSaveba.

geografiuli informaciis

warmoeba da gamoyeneba un-

da imarTebodes Sesabamisi

kanonmdeblobiT, naTeli

da martivi sakanonmdeblo

wesebiT. kanonmdebloba, e-

mmarTvelobis ganviTare-

bidan gamomdinare, moTx-

ovnilebebTan unda iyos

SesabamisobaSi.

geografiuli in-

formaciis miwode-

ba regulirdeba Se-

sabamisi kanonmdeb-

lobiT.

vladimer CxaiZe

426

3 geomonacemebis ga-

moyenebis pirobebi-

sa da Sesabamisi sa-

fasuris SemuSaveba.

geomonacemebis gamoyene-

bis pirobebi da safasure-

bi xels unda uwyobdes ar-

sebuli monacemebisa da

momsaxurebebis farTod

gamoyenebas. momxmareb-

lisTvis gankuTvnili ga-

moyenebisas advili unda

iyos pirobebisa da safa-

surebis naxva da gageba.

pirobebi da safasuri un-

da iyos Sesaferisi, ara-

diskriminaciuli da naT-

lad aRwerili. licenzi-

rebis warmarTva unda

iyos swrafi da momxmare-

bels aZlevdes monacemeb-

ze advili wvdomis saSua-

lebas.

geografiuli in-

formaciis gamoye-

nebis pirobebi da

safasuri martivi

da erTnairia.

4 meta monacemebis

standartis profi-

lis Seqmna saqarTve-

losTvis.

geografiul monacemTa

bazebi da momsaxurebebi

aRwerili unda iyos meta

monacemebis katalogis

sistemaSi gasagebad, er-

Tnairad da momxmareblis-

Tvis mosaxerxebeli for-

miT.

geografiuli in-

formacia da momsa-

xurebebi aRweri-

lia advili da mom-

xmareblisTvis mo-

saxerxebeli for-

miT.

5 pirveli rigis saba-

ziso sivrciTi mona-

cemebis Tematuri

prioritetebis gan-

sazRvra da im saxel-

mwifo organoebis

identificireba,

romelTa saqmiano-

basac ganekuTvneba

es monacemebi.

unda gaumjobesdes mom-

xmarebelTa moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad Tanamedrove

geografiul monacemTa

bazebis xelmisawvdomo-

basTan dakavSirebuli si-

tuacia. unda gaadvildes

sxvadasxva wyaroebidan

geografiuli monacemebis

gaerTianeba — monacemebis

erTianad warmodgenis, wa-

kiTxvisa da analizis miz-

niT.

ZiriTadi geogra-

fiuli informaci-

is warmoeba prio-

ritizirebulia op-

timaluri saxiT da

advilia sxvadasxva

wyaroebidan mona-

cemebis gaerTiane-

ba.


427

6 saxelmwifo organo-

ebis geo da IT in-

frastruqturis

kvleva-analizi. mo-

nacemTa gaziarebis

koncefciis SemuSa-

veba.

uaxloes momavalSi geog-

rafiuli informaciis

momxmareblebsa da mwar-

moeblebs urTierToba eq-

nebaT internetze dafuZ-

nebuli momsaxurebebiT.

SesaZlebeli iqneba momsa-

xurebis sxvadasxva saxee-

bis gaerTianeba.

momsaxurebebi ad-

vilad xelmisaw-

vdomia da Seesaba-

meba momxmareblis

saWiroebebs.

7 SDI koordinacia. saqarTvelos SDI unda

iyos kargad koordinire-

buli da efeqturi kavSi-

rebi unda Seiqmnas evro-

kavSirTan da mis INSPIRE

direqtivebis ganxorcie-

lebasTan.

saqarTvelos SDI-is

saqmianobebi saTa-

nadod koordini-

rebulia.

8 geoinformaciuli

sistemebis (GIS)

swavlebis arsebuli

kursebis analizi da

grZelvadiani stra-

tegiis SemuSaveba.

geoinformaciuli siste-

mebis (GIS) swavlebis arse-

buli kursebis analizi da

grZelvadiani strategiis

SemuSaveba saqarTvelos

universitetebSi geoin-

formatikis sferoSi sas-

wavlo programebis gasa-

umjobeseblad.

saTanado codna da

gamocdileba in-

frastruqturis ga-

moyenebis, Seqmnisa

da teqnikuri uz-

runvelyofis kuTx-

iT.

uaxloesi gegmebi:

2015 wlis bolosaTvis unda iyos dasrulebuli Semdegi sa-

muSaoebi:

• geo portalis Seqmna;

• geoportalze metamonacemebis Seyvanis interfeisis da-

muSaveba;

• informaciis ganTavsebis infrastruqturis Seqmna;

• teqnikuri jgufebis kvalifikaciis analizi, treningebis

dagegmva da permanentuli Catareba;

vladimer CxaiZe

428


1. www.napr.gov.ge

2. www.maps.napr.gov.ge

3. www.eurogeographics.org

4. www.gsdi.org.

5. www.geodata.se.

6. Steven Ramage.

7. Head of Ordnance Survey International.

8. Member of the OGC Global Advisory Council.

Vladimer Chkhaidze

Associate Professor


National Spatial Data Infrastructure

(NSDI), International Importance

Resume

Geospatial information infrastructure is gaining ever – increasing attention,

though academic studies on creating and using that infrastructure remain scarce

and. It is clear that the rapid rise of the amount and diversity of data describing

surface of the earth, as well as relevant technological developments gives

possibilities of new approaches.

In recent decades it became undistinguishable part of the activities, related

to the earth surface. New features due to the technical development are

becoming more powerful and easy to use for the different disciplines, such as

scientific studies as well as for practical implementation.

Many organizations and entities in the world are creating and developing

spatial data for their own needs and requirements. At the same time created

spatial (Geographical) data can be shared and used by other entities. The

problem of data sharing between data producers rose considerably. Spatial data

should be shared on the international level. In many countries particular organi-

zations, responsible for solving the given task have been created.

The issue describes the steps that have already been taken in Georgia, insti-

tutional approaches of creation, NSDI, standards, technical descriptions, action

plans and expected results.

interkulturuli dialogi da kulturuli mravalferovnebis mimReoba

429

Tamar Carkviani

doqtori

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti

ana WeliZe

doqtoranti


interkulturuli dialogi

da kulturuli mravalferovnebis mimReoba

(bolnisisa da ninowmindis magaliTze)

erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis dacva da maTi samoqa-

laqo integracia saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebi-

saTvis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa rigs unda miekuTvnebodes. sa-

moqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebSi arsebobs mravali gamowveva,

romelic aqtualuri/mwvavea da droul gadawyvetas moiTxovs.

saqarTvelo mravalferovani da mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa, misi

mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 13%-saTvis qarTuli mSobliuri ena

ar aris. qarTuli socialur-kulturuli garemos nakleboba

regionebSi kidev ufro aSorebs eTnikur somxebsa da azerbaija-

nelebs TavianTi Tanamoqalaqeebisagan. sxvadasxva socialur

jgufebs Soris urTierTgaucxoeba, maT Soris eTnikur jgufebs

Sorisac, qmnis am jgufis warmomadgenlebis mimarT winaswari

ganwyobebisa da stereotipebis formirebis winapirobas, rac,

Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gaxdes urTierTdapirispirebis mizezi.

Cvens mier 2011-2013 wlebSi Catarebuli empiriuli socio-

logiuri kvlevebis centraluri amocanaa qvemo qarTlsa da sam-

cxe-javaxeTSi eTnikurad araqarTveli axalgazrdebis integra-

ciis xelisSemwyobi/SemSleli faqtorebis identificireba. kvle-

vis mizans warmoadgenda ninowmindasa da bolnisis raionebSi eT-


430

nikuri umciresobebis kulturuli integraciis da kulturuli

mravalferovnebis mimarTulebiT arsebuli viTarebis analizi.

kvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da samizne jgufis gaTvalis-

winebiT Camoyalibda SerCevis kriteriumebi, romelTa Sesabami-

sadac ganisazRvra skolebi, romlebSic Catarda sociologiuri

kvlevis savele samuSaoebi. SeirCa TviTmmarTveli erTeulebi,

romlebic kompaqturad dasaxlebulia eTnikuri umciresobebis

warmomadgenlebiT — bolnisi da ninowminda. SerCeulia sofle-

bi, sadac eTinikuri umciresobebi umravlesobas warmoadgens

eTnikurad qarTvel mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi.

sociologiuri kvleva daeyrdno Tvisebrivi da raodenob-

rivi sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebs.

CaRrmavebuli interviuebi sajaro skolis direqtoreb-

Tan da ganaTlebis resurscentrebis warmomadgenlebTan.

CaRrmavebuli interviuebi sajaro skolis maswavlebleb-

Tan da moswavleebis mSoblebTan;

raodenobrivi socioliguri kvlevis SerCeviTi erTob-

lioba moicavs 160 moswavles (yovel regionSi 80-s) da 20 maswav-

lebels (yovel regionSi 10-s).

I Tavi.

qarTuli enis codnis done axalgazrdebSi

qarTuli enis codnisa da misi Seswavlis mimarT damokide-

bulebis analizi mimdinare kvlevis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mi-

marTulebaa. ninowmindisa da bolnisis raionebSi aRniSnuli

problemis aqtualoba, ara mxolod am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul

araerT kvlevaSi iyo calsaxad aRniSnuli, aramed naTlad gamo-

ikveTa Cvens mier 2011 wels Catarebul kvlevaSic. swored prob-

lemis simwvaviT sabuTdeboda enis kursebis aucilebloba regi-

onis moswavleebisaTvis.

sabWoTa periodSi rusuli erTaderTi oficialuri adminis-

traciuli ena da e.w. lingua franka iyo saqarTveloSi, iseve ro-

gorc mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi. erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis sa-

ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa meSveobiT maTi mSobliuri ene-


431

bis gamoyenebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi ar

iyo Seqmnili. amgvari politika gansakuTrebiT 1950-iani wlebi-

dan tardeboda. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respubli-

kaSi qarTuli enis codna erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis prio-

ritets ar warmoadgenda, radgan rusuli umravlesobisa da um-

ciresobaTa urTierTobebSi gamaerTianebeli enis funqcias as-

rulebda. zogadi dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba umciresoba-

Ta enebzec iyo xelmisawvdomi. miuxedavad imisa, rom umaRles

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi swavleba qarTulad mimdina-

reobda da qarTuli, im drosac, aseve, respublikis oficialuri

saxelmwifo ena iyo, saqarTvelos ssrk-s zemoxsenebul umaRles

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis umravlesobaSi rusulenova-

ni seqtorebic funqcionirebda. Sedegad, sabWoTa kavSiris daS-

lisas erovnuli umciresobebis ZiriTadi nawili qarTuls Zali-

an dabal doneze, Tuki saerTod, flobda. gansakuTrebiT es exe-

boda maT, vinc cxovrobda erovnul umciresobaTa mier mWid-

rod dasaxlebul regionebSi — samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qar-

TlSi.

samcxe-javaxeTi da qvemo qarTli dasaxlebulia somxebiTa

da azerbaijanelebiT, romelTa umravlesoba qarTul enas Zali-

an cudad flobs. ukanaskneli garemoeba aferxebs umciresobaTa

jgufebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi integracias da maTTvis ga-

naTlebis xelmisawvdomobasTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze mniSvnelo-

van problemas warmoadgens. saxelmwifo politikis gatarebis

kuTxiT erT-erTi problemuri sakiTxi erovnul umciresobaTa

ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebuli saWiroebebis Sesabamisi, adekva-

turi ganaTlebis SeTavazeba da saxelmwifo enis swavlebis pro-

cesis mxardaWeraa.

iTvleba, rom skolis damTavrebisas yvela moswavle qar-

Tuls Tavisuflad unda flobdes. qarTuli enis codna gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebsac

umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba surT, vinaidan swavlebis enas sa-

qarTvelos yvela umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi

qarTuli warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, araqarTulenovani sko-

lebis moswavleebi qarTuls dabal doneze floben, gansakuTre-


432

biT ki isini, vinc umciresobebiT mWidrod dasaxlebul regio-

nebSi (samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi) cxovroben.

swored amitom 2003-2004 wlebSi reJimis Secvlis Semdeg sa-

qarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministro mTel rig sa-

kanonmdeblo cvlilebebsa da politikur reformebs axorcie-

lebs ganaTlebis sistemaSi enis politikis, rogorc umcireso-

baTa jgufebis samoqalaqo integraciis mTavari instrumentis,

mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

bolo wlebSi, samoqalaqo integraciis xelSewyobisa da

erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebis dacvis mizniT mravali sa-

xelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo programa ganxorcielda. ramac

garkveuli dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo da erovnuli umcireso-

bebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi samoqalaqo integ-

raciis xelSemwyobi foni Seqmna.

erovnuli umciresobebis mier ganaTlebis miReba pirdapir

ukavSirdeba saxelmwifo enis swavlebas. ganaTlebis sferos eq-

spertebis SefasebiT am kuTxiT amJamad mimdinare cvlilebebi

arasakmarisia, rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom ukanaskneli wlebis

manZilze qarTuli enis flobis xarisxi erovnul umciresobebSi

mniSvnelovnad ar gaumjobesebula.

2011 wlis kvlevis monacemebiT qarTuli enis arcodnis

problema aSkarad dgas proeqtis samizne jgufSi. gamokiTxuli

respondentebis TiTqmis 80% aRiarebda saxelmwifo enis ar-

codnas. praqtikulad ar gamovlinda qarTuli enis codnis

mxriv xelSesaxebi gansxvaveba demografiuli maCveneblebis —

sqesis, status jgufis (maswavlebeli-moswavle) mixedviT (ix.

diagrama 1).

დიაგრამა 1. 2011 წლის კვლევის მონაცემები – ფლობთ თუ არა ქართულს?


433

22%

5%

68%

5%

diax

ara

cota mesmis

Zalian cudad

mciredi gansxvaveba SeiniSneboda qarTuli enis flobasTan

dakavSirebiT ninowmindisa da bolnisis municipalitetebis res-

pondentebis pasuxebSi. azerbaijaneli respondentebis 26% qar-

Tuli enis codnis doniT kmayofili iyo, igive sakiTxze somexi

respondentebis mxolod 19% pasuxobda dadebiTad. sxvaoba qar-

Tuli enis Sefasebis mxriv 6%-s Seadgenda. aRniSnuli monacemi,

validurobis TvalsazrisiT, ar imsaxurebs absolutur ndobas,

radgan respondentebis subieqtur Sefasebas eyrdnoba.

2013 wels Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi qarTuli enis flo-

bis donis Sesafaseblad gansxvavdeba 2011 wlis monacemebisagan.

orive raionis mosaxleobis mxolod 12% miiCnevs, rom qarTul

enas srulyofilad flobs, aqve unda davZinoT, rom aRniSnul

procentul maCvenebelSi eTnikurad qarTveli respondentebis

xvedriTi wili maRalia. qarTuli enis cudad flobis maCvenebli

12%-s utoldeba, xolo saSualod flobis maCvenebeli 76%-s

kvlevaSi ar dafiqsirebula qarTulis saerTod armcodne res-

pondentebis kategoria.

enis codnis sakiTxi sqesis cvladTan mimarTebaSi gavaanali-

zeT — qali respondentebis 78%, xolo mamakacebis 73% acxadebs,

rom qarTul enas saSualod flobs, rac SesaZloa proeqtis bene-

ficiarTa Soris qalTa sqesis raodenobis metobiT aixsnas. situ-

acia ufro mZimed ninowmindis raionSi ixateba — respondentebis

84% miiCnevs, rom qarTul enas saSualod flobs, miuxedavad imi-

sa rom igive maCvenebeli ufro dabalia 67% bolnisSi, qarTuli

enis srulyofilad flobis maCvenebeli ninowmindaSi mxolod

2%-ia, xolo bolnisSi — 22%. qarTuli ena rom arapopularulia

samizne raionebis mosaxleobaSi mowmdeba im faqtiTac, rom ojax-


434

Si qarTulad respondentTa mxolod 10% saubrobs. rac logiku-

ria, qarTulis codnis aseTi dabali maCveneblis fonze.

kvleva cxadyofs, rom rusuls, iseve rogorc qarTuls, eT-

nikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebi ojaxSi sasaubro enad ar

iyeneben. ojaxSi rusul enaze saubris maCvenebeli qarTulsac ki

bevrad Camuvardeba da Seadgens 0%-s. Tumca, rogorc meore sa-

laparako ena met-naklebad ar kargavs aqtualobas da 11%-s Se-

adgens. am fonze qarTuli ena gacilebiT aqtualuria da sxva

erebTan urTierTobisas misi gamoyenebis maCvenebeli 87%-s aR-

wevs. bunebrivia, rom es maCvebeli bolnisSi ninowmindasTan Se-

darebiT ufro maRalia, radgan bolnisi qarTvelebiT gacile-

biT ufro metad aris dasaxlebuli. amdenad, bolnisSi sxva ereb-

Tan urTierTobisaTvis respondentebis TiTqmis 100% qarTuls

iyenebs, xolo ninowmindaSi 76%. ninowmindaSi rusuli ena mainc

ufro funqcionalurad rCeba, vidre bolnisSi. bolnisSi mas, ro-

gorc pirvel enas, faqtobrivad aRar iyeneben, gansxvavebiT ni-

nowmindisagan, sadac mosaxleobis 24%-Si is kvlav aqtualuria,

anu bolnisSi meore enis funqcias rusuli met-naklebad inarCu-

nebs. CaRrmavebuli interviuebi qarTuli enis flobis sakiTxis

Sesaxeb ufro srul suraTs iZleva. ikveTevba, rom qarTuli enis

codnis done sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba qalaqebisa da soflebis

mosaxleobas Soris. magaliTad, javaxeTis qalaqebis, axalqala-

qisa da ninowmindis skolebis mecxre da meaTe klasis moswavlee-

bi damakmayofilebel doneze saubroben qarTulad — Tumca, ara

Tavisuflad. xolo, regionis soflebis mosaxleoba erTenova-

nia da, metwilad, Zalian dabal doneze flobs qarTuls. ukanas-

kneli viTareba, ZiriTadad, ganpirobebulia swavlebis dabali

xarisxiT, maswavlebelTa Soris qarTuli enis codnis zogadad

dabali doniTa da aseve, erovnuli umciresobebiT mWidrod da-

saxlebul regionebSi e.w. „qarTuli garemos“ ararsebobiT.

qarTuli enis swavlebis motivacia, wina wlebTan SedarebiT,

momatebulia, rac gansakuTrebiT SeimCneva qvemo qarTlSi. in-

terviuebis monacemebiT mosaxleobis nawili saxelmwifo enis

swavlebis problemis gadawyvetas qarTul skolaSi Svilis Sey-


435

vaniT cdilobs, magram amis Semdeg bavSvis winaSe dgeba mravali

problema, romelic jer kidev ar aris daZleuli.

unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom qvemo qarTlSi, zogadi ga-

naTlebis mimarTulebiT, wina wlebTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebu-

li viTarebaa. rogorc wina wlebSi ikveTeboda, mosaxleobis did

nawils bavSvebi qarTul skolebSi Sehyavda, anu maT submersiul

programebSi rTavda. dRes isini amboben, rom qarTul skolaSi

Svilis Seyvana gamosavali ar aris; aucilebelia azerbaijanul

skolebSi saxelmwifo enis iseTi kargi swavleba, rom SemdgomSi

maT Svilebs ar gauWirdeT umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba da muSa-

oba saqarTveloSi. gasul wlebSi samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleoba

qarTul skolebSi Svilebis Seyvanis did mondomebas ar amJRav-

nebda. am regionSi mSoblebi amJamadac miiCneven, rom maTma Svi-

lebma unda iswavlon somxur skolaSi, srulfasovnad SeiTvison

qarTuli enis gakveTilebi da saxelmwifo ena, sakuTar mSobli-

ur enasTan erTad iswavlon.

II Tavi.

interkulturuli dialogis da gagebis unarebi

kulturuli mravalferovnebis mimReoba da erovnul umci-

resobaTa kulturis SenarCuneba/dacva mniSvnelovania saerTo

kulturul cxovrebaSi maTi srulyofili monawileobis, urTi-

erTndobisa da samoqalaqo erTobis gancdis misaRwevad. saqar-

Tvelos konstituciiT garantirebulia TiToeuli moqalaqis

kulturuli ganviTareba, kulturul cxovrebaSi Tanamonawi-

leoba, kulturuli TviTmyofadobis gamovlineba da gamdidre-

ba. eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi sxvadasxva

eTnosebs Soris kulturuli integracia srulfasovani Tanacx-

ovrebis da regionis ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sa-

kiTxia. urTierTndoba, erTobis gancda, kulturaTa dialogi

aucilebelia konsolidirebuli sazogadoebis arsebobisTvis.

kulturuli mravalferovnebiT gamorCeul qveyanaSi, rogori-

caa saqarTvelo, metad mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis yvela wev-

ris samoqalaqo cnobierebis donis amaRleba. mosaxleobaSi sa-

moqalaqo cnobierebis Camoyalibeba xangrZlivi da kompleqsuri


436

procesia. am mimarTulebiT muSaoba unda mimdinareobdes sazo-

gadoebis yvela sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT — ganaTlebisa da kul-

turis sferoebSi. diagrama 2. rogor SeafasebT im urTierTobas, romelic

Tqvens sacxovrebel adgilas arsebobs qarTvelebsa da araqar-

Tvelebs Soris, es urTierToba aris:

megobrul da keTilmezoblur urTierTobad afasebs res-

pondentTa 85% im urTierTobas, romelic maT sacxovrebel ad-

gilas arsebobs qarTvelebsa da araqarTvelebs Soris. Tumca,

xazgasmas imsaxurebs is garemoeba, rom ninowmindis SemTxvevaSi

es maCvenebeli 94%, xolo bolnisSi 76%. ninowminda, faqtobri-

vad, somxuri mosaxleobiT aris dasaxlebuli da aq praqtikulad

ar dgeba sxva kulturis mimReobis realuri SesaZlebloba, gan-

sxvavebiT bolnisisagan, sadac eTnikuri landSafti gacilebiT

ufro mravalferovania.

2011 wlis kvlevis monacemebis Tanaxmad, eTnikuri umcire-

sobebis warmomadgenlebi sxva eTnosebTan urTierTobis erT-

erT ZiriTad barierad enis arcodnas asaxelebdnen (83%). im

etapze sakmaod dabali maCvenebeli ergo sxva maxasiaTeblebs:

religia 8%, eTnikuri warmomavloba 15%, politikuri Sexedu-

lebebi 6%, yofiT cxovrebaSi problemebi 9%. SerCeul terito-

riul erTeulebSi, respondentTa Sefasebidan gamomdinare, ur-

TierToba qarTvelebsa da araqarTvelebs Soris, rogorc wesi,

megobruli da keTilmezobluria (65%). daZabuli da konfliq-

turi urTierTobebis xvedriTi wili praqtikulad umniSvnelo


437

iyo. qarTvelebsa da araqarTvelebs Soris Tanacxovreba aseve

20%-is mier fasdeboda rogorc neitraluri (20%).

eTnikur jgufebs Soris mWidro interkulturuli urTier-

Tobebis ganviTarebas, respondentebis azriT, sami ZiriTadi xe-

lisSemSleli faqtori aferxebs: pirvel rigSi, es isev da isev

gamowveulia enis arcodnis problemiT (93%), meore mxriv, re-

ligiiT (19%) da mesame eTnikuri warmomavlobiT (12%). es uka-

naskneli faqtori gansakuTrebiT mdedrobiTi sqesis respon-

dentebis mxridan aRmoCnda xazgasmuli (58%). eTnikuri da re-

ligiuri faqtori ninowmindasTan SedarebiT aqtualuria bol-

nisisaTvis (84-94%) (ix. diagrama 3). es logikuria, pirvel rigSi,

Tavad eTnikuri landSaftis, xolo meore mxriv, religiur aR-

msareblobebs Soris seriozuli gansxvavebis gamo. maSin rode-

sac, faqtobrivad, arcerTi aRniSuli faqtori ninowmindisaT-

vis aqtualuri ar aris — eTnikuri landSafti erTgvarovania,

orive eTnosi (qarTuli da somxuri) qristianobis mimdevaria.

diagrama 3. eTnikur jgufebs Soris urTierTobis ra xelis-

SemSleli faqtorebi arsebobs?

sakmaod didi gansxvaveba dafiqsirda ninowmindis da bolni-

sis respondentTa pasuxebs Soris. ninowmindis mosaxleoba ur-

TierTobebs an radikalurad dadebiTad — megobrulad da ke-

Tilmezoblurad afasebda (75%) an Tavs ikavebda pasuxis gace-

misgan (18%). bolnisSi ki maRali iyo urTierTobebis „neitra-

lurad“ Sefasebis maCvenebeli (37%).


438

2011 wlis monacemebma garkveuli koreqcia ganicada 2013

wlis monacemebTan mimarTebaSi. 20%-iT gazrdilia eTnosebs So-

ris keTilmezobluri da megobruli urTierTobis tendencia

neitralurad naklebad fasdeba urTierTobebi, rogorc Cans, am

ganwyobis matarebeli respondentebis pozicia dadebiTad Seic-

vala. Tumca, religiuri faqtoris dasaxeleba integraciaSi xe-

lisSemSlel mizezad umniSvnelod, magram mainc 4%-iT momate-

bulia. politikuri Sexedulebebisa da yofiT cxovrebaSi prob-

lemebis Tema wina wlebTan SedarebiT aSkarad kargavs aqtualo-

bas. miuxedavad enis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli araer-

Ti nabijisa, enis arcodnis sakiTxi yvela sxva aqtualur Temas

faravs da, amavdroulad, aris am etapze yvelaze mniSvnelovani

problema eTnikuri umciresobebis integraciis TvalsazrisiT.

sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis integraciis xarisxis gazom-

va ara mxolod maT mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebiT aris SesaZ-

lebeli, aramed ufro obieqturi suraTis warmosaCenad, main-

tegrirebeli calkeuli faqtorebis gazomviT. saubaria eTno-

sebs Soris kulturis, tradiciebisa da yoveldRiuri cxovre-

bis wesebis Sesaxeb informirebulobasa da mimReobaze. integra-

ciis maCveneblis obieqturi sazomi sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs

Soris urTierTobis formebis analizia. pirveli da umniSvne-

lovanesi sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebis er-

TmaneTis tradiciebis Sesaxeb informirebulobaa, radgan nebis-

mieri mimReoba, rac kulturuli relativizmis safuZvelia,

upirveles yovlisa, gulisxmobs ganxvavebulis Sesaxeb codnas

da mxolod codnaze dafuZnebul gagebas/pativiscemas. miuxeda-

vad xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis istoriisa, es maCvenebeli sakma-

od dabalia da orive regionSi ar aRemateba 33%-s. aseve, daba-

lia eTnikuri jgufebis CarTuloba erTmaneTis dResaswaulebis

gaziarebaSi (45%.) sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs sustad aqvT er-

TmaneTTan naTesauri/samegobro kavSirebi ganviTarebuli (27%.)

es maCveneblebi, ra Tqma unda, calsaxad miuTiTebs kulturaTa-

Soris dialogis deficitze da am mimarTulebiT meti aqtivobe-

bis ganxorcielebis aucileblobaze.

Sefaseba/mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva eTnikuri

jgufebi erTmaneTis tradiciebs namdvilad icnoben, ZiriTa-


439

dad, dafiqsirda azerbaijanel respondentebSi (60%). bevrad

mcirea, am kiTxvaze, qarTveli da somexi erovnebis respondente-

bis calsaxad dadebiTi pasuxis procentuli maCveneblebi (26%—

14%), isini upiratesobas aniWeben pasuxs „met-naklebad“. erTma-

neTis dResaswaulebze siaruli ki somexi erovnebis responden-

tebis azriT aris xSiri movlena (71%), am azrs naklebad iziare-

ben qarTveli (10%) da azerbaijaneli (21%) erovnebis respon-

dentebi. rac Seexeba naTesauri da megobruli kavSirebis arse-

bobas, samive eTnikuri jgufi calsaxad dadebiTad pasuxobs. pa-

suxebi TiTqmis Tanabar, saSualoze sakmaod dabal maCvenebelze

gavida: qarTveli — 21%; somexi — 24%; azerbaijaneli — 33%. 2011 wlis kvlevis Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebi

sakmaod cudad iyvnen informirebuli erTmaneTis tradiciebis

Sesaxeb (47%.) informaciis simwire aisaxeboda sxvadasxva eTniku-

ri jgufebis erTmaneTis dResaswaulebze ardaswrebis maCvene-

belze (66%.) am fonze ar iyo gasakviri arc sxvadasxva eTnikur

jgufebs Soris naTesauri/samegobro kavSirebis nakleboba (52%.)

ninowmindasa da bolnisis monacemebs Soris Sedareba aCve-

nebda, rom integraciis done eTnikur jgufebs Soris samive ur-

TierTobis tipis mixedviT ninowmindaSi ufro maRali iyo vidre

bolnisSi.

aRniSnuli kvlevis mixedviT, qvemo qarTlSi ufro meti res-

pondenti ambobs, rom sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis warmomad-

genlebi dadian erTmaneTis dResaswaulebze, vidre — samcxe-ja-

vaxeTSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom sakmaod maRalia am kiTxvebze „ar

vici/miWirs pasuxis gacema“ pasuxebis wili: samcxe-javaxeTSi —

45%, qvemo qarTlSi — 28.6%, rac eTnikuri umciresobebis nakle-

bad informirebulobaze metyvelebs. aRniSnuli kvleva imasac

gviCvenebs, rom erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebi

arcTu kargad icnoben erTmaneTis erovnul tradiciebs. qvemo

qarTlSi gamokiTxulTa 35%-is, samcxe-javaxeTSi ki — 21.7%-is

azriT, erovnul tradiciebs icnoben mxolod maT regionSi

mcxovrebni. qarTveli respondentebis mesamedi miiCnevs, rom sa-

qarTvelos yvela mcxovrebma icis sxva eTnikuri jgufebis

erovnuli tradiciebis Sesaxeb. araqarTveli respondentebis

mxolod 15.2% fiqrobs msgavsad. SesaZloa, qvemo qarTlis regi-


440

onSi informirebulobis SedarebiT maRal xarisxs ganapirobeb-

des am regionSi samoqmedo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZie-

bebis meti raodenoba.

2011 wlis monacemebi, 2013 wlis monacemebTan SedarebiT, iZ-

leva daskvnis saSualebas, rom mdgomareoba dadebiTisaken ar

Secvlila, piriqiT, sazomi parametrebi ganicdian klebas, rac

usaTuod mianiSnebs problemis simwvaveze da masze meti muSao-

bis aucileblobaze.

tolerantobis suliskveTebis amaRleba mravali mimarTule-

biT muSaobas moiTxovs. tolerantobis suliskveTebis mxardaWe-

ra, kulturaTaSorisi dialogisa da kavSirebis xelSewyoba mniS-

vnelovania swavlebis dros — saWiroa, swavlis procesSi danergi-

li iqnas interkulturuli swavlebis meTodebi; moswavle-ax-

lgazrdoba enTuziazmiT iRebs monawileobas gacvliT progra-

mebSi, sazafxulo banakebSi. saWiroa, gaizardos resursebi aseTi

aqtivobebis dasafinanseblad. saganmanaTleblo-SemecnebiTi

proeqtebi xels Seuwyobs axalgazrdebis daaxloebas da codnis

miRebas; saqarTvelos kulturul cxovrebaSi erovnuli umcire-

sobebis monawileobis xelSewyobisaTvis sasurvelia, winaswar

moxdes ama Tu im RonisZiebaSi monawileobisTvis umciresobebis

warmomamadgenelTa momzadeba; sasurvelia, kulturuli kavSire-

bis gasaRrmaveblad da kulturaTa gasacnobad, meti yuradReba

daeTmos sxvadasxva tipis RonisZiebebis organizebas.

Tamar Charkviani

PhD, Ilia State University

Ana Chelidze

PhD Student, Ilia State University

Intercultural Dialogue and Acceptance of Cultural Diversity

(Example of Ninotsminda and Bolnisi)

Resume

Lack of the Georgian socio-cultural environment in the regions increases

the gap between ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijanis and their Georgian co citi-


441

zens. Mutual estrangement of different social groups, including ethnic groups,

leads to the creation of attitudes and stereotypes with regards to their represen-

tatives, which, in its turn, may lead to conflict.

The aim of the empirical research carried out in 2011-2013 was to reveal

factors that hinder/assist the integration of non Georgian ethnic youth in

Samtskhe-Javaketi and Kvemo Kartli. It also aimed to describe and analyse the

issues of cultural integration and cultural diversity of ethnic minorities in Nino-

tsminda and Bolnisi regions.

Based on the aims and objectives of the research, a number of selection

criteria have been identified; according to which schools where fieldwork for

the sociological research took place have been selected. Priority was given to

self-government units with a concentrated ethnic minority population. In the

pre-selected villages ethnic minorities represent a majority compared to

Georgian population.

The sociological research was based on qualitative and quantitative re-search methods.

In-depth interviews with public school principals and representatives of

the education resource centre. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 res-

pondents from these groups.

In-depth interviews with public school teachers and parents of public

school students. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 respondents from

these groups.

The quantitative research sample involved 160 students (80 in each

region) and 20 teachers (10 in each region).

The level of integration of various ethnic groups can be measured based not

only on their statements, but, to get a more objective picture, also through

measuring separate integration factors; i.e. awareness and acceptance of tra-

ditions and everyday norms of life by the ethnic groups. According to the results

of the research, different ethnic groups are rather badly informed about one ano-

ther’s traditions (47%). Lack of awareness was revealed by the indicator for

attendance of celebrations of other ethnic groups – 66%. In view of this, it is not

surprising that family/friendly relationships between different ethnic groups are

rare (52%).

The respondents were asked to evaluate which ethnic groups they would

like to have closer relations with. Naturally, the respondents from Kvemo Kartli

have expressed preference for Azerbaijanis to become their family members,


442

while the respondents from Samtskhe-Javakheti prefer Armenians. However, in

both provinces, ethnic Georgians are rated as second best. Perhaps because

friendship requires a longer relationship, the majority of respondents give pre-

ference to representatives of their own nationality; however, they also point out

that nationality is not important in choosing friends.

Representatives of ethnic minorities regard lack of language skills as one of

the main barriers for interaction with other ethnic groups (83%); other factors

are given considerably less importance: religion 8%, ethnic origin 15%, political

views 6%, and everyday problems 9%. According to the opinion of respondents

from the selected territorial entities, the relationship between Georgians and

non-Georgians is, normally, friendly and neighbourly (65%). The percentage of

tense and hostile relationships is very low. 20% of respondents describe the

relationship between Georgians and non-Georgians as neutral.

`civi omis~ drois kontrastuli sivrceebis interkulturuli aspeqtebis gaazrebisaTvis

443

mari wereTeli


`civi omis~ drois kontrastuli sivrceebis

interkulturuli aspeqtebis gaazrebisaTvis

(jon stainbekisa da nodar dumbaZis

Jurnalisturi nawerebis mixedviT)

XX saukunis uprecendento sabWoTa reJimi ukiduresad

zRudavda kulturul komunikacias dasavleTis qveynebTan, romlebsac sabWoTa media politikuri konteqstiT warmoaCenda.

antagonisturi ideologiuri diskursi, zogadad, damaxasiaTe-

belia `civi omis~ (1940-iani wlebis Suaxnidan 1990-iani wlebis

dasawyisamde) periodis qarTuli masmediisTvisac. informacias

mizanmimarTulad Caenacvla antidasavluri dezinformacia. me-

diaveli, arsebiTad, gadafaruli iyo sabWoTa propagandistuli

sainformacio nakadiT da ideologiuri dapirispirebis niSniT

iyo aRbeWdili. aseT viTarebaSi damkvidrebuli kliSeebi da

stereotipebi negatiurad aisaxeboda masobriv cnobierebaze.

mwiri warmodgenebis tyveobaSi myofi qarTveli mkiTxveli,

mxolod klasikuri mwerlobis saqveynod cnobili nimuSebis, Ti-

To-orola mxatvruli filmisa Tu musikaluri nawarmoebis meS-

veobiT ecnoboda (isic ufro, e.w. daTbobis politikis Semdeg)

`rkinis fardis~ miRma darCenil amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

sazogadoebriv, politikur Tu kulturul cxovrebas. Tu me-19

saukunisa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli demokratiuli

presa mizanmimarTulad, sistematurad aqveynebda dasavleTis

qveynebis, maT Soris, Soreuli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

politikuri da socialuri yofis amsaxvel publikaciebs, me-20

saukuneSi, sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi, es procesi karga xniT

mari wereTeli

444

Sewyda. Sedegad, karga xniT Seferxda qarTuli demokratiuli

Jurnalistikis ganviTareba.

xelovnurad gaucxoebuli amerikuli samyaro miuwvdomeli

gaxda qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. saqarTvelos, iseve rogorc

sabWoTa imperiis sxva qveynebs, dasavluri samyaro ganixilavda,

mxolod oden, erTian sabWoTa sociokulturul sivrceSi, sab-

WoeTis Semadgenel nawilad. bunebrivad, qarTuli kultura,

damoukidebeli saxiT, rogorc TviTmyofadi fenomeni, dasavle-

TisaTvis Seucnobeli rCeboda.

sainformacio vakuumis pirobebSi iwereba da am Tvalsazri-

siT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens amerikeli mwerlis jon

stainbekis wigni `rusuli dRiuri~ da qarTveli mwerlis nodar

dumbaZis narkvevi `odisevsis dabruneba~. orive teqsti repor-

taJuli stilis dokumenturi Jurnalizmis nimuSia, romlebi-

Tac avtorebi gvevlinebian Jurnalizmis ubadlo ostatebad. TvalsaCino amerikeli literaturaTmcodne-komparativis-

ti rene veleki (1903-1995) aRniSnavda: `msoflio literatura ar

niSnavs wesTa qmnas, aramed komunikaciasa da kulturaTa kon-

taqts~ (`literaturaTmcodneobis zogierTi cneba~, http://lib.ge).

moxmobili amonaridis konteqstSi, vfiqrobT, aqtualuria Cven

mier dasaxelebuli avtorebis Jurnalisturi naazrevis ganxil-

va konteqstualurad, maTi xelaxali wakiTxviT, interpretaci-

is, aseve istoriul-SedarebiTi (komparativistuli) meTodisa

da sinTezis moSveliebiT.

Cveni dakvirvebis sagania:

1. `civi omis~ drois politikuri polarizaciis gavlena

konkretuli avtorebis teqstebze;

2. `rkinis fardis~ miRma sociokulturuli sivrceebis Se-

darebiTi analogiis gaazreba;

3. jon stainbekisa da nodar dumbaZis nawarmoebebis inter-

kulturuli aspeqtebis warmoCena.

jon stainbekisa da nodar dumbaZis dasaxelebuli teqstebi

sxvadasxva dros daiwera, stainbekis `rusuli dRiuri~ 1948

wels, anu stalinizmis zeobis xanaSi gamoqveynda. nodar dumba-

Zem (1928-1984) amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi imogzaura 1978

wels da `odisevsis dabruneba~ calke wignad dabeWda 1979 wels.


445

teqsti aseve Sesulia 1981 wels gamocemul wignSi `STabeWdile-

bebi, werilebi, gamosvlebi~. breJnevis, e. w. `uZraobis xanaSi~

sabWoTa reJimma TiTqosda icvala ier-saxe, Tumca misi politi-

kuri, monoideologiuri Sinaarsi iseTive darCa. `sabWoTa poli-

tikuri dro~, rogorc sivrciTi kategoria, SeiZleba warmovid-

ginoT saerTo tipologiuri niSnebiTa da paradigmebiT aRbeW-

dil ucvlel mTlianobad.

didma amerikeli mweralma, nobelis premiis laureatma, jon

stainbekma (1902-1968) sabWoTa kavSirSi (ruseTSi, ukrainasa da

saqarTveloSi imogzaura 1947 wels cnobil fotograf robert

kapasTan erTad (aqve aRvniSnavT, rom igi 1937 welsac iyo namyo-

fi sabWoTa kavSirSi). `rusuli dRiuris~ ori Tavi (VII-VIII) asaxavs

mwerlis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebs. mas sabWoe-

Tis Sesaxeb reportaJebis seria daukveTa gazeTma `niu-iork he-

rald tribunma~, romelmac TandaTan gamoaqveyna kidec stainbe-

kis reportaJebis fragmentebi, Semdeg ki teqsti wignad gamoica,

Tumca sabWoTa mkiTxvelisaTvis is imTaviTve moxvda tabudade-

buli wignebis saTvalavSi. rusulad ar gamocemula 1990 wlam-

de, qarTul enaze ki mkiTxvelma igi mxolod 2005 wels ixila.

wignis dagvianebiT dabeWdvis mizezebze stainbekis Semoqme-

debis amerikeli mkvlevari, san xoses saxelmwifo universite-

tis profesori, stainbekis centris xelmZRvaneli profesori

siuzan Silinglou aRniSnavs: `ra Tqma unda, bevri ram ar moewo-

nebodaT. „rusuli dRiuri“ mTlianobaSi mainc kritikuli iyo.

araerTi komentari iyo, sadac kargad Canda mwerlis ironia ko-

munisturi reJimis mimarT. mTeli rigi biurokratiuli proble-

mebi, arasaxarbielod warmoaCenda sabWoTa kavSirs. garda amisa,

mogvianebiT steinbekma vietnamis omze dawera araerTi Jurna-

listuri werili, romelSic CrdiloeT vietnamis komunistur

reJims akritikebda~ (Silinglou : 2011).

bunebrivia, rom jon stainbekis `rusuli dRiuri~, iseve ro-

gorc nodar dumbaZis `odisevsis dabruneba,~ ar aris gantvir-

Tuli `civi omis~ politikuri sinamdvilis, aseve sabWoTa komu-

nisturi reJimiT gamowveuli zegavlenisagan. TavSekavebuli

stainbeki aSkara publicistur-politikuri aqcentebisa da kri-

tikuli paTosis gareSe aRwers mogzaurobis amsaxvel STabeWdi-

mari wereTeli

446

lebebs da gansakuTrebul keTilganwyobilebas gamoxatavs sa-

qarTvelos mimarT.

`rusuli dRiuris~ mixedviT, saqarTvelo ruseTisagan sru-

liad gansxvavebuli geografiis, mravalsaukunovani istoriisa

da kulturis qveyanaa. zogjer stainbeki `ruseTadac~ moixse-

niebs saqarTvelos (sabWoTa periodSi ucxoelebSi damkvidre-

buli kliSe iyo, m.w.), Tumc, calkeuli epizodebi mowmobs, rom

amerikeli mwerali mas ufro Tanamedrove ambebis gadmocemisas

iyenebs. mwerali mkiTxvels ramdenjerme mianiSnebs, rom saqar-

Tvelo rusebisTvisac friad saintereso geografiuli sivrcea,

`samoTxed~ wodebuli, kavkasiis mTebsa da Sav zRvas Soris mde-

bare, mdidari miwiT, sakuTari zRviTa da xalxiT: `tropikuli

klimati qarTvelTa sicocxlis unarianobas ver aqveiTebda, aZ-

lierebda kidec. maTi individualobisa da nebisyofis Cacxroba

arafers SeeZlo. saukuneebis manZilze amas dampyroblebi, ca-

ristuli armiebi, despotebi da adgilobrivi tiranebi cdilob-

dnen, aseTi mcdelobebi qarTvelTa nebisyofasTan Sejaxebisas

imsxvreoda da am nebisyofis sul mciredi Seryevac ki veraferma

SeZlo~ (steinbeki 2005:232).

mwerali ar cdlobs Temebis politizirebas da Riad, kri-

tikulad arsad afasebs stalinur reJims, Tumca teqstis ara-

erT pasaJSi simboloebiT isaxeba sistemis zogadi saxe da maxasi-

aTeblebi. `rusuli dRiuris~ mixedviT, sabWoeTis mTavari saxe--

simbolo stalinia. pirovnebis kultis pirobebSi sivrculi ga-

remo aRbeWdilia sabWoTa totalitaruli sistemis Tvisobrio-

bis warmomCeni vizualuri ikonuri niSnebiT: fotoebiT, Zegle-

biT, memorialebiT. mwerlis interess ufro stalinTan dakavSirebuli `siwmin-

deebi~ iwvevs. stainbeki mkiTxvels cocxal, informaciulad

datvirTul reportaJul kadrs sTavazobs goris stalinis saxl-

muzeumidan, mniSvnelovani da uwvrilmanesi detalebiT, niuan-

sebiTa da dinamikuri, ironizirebuli TxrobiT: `misi samSoblo

mlocvelTa adgiladaa gadaqceuli, muzeumis daTvalierebisas

adamianebi CurCuliT saubrobdnen da fexis wverebze dadiod-

nen, ara, amis msgavsi da amis dari istoriaSi araferi gvsmenia~

(steinbeki 2005:207). stalinis erTpirovnuli Zalaufleba masSi


447

logikur filosofiur fiqrs aRZravs, rac mravalmniSvnelova-

ni remarkis saxes iZens da diqtatoruli saxelmwifos bedis gan-

sjas isaxavs miznad: `stalini sicocxleSive ganusazRvreli Za-

lauflebiT sargeblobs, magram ra moxdeba misi sikvdilis Sem-

deg? stalinis sityvas veravin epasuxeba, amis axsna propagan-

diT, aRzrdis meTodebiT, mudmivi SexsenebebiT, ikonografii-

sadmi usazRvro siyvaruliT an sxva nebismieri magaliTebiT, er-

TmniSvnelovnad SesaZlebelia~ (steinbeki 2005:208).

meore simbolo sabWoeTisaTvis imanenturia — sabWoTa spec-

samsaxuri, totalitaruli qveynis mTavari sayrdeni. misi warmo-

madgenelia ivan smarki, meTvalyure, mogzaurobaSi wuTiTac

rom ar tovebs `politikurad saeWvo~ stumrebs da calkeul epi-

zodebSi mudmivad figurirebs. aseve, sistemis maxasiaTeblebia:

komunisturi propaganda, romlis gavlenac teqstis mixedviT

yovlismomcvelia da ideologizirebuli kultura, romelic,

steinbekis dakvirvebiT, kargad Cans Tundac erTi, revoluciu-

ri Tematikis sqemiT gawyobili muzeumebis magaliTze. mwerali,

am SemTxvevaSic, Tavs aridebs zedmet konkretikasa da gansjas,

raki upiratesobas, ganzogadebis nacvlad, faqtebis warmoCenas

aniWebs, Tumca calkeuli monakveTebi uTuod kritikuli qve-

teqstis Semcvelia.

TbilisSi yofnisas jon stainbeks akvirvebs da, cota ar

iyos, Rlis kidec literaturisa da mwerlis daniSnulebis Sesa-

xeb winaswar dagegmili `inteleqtualuri saubrebi~, rodesac

maspinZlebi imaze met interess iCenen amerikuli literaturis

mimarT, vidre amerikel stumrebs aqvT saamiso mzaoba. aqve aR-

vniSnavT, rom nodar dumbaZe amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mog-

zaurobisas bevr cnobil mwerals xvdeba, maT Soris kurt vone-

guts, jon apdaiks, artur milersa da sxvebs. samarTlianoba mo-

iTxovs aRiniSnos, rom adreuli stereotipebis tyveobaSi arian

Tavad amerikeli mwerlebic, amitom stumrebisaTvis, sabWoeTi-

dan, miuRebelia, roca 1978 wels literatura isev 20-30-iani

wlebis kliSeebiT fasdeba, Tumca mwerali gakvirvebas ar ma-

lavs: `sxvaTa Soris, amerikeli mwerlebi sakuTari literatu-

ris naklze mets laparakobdnen, vidre Cvensaze. laparakobdnen

mkacrad da mourideblad~ (dumbaZe 1981:4).

mari wereTeli

448

jon stainbeki mkveTrad ganasxvavebs mwerlis rols aSS-sa

da saqarTveloSi (sabWoTa kavSirSi). stalinuri epoqis sabWoTa

mwerali, misi azriT, sistemis samsaxurSia, mxars uWers da aZli-

erebs mmarTveli partiis ideologiur kurss da strategias ma-

Sin, roca amerikeli mwerali sazogadoebisaTvis wers, Sesabami-

sad, is cxadia, ar iziarebs stalinis cnobil gamonaTqvams mwer-

lebis, rogorc `sulis inJinrebis~ Sesaxeb (rogorc cnobilia,

sulierebis funqcia literaturaSi socialisturi realizmis

mixedviT gulisxmobda mxolod da mxolod kvazisocialistur

ideur faseulobebs — m.w.). stainbekis TqmiT, `amerikasa da in-

glisSi kargi mwerali sazogadoebis gamkicxavia, misi mizani, sa-

zogadoebrivi sibriyvis sasacilod agdeba, usamarTlobisaTvis

fardis Camoxsna, sazogadoebrivi Secdomebis gamoaSkaraveba

iyo, amerikaSi am mizezebis gamo, arc sazogadoeba da arc mTav-

roba mwerlebs ar swyalobda~ (steinbeki 2005:200). sagulisxmoa,

rom jon stainbeki 1962 wlis 10 dekembers nobelis premiis mi-

Rebis ceremonialze warmoTqmul sityvaSic aRniSnavda: `mwer-

lis uZvelesi rwmunebuleba ar Secvlila. misi valia Cveni uam-

ravi mtanjveli marcxi da Secdoma gamoaaSkaraos, gamosamzeu-

reblad amozidos Cveni bneli siRrmeebidan saSiSi warmosaxvani

maTi gamosworebis mizniT. mimaCnia, rom mwerals, romelsac

mgznebared ar swams adamianis srulyofilebisa, arc mowodeba

aqvs da arc adgili literaturaSi~ (stainbeki: Lib.ge). mwerlis am

sityvebSi uTuod unda davinaxoT qarTuli klasikuri mwerlo-

bis idealic.

nodar dumbaZe vaSingtonis kongresis did biblioTekaSi,

delegaciis sxva wevrebTan erTad, interesiT aTvalierebs ame-

rikel klasikosTa (folkneris, hemingueis, stainbekis) xelnawe-

rebis arqivebs, romlebsac, mwerlis TqmiT, didi `sasoebiT uf-

rTxildebian amerikelebi~, xolo gancvifrebas ver malavs, ro-

desac sant-luisis universitetSi studentebTan Sexvedris

dros aRmoaCens, rom studentebs stainbekis Semoqmedeba wa-

kiTxulic ki ar hqondaT. aq uTuod unda gavixsenoT `rusuli

dRiuridan~ stainbekis sityvebi: `amerikaSi mwerlebs saerTod

Zlivs itandnen da maTi sikvdilis Semdeg namuSevrebs sul cota,

ocdaxuTi wliT gverdze gadadebdnen xolme~ (steinbeki 2009:199).


449

n. dumbaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom sanacvlod, `isini

(studentebi) brwyinvaled floben im specialobas, romelsac

euflebian. imis iqiT ki ra xdeba, Zalian bundovani warmodgena

aqvT~ (dumbaZe 1981: 26). esec aris `rkinis fardis~ miRma arsebu-

li kontrastuli sivrceebis ganmasxvavebeli simptomi.

am Temas ergvarad exmaureba italieli semiotikosisa da

mweral-eseistis umberto ekos interviu `populizmi, masmedia,

kultura da inteleqtualebi~, rodesac Jurnal `Le Figaro~-s

Jurnalistis frazas: `da mainc, inteleqtualuri cxovreba aSS-

Si sakmaod mravalferovani da mdidaria!~, umberto eko Semdeg-

nairad pasuxobs: `magram am inteleqtualebs aranairi gavlena

ara aqvT! isini umcires jgufebad arian danawevrebuli, romle-

bic universitetis kampusebis mdidrul getoebSi cxovroben.

didtiraJiani amerikuli gazeTebis furclebze verasdros na-

xavT profesorTa komentarebs. xolo maSin, roca isini politi-

kaSi midian, akademiur saqmianobas mTlianad Tavs anebeben, ro-

gorc bJezinski da kisinjeri. ver ityvi, rom evropaSi yovel-

Tvis iTvaliswineben inteleqtualebis mier xelmoweril mani-

festebs, magram isini arc ignorirebulebi arian“ (eko: 2009).

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom nodar dumbaZis SesaniSnavi samog-

zauro narkvevi `odisevsis dabruneba~ axlac interesiT ikiTxe-

ba. teqstis informaciuli datvirTuloba, gamoxatvis Jurna-

listuri xerxebiT Seqmnili kompoziciurad Sekruli reporta-

Juli teqsti, Txrobis xalasi, feierverkuli stiliT, portre-

tuli StrixebiT, dialogebiT, remarkebiT ganapirobebs nawar-

moebis publicistur-mxatvrul gamorCeulobas. miuxedavad

teqstis zogierTi monakveTis koniunqturuli Seferilobisa,

mTlianobaSi is warmogvidgeba im keTilsindisier avtorad, ro-

melic realur suraTs uxatavs mkiTxvels.

`nodar dumbaZis dakvirvebuli mzeris miRma ar rCeba ameri-

kis politikur-ekonomikuri sistemis, ganaTlebis, kulturis,

aseve, Tavisufali samyaros moqalaqis fsiqologiisTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli araerTi mniSvnelovani niuansi, romelsac igi Cveuli

feradovnebiT gadmogvcems. nawarmoebis mixedviT es aris: kerZo

sakuTrebis upiratesoba, Sromis kultura, drois yadri, pro-

fesionalizmis gageba, profesiis aTvisebaze orientirebuli ga-

mari wereTeli

450

naTlebis sistema, romelic gansxvavdeboda sabWoTa zogadi wig-

nierebis, xSirad ki snoburi ganaTlebisgan~ (wereTeli 2010: 44).

magaliTad, `amerikelebi bavSvebs Sromismoyvareobisa da

saqmianobis gamudmebul atmosferoSi zrdian, iSviaTad naxavT

amerikeli Tavis Svils enamoCleqiT elaparakebodes. didi dro

da adgili eTmoba algazrdobis sportul aRzrdas. Zalian ma-

Ral donezea bavSvTa saxelmwifo patriotizmis suliskveTebiT

aRzrda~ (dumbaZe 1981:43).

`didi STabeWdileba moaxdina Cemze demokratizmma, rome-

lic studentebsa da profesor-maswavleblebs Soris arsebobs.

auditoriis miRma yvelani Tanasworni arian, araviTari daZabu-

loba, mxolod uSualoba, rac, ra Tqma unda, zrdilobisa da eTi-

kis darRvevis xarjze ar xdeba~ (dumbaZe 1981:26).

nodar dumbaZe amerikel mwerlebTan Sexvedrisas Tavis ga-

mosvlaSi aRniSnavs, rom igi erovnuli literaturis garda aRi-

zarda biCer stous, mark tvenis, folkneris, hemingueis, uitme-

nis, o’henris, steinbekis da sxvaTa wignebze, aseTive keTilgan-

wyobas gamoxatavs mwerlis sityvebi: `ai, me axla vzivar baton

apdaikis gverdiT da misi mxris siTbos vgrZnob. es siTbo albaT

Tan gamyveba saqarTveloSi da didxans meyofa sagzlad~ (dumba-

Ze1981:7).

kulturaTSorisi aspeqtebis gaazrebis konteqstSi gavixse-

noT, rom eTnorelativizmi, rogorc xedva, eTnocentrizmisagan

gansxvavebiT, aRiarebs yvela kulturis Tanabar mniSvnelobas

da aadvilebs kulturaTa gagebas. Tanamedrove amerikeli an-

Tropologis milton benetis interkulturuli urTierTpati-

viscemis modelis mixedviT, eTnorelativizmis safexurebia:

aRiareba — gansxvavebebi xalxebs Soris, rogorc interesis saga-

ni, adaptacia — sxvadasxva kulturuli realobis Sefasebisas

gansxvavebuli standartebis gamoyeneba, integracia — sxva kul-

turis pirobebSi komfortulad yofna (Грушевицкая:2003) kon-

trastuli politikuri sivrceebis arseboba `civi omis~ piro-

bebSi uTuod ganapirobebs kulturaTa Soris gaucxoebas, Tum-

ca zemoT moyvanili Teoriuli modelis mixedviT SesaZloa teq-

stebSi davinaxoT eTnorelativizmis tendenciebi.


451

avtorebs ainteresebT zogadeTnikuri Taviseburebani, tra-

diciebi, istoriuli da kulturuli Rirebulebebi:

magaliTad, stainbeki gamoyofs:

1. stumarTmoyvareobas, qarTul samzareulos da qarTuli

sufris tradicias (Tumc uTuod SeimCneva erTgvari keTili

ironia e.w. qarTuli gadaWarbebis mimarT): `sulis aseTi erTia-

noba, iseve rogorc CvenTan, saqarTvelosTvis ucxo ar yofila,

enobrivi barierebi waiSala, nacionaluri sazRvrebi moirRva da

Tarjimnebis saWiroebac moixsna (steinbeki 2005:235);

2. istoriuli warsuli, miTebi da legendebi, TviTmyofadi

kultura, xelovneba — poezia, musika, sporti;

3. religiuri tolerantoba, qarTuli eklesia da saeklesio

rituali: `Tbilisi iyo da axlac im qalaqad rCeboda, sadac sxva-

dasxva religia SesaniSnavad urTierTcxovrobdnen. am qristia-

nul garemocvaSi uZvelesi sinagogebi da muslimTa meCeTebi

Tavs Tavisuflad grZnoben da arcerTi salocavi qiSpis gamo ar

dangreula~ (steinbeki 2005: 190).

aqve uTuod unda aRvniSnoT, rom stainbeki uyuradRebod ar

tovebs mTel sabWoeTsa da saqarTveloSic meore msoflio omis

Semdgom arsebul mZime socialur-ekonomikur garemos da kvla-

vac, Sefasebis gareSe, faqtebis, detalebisa da epizodebis gad-

mocemiT Semoifargleba.

nodar dumbaZe kargad xedavs gansxvavebul sistemur Tavi-

seburebebs da Txrobisas, Cveuli ostatobiT erTmaneTs uzavebs

seriozulsa da sasacilos, am korelaciaSi ar ugulebelyofs

sabWoTa kavSirSi agrerigad xelaRebiT uaryofil mTavar da-

savlur Rirebulebebs. amerikaSi CasvlisTanave misTvis axlebu-

rad aRiqmeba `dro~, rogorc sivrciTi kategoria: `Tuki raimes

aRmerTeben da Tayvans scemen amerikelebi, es aris — dro. dro

gaxlavT yovelive imis saTave, rac me momewona da ar momewona am

qveyanaSi~ (dumbaZe1981:4). mwerlis sityvebi uneblied gvaxse-

nebs aSS-is erT-erTi damfuZnebelTaganis benjamen franklinis

(1706-1790) cnobil gamonaTqvams: `gaxsovdes, rom dro — fulia~

(`rCeva axalbeda movaWres~, 1748).

nodar dumbaZe e.w. uZraobis (zastois) wlebSi mogzaurobs

amerikaSi, amitom kargad amCnevs, rom droisa da Sromis yadriT,

mari wereTeli

452

kapitalisturi sistemis am ori mTavari komponentis wyalobiT,

qveyana ukiduresad ganviTაrebulia. aq uTuod unda davinaxoT

Semdegi analogia: droc da Sromac ssrk-Si lozungur katego-

riebad rCeba — `aq Sesveneba Tu ar aris, gamoricxulia muSasTan

maslaaTi, SekiTxvebis micema: rodis Seuyvarda es profesia, an

sxva (vfiqrobT, qveteqsti naTelia — m.w.), es aris ukiduresad

daZabuli da TavauRebeli Sromis ganawilebis samagaliTo pro-

cesi. cxadia, aseT pirobebSi rTulia muSaoba, magram aq erTi ga-

remoebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rodesac muSas qarxanaSi iReben,

ideba ormxrivi xelSekruleba-SeTanxmeba. erTi mxriv, aRniSnu-

lia muSis valdebulebani, meore mxriv ki — administraciisa.

xelSekrulebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi orive mxare erTnairad

isjeba, avtomatizacia, teqnikuri srulyofa da sisufTave adre

me arsad minaxavs“ (dumbaZe 1981 :16) — ai, ase gulwrfelad, pati-

osnad uambobs nodar dumbaZe mkiTxvels, jerac `civi omis~ pi-

robebSi, misTvis ucnobi qveynis Sesaxeb.

mwerali aTvalierebs amerikis qalaqebs, parkebs, muzeumebs

arqiteqturul saocrebebs, disnei-lends, holivuds, (`codvaa

is bavSvi, romelic am saukuneSi daibada da es ori zRapruli qve-

yana ar unaxavs~), brodveis, xvdeba adamianebs, aRwers saintere-

so epizodebs, akvirdeba kulturul gansxvavebebs. uyuradRe-

bod ar tovebs rasobrivi diskriminaciis problemasac, rac,

cxadia, mxolod sabWoTa kavSirSi am problemis, rogorc ameri-

kuli saxelmwifos sisustis, mudmivi musirebiT ar aris gamowve-

uli, Temis imJamindeli simwvavidan gamomdinare, is amerikisaT-

vis mTavar dilemad miaCnda mwerals.

jon stainbeksa da nodar dumbaZes mogzaurobis dros xSi-

rad uCndebaT samSoblos identuri asociaciebi: jon steinbeks

Savi zRvis Tavze, soxumisken frenisas, kaliforniis sanapiro,

Tbilisiskeნ frenis dros ki, kavkasionis xilvisas, kaliforniis

mTebi axsendeba, Tbilisis xeoba niu-meqsikos agonebs. nodar

dumbaZesac eufleba mogzaurobisas samSoblos gancda, Tanac

stainbekis msgavsad, san-francisko agonebs Tbiliss, xmauriani

quCebiTa da tramvaiT, masze axtoma-CamoxtomiT~ (`Tqven warmo-

idgineT, `zadniT~ Camoxtomac iciano~). jon stainbeki `jados-

nur qveyanad~ moixseniebs saqarTvelos, xolo Tbiliss didos-


453

tatis kalmiT gamosaxul ferwerul peizaJs uZRvnis: `dasavle-

Tis mTis Txemze uzarmazari mTvare Semomjdariyo. mTvaris

lurj sinaTleze Ramis qalaqi ufro Zveli da idumali Canda,

didi cixe-simagre, goliaTis msgavsad, miwidan amovardnas la-

mobda. saocari suraTi uneburad gafiqrebinebda, rom, Tu ki de-

damiwis zurgze aCrdilebi marTlac, arsebobdnen, isini aq unda

Sekrebiliyvnen, maT Soris mefe Tamaris aCrdilic swored aq,

mTvaris SuqiT ganaTebul mTebis Txemze unda yofiliyo~ (stein-

beki2005:196).

nodar dumbaZe sabWoTa mediis mier damkvidrebul uaryo-

fiT stereotipebs Cveuli moqnilobiT abaTilebs, Tumca ar Se-

iZleba ar davinaxoT misgan sabWoeTis dacvis garkveuli valde-

bulebac: `marTlac gindaT amerikis dapyroba? — mkiTxa uceb

biWma.

— ar dagimalavT da ki gvinda! — gamovutydi me.

— ratom? — mkiTxa dadarajebulma.

— amerika iseTi lamazi da mdidari qveyanaa, Sen rom Cvens

adgilze iyo, Senc wagZlevda suli. Sevatyve, Tan esiamovna Cemi

pasuxi, Tan gaukvirda.

— Tqven raRad gindaT Cveni dapyroba, — axla me vkiTxe.

— Cven, Cven sulac ar gvinda, — ase mipasuxa dabneulma. aga-

Sena RmerTma, aba, Cven miT umetes ar gvinda-meTqi, da xeli gavu-

wode. TviTonac gamomiwoda, magrad CamovarTvi, Tan davZine:

— icode, sityva sityvaa!

— sityva sityvaa! — mipasuxa siciliT. mere erTmaneTi gadav-

kocneT.

ase davde amerikis momaval TaobasTan urTierTTavdaus-

xmelobis xelSekruleba san-franciskos portSi — 1978 wlis mai-

sis TveSi. RmerTma qnas, es xelSekruleba arcerT Cvens Taobas

ar daerRvios~ (dumbaZe 1981: 45). aseT humanur mizans isaxavs av-

toris natvra, iseve rogorc keTil wadilad SeiZleba warmo-

vidginoT jon stainbekis teqstidan Semdegi, marad aqtualuri

Sinaarsis pasaJi: `Cveni sadRegrZelo rkinis, neilonis, saer-

Tod, yovelgvari fardebis, politikuri sicruisa da crurwme-

nebis moxsnis aucleblobas mieZRvna. Cveni azriT, qveynebs So-

mari wereTeli

454

ris CamoSvebuli fardebi omis winapirobas qmnidnen~ (steinbeki

2005: 2010).

mogvianebiT, 1963 wels jon stainbeki kidev erTxel estumra

Tbiliss. swored am dros warmoTqva Semdegi sityvebi: `piradad

me keTil saqmed mimaCnia, roca qveynebs Soris arsebobs kultu-

ruli urTierToba, mwerlis valia am urTierTobebis gaumjobe-

seba~ (steinbeki2005:13), xolo JurnalistebTan Sexvedraze, ro-

desac daadastura Jurnalistikisadmi erTguleba, aRniSna:

`cxovrebaSi me kvlav Jurnalistad vTvli Cem Tavs. Jurnalis-

tis midgomam, Tvalsazrisma, sakuTarma Sexedulebam, SeiZleba

uaRresad didi gavlena moaxdinos movlenaTa msvlelobaze~

(steineki: 2005:16).

dasaxelebul teqstebze dakvirveba adasturebs, rom epoqis

ideologiuri wnexi garkveul gavlenas axdens avtorebze, Tum-

ca isini ar ugulebelyofen STabeWdilebebis gadmocemis sizus-

tis, keTilsindisierebis princips da JurnalizmisaTvis dama-

xasiaTebeli gamoxatvis xerxebiT qmnian didostaturi publi-

cisturi xelweriT gamorCeul, informaciulad datvirTul

Jurnalistur teqstebs, romlebic sakontaqto mediumis (wigni,

gazeTi) meSveobiT miewodeboda mkiTxvels da romliTac igi ezi-

areboda `rkinis fardis~ miRma arsebul kontrastuli sivrcee-

bis dokumentur suraTs.

teqstebSi asaxuli epoqis arsis gamomxatveli simboloebi

da paradigmebi erTmaneTisagan e.w. dasavleT-aRmosavleTis

(`civi omis~ periodis dapirispirebis saxeldebiT), radikalu-

rad gansxvavebuli, kapitalisturi da kvazisocialisturi sis-

temebis Tvisobriobis Cvenebas emsaxureba. politikuri ideo-

logia, rogorc xelovnuri wyalgamyofi, arsebiTad, ver abrko-

lebs avtorebs, daZlion sabWoTa politikuri wnexisgan Seqmni-

li fsiqologiuri gaucxoeba, dainaxon da warmoaCinon qveyne-

bis umTavresi istoriuli Tu Tanamedrove kulturuli maxasia-

Teblebi.

miuxedavad politikur sistemebs Soris arsebuli antagoniz-

misa, maTi monaTxrobi, globalizaciis pirobebSi, Tanamedrove,

informirebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis, cxadia, ganixileba konkretu-

li, istoriad qceuli, magram mudam aqtualuri epoqis ganzomi-


455

lebaSi, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom jon stainbeki da nodar dumbaZe,

TavisTavadi, literaturul-publicisturi stiliT gamorCeul,

dokumenturi da kulturuli Rirebulebis mqone Jurnalistur

teqstebSi, kontrastul sivrceebs eTnorelativizmis pozicie-

bidan afaseben, ris gamoc maTi gaazreba SesaZlebelia interkul-

turuli komunikaciis WrilSi. yovelive es, ganapirobebs dasaxe-

lebuli nawarmoebebis sadReiso mniSvnelobas.


1. ГРУШЕВИЦКАЯ Т.Г 2003: `ГРУШЕВИЦКАЯ Т.Г. ПОПКОВ В.Д. САДОХИН А.П.

`ОСНОВЫ МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ~ М. 2003. vebmis.:

http://bugabooks.com/book/173-osnovy-mezhkulturnoj-kommunikacii/75-

glava-3-model-osvoeniya-chuzhoj-kultury-m-benneta/1.html

2. dumbaZe 1981: dumbaZe n. òdisevsis dabruneba~, wignidan

`STabeWdilebebi, werilebi, gamosvlebi~. Tb.:1981.

3. eko 2009: eko u., `populizmi, masmedia, kultura da inteleq-

tualebi~, — interviu umberto ekosTan, Targmna malxaz

xarbediam. vebmis.: http://arilimag.ge/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E-

1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1% 4. stainbeki 2005: steinbeki j. `rusuli dRiuri~ (Targmani d.

gegenavasi). Tb., 2005. 5. stainbeki: steinbeki j., `sityva, warmoTqmuli nobelis pre-

miis miRebisas 1962 wlis 10 dekembers~. vebmis.: http://lib.ge-

/book.php?author=802&book=10802

6. Silinglou: 2011: Silinglou s. `samoTxis aRmosavleTi~,

interviu suzan SilinglousTan. vebmis.: http://shokoladi.ge/con-

tent/samotxis-agmosavleti, ganTavsebulia 2011 wlis 30 noembri-

dan.

7. wereTeli 2010: wereTeli m. àmerikuli Rirebulebebi qar-

Tul publicistur teqstebSi~ (XIX-XX saukuneebis gamocdi-

lebidan), Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~, #14, 2010.

• mwerlis gvari `rusuli dRiuris~ qarTul gamocemaSi Targmnilia,

rogorc steinbeki, amitom Cven is ucvlelad davimowmeT.

mari wereTeli

456

Mari Tsereteli

Associate Professor


For understanding intercultural aspect of contrasting spaces

during the `Cold War~ (According to journalistic writings

of John Steinbeck and Nodar Dumbadze)

Resume

Unprecedented soviet regime of XX century restricted cultural communi-

cations with the western countries extremely, which the soviet media de-

monstrated in the political context. Antagonistic – ideological discourse

characterizes in general the `Cold War~ (from the middle of 1940 years to the

beginning of 1990 years) period Georgian mass media. Anti-western disinfor-

mation replaced information purposefully. Media space, in essence, was covered

by soviet propaganda informational flow and impressed with ideological

standoff. In a similar situation established cliches and stereotypes adversely

affected on the mass consciousness.

Georgian reader in captivity of poor understanding, familiarized public,

political and cultural life of the United States of America behind the `Iron Cur-

tain~ through a few feature films, musical compositions or only the world fa-

mous classical literary works (the so-called after warming policy more often).

By the beginnings of 19 and 20 century, Georgian democratic press made de-

liberate attempts at the integration with the western world, systematically

publishing publications reflecting political and social life of western countries,

including the remote United States of America. In the 20 century this process

stopped for a lengthy period. As a result, the development of Georgian demo-

cratic journalism was hindered for a long time.

Artificially alienated American world became inaccessible for the Georgian

reader. The western world discussed Georgia as a constituent part of the Soviet

Empire, only in the united social-cultural field and an integral part of the Soviet

Union. Naturally, the Georgian culture, in its independent form, as a unique

phenomenon, remained unknown to the West.

American writer’s, John Steinbeck’s book `Russian Diary~ written at the

period of the information vacuum, is of particular importance, as one of the


457

chapters tells the story of the author’s trip to Georgia in 1947 and the travel

essay by the Georgian writer Nodar Dumbadze `Odysseus Return~, with the

reflections of his visit to the United States of America in 1978.

Surveillance of the above-mentioned texts confirms, that ideological pre-

ssure of epoch affects the authors to certain extent, but they don’t ignore im-

pressions conveying accuracy, principle of conscientiousness and expressing

characterizing techniques for journalism, create informative texts, in distinctive

journalistic style, which delivered to the reader via contact medium (book, new-

spaper) documentary pictures of contrast spaces behind the `Iron Curtain~.

N. Dumbadze, with usual chromaticity, conveys American political eco-

nomical system, education, also many important nuances for citizen psychology

of the free world. It should be noted, that in Stalin era, John Steinbeck reflects

Georgian soviet political-social and cultural reality without clear political

judgment. Characters expressing the essence of the period sited in the texts and

paradigms, serve to the quality showing of fundamentally different capitalist and

quasi-social systems of the so-called West-East (named `Cold War~ period

controversy). Political ideology, as artificial watershed, cannot prevent the

authors in essence, to counter the psychological alienation created by the Soviet

political pressure, to see and promote main historical and contemporary cultural

features of the countries.

Despite the antagonism between the two political systems, ethno-centrist

thinking is alien to the authors. Their stories, under the globalization condition,

are discussed in a specific, twisted story, though always urgent, epoch dimen-

sion in essence, for modern, informed reader, but it should be mentioned that

John Steinbeck and Nodar Dumbadze evaluate contrasting spaces from the posi-

tions of ethno-relativism, in the original, literary – journalistic style, distinctive

journalistic texts possessing the documental and cultural values, for which rea-

son they can be understood in the context of intercultural communication pers-

pective, all of this largely determines present significance of the referred works.

aleqsandre wurwumia

458

aleqsandre wurwumia


sazRvao Zalisa da saxmeleTo Zalis

dapirispirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi

Tanamedrove socialur-politikuri mecnierebebis formi-

rebis procesi XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo. swored ama-

ve periodSi iwyeba geopolitikis formireba. geopolitikis ar-

si mkafiod warmoCndeba, Tuki mas davaxasiaTebT, rogorc dis-

ciplinas, romelic swavlobs politikuri miznis miRwevas geog-

rafiuli faqtorebis gamoyenebiT.

iseve, rogorc nebismier politikuri mecnierebis umetes

disciplinas, geopolitikasac gaaCnia ori mxare — Teoriuli da

gamoyenebiTi. geopolitikaSi es ori mxare Zalzed mWidrod aris

erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli. gamoyenebiTi mxaris erT-erT umniS-

vnelovanes mimarTulebas warmoadgens — geostrategia. strate-

gia [berZ. strategia] — omis momzadebisa da warmoebis, didi samxed-

ro operaciebis Catarebis xelovneba, anu geostrategia es aris

geografiuli garemos gaTvaliswineba samxedro sferoSi.

geopolitikis umTavres kategorias warmoadgens sivrce. XX

saukunis meore naxevramde ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeboda saxme-

leTo da sazRvao sivrceze. ZiriTadi kvlevebi daiyvaneba ori

Zalis — Talasokratiisa da Telurokratiis urTierTobisa da

winaaRmdegobis analizamde. Talasokratiis (sazRvao Zalis) da

Telurokratiis (saxmeleTo Zalis) urTierTzemoqmedeba gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda kolumbis Semdgom epoqaSi. moyo-

lebuli XV saukunidan, zRvebsa da okeaneebze upiratesobis mo-

poveba ganapirobebda da ganapirobebs politikur procesebs.

konstantinopolis dacema (1453 w.) mniSvnelovan etapad iqca

kacobriobis istoriaSi.

sazRvao Zalisa da saxmeleTo Zalis dapirispirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi

459

am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, britaneli geopolitikosi, ser

helford makinderi (1861-1947) 1919 wels gamocemul wignSi `de-

mokratiuli idealebi da realoba~, aRniSnavs:

`im momentidan, rodesac qalaqi konstantinopoli 1453 wels

gadavida Turqebis xelSi, Savi zRva Caiketa venecieli da genue-

li mezRvaurebisaTvis~1 [Mackinder, 4:1944].

SesaZloa, evropelTaTvis XV saukunemdec iyo cnobili, af-

rikis SemovliTi, indoeTisken mimavali sazRvao gzis arsebobis

Sesaxeb. Tumca, misiT sargeblobis aucilebloba manamde ar dam-

dgara. osmaleTis imperiis mier xmelTaSuazRvis sivrceSi war-

moebulma eqspansiam biZgi misca axal did aRmoCenebs - kolumbis

mier amerikisa (1492 w.), xolo vasko da gamas mier 1498 wels in-

doeTisken mimavali sazRvao gzis aRmoCenam ganapiroba savaWro

gzebis zRvaze gadanacvleba.

miiCnevs ra kolumbis mier ganxorcielebul aRmoCenas um-

niSvnelovanes etapad kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi, ma-

kinderi Semdegi sityvebiT iwyebs Tavis cnobil statias `isto-

riis geografiuli RerZi~:

`rodesac Soreul momavalSi romelime istorikosi moisur-

vebs Cven JamTa gamokvlevas da Semajamebeli formulis saxiT

mis warmodgenas (rogorc Cven amas vakeTebT Zveli egviptis di-

nastiebis mimarT) mosalodnelia, rom ukanasknel oTxas weli-

wads igi uwodebs `kolumbis epoqas~ da daaskvnis, rom es epoqa

dasrulda 1900 wlidan mcire xnis Semdeg [makinderi, 350:1999].

did geografiul aRmoCenebTan dakavSirebiT gvsurs moviy-

vanoT makinderis kidev erTi citata, romelic asaxavs sazRvao

da saxmeleTo Zalebis dapirispirebis arss.

`keTili imedis koncxis SemovliT indoeTSi mimavali gzis

aRmoCenis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi is iyo, rom am gzas, Tun-

dac aseT grZels da SemovliTs, unda daekavSirebina evro-aziis

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis savaWro-satvirTo sanapiro na-

osnoba da zurgidan zewoliT, garkveulwilad, moexdina stepe-

bis binadarTa mier dakavebuli centraluri mdebareobis stra-

tegiuli upiratesobis neitralizacia. erTiani da ganfenili

okeane, romelic gars evleba gayofil da kunZulovan miwebs, ra

Tqma unda, warmoadgens im erTaderT pirobas, romelic uzrun-

aleqsandre wurwumia

460

velyofda marTvis koncentraciis umaRles xarisxs zRvaze, ra-

zec dawvrilebiT werdnen Tanamedrove samxedro-sazRvao stra-

tegiisa da politikis TeoriaSi, kapitani meheni da spenser uil-

kinsoni~ [makinderi, 359:1999].

XIX saukune, mniSvnelovan etapad iqca sazRvao da saxmeleTo

Zalebis dapirispirebisa. ruseTis politikis gaaqtiurebas da

teritoriul gafarToebas axlo aRmosavleTisa da centraluri

aziis mimarTulebiT evropul saxelmwifoTa, pirvel rigSi bri-

taneTis, mwvave reaqcia mohva. daZabuli urTierToba dapirispi-

rebaSi gadaizarda, rac istoriaSi cnobilia `didi TamaSi~-s sa-

xelwodebiT. am dapirispirebam TiTqmis saukune (1813-1907) gas-

tana [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Game].

niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom garkveuli periodulobiT

politikur procesTa gamwvaveba da konfliqtur fazaSi gadas-

vla evraziuli sivrcis erTsa da imave arealebSi xdeba: balkane-

Ti, centraluri azia, aRmosavleT aziis sanapiro zoli. am Camo-

naTvalSi, albaT, SeiZleba axlo aRmosavleTis samxreT-dasav-

leTis arealis dasaxeleba, Tumca aq mimdinare konfrontacia

imdenad sayuradReboa, rom moiTxovs calke ganxilvas. amave

dros, evraziul sivrceSi mimdinare dapirispirebebi sayuradR-

eboa koaliciaTa SemadgenlobaSi wevrTa cvlilebebis Tvalsaz-

risiT. xSirad politikuri partniorebi mowinaaRmdegeni gam-

xdaran da garkveuli drois Semdgom, interesebidan gamomdina-

re kvlav mokavSireni.

`didi TamaSi~-s periodis dapirispirebasa da evraziul po-

litikur sivrceSi mimdinare procesebs did yuradRebas uTmob-

da ilia WavWavaZe da specialur publicistur werilebs uZRvni-

da am sakiTxs.

aanalizebs ra britaneTis politikas da ilia WavWavaZis po-

zicias aRmosavleTis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, prof. omar gogi-

aSvili aRniSnavs:

`ilia maRali azris iyo inglisur diplomatiaze da, xSir

SemTxvevaSi, aRfrTovanebas ver malavda misi zogierTi warmoa-

madgenlis mimmarT, gansakuTrebiT gladstoniT. gasuli sauku-

nis 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi, roca inglisma aRmosavleTTan mi-

marTebaSi kidev erTxel gamoaCina Tavisi klanWebi da gaumaZRa-


461

ri buneba, evropuli presa alaparakda imis Taobaze, rom am Sem-

TxvevaSi inglisis mcdeloba amaoa, mis met gaZlierebas evropa

ar dauSvebs da SeiZleba isic dakargos, rac adre SeiZinao. ilia

qarTul sazogadoebas Tavis mosazrebas uziarebs: ,,ingliss Ta-

vis sve-bedis TavSi imisTana kacebi hyolia da dResac hyavs, rom

isini ase advilad ar Sescdebian, rom CvenisTana kacebma Secdoma

gausworon. inglisma kargad icis ras moqmedebs da ras etaneba.

igi ise ar waadgeba saxtoms, rom jer aTasjer ar gadazomos da

saxtomi Tavis dones ar Seuwonos~ [gogiaSvili, 544: 2008]

`didi TamaSi~-s periodis erT-erT yvelaze mwvave fazas war-

moadgenda yirimis omi (1853-1856), romlis mTavari mizezi ganpi-

robebuli iyo ruseTis imperiis arealis gafarToebiT amierkav-

kasiisa da centraluri aziis mimarTulebiT, sadac is britane-

Tis imperiis interesebs Seejaxa.

koaliciis mier (safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, osmaleTis im-

peria da sardiniis samefo) damarcxebuli ruseTis imperia mZime

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. 1856 wlis samSvidobo SeTanxmebis Se-

degad ruseTs mouwia mniSvnelovan daTmobebze wasvla:

1. amierkavkasiaSi yarsi; Sav zRvaze samxedro flotisa da

samxedro bazebis arseboba (igive moTxovnis dakmayofileba mo-

uwia osmaleTs, rac, garkveulwilad, abalansebda mdgomareobas

Sav zRvaze);

2. alandis kunZulebis, romelic 1809 wlis ruseT-SvedeTis

omis Semdeg, daikava rusulma korpusma petre bagrationis meTa-

urobiT da SeuerTa fineTis did samTavros;

3. besarabia.

Tumca, 1877-1878 wlebis osmaleTis imperiasTan omis Sede-

gad, ruseTis imperia kvlav imyarebs poziciebs balkaneTis naxe-

varkunZulze, ibrunebs besarabias da ierTebs amierkavkasiaSi:

yarss, baTumsa da ardagans.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi mimdinare rusuli eqspansia

centralur aziaSi, TandaTanobiT uaxlovebda mis sazRvars

britaneTis indoeTs (axlandeli indoeTis, pakistanis, bangla-

deSis da mianmas teritoria). es sivrce XVIII saukunis 50-iani

wlebidan imyofeboda brintaneTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.

mimdinare procesebi, Sesabamisad, zrdida avRaneTis geopoli-

aleqsandre wurwumia

462

tikur mniSvnelobas. Sah Sujasa da dost-muhameds Soris dinas-

tiur dapirispirebas, romlis drosac am ukanasknelma ruseTis

imperators mimarTa daxmarebis TxovniT, inglis-avRaneTis omi

(1838-1842) mohyva.

axali fazis dawyeba `did TamaS~-Si ruseTis imperiis mier

buxaris (1868 w.), xivis (1873 w.) da kokandis saxanoebis (1876 w.)

`SeerTebas~ mohyva. eqspansias britaneTma avRaneTSi jaris Sey-

vaniT upasuxa. centralur aziaSi warmatebis SemTxvevaSi ruse-

Ti praqtikulad gaiadvilebda petre I gegmis ganxorcielebas,

SeZlebda `Tbili wylebisken~ anu indoeTis okeaneze gasvlas. av-

RaneTis meore oms (1878-1880) Sedegad mohyva xelSekrulebis ga-

formeba, romliTac sagareo politika avRaneTs britaneTTan

unda SeeTanxmebina. ruseTis imperiis mier mervis oazisis daka-

vebisas (1885 w.) situacia daiZaba, rasac Sedegad ruseTsa da av-

RaneTs Soris mdinare kuSkaze sazRvris dadgena mohyva.

XIX saukunis bolosTvis, rwmundeba ra, rom centraluri

aziis mimarTulebiT miRweulze metis mopoveba SeuZlebelia,

ruseTi yuradRebas CineTsa da Soreul aRmosavleTze amaxvi-

lebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom ara marto ruseTi, aramed praqtiku-

lad evropis maSindeli yvela wamyvani saxelmwifos politikur

urTierTobaTa centri samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasa da wynar

okeaneSi inacvlebs.

ruseTisa da britaneTis imperiebis dapirispirebis SeCere-

bas da antantis kavSiris formirebas (ruseTi, safrangeTi da

britaneTi) xeli Seuwyo evropaSi XIX saukunis meore naxevridan,

germaniis meTaurobiT axali politikuri centrisa da koalici-

is formirebam.

prusiis gamarjvebam safrangeTTan 1870-1871 wlis omSi, sa-

Tave daudo germaniis imperiad Camoyalibebas (1871-1918), rome-

lic sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeboda. igi ar jerdeboda mopo-

vebul teritoriebs da gavlenis sferoebs. Crdilo germaniis

kavSirs (Seiqmna 1867 wels) SeuerTdnen: bavariis samefo, badeni,

vutembergi, samxreT gesen-darmStadti da aneqsirebuli elzas-

lotaringia. erTianobis aRdgenis (integraciis) procesi Seexo,

aseve, italiis samefos (1861).


463

XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan germania CaerTo evropis miRma

mimdinare kolonialur gadanawilebaSi. am aTwleulis bolos-

Tvis, germania ukve flobda vrcel koloniebs afrikis konti-

nentze: togos, kameruns, germanul aRmosavleT afrikasa da

germanul samxreT-dasavleT afrikas. aziaSi germaniam moipova

mniSvnelovani strategiuli dasayrdeni; yviTeli zRvis sanapi-

roze mdebare qalaqi cindao 1897-1914 wlebSi imyofeboda ger-

manelebis xelSi; xolo okeaneTSi: axali gvineis Crdilo-aRmo-

savleTi nawili, mikronezia (nauru, palau, marSalis, karolinis

da marianis kunZulebi).

SemTxveviTi araa albaT is garemoeba, rom evropasa da, saer-

Tod, msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebaTa fonze, swored germani-

aSi Caeyara safuZveli im disciplinis Teoriul baziss, romel-

sac geopolitika ewodeba. mis saTaveebTan mdgom mecnierTa

Sromebma mniSvnelovanad ganapirobes politikuri procesebi.

geopolitikis fuZemdebelma, germanelma mecnierma frid-

rih ratcelma (1844-1904) XX saukunis dasawyisSi Camoayaliba

idea msoflio batonobisa — Weltmacht (zesaxelmwifo) da daas-

kvna, rom am statusis misaRwevad saxelmwifom unda ganaviTaros

ara mxolod saxmeleTo, aramed sazRvao Zalac da gaaerTianos

(Serwyas) isini. praqtikulad ratcelis am xedvas SegviZlia vu-

wodoT sinTezuri geopolitika.

sazRvao Zalis TeoretikosTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili

uWiravs admiral alfred mehens. (1840-1914). man mWidrod dau-

kavSira erTmaneTs vaWroba da sazRvao Zliereba.

mehenis mier SemuSavebuli xedva Semdegi formulis saxiT

SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili — N+MM+NB=SP, anu samxedro

flots+savaWro floti+samxedro-sazRvao bazebi = samxedro

Zlierebas [Гаджиев, 13:1998].

kontinenturi Zalebis kontrolisa da dasustebis mizniT

mehenma planetarul doneze gadaiyvana `anakondis~ pricipi, ga-

moyenebuli 1861-1865 wlebis samoqalaqo omSi general jorj

makklelanis (1826-1885) mier. am principis ZiriTadi arsi mdgo-

mareobs mowinaaRmdegis zRvidan da sanapiro xazidan blokire-

baSi, rac iwvevs mis gamofitvas.

aleqsandre wurwumia

464

alfred mehenma gauswro Tavis dros. mis xedvasa da meTods

yvelaze efeqturad, aSS iyenebda da iyenebs `civi omi~-sa da mis

Semdgom periodSi.

2008 wlis agvistos konfliqti warmoadgenda mcdelobas

ruseTis mxridan `anakondis rkali~-s garRvevisa. igive SeiZleba

iTqvas ukrainaSi ganviTarebul procesebze. prezident viqtor

ianukoviCis impiCmentis Semdgom, ruseTis xelisuflebam ar daa-

yovna, daarRvia ukrainis suvereniteti da moaxdina yirimis oku-

pacia da aneqsia. ukrainis mimarT ruseTis agresiuli politikis

sapasuxod aSS-ma gazarda samxedro gemebis raodenoba Sav zRva-

Si. aSS-is interess ukrainisadmi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani da-

dastureba warmoadgens informacia a/w ivnisis TveSi kievSi pre-

zident obamas vizitis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac dagegmilia Sex-

vedra ukrainis axladarCeul prezident petre poroSenkosTan.

Zalzed savalalo Sedegis momtani iqneba ara marto ukrainisa

da Savi zRvis qyeynebisaTvis, aramed dasavluri samyarosTvis,

Tuki moxda ukrainis horizontalur xazebad (CrdiloeT da sam-

xreT nawilad) gayofa, rac SezRudavs Savi zRvis CrdiloeT na-

wilis meSveobiT komunikacias.

mimdinare movlenebi gaZlevs safuZvels, kidev erTxel ga-

vusvaT xazi, rom saxezea `civi omi~-s axali faza. `rkinis farda~

amjerad CamoeSva ara Stetinidan triestamde, aramed narvidan

qerCamde. gadaiwevs Tu ara is kidev ufro dasavleTiT, damoki-

debulia dasavleTis politikur erTianobaze, swraf da efeq-

tur pasuxze ruseTis mier gadadgmul nabijebze.


1. H.I. Mackinder. Democratic Ideals and Reality. New York, Pelican Bookcs,

1944.

2. helford makinderi. istoriis geografiuli RerZi. // a. du-

gini. geopolitikis safuZvlebi. Tb., 1999.

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Game

4. o. gogiaSvili. ilia dRes. Tb., 2008.

5. K.С. Гаджиев. Введение в геополитику. М., 1998.


465

Alexander Tsurtsumia

Assistant Professor


Main Aspect of the Sea Power and Land Power Confrontation

Resume

Process of formation of contemporary social-political sciences commenced

in the second half of the XIX century. Namely this period is deemed as

beginning of formation of geopolitics. Essence of geopolitics may be outlined

more clearly if we characterize it as a discipline aimed at the study of the

achievement of political goals by application of geographical factors.

Like any political science, generally, geopolitics has its two sides as well:

theoretical and applicable. It should be emphasized that these two sides are

closely interconnected in geopolitics. Applicable side is frequently characterized

with a term: Geo-strategy. Strategy (strategia in Greek) means art of war

preparation and management of great military operations. So geo-strategy is the

envisagement of geographical environment in a military sphere.

Main category of geopolitics is space. Before second part of XX century

main attention was paid to land and water space. Confrontation between

Thalassocracy (sea power) and Telurocracy (land power) became rather urgent

in post Columbus period, when gaining prevalence over the sea and the ocean

conditioned and still conditions the political processes.

Founder of geopolitics, German scientist Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) was

represented by the “Organic School”. By the beginning of the XX century,

Ratzel creates (forms) the idea of world powers – Weltmacht (Superpower). He

came to a conclusion that in order to achieve this status, the state must develop

not only the land forces, but the sea as well; combining these two forces we can

practically call Ratzel’s vision Synthetic Geopolitics.

American geopolitical school is based on the principles of sea power. Most

famous researcher of sea powers was Admiral Alfred Mahan (1840-1914). He

had strongly connected trade and sea power. Mahan’s vision can explain such –

N + MM + NB = SP – Navy + Merchant Marine + Navy Basis = Sea Power.

For the control of continental (Eurasian) forces he had transferred on a

planetary level principle of anacondas. The essence of this principle consists of

aleqsandre wurwumia

466

blocking of the opponent from outside the sea and coastal lines that conducts to

its exhaustion and defeat.

Alfred Mahan had outstripped the time. His vision was exceedingly actual

and useful by USA in the period of the “Cold War” and is still used nowadays.

August war of 2008 was a demonstration by Russia to destroy “anaconda’s

loop”. The same could be said about the present situation in Ukraine. After

impeachment of President Viktor Yanukovych, Russia reacted rapidly in order

to destroy the sovereignty of Ukraine – it occupied and annexed Crime. In

answer to Russia’s aggressive politics USA increased number of navy in the

Black Sea. Division of the country into horizontal lines (Northern and Southern

parts) but Western countries as well. Similar situation destroys communication

by the use of the northern part of the Black Sea.

These processes give us reason to believe, that we have new phase of “Cold

War” and “Iron Curtain” now goes not from Stettin to Trieste, but from Narva to

Kerch. Whether it would be moved westward or not, depends on the unity of the

Western Society, on force and effective answer to the Russian politics.

ЛАНДШАФТНО-ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КАРКАС КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ДЛЯ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТА ЛЕСОВ ГРУЗИИ

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Нелли Джамаспашвили*, Доктор географии

Роман Маисурадзе*, Доктор географии

Леван Беручашвили*, докторант

Николай Беручашвили*, докторант

Тамар Хардзиани*, докторант

*Тбилисский государственный университет,

им. Иване Джавахишвили

Ландшафтно-экологический каркас как

инструмент для менеджмента лесов грузии

Исследование биологического и ландшафтного разнообразия отдель-

ных регионов Грузии крайне актуально, так как в настоящее время в стра-

не ведутся большие работы, связанные с менеджментов территории – лес-

ной инвентаризацией, созданием единой сети охраняемых территорий,

земельным кадастром.

Леса являются важнейшим компонентом окружающей среды, имею-

щим значительное влияние на ее состояние. Так, от состояния и режима

использования лесов в окрестностях деревень и поселков в значительной

степени зависят условия жизни людей, ведущих традиционный сельский

образ жизни. Леса представляют ценность для неограниченного круга лиц

в силу их биологической (высокий уровень биоразнообразия) или культур-

ной (наличие священных рощ и других объектов религиозного поклоне-

ния) уникальности. Экологическая ситуация во многих городах и регионах

может полностью определяться состоянием окружающих их лесов. Однако

в мире, почти 14 млн. га леса, безвозвратно теряются каждый год, в ре-

зультате массированных рубок. Если нынешняя тенденция сведения лесов

продолжится, то к середине 21 века около 25% всех видов растений и жи-

вотных нашей планеты исчезнут. (Птичников, 2000). Становится актуаль-

ным вопрос о сохранении лесных массивов, хотя с другой стороны нельзя

полностью вывести их из экономического использования. Поэтому так ва-

Neli Jamaspashvili, Roman Maisuradze, Levan Beruchashvili,


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жен всесторонний анализ ландшафтно – экологического зонирования

территории в качестве предварительного условия для планирования лесо-

хозяйственных мероприятий. Ландшафтно-экологический каркас какой-

либо территории представляет собой сетку ландшафтов и входящих в них

элементарных природно-территориальных комплексов, с показом основ-

ных барьеров и экотонов для этой территории. Первоначально объектом

исследования стали территории Онского и Амбролаурского районов. Из

барьеров и экотонов в Онском и Амбролаурском районе основное вни-

мание уделялась тем, которые обуславливают ландшафтную структуру те-

рритории. Для исследуемых районов наибольшую роль играли литоло-

гические, тектонические и климатические барьеры. Они обуславливали

основные закономерности распределения растительности районов и их

флористическое разнообразие.

Лучшим способом отображения ландшафтно-экологического каркаса

территории является Геоинформационная система с Ландшафтной картой

и специальными показателями. Для Онского и Амбролаурского районов

была составлена ландшафтная карта на уровне видов ландшафта и карта

природно-территориальных комплексов этого района.

В зависимости от конкретного назначения, в ГИС, связанной с ланд-

шафтно-экологическим каркасом территории, список основных показате-

лей может меняться. Для Онского и Амбролаурского района были ото-

браны такие показатели, которые представляют важность для лесоустрои-

тельных и лесопользовательских работ.

Биологическое разнообразие на видовом уровне сравнительно хо-

рошо изучено. В 1999 году прошла Национальная конференция по био-

логическому разнообразию Грузии и в результате этой конференции в 2000

г. вышла капитальная коллективная монография «Биологическое и ланд-

шафтное разнообразие Грузии». В этой же книге рассмотрены вопросы

ландшафтного разнообразия. Обзор доступной литературы и материалов,

помещенных в Интернете, показал, что рассуждения о биологическом

разнообразии – один из наиболее популярных вопросов в биологии и

географии. Среди многочисленных публикаций по этому вопросу отметим

те которые, в той или иной степени, имеют отношение к нашему региону.

Это «Глобальная экологическая перспектива» (2000), Biodiversity in Central

and Eastern Europe (2000), Environmental in Central Asia (2000), Biodiversity


469

of the Caucasus Ecoregion (2001). Среди учебных пособий, в которых

рассматривается методика исследования биоразнообразия отметим пособие

Н.В.Лебедевой, Н.Н.Дроздова, Д.А.Криволуцкого «Биоразнообразие и

методы его оценки», изданное в Московском государственном университете

в 1999 г. Методика расчета индексов биологического разнообразия

предложенная World Bank-ом рассмотрена в брошюре Rodenburg. E., Tustall

D.,Van Bolhuis F. “Environmental Indicator for Global cooperation” (1996).

Лесу и его связи с ландшафтом уделяется большое внимание. Сравни-

тельный анализ лесопользования в различных странах Европы приводится

в монографии P.Arnould, M.Hotyat, L.Simon “Les Foret d’Europe” (Paris,

NATHAN, 1997). Лесная сертификация получила в последнее время боль-

шое распространение, этому вопросу посвящена огромная литература и в

связи с ним проводится большое количество национальный и междуна-

родных совещаний и конференций. Из русскоязычной литературы отметим

монографию А.В.Птичникова «Леса России: Независимая сертификация и

устойчивое управление» (М., Издание WWF, 1999) и информационно-ана-

литический журнал «Лесная сертификация», который издается с 2000 г., по

Инициативе Российского фонда охраны дикой природы.

Основы методики ландшафтных исследований описаны в учебном

пособии Н.Л.Беручашвили, В.К.Жучкова. Методы комплексных физико-

географичских исследований» (1997). В связи с работами по выявлению

ландшафтно-экологического каркаса для целей лесной инвентаризации и

выделения охраняемых территорий, в Тбилисском государственном

университете, проф. Н.Л. Беручашвили, была разработана методика

оценки ландшафтного разнообразия. Оценка ландшафтного разнообразия

базируется на том положении, что ландшафт имеет пространственно-вре-

менную структуру, т.е. характеризуется определенной вертикальной, гори-

зонтальной и временной структурой. Внутреннее разнообразие лан-дшафта сравнительно хорошо изучено. Имеются данные, как по горизон-

тальной структуре ландшафтов, так и вертикальной структуре и структуре

ландшафтов во времени. Эти характеристики детально рассмотрены в

монографии «Кавказ. Ланшафты, модели, эксперименты» (Беручашвили,

1995). Важным является понятие «фражильности», хрупкости ландшафта.

Понятие фражильности обратно по своему значению к понятию устойчи-

вости. В целом, фражильными ландшафтами надо считать те, которые

находятся на границах своего существования – например на том климати-



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ческом рубеже, где еще может существовать лес. колхидский подлесок.

темнохвойные леса и т.д. Фражильность связана с биогенным компонен-

том, но может найти отклик и в эрозии и др. катастрофических процессах.

Кроме того, ландшафт имеет определенное функционирование и косвенно

это функционирование можно выявить на базе оценки количества геомасс.

Важными являются и некоторые оценочные параметры, такие как

ландшафтно-экологическая значимость, эстетическая оценка, рекреацион-

ная оценка и уникальность ландшафта или его составной части, какого-

либо природно-территориального комплекса (Беручашвили, 2004, 2006).

Одним из основных результатов изучения ландшафтно-экологичес-

кого каркаса исследуемых районов было составление т.н. «Красной» или «Семафорной карты». Эта карта состоит из 4 основных частей. Первая

связана с оценкой устойчивости ландшафта. Вторая показывает распрос-

транение основных геодинамических процессов, которые обуславливают

устойчивость ландшафта. Третья часть связана с показом тех территорий,

которые отличаются высоким биологическим разнообразием и, в прин-

ципе, требуют специального режима лесопользования. Наконец, четвертая

часть показывает расположение нарушенных участков, которые требуют

специальных восстановительных работ.

Устойчивость ландшафта показана на основе так называемого «сема-

форного» метода. Нестабильные (фражильные) участки показаны крас-ным цветом. Относительно стабильные участки – зеленым цветом,

Переходные между ними участки с относительно нестабильными ланд-

шафтами – желтым цветом.

Рассмотрим первую компоненту карты. Общая площадь неустой-

чивых территорий в Онском районе равна 253,75 кв.км, что составляет

35,4% всех лесных ландшафтов района (18% от общей площади района).

Эти территории приурочены, в основном, к бассейну верхней части долин

Риони и Чанчахи, узкому ущелью Риони между Саглоло и Уцера. Более 70 %

неустойчивые территории занимают в 5 ландшафтах. Все они относятся к

верхнегорно-лесным ландшафтам Шода Кеделы, правого борта Чанчахи и

склонам г.Купра. Гебские верхнегорно-лесные ландшафты имеют 50-70 %

нестабильных территорий. Наконец, от 30 до 50% имеют нестабильные

территории в Уцерском ущелья и в окрестностях Шкмери-Мравалдзали.

Ландшафты, в которых неустойчивые территории занимают более 70%


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рекомендуется вообще изъять из территорий активного лесопользования и

придать им статус аналагичный статусу противоэрозионных лесов. По

ориентировочным подсчетам на эти ландшафты приходится менее 10%

всего суммарного запаса древесины Онского района.

В Амбролаурском районе к явно неустойчивым территориям

относится 171 кв.км, что составляет 15,2% всей территории района, что

почти в 2 раза меньше, чем в Онсколм районе.

К относительно неустойчивым территориям относятся склоны

крутизной в 30-35 градусов в относительно устойчивых горных породах и

склоны 25-30 (реже 20-25) градусов в тех ландшафтах, где имеются

неустойчивые горные породы и легко эродируемые поверхности. Эти

территории занимают 44.7 % (320,86 кв.км) лесных ландшафтов Онского

района (22,8% всей территории района). Относительно нестабильные

территории приурочены в основном к южной, более низкой части Онского

района. Относительно неустойчивые территории в Амбролаурском районе

составляют 255 кв.км. Это в два раза меньше, чем в Онском районе.

К относительно устойчивым ландшафтам относятся все остальные

территории. Надо отметить, что в условиях Онского района этот критерий

весьма относителен, так как действительно устойчивых ландшафтов здесь,

в условиях горного рельефа, нет.

Категория устойчивости ландшафта понижается в окрестностях на-

селенных пунктов и там, где проходят важные автомобильные дороги, так

как тут активные геодинамические процессы могут нанести существенный

экономический урон.

Относительно устойчивые ландшафты занимают сравнительно небо-

льшую площадь в Онском районе – 140,71 кв.км, что составляет 19,6% от

площади лесных ландшафтов и 9,9,% от всей площади района. Более 80%

этих ландшафтов находится в южной, более низкой части Онского района.

Относительно устойчивые территории занимают более 40% территории

нижнегорных горно-котловинных ландшафтов Онского района, нахо-

дящихся на левом берегу реки Риони, ниже Они. Эти ландшафты, при про-

чих благоприятных экологических условиях могут стать одним из районов

устойчивого лесопользования.

В Амбролаурском районе, в отличие от Онского преобладают относи-

тельно устойчивые территории, которые занимают 353 кв.км. Этот пока-

затель почти в 2.5 раза больше чем в Онском районе. Таким образом, в це-



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лом, Амбролаурский район имеет более стабильные ландшафты, чем

Онский. Анализ общего распространения основных групп ландшафтов по-

казал, что в градацию неустойчивые участков в основном попадают мало-

продуктивные леса, или участки с очень труднодоступными условиями, в

которых экономическая эффективность от лесопользования весьма мала.

Вторая компонента карты связана с показом ареалов геодинамических

процессов – показаны основные оползни, селевые потоки, лавины, кам-

непады, а также скальные участки. Надо отметить то, что в Геоинфор-

мационной системе имеются сведения о каждом из этих процессов и в том

числе об их интенсивности.

Всего в Онском районе выявлен 41 очаг селевых потоков. Общая пло-

щадь этих очагов составляет 90,94 кв.км (6.4% всей территории района).

Из них наибольшую площадь занимают активные очаги (33 очага с пло-

щадбю 71,37 кв.км), которые в основм распространены в верховях Риони и

в басссейне Чанчахи.

Наиболее активные оползни, напротив приурочены к нижнегорно-кот-

ловинным ландшафтам. Из нанесенных на Карту Ланшафтно-экологичес-

кого каркаса 59 оползней - 10 имеют наибольшую опасность и их площадь

составляет 3,86 кв.км.

Общая площадь зарегистрированных 2 каменных обвалов (в окрес-

тностях Баджихеви и на Тамар-Дедоплис Клдееби) составляет 1,06 кв.км.

Недалеко от села Кведи, находится известный обвал, который запрудил

р.Кведрулу. В результате этого обвала образовалось озеро Кведистба. На

карте показаны 576 лотка лавин. Их общая длина составляет 287 км, при

средней длине лотка 0,5 км. Наконец на карте показаны наиболее зна-

чимые скальные обрывы. Геодинамические процессы показаны методом

штриховок и картографических значков. Они, как бы уточняют, градации

стабильности ландшафта и позволяют практику понять, на основании

каких критериев, ландшафт был отнесен к той или иной категории

устойчивости.

Третья компонента - территории с относительно высоким биологи-

чески и ландшафтным разнообразием показаны на карте методом штрихо-

вки. Эти территории нуждаются в специальных режимах лесопользования.

Девственные леса довольно хорошо представлены в Онском районе. Это

один из важных потенциалов нашей страны - эти леса показаны на карте


473

путем решетчатой штриховки красного цвета. Довольно часто они

совпадают с неустойчивыми территориями, которые и так нуждаются в ох-

ране. Реже они приурочены к ландшафтам находящимся в нестабильном

состоянии и совсем редко – к относительно стабильным ландшафтам. Такое

распространение девственных лесов легко объясняется их расположением, в

основном в труднодоступных районах. Общая площадь девственных ланд-

шафтов составляет 106,82 кв.км. Из них 2 массива имеют плошадь более 10

кв.км, 4 массива от 5 до 10 кв.км, 16 массивов от 1 до 5 кв.км и 17 участков

площадь менее 1 кв.км. Большая часть девственных лесов приурочена к

нестабильным территориям. Однако, в труднодоступных участках, напри-

мер в окрестностях Лесоры и на южном склоне Рачинского хребта в вер-

ховьях Джручулы сохранились участки девственных лесов, приуроченные к

относительно стабильным территориям (Н.Н. Беручашвили, 2012).

Путем вертикальной штриховки показаны леса, имеющие высокое

рекреационное и эстетическое значение, расположенные в окрестностях

Уцера-Шови. Эти леса требуют специального статуса курортных лесов с

ограниченным лесопользованием. Общая площадь этих лесов довольно

большая и составляет 97,27 кв.км. Горизонтальной штриховкой показаны

леса вокруг города Они. Они требуют статуса «зеленой зоны», так как тут

наблюдается особенно интенсивное природопользование, которое нужда-

ется в ограничительных мерах. Площадь этой категории – 9,13 кв.км.

Наконец, специальным знаком показаны места с высоким абсолютным и

относительным биоразнообразием. Эти участки показаны там, где абсо-

лютный индекс биологического разнообразия превышает 25, а относи-

тельное биоразнообразие выше 10-15 единиц.

Четвертая компонента карты - Нарушенные территории, которые тре-

буют восстановления. В Онском районе имеются нарушенные территории,

которые требуют восстановления. К ним относятся экоцидированные (ли-

шенные почвенно-растительного покрова) участки и сильно эродирован-

ные склоны с плоскостным и линейным смывом почвенного покрова. Эти

участки образовались в результате неправильного природопользования.

Экоцидированные территории занимают относительно небольшую

площадь –3,97 кв.км. На карте показано 10 подобных участков. Специаль-

ным знаком показаны эродированные склоны. Они почти повсеместно

встречаются в Онском районе, однако, в этом отношении, в Онском райо-

не нельзя назвать катастрофической. Они встречаются в окрестнотях Геби-



474

Чиоры, Глолы, Земо-Бари, вдоль некоторых дорог на южных склонах в

Нижнегорно-лесных горно котловинных ландшафтах.

Наконец, определенные территории заняты дериватными (деградиро-

ванными) лесами, которые в прошлом и настоящем подвергаются

чрезмерной рубке. Общая площадь этих лесов составляет 58,97 кв.км. К

ним следует добавить еще и 1,81 кв.км,, где в результате практически

сплошных рубок полнота леса существенно снизилась. Эти леса также тре-

буют восстановительных мероприятий.

Дальнейшие исследования ландшафтно-экологического каркаса

позволили составить еще одну синтетическую карту. Основная цель этой

карты показать основные особенности биологического и ландшафтного

(экосистемного) разнообразия территории. Учет этого разнообразия важен

как при лесной инвентаризации, так и при работах, связанных с выде-

лением охраняемых территорий. Карта состоит из нескольких слоев,

которые показывают ландшафтное и биологическое разнообразие, девс-

твенные лесные массивы и степень трансформации экосистем в результате

антропогенной деятельности, памятники природы (т.н. «природное

наследие»), элементы культурного наследия, рекреационную оценку

территории и характер транспортной сети, с показом тех ее элементов,

которые важны для лесохозяйственной деятельности. Основное содер-

жание карты – характер ландшафтного разнообразия показан в зеленых

тонах. Наиболее высокое разнообразие – темно зеленым цветом, среднее –

салатовым, а малое – желтым цветом. В связи с тем, что карта, в общем,

имеет зеленый фон, ей условно присвоено название «Зеленой карты».

Среди горно-лесных ландшафтов с точки зрения биологического и

ландшафтного разнообразия наибольший интерес представляет ущелье

Риони между Уцера и Саглоло, участок Чанчахи-Ноцарула. Третий учас-

ток отличающийся высоким биологическим и ландшафтным разнооб-

разием вытянулся в меридиональном направлении от верховьев р.Риони в

сорону р.Сакауры. Особый интерес представляют северные склоны

Шкмерского хребта со скалами Тамардодоплис-клдееби и верховья при-

токов р. Квирилы. Пятый участок связан с Шкмерским известняковым

плато и окрестностями Мравалдзали. Здесь, несмотря на среднее геосис-

темное разнообразие, территория, в связи с известняковым субстратом,

отличается высоким флористическим разнообразием, связанным с каль-

цефильной флорой. Рассматриваемый участок имеет памятники не только


475

природного (пещеры, каньоны, экзотические скалы, карстовые воронки и

др), но и культурного наследия. Кроме того, Шкмери-Мравлдзальский

участок имеет богатые культурные традиции многостороннего использо-

вания территории. Наконец шестой участок связан с окрестностями с. Кве-

ди и находящимся в непосредственной близости от него (но уже за преде-

лами Онского района) Кведским озером.

Таким образом, на Карте ландшафтно-экологического каркаса для

целей лесоустройства и лесопользования показаны те территории, которые

требуют разных режимов природопользования. Так как карта составлена в

масштабе 1:50 000, она показывает общую ситуацию для Онского и

Амбролаурского района района. На современном этапе исследований точ-

ность карты составляет 85-90%. Эта ситуация должна быть уточнена во

время конкретных лесоустроительных работ. «Семафорный» метод (Рис.1)

позволяет с одной стороны, сразу увидеть те территории, где нельзя прово-

дить никаких лесохозяйственных мероприятий, с другой стороны,

территории, где подобные мероприятия можно производить, не опасаясь

серьезных экологических последствий и, наконец, с третьей - переходные

территории, с ограниченным лесопользованием.

Общий анализ ландшафтного и биологического разнообразия (Зеле-

ная карта) позволил выделить участки с высоким ландшафтным и биоло-

гическим разнообразием, участки, которые имеют многовековые тради-

ционные типы землепользования. Несмотря на активные геодинамические

процессы (оползни, селевые потоки, местами эродированные склоны), в

исследуемой территории сохраняются рациональные системы природо-

пользования в течение многих столетий, как например, окрестности Глола-

Чиора в верховьях Риони и левобережье Риони на отрезке Они-Сори. Эти

территории, несмотря на относительно низкое геосистемное разнообразие

характеризуются высоким культурным наследием, они уникальны в ланд-

шафтном отношении. Такие ландшафты, с такой системой взаимоотноше-

ний между природой и человеком в Грузии более нигде не встречаются.

Комплексный анализ всех слоев составленных карт позволил выявить

основные географические закономерности биологического и ландшаф-

тного разнообразия Онского и Амбролаурского районов. Позволил опреде-

лить территории, которые могут быть рассмотрены как охраняемые

территории, и могут быть выделены под лесоэксплуатационную зону, что

в дальнейшем поможет лучше наметить лесохозяйственные мероприятия.



476

)

Рисунок 1. Семафорные карты для районов Они и Амбролаури

Использованная литература

1. Arnould, M.Hotyat, L.Simon “Les Foret d’Europe” (Paris, NATHAN, 1997)

2. Beruchashvili N.L. The Caucasus: Landscapes, Models, Experiments -

UNEP, GRID Arendal, WORLD BANK, Tbilisi, Ed. Tbil.St.Univ., 1995,

314 p. (in Russian, Englich)

3. Beruchashvili N.L., Zjuchkova V.K. Methods for complex physical-geo-

graphical investigation: The Manuel. –Moscow University Press, 1997. -

320p. (in Russian)

4. Beruchashvili N.L. Diversity of Georgia’s landscapes and geographical

analysis of landscape diversity of the World. Book «Biological and Land-


477

scape Diversity», WWF-WB, 2000, Tbilisi, pp. 221-250; pp. 277-294 (in

Russian- English)

5. Beroutchashvili N.L. L ‘éthologie du paysage. Univ. Thilissi, 1989, 250 p.

6. Ландшафтное планирование: Принципы, методы, Европейский и

Российский опыт (Бонн-Москва-Иркутск, 2002). 7. Птичников А.В. Леса России: Независимая сертификация и устойчи-

вое управление» -М., Издание WWF, 1999

8. Beruchashvili N.N. Potential Virgin Landscapes of Georgia. Book «Bio-

logical and Landscape Diversity», WWF-WB, 2000, Tbilisi, pp.211-226

(in Russian- English)

9. Jamaspashvili N., Maisuradze R., Seperteladze,Z., Beruchashvili N.N., Ina-

shvili N., Khardziani T. Book: Georgia Landscape Map and Geographic In-

formation System. Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, TSU,

Tbilisi, 2012, 488 p.

10. Jamaspashvili N. Landscapes diversiti Central part of the Litle Caucasus.

Book «Biological and Landscape Diversity», WWF-WB, 2000, Tbilisi,

pp.179-194 (in Russian- English).

neli jamaspaSvili*, geografiis doqtori

roman maisuraZe*, geografiis doqtori

nikoloz beruCaSvili*, PhD studenti

levan beruCaSvili*, PhD studenti

Tamar xarZiani*, PhD studenti *ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti, saqarTvelo

landSaftur-ekologiuri karkasi rogorc

instrumenti tyis menejmentze saqarTveloSi

reziume

cnobilia, rom mTis landSaftebi gansxvavdebian gansakuT-

rebuli mowyvladobiT (fraJilurobiT). arasworma tyeTsargeb-

lobam mowyvlad landSaftebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios mTis fer-

dobebze Seuqcevadi procesebis ganviTareba — erozia, seli,

mewyeri, zvavebis intensiuri Camosvla. amasTan, geodinamiuri



478

procesebis Sedegebi SeiZleba aisaxos ara marto im ferdobebze,

sadac es mimdinareobs, aramed moSorebul teritoriebzec. lan-

dSafturi kvlevebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Sedegi saqarTvelos

administraciul raionebSi, iyo gamokvleuli teritoriebis

landSaftur-ekologiuri karkasis gamovlena.

landSaftur-ekologiuri karkasis kvlevebi moicavs teri-

toriebis saerTo landSaftur analizs, agreTve mTeli rigi

specialuri rukebis, landSafturi barierebis da ekotonebis,

landSaftis mdgradobis da landSafturi mravalferovnebis

Sedgenas.

landSaftis mdgradoba gamosaxulia `semaforuli~ meTo-

diT: arastabiluri (fraJiluri) ubnebi naCvenebia wiTeli fe-

riT, SedarebiT stabiluri ubnebi — mwvaneTi, xolo maT Soris

gardamavali ubnebi SedarebiT arastabiluri landSaftebiT —

yviTeli feriT. es meTodi SesaZleblobas aZlevs tyis meurneo-

bis praqtikaSi ganasxvavon teritoriebi, sadac ar SeiZleba Ca-

tardes aranairi tyis sameurneo RonisZiebebi; teritoriebi,

sadac msgavsi RonisZiebebi SeiZleba CavataroT ise, rom ar Seg-

veSindes seriozuli ekologiuri Sedegebis, da bolos, terito-

riebi SezRuduli tyis moxmarebiT.

evrointegraciis saTaveebTan

479

ediSer jafariZe

doqtoranti

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti


evrointegraciuli procesebi dRemde ar kargavs Tavis aq-

tualurobas. is kvlavac rCeba XXII saukunis mniSvnelovan poli-

tikur gamowvevad Tanamedrove msoflios geopolitikur siv-

rceSi. am procesebSi aqtiurad monawileobs saqarTvelo. ro-

gorc cnobilia, saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocire-

bis xelSekrulebas 2014 wlis zafxulSi moewerა xeli, aRniSnu-

li faqti qarTveli erisTvis umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli mov-

lena iyo. es niSnavs qarTveli xalxis dabrunebas Tavis pirvan-

del samSobloSi — evropaSi, romelic sul mudam iswrafoda da

ibrZoda amisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Cven evropaSi cari-

eli xelebiT ki ar SevdivarT, aramed mniSvnelovani wvlili Se-

vitaneT evropuli Rirebulebebis propagandasa da mis saqar-

Tvelomde motanaSi. farTo sazogadoebisaTvis jer kidev ar

aris cnobili, rom evrokavSiris da evropologiis Seqmnis saTa-

veebTan idgnen cnobili qarTveli emigranti mecnierebi da sa-

zogado moRvaweebi, maT Soris: mixeil musxeliSvili da aleqsan-

dre nikuraZe. maSin roca, robert Sumani da Jan mone saubrob-

dnen evropis gaerTianebis ideaze, m. musxeliSvili da a. nikura-

Ze evropis wamyvan Jurnal-gazeTebSi aqveynebdnen ukve amave Te-

maze statiebs da aqtiurad monawileobdnen evrokavSiris Seq-

mnis procesebSi.

amaSi ukeT dasarwmuneblad mkiTxvels vTavazobT m. musxe-

liSvilis da a. nikuraZis dRemde ucnob biografiul cnobebs ma-

Ti Semoqmedebidan da maT geopolitikur da msoflmxedvelob-

riv ideebs, saqarTvelosa da evropuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.

ediSer jafariZe

480

msoflioSi cnobili profesori, iuristi, adamianis ufle-

baTa damcveli, saerTaSoriso samarTlis dargis specialisti,

politikuri da sazogado moRvawe, evropis xalxTa kongresis

prezidenti, evropis federalisturi moZraobis centraluri

komitetis wevri, evropuli formirebis internacionaluri cen-

tris biuros vice-prezidenti, sportsmeni, mTamsvleli, mecnie-

ri da `akademiuri palmis~ jildos kavaleri mixeil musxeliSvi-

li daibada 1903 wlis 8(21) ivliss qalaq TbilisSi.

mama vaxtangi solomonis Ze, cnobili ofTalmologi da akaki

wereTlis piradi eqimi iyo. deda natalia mirzaSvili metad saT-

no da lamazi qali iyo. eqimis ojaxSi oTxi vaJi izrdeboda da

oTxives sazRvargareT hqondaT umaRlesi ganaTleba miRebuli:

levan musxeliSili cnobili istorikosi da arqeologi, giorgi

musxeliSvili cnobili meSaxte, romelic samxreT afrikaSi pro-

fesiuli muSaobisas daiRupa da levan musxeliSvili cnobili

eqimi, romelic parizSi moRvaweobda.

oTxive Zma Tbilisis levandovskis gimnaziaSi swavlobda da

oTxivem warCinebiT daamTavra. gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg mi-

xeil musxeliSvili 1921 wlis oqtombridan (18 wlis) midis jer

giotingenisa da miunxenis universitetebSi, xolo Semdeg ki pa-

rizisa da lionis universitetebSi, sadac iRebs umaRles iuri-

diul ganaTlebas.

1932-1933 wlebSi igi leqciebs kiTxulobda parizis univer-

sitetis saerTaSoriso kvlevebis umaRles institutSi.

1935-48 wlebSi muSaobda kairos samarTlis franguli sko-

lisa da kairos universitetis profesorad. amis Semdgom mixei-

li brundeba safrangeTSi da 1948 wlidan gardacvalebamde iyo

strasburgis iuridiul da politikur mecnierabaTa fakulte-

tis profesori. 1948-51 wlebSi mixeil musxeliSvili universi-

tetTaSorisi federaciis prezident-damaarsebelia, xolo 1954

wlidan ki evropis universitetTa asociaciis damaarsebeli da

generaluri mdivani.

mixeil musxeliSili aqtiurad monawileobda politikur da

sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSic, rac gamoixateba imiT, rom stras-

burgSi man Seqmna mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis evropuli centri,

`musxelis~ saxelwodebiT (romelic dResac am saxelwodebiT


481

funqcionirebs). centri ikvlevda evro integraciis sakiTxebs.

man omis Semdgom, evropis gaerTianebis da misi federaciis idea

wamoayena da daicva kidec, misi azriT evropuli federalizmi – es aris ara marto sasicocoxlo aucilebloba evropeli erebi-

saTvis, aramed mSvidobis ganmtkicebisa da evropaSi saerTo ay-

vavebis, adamianTa Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis dacvis garntia...

`werda iგი Tavis naSromSi `evropis federalizmis struqtura~.

m. musxeliSvilis statiebi da naSromebi ibeWdeboda fran-

gul, germanul, inglisur enebze `Monde Nouveau~, `Trvaux et Enque-

tes~ krebulebSi, aseve nino da kalistarte salaias parizSi gamo-

maval qarTul JurnalSi `bedi qarTlisa“ (saqarTvelo da evro-

pa, erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebisaTvis da sxva).

cnobil mecniers xSirad iwvevdnen leqciebis wasakiTxad

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi kerZod: norvegia, italia, aSS. da

sxva. 1954 wlis Jurnal `bedi qarTlisas~ 17-Si vkiTxulobT, Cveni

TanamSromeli m. musxeliSvili miwveuli iyo The American Friends

Service Committee-s mier aSS-Si leqciebis wasakiTxad. profesorma

waikiTxa moxsenebebi CrdiloeT amerikis yvela did qalaqSi da

univeristetebSi, politikur da diplomatiur wreebSi, religi-

ur sazogadoebebSi. mis leqciebs yvelgan uamravi xalxi eswre-

boda. vaSingtonSi erT mis moxsenebaze movidnen mTeli diploma-

tiuri warmomadgenlobis kulturul seqciaTa xelmZRvanelebi.

iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg igi gaemgzavra skandinaviaSi oslosa

da upsalas universitetebis miwveviT, moxsenebis Tema iyo `ev-

ropis civilizaciis krizisi da evropis kulturis gacocxlebis

aucilebloba~.

m. musxeliSvili iyo mgznebare, ficxi temperamentis kaci,

dauRalavi mkvlevari da maZebari, mCxrekavi, rac gamoixateba

imaSi, rom igi ver kmayofildeboda iurisprudenciiT da aqtiur

monawileobas iRebda politikur saqmianobaSi.

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, musxeliSvili emigraciaSi

1921 wels wavida, roca moxda saqarTvelos aneqsia sabWoTa ru-

seTis mier. igi ver egueboda arsebul mdgomareobas da sruliad

daufaravad akritikebda maT, sainteresoa misi iuridiuli Sefa-

ediSer jafariZe

482

seba, sadac man 1783 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos traqtats saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis dasasruli uwoda. ramac gamoiwvia m.

musxeliSvilis politikuri devna da misi istoriografiis gaq-

roba-amoZirkva. Tumca maszed fragmentulad mainc moipoveba

garkveuli saxis informaciebi emigrantul JurnalebSi, kerZod

nacnobis fsevdonimiT Jurnal `kavkasionSi~ 1965 wels (tomi X)

gamoyveynebul nekrologSi.

mixeil musxeliSvilis uamravi wignidan yvelaze cnobil da

popularul Sedevrebad iqca frangul enaze gamocemuli Semde-

gi naSromebi: Michel Mouskheli `L’equite en Droit international modern~

Paris 1933, Michel Mouskheli. ÀUTONOMIE~ Paris 1934, Michel Mouskheli

`LE PREBISCITE DE LA SARR~ Paris 1933, romlebmac mTeli msoflio

moiares da Tavis aqtualobas dResac ar kargaven.

1950 wlis 6 agvistos starsburgSi, evrokonferenciis gax-

snis wina dRes, evropis 8 qveynis 300-ze metma studentma, evro-

gaerTianebis mgznebare iniciatoris miSel musxelisa da sami

sxva momxre profesoris winamZRolobiT, moSala safrangeT-

germaniis sasazRvro infrastruqtura da aRmarTa erTiani ev-

ropis droSa, `Cven mxolod patara koconi davanTeT, didi cecx-

li axla strasburgSi unda gaCaRdes, rom evropuli gulebic

ainTos...~, Tqva maSin miSel musxelma.

musxeliSvili aqtiurad monawileobda safrangeTSi erTiani

evropis warmomadgenelTa arCevnebSi. igi iyo Jurnal èvropis

formirebis~ redaqciis komitetis wevri da aseve Jurnal `soci-

alisturi azris~ damaarsebeli da redaqtor-gamomcemeli. 1953

wlis 10 agvistos oficialurad daarsda èvropuli qarTuli

moZraoba~ (sapatio Tavmjdomare profesori mixeil wereTeli),

romlis sulisCamdgmeli da iniciatori, aseve, mixeil musxeliS-

vili iyo.

1955 wels ori qarTveli mecnieris aqtiuri monawileobiT,

romlebmac didi Sroma gaswies briuselis kongresis mosamza-

deblad, q. triestaSi evropis profesorTa asociacia daarsda.

siamovnebiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom orive iyvnen warmodgenili

briuselis kongresis prezidiumSi. asociaciis generalur mdiv-

nad erTxmad arCeul iqna isev m. musxeliSvili, xolo profesor-

Ta sabWos wevrad a. nikuraZe. saintereso cnobebs vpoulobT ag-


483

reTve, Jurnal `bedi qarTlisas~ #28-29-Si, sadac arsebobs

cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom 1958 wlis 23-27 aprils briuselSi Sedga

evropel profesorTa asociaciis kongresi, sadac uamravi sxva

da sxva universitetebis delegatebi da stumrebi eswrebodnen.

kongresi Sedga briuselis msoflio gamofenis C.E.C.A-s pavili-

onSi, romlis dRis wesrigSi iyo: saerTo bazari da saerTo dawe-

sebulebani. moxsenebebi umTavresad exeboda evropis ekonomiur

mTlianobis iuridiul bunebas, mis saerTo aspeqtebs da mis fsi-

qologiur mxareebs.

m. musxeliSvili gatacebuli iyo alpinizmiT, is xSirad da-

dioda da erToboda xolme, 1964 wlis 16 ivliss, erT-erTi as-

vlis dros italiis alpebSi aotas xeobaSi mwverval sevinis

dapyrobis Semdeg daSvebisas kldidan Camovarda da tragikulad

daiRupa. 61 wlis mecnieris dakargvam didi sinanuli gamoiwvia

mTel evopaSi. es Cans franguli wamyavni Jurnalis `figaros~ da

`mondis~ furclebidan, sadac vkiTxulobT: `piradi vaJkacoba

da SemarTeba, gasaocari enTuziazmi, inteleqtualuri simdid-

re Seadgenda xasiaTis siZlieresa da nebisyofis simtkicesTan

erTad, am SesaniSnavi pirovnebis Tvisebebs. evropis universi-

tetTa da evropul moZraobaTaTvis es aunazRaurebeli danak-

lisia, miSelis dakrZalvam gviCvena, Tu raoden didi pativisce-

miT da siyvaruliT sargeblobda igi kolegebsa da studentebSi.

misi saxiT Cven davkargeT naTeli gzis da maRali kvalifikaciis

profesori, sulierebiT, keTilSobilebiT da gonierebiT ga-

morCeuli~.

m. musxeliSvilis da a. nikuraZis Semoqmedebis gzebi yovel-

Tvis kveTdnen erTmaneTs da amitom maT erT mTlian konteqstSi

movixseniebT, rogorc evrointegraciis saTaveebTan mdgom in-

teleqtualebs, radgan maTi Semoqmedeba mTlianad qarTul da

evropul urTierTobebs eZRvneba.

mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe, fizikosi, istorikosi, geo-

politikosi, arqeologi, arqiteqtori, msoflioSi cnobili da

aRiarebuli mkvlevari, pirveli qarTveli emigranti evropolo-

gi, qarTul-evropuli urTierTobebis erT-erTi yvelaze kompe-

tenturi mkvlevari, berlinis universitetis profesori, eleq-

tronebisa da ionebis kvleva-Ziebis institutis pirveli dam-

ediSer jafariZe

484

fuZnebeli evropaSi, msoflioSi erT-erTi pirveli evropuli

da evrointegraciuli ideebis samWedlos `kontinentaluri ev-

ropis kvleva-Ziebis institutis~ damaarsebeli da xelmZRvane-

li a. nikuraZe daibada 1901 wlis 10 noembers, qalaq samtrediaSi.

misi mama (1937 wels iqna represirebuli), profesiiT inJine-

ri ilia pavles Ze nikuraZe samtrediis rkinigzis depos ufro-

sad muSaobda. deda — elisabed gegia, romlis moulodnelad

gardacvalebis gamo ilias darCa gasazrdeli eqvsi mwirewlova-

ni Svili: silovani, ivane, pavle, aleqsandre, lida da luba. me-

uRlis gardacvalebidan cota xnis Semdeg ilia nikuraZem meo-

red iqorwina nifadora zurabis asul giorgaZeze, romelTanac

kidev sami Svili SeeZina: SoTa, elene (florena) da qeTevani. de-

dinacvalma cxra da-Zmas namdvili dedoba gauwia da Rirseuli

da sasaxelo Svilebi gauzarda samSoblos. amaTgan sami msofli-

oSi cnobili profesori gaxda: silovan nikuraZe saqveynod aRi-

arebuli qirurgi-profesori iyo. ivane nikuraZe msoflioSi sa-

xelmoxveWili maTematikosi da fizikosi hidravlikis dargSi,

aleqsandre nikuraZe ki dRemde fizika-maTematikis erT-erT sa-

xelganTqmul profesorad iTvleba.

Zmebma ivane da aleqsandre nikuraZeebma daamTavres quTai-

sis gimnazia 1917 wels. aleqsandre ufros ZmasTan erTad 1918

wels Cairicxa axladgaxsnil Tbilisis saxelmwifo universi-

tetSi, Tumca maT es universiteti ar daumTavrebiaT. 1919 wels,

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtoris, profesor p. me-

liqiSvilisa da profesor i. javaxiSvilis rekomendaciiT, ram-

denime niWieri axalgazrda studenti saxelmwifos dafinanse-

biT wargzavnil iqna ucxoeTSi, evropuli codnisa da unar-Cve-

vebis misaRebad, maT Soris moxvda ivane nikuraZec, Tumca maT

Soris aleqsandre nikuraZe Tavdapirvelad ar iyo. amisaTvis

TbilisSi sagangebod Camosula ilia nikuraZe da reqtorisaTvis

uTxovia, mec dagexmarebiT finansurad da gTxovT Zmebs nu dami-

SorebT, erTad gauSviT ucxoeTSi saswavleblado. p. meliqiS-

vils gamouCenia didsulovneba da mamis Txovnas dadebiTad Sex-

vedria. ai, ase moxvdnen Zmebi nikuraZeebi germaniaSi, kerZod ki

giotingenis gamoyenebiTi meqanikisa da maTematikis institut-

Si. ivane nikuraZe maleve dauaxlovda hidroaeromeqanikis dar-


485

gis wamyvan specialistebs. igi msoflioSi cnobili profesoris

da amave institutis xelmZRvanels l. prandtlimsis saukeTeso

studenti gaxda, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara hidrodinamikas,

gazis dinamikasa da aerodinamikas msoflioSi. aleqsandre niku-

raZec aqtiurad iyo CarTuli saswavlo procesSi, ikvlevda dia-

leqtrul masalebs, aqtiurad muSaobda gamoyenebadi fizikis

sferoSi, ionTa da eleqtronTa Teoriebze.

a. nikuraZes gamoqveynebuli aqvs fizika-maTematikis dargSi

35-ze meti samecniero naSromi, xolo 1928 wlidan ukve amave

dargSi aqveynebs germaniis wamyvan JurnalebSi (fizika, fiziku-

ri qimia, eleqtroteqnika) Tavis statiebs `sandersis~ fsevdo-

nimiT an zogjer `r. rusiSvilis~ TanaavtorobiT. amaTgan gansa-

kuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos misi ori cnobili wigni fizikaSi: (Al.

Nikuradze. Das Zweistoffsystem Gas-Metall. München. 1950) da Al. Nikurad-

se. Naturwissenschaft und Technik im Leben der Völker. München. Oldenburg.

1952), sadac mimoixilavs mis da sxva mecnierTa gamokvlevis Sede-

gebs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom garkveuli mizezebis gamo srulad

ver gamoica sami tomi, romelic atomebis Teorias da mis gamoye-

nebis sakiTxebs exeboda.

1921 wels, saqarTveloSi wiTeli armiis SemoWris Semdeg,

Zmebma samSobloSi dabruneba veRar SeZles, radgan nikuraZeebi

winaaRmdegi iyvnen saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis.

isini Riad eweodnen saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis da damouki-

deblobis aRdgenisa da SenarCunebis propagandas, ramac Sem-

dgomSi maT mier germaniis moqalaqeobis miReba ganapiroba. emig-

raciaSi myofi aleqsandre nikuraZe maleve moeqca karl hausho-

feris `farTo sivrceebis~ Teoriis gavlenis qveS. man daiwyo mu-

Saoba proteqtoratis ambiciur proeqtze, romelic miznad isa-

xavda, qarTvelebs wamyvani roli eTamaSaT erTian kavkasiur

konfederaciaSi. amasTanave, igi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli qarTu-

li saTvistomos RonisZiebebSi da axlo kavSirebi hqonda germa-

niis nacional-socialistur partiasTan. germanul politikur

elitasTan kargi kontaqtebis wyalobiT man uamravi qarTveli

ixsna nacistebisagan. igi monawileobda qarTvel emigrantTa an-

tisaWoTa moZraobaSi, exmareboda antisabWoTa SexedulebebiT

ediSer jafariZe

486

gansWvalul qarTvel emigrantebs da mfarvelobda maT tyveoba-

Si.

1930-ian wlebSi aleqsandre nikuraZe muSaobas iwyebs jer mi-

unxenis universitetSi fizika-maTematikis fakultetze, mogvi-

anebiT berlinis umaRles teqnikur saswavlebelSi jer privat-

docentad, Semdgom ki amave universitetSi profesorad. 1934

wels man berlinSi germanulad gamoaqveyna misi pirveli cnobi-

li monografia fizikaSi `Txevadi dialeqtrikebi~ (Al Nikurade.

Das Flüssige Dialektrikum. Berlin. 1934), romlis rusuli Targmani ga-

mocemul iqna moskov-leningradSi. sadac naTqvami iyo, rom

msgavsi naSromi rusul enaze ar arsebobobda. es iyo iSviaTi

precendenti, roca sabWoTa kavSirSi daibeWda emigraciaSi myo-

fi qarTveli fizikosis fundamentaluri naSromi. mTel sabWo-

Ta samyaroSi es naSromi gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva saganmanaT-

leblo dawesebulebebSi. yovelive amis miuxedavad, igi ar kmayo-

fildeba am warmatebiT da amave wlebSi miunxenSi pirvelad aar-

sebs eleqtronebisa da ionebis kvleva-Ziebis instituts (Institute

für Lonen und Elektronen Forschung), sadac ikvlevda nawilakebs, io-

nebs da eleqtronebs. am institutis adgilsa da rolze evropa-

Si miuTiTebs Cvenamde moRweuli wliuri angariSis Sesaxeb cno-

ba, rac maniSnebelia imisa, Tu raoden masStaburi da udidesi sa-

mecniero datvirTviT muSaobda qarTveli mecnieris mier daar-

sebuli fizikis instituti germaniaSi. rasakvirvelia, es insti-

tuti mxolod SemowirulobebiT ver iarsebebda, savaraudod,

mas germaniis mTavrobac afinansebda da maTi biujeti saerTo

jamSi 1960 wlisTvis Seadgenda415.347 germanul markas. samwuxa-

rod, Cvenamde moRweulia mxolod es erTi — 1960 wlis biujetis

detaluri aRwera, Tumca Tu vivaraudebT misi pirveli eqsperi-

mentuli centris mniSvnelobas evropaSi, Semdgom wlebSi am in-

stitutis wliuri brunva erTi orad unda gazrdiliyo. es ki ki-

dev erTxel xazs usvams am institutis did mniSvnelobas da mis

siZlieres evropaSi.

`eleqtronebisa da ionebis kvleva-Ziebis instituti~ mdeba-

reobda oberfalcis mazraSi, sofel SvarcenfeldSi (Schwarzen-

feld), romelic nikuraZes berlinis dabombvis Semdgom aq gadmoe-

tana. instituti agebuli iyo soflis ganapiras, erT maRal ko-


487

nusis msgavs goraze, romelzec kapucinel berebs saSualo zo-

mis orsarTuliani monasteri swored, rom aq aeSenebinaT da yve-

la emigrant miusafars aq ifarebdnen. maT Soris moxvda qarTve-

li emigranti da SemdgomSi kaliforniis universitetis profe-

sori vaxtang jobaZe, romelic Tavis mogonebebSi ixsenebs, rom

(Cemi Tavgadasavali, Tb., 2009. gv.82-88) meore msoflio omis

dros tyved Cavarda da misdauneburad aRmoCnda germaniaSi...,

vaxtang jobaZe giotingenisa da fraiburgis universitetSi

swavlis periodSi dauaxlovda da axlos gaicno germaniaSi sa-

xelmoxveWili profesori a. nikuraZe, romelic Semdgom masTan

gadavida da muSaobda amave institutSi 1950 wlamde, vidre v.

jobaZe amerikaSi wavidoda.

a. nikuraZis politikur da pirovnul portrets yvelaze

ukeT vxedavT qarTveli mecnieris da misi erTguli megobris mo-

gonebebSi, sadac aRwerilia 1943 wlis zafxulSi erTad cxovre-

bis da saqmianobis mniSvnelovani detalebi da saintereso cno-

bebi nikuraZis Sesaxeb. oberfalcis monasterSi dabinavebisas

mimiCines erTi oTaxi, romelic ganmeoreba iyo sxva oTaxebisa,

radgan isini Tavdapirvelad berebis saknebad iyo gankuTvnili.

gamonaklisi iyo mxolod baton nikuraZis, ufro didi zomis bina

meore sarTulze, romelic albaT monastris zemdgomisaTvis

iyo gankuTvnili. meore didi oTaxi sasadilo, romelic insti-

tutisTvis imave funqcias asrulebda, rac monastrisTvis..., be-

rebi amerikelebi unda yofiliyvnen da vgoneb monasteric ame-

rikis kuTvnileba iyo. berebic pativs ar aklebdnen, rac omis

Semdeg, rodesac batoni sandro (ase eZaxdnen xSirad) cota xniT

daapatimres, aSkarad gamomJRavnda. mizezi Cemi baton sandros-

Tan gamwesebisa, Tu ar vcdebi Cemi jaridan ganTavisufleba iyo.

Cemi jaridan ganTavisuflebis oficialuri mizezi ki iyo san-

dros biblioTekis mowesrigeba da biblioTekaroba. marTlac,

rodesac Cemi pirovneba warvudgine sandros, Zalzed gulTbi-

lad mimiRo, maCvena Tavisi biblioTeka, romelic 140-mde wigns

Seicavda da miTxra, rom am wignebidan, romlebic ufro neoli-

Tis da brinjaos xanas exebodnen, amomekriba sabuTebi, romelic

saqarTvelos da evropis urTierTobebs exeboda. es iyo horne-

sis, menginis, Suxartisa da ebertis eqvstomiani (Reallexikon

ediSer jafariZe

488

der Alferfum) naSromebi, sadac sakmao masala vipove e.w. kem-kera-

mik da band-keramikis Sesaxeb. guldasmiT maleve Sevagrove es ma-

salebi da warvudgine, man ki RimiliT miTxra, `me giTxari cota

wagemuSavebina da ar miTxovia Tavi daakali am masalas. garda

amisa, biblioTekaSi mas edga uzarmazari globusi, romelzedac

grZel elastiur saxazavs daadebda xolme, rom erTi adgilidan

meorze sahaero xazi gaeyvana. Tumca mas xSirad exmarebodnen

grafikaSi gawvrTnili Cinebuli mxazvel-mxatvrebi, maT Soris

erTi mSvenieri qali rozmari baldermani, romelic sandros

uamrav diagramas, rukebs da sxvadasxva mSvenier naxazebs uke-

Tebda rogorc istoriul, ise arqeologiur namuSevrebze. igi

xSirad mpatiJebda TavisTan meore sarTulze. hqonda erTi gita-

ra da SeeZlo ramdenime akordis Camokvra, cotaodeni waRiRine-

bac. meubneboda aba vaxtang, amiwye! mec avyvebodi, Cito gvri-

tooo margalitooo an turfav modi, nu xar mtrulad, SemovZa-

xod megobrulad, cremli vRvarod...., vaxtang daanebe im kem-ke-

ramikas Tavi da simReraSi momexmare. movubodiSe da vuTxari

simRerebi Zalzed momwons, magram simReris niWi ara maqvs, mere

xumrobiT davsZine, Cven rom aq Cito gvrito vimReroT, Tqvenma

ufrosma, rom gaigos, daketaven Tqvens instituts da Cvenc

usaqmod davrCebiT?~ `nu geSinia, me ufrosi ar myavs~ mpasuxob-

da xolme.

Soreul samSoblos mowyvetili emigranti mecnierebi xSi-

rad saubrobdnen saqarTvelos awmyosa da momavlaze. nikuraZe

fizikis garda muSaobda amierkavkasiis ekonomikaze, misi ganvi-

Tarebis gzebze da samomavlo perspeqtivebze. igi Tvlida, rom

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis da suverenitetis SenarCunebis

gza mis ekonomikaze gadis. jer kidev maSin a. nikuraZe da cnobi-

li germaneli ekonomistebi, maT Soris aRmosavleTis ekonomi-

kuri institutis direqtori axmeteli, darwmunebulebi iyvnen,

rom saqarTvelo samomavlod gaxdeboda ekonomikurad yvelaze

potenciuri da mniSvnelovani xidi evropisa da aziis damakavSi-

rebeli tranzituli gzebisa, radgan saqarTvelo geografiu-

lad da geostrategiulad evropisa da aziis gzajvaredinze

mdebareobs.


489

a. nikuraZis pirovnul detalebs, cxovrebiseul stils da

pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel manerebs jobaZe Semdegnairad

agviRwers. nikuraZe iyo udidesi mecnieri, geopolitikuri da

sazogado moRvawe, gamoirCeoda saocari niWierebiT da maRali

msoflmxedvelobrivi azrovnebis unariT. mas uyvarda yvela da

yvelaferi qarTuli da erovnuli. igi yvela qarTvels didi pa-

tivs scemda da exmareboda kidec, amitomac Zmebi nikuraZeebi

didi avtoritetiT da saucxoo reputaciiT gamoirCeodnen

mTels germaniaSi. sandro ivaneze umcrosi da momcro tanis iyo,

ris gamoc saubris dros fexis wverebze dgeboda xolme. cota ar

iyos Ripiani, moSavo kani hqonda da ukan gadavarcxnili odnav

SeTeTrebuli xSiri Tma. bevri laparaki ar uyvarda da metyve-

lebas smenas amjobinebda. roca saubrobda, uaRresad seriozul

gamometyvelbas iRebda da yovelTvis cdilobda gasagebi sity-

vebi gamoenaxa da naTqvami mkveTr fokusSi moeqcia, rom mosaub-

re naTqvamSi daejerebina.

a. nikuraZe, fizikis garda, gatacebuli iyo politikiT, hu-

manitaruli mecnierebis dargebiT, saqarTvelos istoriiT, li-

teraturiT, arqiteqturiT, arqeologiiT, iurisprudenciiT da

mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT. amitomac mas xSirad iwvevdnen

msoflios wamyvan universitetebSi leqciebis kursis wasakiTx-

ad.

a. nikuraZes, rogorc istorikoss, arqeologs, politikur

da sazogado moRvawes udidesi wvlili miuZRvis TiToeuli

dargis ganviTarebaSi. gacilebiT STambeWdavia misi politikuri

saqmianoba da geopolitikuri msoflmxedveloba. igi iyo aseve

meore dawesebulebis, `kontinentaluri evropis kvleva-Ziebis

institutis~ damaarsebeli da direqtori miunxenSi. es institu-

ti iyo msoflioSi erT-erTi pirveli evropuli da evrointeg-

raciuli ideebis samWedlo, romlis xma mTeli msoflios sagan-

manaTleblo taZrebSi ismoda. amis gamo miunxeni yovelTvis yu-

radRebis centrSi iyo msoflios politikur da mowinave samec-

niero inteligenciisaTvis. a. nikuraZem amave institutis saSua-

lebiT `sandersis~ (Al.Sanders) fsevdonimiT germanul enaze ga-

mosca ramdenime mecnieruli gamokvleva kontinentaluri evro-

pis Sesaxeb, `evropiuli kontinental-politikis ganviTareba-

ediSer jafariZe

490

ni~-is seriidan: iazonis memkvidreobis garSemo, xalxTa mimdina-

reobani aRmosavleT evropaSi, evropul saxelmwifoTa aRnago-

bis safuZvlebi da Rrmad fundamenturi wignebi, maT Sorisaa:

(OSTEUROPA in Kontinentaleuropaeischer Schau. München.Hoheneichen-Ver-

lag.1942), (KAUKASIEN, Nordkaukasien, Aserbeidschan, Armenien, Georgien

Geschichtlicher Umriss. München. Hoheneichen-Verlag. 1942), sadac faq-

tebi da movlenebi ganxilulia istoriul-filosofiuri da is-

toriografiuli TvalsazrisiT. aseve, UM DAS ERBE GROßBRITANI-

ENS zur Wandlung der Politischen Struktur der Übersee. München. Hohe-

neichen-Verlag. 1942, DIE STUNDEN DER ENTSCHEIDUNG Kampf um Europa.

München., UM DIE GEFTALTUNG EUROPAS München, da VOM TRAUM ZUR

TAT München, sadac mocemulia Zalian saintereso debulebani

rogorc evrointegraciis ideisaTvis, aseve saqarTvelos isto-

riisaTvis. wignebi maleve moeqca msoflios yuradRebis cen-

trSi. popularuli naSromebi wamyvani mecnierebis xelidan xel-

Si gadadioda.

ა. ნიკურაძის ნაשრომებიდან აქ მოკლედ განვიხილავთ მხოლოდ რამოდენიმეს: ìazonis memkvidreobis garSemo~, àRmosavleT ev-

ropas~ da `kavkasias~.

a. nikuraZe 1937 wels aqveynebs Tavis pirvel umniSvnelova-

nes gamokvlevas, parizSi gamomaval Jurnal `qarTlosis~ pir-

vel nomerSi èvropiuli kontinental-politikis ganviTareba-

ni~-is seriidan, ìazonis memkvidreobis garSemo~, msgavsi fun-

damentaluri kvlevebi zemoaRniSnuli saTauriT moTavsebulia

nacional-socialisturi partiis mTavar gazeT `foelkiSer be-

obaxter~-Si, profesor sandersis fsevdonimiT. miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom naSromebi Zalzed sainteresoa qarTuli politikis

TvalsazrisiTac da, zogadad, igi xSirad yofila gazeT `prav-

das~ da ìzvestias~ mkacri kritikis qarcecxlSi, a. nikuraZes

miznad dausaxavs am weriliT aCvenos farTo sazogadoebas ger-

maniis politikis mTavari kursi kavkasia-saqarTvelosTan mimar-

TebaSi. kvlevas Tan erTvis istoriuli rukebi, magram igi samwu-

xarod Cvenamde araa moRweuli.

a. nikuraZe Tavis pirvel naSroms ìazonis memkvidreobis

garSemo~ ase iwyebs: erTa Soris dava yovelTvis kulturul-po-

litikuri, xalxuri da ekonomikuri ZalebiT aris gamowveuli.


491

amis Sedegad Cven vxedavT istoriaSi did saxelmwifoTa an sa-

xelmwifoTa sistemis ganmtkicebas, amaSi mniSvnelovan rols

mdinareTa gzebi TamaSobda. zRvaTa da mdinareTa sistemebi xal-

xTa daaxloebis saSualeba iyo. evropis saxelmwifoTa da kul-

turuli cxovrebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, mdinareTa sami

sistemaa erTi meorisgan gasarCevi: 1) CrdiloeTis zRva, aRmo-

savleTis zRva, Savi zRva, kaspiis zRva, xmelTaSua zRva da maTi

mdinareni. mis garSemo vxedavT evropel xalxs da maTi kultu-

ris ganviTarebas, dawyebuli helenizmidan dRemde. es mxare da-

kavSirebuli iyo iranul-hindur da Soreul aRmosavleTis (ia-

ponur da Cinur) sameurneo da kulturul wresTan. 2) me-15 sau-

kunis dasasruls aRmoCenili iqna amerikis kontinenti, aman ga-

moiwvia evropis cxovrebis cvlileba, atlantikuri okeane gaxda

SemaerTebeli zRva. 3) uaxlesi ganviTareba xalxTa cxovrebisa,

gansakuTrebiT amerikisa, azia da avstralias Soris qmnis wynar

okeanes mesame didi xidiT. Cven aq pirvel rigSi yuradRebas vaq-

cevT im ambebs, romelic evropul sivrceSi moxda. sumerelebis,

romelTa udidesi kulturis naSTebi gviCveneben, rom isini al-

baT metad Soreul warsulSi indo-germanul naTesavTagan Camo-

Sorebuli iyvnen. Tu saerTod isini TviT ar iyvnen indo-germa-

nuli STamomavlobisa, SesaniSnavma kulturam zegavlena moax-

dina da gaanayofiera Semdegi kulturis formebi iranul da me-

zobel (agreTve evropiul) sivrceze, metad mWidrod unda yofi-

liyvnen dakavSirebuli sumeruli da xeTuri kulturani. orive

es mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo helinuri kulturisaTvis. xe-

Tebis samefo warmoiSva sumerTa imperiis erTi provinciisagan,

kulturulad maRlad mdgomi am saxelmwifos gafurCqvna qris-

teSobamde meore aTasi wlis pirvel saukunes ekuTvnis. kolxeb-

mac, romelnic xeTebis CrdiloeT sivrceze binadrobdnen, Seq-

mnes Tavisi saxelmwifo sumerebis imperiaSi. kapadokiaSi napovni

sabuTebidan Cans, rom Savi zRvis napirze, kolxeTSi, mravali

vercxlisa da spilenZis budobebi muSavdeboda, aqedan es liTo-

ni yovelmxriv igzavneboda, am liTonidan akeTebdnen sumerele-

bi Tavis fuls (qr.S. meSvide saukuneSi), orive saxelmwifo (xeTe-

bisa da kolxebis) saberZneTTan mWidro urTierTobaSi unda yo-

filiyo. helinizmSi vxedavT axlandeli evropis sarkes da piri-

ediSer jafariZe

492

qiT. yvela icnobs klasikur saberZneTs Zv.w.me-7,6,5,4 saukunisas,

magram gansakuTrebiT saintereso aris wina klasikuri saberZne-

Ti iliada-odiseisa, sadac, Tanamedrove kvlevis mixedviT, mi-

Tologiuri figurebi istoriul pirovnebebad gvevlinebian.

berlinis universitetis profesori Tvlis rom, evropis

kontinentaluri struqturis saTave elinuri xanis periodidan

momdinareobs, am sakiTxs istoriul fons udebs safuZvlad da

msoflios istoriuli ganviTarebisa da Camoyalibebis WrilSi

ganixilavs mas, rac sakmaod damajerebeli da mecnierulad ar-

gumentirebulia. igi ambobs, rom evropis pirveli formisa da

Sinaarsis qna ueWvelad elinuri msoflios muSaobis Sedegia,

romelic iZleva pirvel xazebs evropiul kontinetal-politi-

kisas.

nikuraZis azriT, berZenTa wadili da miswrafeba gamoxatu-

lia argonavtebis miTosSi da maT meTaur iazonSi. maTi mizani

iyo kolxeTidan (kavkasia) oqro gamoetanaT. iazonma SeirTo

kolxeTis mefis asuli medea da wamoiRo oqro. gajavrebuli

kolxeTis mefe aieti gamoekida iazons da gadauketa gza bosfo-

risaken. iazoni dauZvra kolxebs isterze (don-main-rain-is

problema), igi mogzaurobs atlantikuri okeanis irgvliv da mo-

dis Sin, saberZneTSi, herkulesis karebis (gibraltaris) gavliT,

argonavtTa miTosis mcodneni amtkiceben, rom maTi eqspediciis

sarCuli iyo realuri savaWro-politikuri mosazrebebi. Tumca

elinisturi msoflios savaWro gza Soreuli aRmosavleTisaken,

iran da indoeTisaken gadioda kavkasiaze (kolxeTi-iberia) mdi-

nare fazisis, anu rionis da kvirosis (mtkvari, kura) gaswvriv

kaspiis zRvisaken. kolxeTSi modioden berZnebi, raTa kavkasiis

da aziis saqoneli SeeZinaT da Tavisi gaesaRebinaT, berZnebs sa-

qoneli aqedan gahqondaT iranSi, indoeTSi da Soreul aRmosav-

leTSi. qr.S. pirvel aTaseul wlebSi berZnuli faqtoriebi da

koloniebi daarsebul iqna Savi zRvis sanapiroze. aseTi axalSe-

nebi Savi zRvis Crdilo napirze dasayrdnobi centralur da

Crdilo evropasa da skandinaviasTan urTierTobaSi mdinareTa

Semdegi sistemiT xdeboda: rain-main-doni da dvina-dnepr an

volxov-dnepri. amgvarad Zvelma msofliom Seqmna urTierToba-

Ta sistema, romelic dasavleT da Crdilo evropidan dnepris


493

sivrceze Savi zRviT, kavkasia iranamde, indoeTisaken da Sore-

ul aRmosavleTamde aRwevda. es sistema warmoadgenda evropiu-

li kontinental-politikis arsebiT mxares. evropiuli konti-

nental politikis cnebas upirispirdeba `zRvisgaRma politi-

kis“ mcneba, igi iwyeba me-15-16 saukuneebis mijnaze da amerikis

aRmoCenis Semdeg pirvelad misi mniSvneloba izrdeba. avtori

Tvlis, rom qristes Sobis pirvel aTaswleulSi argonavtebis

miTosi Rebulobs realur formebs da Sinaarss da mas berZnuli

klasicizmis xanas uwodebs, romlisTvisac am periodisaTvis da-

maxasiaTebelia ori iniciativa. es aris kolxi aieti da meore

berZeni iazoni, magram verc kolxebma da verc berZnebma sakuTar

mizans ver miaRwies. kolxebis politikuri Tvalsazrisi Semdeg-

Si midielebma da sparselebma SeiTvises, berZnebisa ki — makedo-

nelma. amitomacaa, rom midielTa, anu medielnis saxelmwifos

daarseba xdeba berZnuli klasicizmis dros. sadac medelTa da

sparsTa politikuri mniSvneloba iwyeba daaxloebiT 700 wlebSi

qristes Sobamde. xolo dariusis miswarafeba ufro SorsmWvre-

teluri iyo. igi saxelmwifoTa sistemis Seqmnisaken iswrafoda

da cdilobda am sistemiT emarTa dRevandeli rigi saxelmwifoe-

bisa evropidan CineT-indoeTamde. male, meoTxe saukuneSi, spar-

seTis imperia icvleba aleqsandre didis imperiiT, sadac impe-

riis guli gadadis dasavleTisaken. Tumca, igi ise axalgazrda

gardaicvala, rom Tavisi wadili ver Seasrula (`iazonis mem-

kvidreoba~ sabolood ver daisakuTra). aleqsandres sikvdilis

Semdgom misi imperia danawilda, magram sameurneo da kulturu-

li urTierToba iq mainc igive darCa. amave politikis gagrZele-

ba scada romma qristes Sobamde pirvel saukuneSi, magram uSede-

god. romis imperiis dacemamde (180-395ww. qr. Sem.) evropis sam-

xreTma nawilma Seqmna es didi saxelmwifo romi, romelic Sor.

aRmosavleTTan da indoeTTan xSir sameurneo da kulturul da-

mokidebulebaSi iyo. Crdilo da aRmosavleT evropa, kavkasias-

Tan erTad, am samxreT saxelmwifosTan mWidro urTierTobaSia

da amiT isinic indoeTTan, centralur aziasa da Soreul aRmo-

savleTTan kulturul da sameurneo saqonelTa gacvla-gamoc-

vlaSi arian. amgvarad, evropa uZvelesi droidan gadabmuli iyo

indoeTTan, centralur aziasTan da Soreul aRmosavleTTan da

ediSer jafariZe

494

saxeldobr xmeleTis `kontinentalur~ gzaze mdinareTa gzebiT,

naTqvamia naSromSi.

Cvenamde moRweulia uTariRo, xeliT naweri a. nikuraZis naS-

romis (51 furceli) `aRmosavleT evropa~-s nawili TemiT, `saek-

lesio arqiteqtura kievis did samTavroSi~, sadac ganxilulia

kievis mosazRvre da mezobel qveynebTan, mravalmxrivi kultu-

ruli damokidebuleba, maT Soris, saeklesio arqiteqturis da

mxatvrobis mimarTulebiT, kerZod Savi zRvis dasavleT nawili

bizantia da bulgareTi, aRmosavleTis mxridan saqarTvelo, xo-

lo baltiispireTis-germania da skandinaviis qveynebi, ramac ga-

moiwvia saeklesio arqiteqturis sami centris gaCena: kievi, Cer-

nogovi da novgorodi. igi xazs usvams uZveles iatinaias

(Jatinnajakirche) eklesiis arqiteqturas, romelic aSenebuli iqna

989/990 wlebSi vladimiris mier, aseve Cernogovis macxovris

taZris xelovnebas (1014.w) da dasavleT saqarTvelos, afxazeTis

moqvis eklesiis (975.w) damokidebulebas da mxatvrobas. avtori

ambobs, rom aRniSnuli eklesiebis cxovreba da saeklesio damo-

kidebulebis safuZvlebi met-naklebad erTmaneTisgan gamomdi-

nareobs da maTi perioduli paralelebi aSkarad Cans saerTo

TvalsazrisiT. amiT igi migvaniSnebs, rom kievi saeklesio da

samxatvro arqiteqturiT axlos dgas danarCen aRmosavleT

qveynebis kulturasTan. qarTuli eklesia, am SemTxvevaSi `moq-

vi~, mainc Zireulia, Tumca qarTul-afxazuri eklesia bizantiu-

ri periodis paralelebs da gavlenas mainc inarCunebs.

gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia, aleqsandre nikuraZis

politikuri xasiaTis naSromi `kavkasia~, romelic samjer gamoi-

ca miunxenSi 1938, 1942, 1944 wlebSi, sadac xazgasmulia, rom sa-

qarTvelos kavkasiisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnloba aqvs. ni-

kuraZis azriT saqarTvelos, rogorc centralursa da politi-

kur, yvelaze unarian qveyanas, kavkasiaSi igive roli eniWeboda,

rogorc germanias evropaSi. nikuraZis mizani iyo saqarTvelos

xsna hitleris rasiuli Teoriidan, igi lingvisturad aanali-

zebs, rom Cven arielebs ar vekuTvniT, magram ise, sxva mxvriv,

Cven evropelebi varT. amis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas igi cdi-

lobda arqeologiuri masalebiT, socialuri wyobiT, saxelmwi-

foebrivi sistemiT, xuroTmoZRvrebisa da literaturis saSua-


495

lebiT, Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom es mainc politikuri da Sekowi-

webuli, moCvenebiTi diplomatiuri nabiji iyo. rasakvirvelia,

aseTi faqtis, TeTrze SaviT dawera did Zalisxmevas moiTxovda,

amas sWirdeboda saerTaSoriso aRiareba da fokusirebuli pro-

paganda zemoxsenebuli sakiTxebisa, amitomac iyo, rom mas hyav-

da qarTvelebis, germanelebis, kavkasielebis mecnierTa da po-

litikosTa jgufebi, romlebic exmarebodnen am ideologiis

propagandaSi. maT Soris iyvnen: markoz tuRuSi, mixako wereTe-

li, zurab avaliSvili, Tbiliseli germaneli r. mil Wallker —

gaqarTvelebuli qarTvelologi. CrdiloeT kavkasielebidan

sandrosTan TanamSromlobdnen Jurnalistebi jabagi (yabardo-

eli), CerqezeTidan aitek namitoki, azerbaijanidan rasul zade.

Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es sakmarisi ver iqneboda hitleris dasar-

wmuneblad, magram, garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovani roli mainc

iTamaSa im periodis qarTul da germanul politikur urTier-

Tobebze.

a. nikuraZe Zalian gavleniani da avtoritetuli pirovneba

iyo. es dasturdeba imiT, rom nikuraZesTan xSirad Tavs iyrid-

nen da saubrobdnen germaniis mTavrobis maRali eSelonebis

warmomadgenlebi, maT Sorisaa studentobis droindeli megoba-

ri da okupirebuli aRmosavleTis teritoriebis ministri al-

fred rozenbergi, romelic iyo baltiuri warmoSobis germane-

li da rasiuli Teoriis mtkice mimdevari (ris gamoc germane-

lebma omi waages, es iyo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizezTagani),

aseve, r. Schimdti, romelic erT-erTi gavleniani Jurnalis

`Volkische Beobachter~-is redaqtori iyo. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ni-

kuraZec xSirad iyo miwveuli raixstagSi, uzenaes saxelmwifo

moxeleebTan mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebriv TaTbirebze, mrCev-

lis an eqspert-profesoris statusiT. aseve, nikuraZe Tanam-

Sromlobda da kargi urTierTobebi hqonda cnobili germaniis

selis magnatTan - vitTan, romelic misi ekonomikuri da poli-

tikuri mrCevelic iyo.

a. nikuraZis geopolitikuri ideebiT aRfrTovanebuli da

Tanamoazre alfred rozenbergi exmareba da uqmnis `kontinen-

taluri evropis kvleva-Ziebis instituts~, romelSic muSavde-

ediSer jafariZe

496

boda `kontinentaluri evropis~ samomavlo ideebi haushoferis

da Spengleris Teoriis WrilSi. a. nikuraZe 1934 wlidan nacisturi partiis wevri xdeba. mis

gavlenas ganicdis rozenbergis proqarTuli Sexedulebebi, igi

jer kidev 1927 wlidan miiCnevda, rom kavkasia ruseTisagan unda

iqnas gamoyofili, xolo 1941 wlis aprilSi werda, rom kavkasiis

xalxebs Soris qarTvelebi istoriulad da politikurad wamyva-

nebi iyvnen da amitom saqarTvelo mTavari centri unda gaxdes

kavkasiuri saxelmwifoebis konfederaciisa da misi suverenite-

tis dacva germaniis mxardaWeris prerogativad unda iqces. ra-

sakvirvelia germania am pasuxismgeblobas ar gaeqceoda, radgan

Tvlida, rom es swori politika iyo.

alfred rozenbergs imdenad sjeroda nikuraZis, rom 1944

wels daavala, mTeli StabiT parizSi gadasuliyo frang moaz-

rovne sazogadoebaSi rozenbergis evropuli ideebis sapropa-

gandod. Tumca es Zireulad ver ganxorcielda, radgan rozen-

bergis proqarTuli ideebi aSfoTebdaT sxva qveynis emigranteb-

sac. rozenbergis idea mdgomareobda SemdegSi: kavkasiuri fede-

racia Tanaswori partniori unda yofiliyo `SavizRvispireTis

saxelmwifoTa gvirgvinSi“, ra Tqma unda germaniis proteqtora-

tiT. kavkasia, ukraina, rumineTi da kazakTa teritoria evropis

`gagrZeleba~ gaxdeboda, rogorc Tavis droze goTebis saxel-

mwifo iyo. magram rac ar unda momxdariyo momavalSi, maTzed

germanuli kontroli unda yofiliyo da raixskomisiariatis

statusi kavkasiisTvis, ise, rogorc ukrainisTvis, moskovisTvis

da baltiis qveynebisTvis didad saxarbielo ar unda yofiliyo,

radgan aRmosavleT saministros (ase erqva SemoklebiT rozen-

bergis saministros) ideebiT aravin iyo moxibluli.

1951 wlis seqtemberSi a. nikuraZem parizis qarTul saTvis-

tomoSi waikiTxa moxseneba `zogadi suraTebi qarTul-evropuli

warsulidan~, romelSic gamoTqmulia originaluri ideebi. ev-

rokavSiris konstitucia dRes mis fundamentur ideaze dgas.

aseve man didi wvlili Seitana evrointegraciisa da evropolo-

giis, rogorc interdisciplinuri dargis Camoyalibeba-ganvi-

TarebaSi.


497

1952 wlis 22-24 seqtembers safrangeTSi, q. kompienTan a. ni-

kuraZis iniciativiT `la brevieris~ sasaxleSi Sedga evropel

mecnierTa yriloba, romelsac daeswrnen mecnierebi safrange-

Tidan, germaniidan, itliidan, inglisidan, Sveciidan, norvegii-

dan, osmaleTidan da kidev sxvadasxva qveynidan. kongresis saga-

ni iyo evropuli saWirboroto sakiTxebis win wamoweva. kerZod,

sxva winadadebaTa Soris kongresma miiRo misi azri mcneba-ter-

minis èvropologiis~ SemoRebis Sesaxeb. èvropologia~ imTa-

viTve gulisxmobda evropul mecnierTa dargebis Tavmoyras da

erT swavlebad Camoyalibebas.

garda amisa a. nikuraZe aqveynebda saintereso werilebs da

gamokvlevebs parizSi gamomaval emigrant nino da kalistarte

saliebis JurnalSi `bedi qarTlisa“ aqedan aRsaniSnavia 1956

wlis aprilSi parizSi frangul enaze gamoqveynebuli àrgonav-

tebis miTi~, romelic gamoirCeva Rrma istoriuli da mecnieru-

li TvalsazrisiT. igi aqtiurad TanamSromlobda frangul Jur-

nal `Revue de Kartvelologie~-sTan, sadac aseve germanul enaze aq-

veynebda qarTvelologiuri tipis naSromebs kerZod: `qarTuli

arqiteqturis sakiTxisaTvis Sua saukuneebis evropul aRmosav-

leTSi~, `patri mixeil TarxniSvili (gardacvalebis gamo)~,

`skandinavielebi da qarTvelebi ponto-baltiis sanapiroze~,

`doqtori otto gunter fon vezendoki, rogorc qarTvelolo-

gi~ , ìstoriografiuli Sexedulebani albaneTis Sesaxeb~, `da-

savleT evropis romanuli arqiteqturisa da qarTuli arqiteq-

turis paralelebis axsnis cda~, `dasavleT evropa da kavkasia

paralelebis saxiT~, à. a namitoki (gardacvalebis gamo)~, `su-

merTa pirvandeli adgilsamyofelis sakiTxisaTvis~ (kavkasia Se-

saZlo pirvelsamSobloa sumerTa liTonis) da sxva.

Zalze sainteresoa a. nikuraZis moRvaweoba miunxenSi peda-

gogiuri da samecniero TvalsazrisiT. igi aqtiurad monawile-

obda da Tavad marTavda adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso konfe-

renciebs. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia ramdenime samecniero RonisZi-

eba, romelic Cvenamde moRweulia xelnaweris saxiT e.w. `Der

Münchner GesprÄche~ (miunxenuri diskusiebi), 1956/1957 wlis ian-

vari, zamTris semestris sesiis saxelwodebiT. `miunxenuri dis-

kusiebi~ imarTeboda kontinentaluri evropis kvlevis insti-

ediSer jafariZe

498

tutSi, filosofos dempfis da istorikoss nikuraZis xelmZRva-

nelobiT, uamrav momxsenebel mecnierTa Soris iyo a. nikuraZe,

Semdegi TemiT: avtomatizacia — evropa, maTi amocanebi, SesaZ-

leblobebi da sazRvrebi. sadac saubaria avtomatizaciis gav-

rcelebis arealze, misi daniSnulebisa da gamoyenebis SesaZleb-

lobebze. aseve Cvenamde moRweulia 1957 wlis maisis sxdomis oq-

mi, sadac aRniSnulia, rom zemoaRniSnul periodSi samecniero

sxdoma `miunxenuri diskusiebi~ gaimarTa kontinenturi evropis

kvlevis institutis da amave institutTan arsebuli germanuli

komitetis asociaciis evropuli universitetis egidiT, Temaze,

`avtomatizacia — evropa~, sxdomas uZRvebodnen: profesorebi:

miunxenis universitetis filosofosi alios dempfi (Prof.Dr.

Alios Dempf) da fizikosi a. nikuraZe. samecniero RonisZiebaSi

uamravi adgilobrivi da saerTaSorisod cnobili momxeseneble-

bi monawileobdnen sxvadasxva seqciebSi, nikuraZe ki yovelTvis

fizika-istoriis mimarTulebiT gamodioda. amjerad misi moxse-

nebis Tema iyo `produqtiuloba-avtomatizaciis saerTo bazari

evropaSi teqnikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT~, sadac igi sa-

ubrobs evropaSi produqtiulobis gazrdis Sesaxeb, mis gamom-

wvev da Semaferxebel movlenebze, avtomatizaciis ganviTareba-

sa da mis risk-faqtorebze, teqnikur da samecniero produqtiu-

lobasa da maT Soris damokidebulebaze. igi miiCnevs, rom samec-

niero da teqnikuri kvlevebi unda emsaxurebodes adamianis ma-

terialur da socialur saWiroebebs, rom moxdes avtomatiza-

ciis ukeT Camoyalibeba, raTa adamianma SeZlos misi drosTan mi-

marTebaSi maqsimalurad gamoyeneba.

aleqsandre nikuraZe ojaxis Seqmnis sakiTxs gvian moekida,

savaraudod 1958 wels, man germaniaSi iqorwina germanel hilde

herpixze, meuRlem maleve miiRo qmris gvari - hilde herpex ni-

kuraZe, rac Zalian saintereso movlena iyo im droisaTvis. hil-

de Zalian mSvidi, ganaTlebuli, saTno da lamazi qali yofila.

maT SeeZinaT erTaderTi qaliSvili eliso (elizabet) nikuraZe.

elizabets qarTuli esmoda, Tumca iSviaTad saubrobda qarTu-

lad.

aqve gagacnobT aleqsandres werils Tavis disadmi miwe-

rils, romelic ojaxs ase axasiaTebs: sayvarelo debo: luba da


499

florena, Tqveni weriliT metad gamaxareT, dResve daurekav va-

nos giotingenSi, wavukiTxav da masac gavaxareb. me vemzadebi sam-

gzavrod, parizSi erT sxdomas unda daveswro, amas moyveba saq-

meebi aaxenSi da mere berlinSi. erTi kviris Semdeg davbrundebi

miunxenSi. ivlisis pirveli kviris ganmavlobaSi inglisSi unda

viyo, iq oqsfordSi msoflio kongresia, romelic Cems dargs ax-

los exeba da Cem iq monawileobas moelian..., vanos erTi vaJi yavs

aleqsandre hqvia, am vaJbatonsac vaJiSvili yavs, imasac aleqsan-

dre daarqves. amgvarad sami generaciaa aq `aleqsandreebisa“.

uTuod es ikmarebs am Jamad. coli vanosi didebuli qalia. mec

kmayofili var Cemi meuRleTi. Cem qaliSvils elizabeti davar-

qviT. cqriala qalia, merve welSi. niWi da silamazec xels uwy-

obs, janmrTelia, mec janmrTelada var. Tqveni a. nikuraZe (19.12.1966 miunxeni).

dabolos, Cvens xelT arsebuli `miunxenuri diskusiebis~

1963 wlis 14 maisis wreSi saubaria zogadad teqnikis ganviTare-

bis situaciaze pirveli msoflios omis dros da mis Semdgom pe-

riodze. igi xazgasmiT ambobs, rom samecniero teqnikis ganviTa-

rebas moaqvs gansxvavebuli winapirobebi ekonomikisTvis, tran-

sportisaTvis da kidev sxvadasxva dargebisaTvis. amitom igi ga-

modis iniciativiT, rom Seiqmnas da Camoyalibdes calke dargi

`Volkswirtschaft~ ekonomika, sadac Seva ekonomikuri swavlebis sa-

kiTxebi. ra Tqma unda a. nikuraZis yvela moxsenebas, yvela gamos-

vlas, nebismier iniciativas yovelTvis didi gamoxmaureba mos-

devda da maT Soris arcerT miunxenur diskusiebs ar Cauvlia

uxmaurod da uSedegod.

1967 wlis ivlisSi igi aqtiur monawileobas iRebda oqsfor-

dSi gamarTul mecnierTa msoflio kongreszec.

xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Sedegad a. nikuraZe gardaicvala

1980 wlis 13 ivniss, igi dakrZaluli iqna q. miunxenSi. mis dak-

rZalvas mTeli universiteti daeswro. aleqsandre nikuraZes

sikvdilamde ori mTavari survili qonda, pirveli es iyo fizi-

kis sakuTari institutis xelsawyo-iaraRebi da unikaluri pira-

di biblioTeka gadacemoda misi sikvdilis Semdgom saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademias, rac ase ar moxda. misi instituti miun-

xenis umaRlesma teqnikurma saswavlebelma iCuqa, wignebis didi

ediSer jafariZe

500

raodenoba ki germaniis sxvadasxva samecniero dawesbulebebma

da biblioTekebma dainawiles. rac Seexeba meore survils, igi

ocnebobda Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze samSobloSi Camosvlaze

da misi neStis mibarebas saqarTvelos miwaze, misi ocneba samwu-

xarod dRemde ver Sesrulda.

warmodgenili naSromis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT,

rom qarTveli mecnieris a. nikuraZis roli rogorc qarTul, ise

germanul politikur cxovrebaSi uaRresad didia. ra Tqma unda,

aq warmodgenili naSromebi srulad ver asaxavs a. nikuraZis mTe-

li Semoqmedebis epopeas, Tumca mniSvnelovnad warmoaCens mis

rols evrointegraciis da evropologiis Seqmnisa da Camoyali-

bebis saqmeSi. meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi a. nikuraZe

aqtiurad monawileobda msoflios geopolitikur procesebSi

(e.w. geopolitikur saWadrako dafaze axali evropis kontinen-

tis Seqmna da Semdgom maTi ganlageba), maT Soris aRsaniSnavia

kavkasiis konfederaciis proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda sa-

qarTvelos liderad gaxdomas kavkasiis regionSi, germaniis

proteqtoratiT. vinaidan saqarTvelo iyo geografiulad tran-

zituli da geostrategiuli qveyana da qarTvelebi da germane-

lebi wminda rasis sisxls miekuTvnebodnen, amitom saqarTvelos

centraluri roli unda Seesrulebina mTel kavkasiaSi, ise ro-

gorc germania asrulebs did rols mTels evropaSi. aRsaniSna-

via isic, rom a. nikuraZis mier damuSavebuli `kavkasiis konfede-

raciis idea~, romelsac srulad iziarebda alfred rozenber-

gic, warmoadgenda `promeTes~ moZraobis cnobili koncefciis

uSualo gagrZelebas, germaniis gansakuTrebuli rolis `pro-

teqtoratis~ gamoklebiT. a. nikuraZis damsaxurebaze metyve-

lebs is faqtic, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom igi germaniis yvela

gavlenian da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebTan megobrobda da

axlo kavSirebi qonda imdroindel politikur elitasTan, mas

arasodes gamouyenebia germanuli kavSirebi piradi interesebi-

saTvis, piriqiT igi yovelTvis cdilobda, rom moepovebina maTi

keTilganwyoba kavkasielebTan (kerZod saqarTvelosTan) urTi-

erTobaSi, rac unda asaxuliyo politikur situaciaze. marTa-

lia aman ver hpova sruli aRzeveba, magram mniSvnelovani roli

Seasrula imdroindel qarTul-germanul urTierTobebSi, aseve


501

germaniaSi myofi qarTveli emigrantebis cxovrebaSic. a. nikura-

Zes sxva damsaxurebebTan erTad udidesi wvlili aqvs Setanili

qarTvelologiis ganviTareba-popularizaciaSi germaniaSi da

zogadad, mTel evropaSi, igi brwyinvaled flobda qarTul, ru-

sul, germanul, inglisur da frangul enebs. qarTul Sedevrebs

xSirad Targmnida da aqveynebda germanul enaze evropis wamyvan

Jurnal-gazeTebSi, amiT igi cdilobda Sors gaetana saqarTve-

los saxeli da dideba.

amrigad, zemoaRniSnulidan SegviZlia Tamamad davaskvnaT,

rom qarTvel mecnierTa naazrevze dayrdnobiT ganxilulia ev-

ropul-qarTul urTierTobebis aqtualuri sakiTxebi, qarTul-

evropuli faseulobebis da Rirebulebebis paralelebi war-

sulSi, awmyoSi da momavalSi. masSi pirveladaa mecnierulad da

kompleqsurad Seswavlili qarTveli emigranti mecnierebis mi-

xeil musxeliSvilis da aleqsandre nikuraZis biografiebi da

maTi mecnieruli naSromebi. saqarTveloSi cotam Tu icis, rom

evrointegraciis da evropologiis, rogorc inerdisciplina-

ruli dargis Seqmnis saTaveebTan idgnen ori msoflioSi cnobi-

li qarTveli emigranti mecnierebi mixeil musxeliSvili da

aleqsandre nikuraZe, romlebmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seita-

nes evrokavSiris Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaSi.


1. saqarTvelos urTierToba evropasa da amerikis qveynebTan.

evropisa da amerikis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti. t.1,

mecniereba. 1994. 2. saqarTvelos urTierToba evropasa da amerikis qveynebTan.


mecniereba. 1995. 3. saqarTvelos urTierToba evropasa da amerikis qveynebTan.


mecniereba. 1996.

ediSer jafariZe

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4. saqarTvelos urTierToba evropasa da amerikis qveynebTan.

evropisa da amerikis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti. t.4-5,

mecniereba. 1999.

5. SaraZe g. ucxoeTis cis qveS. wigni pirveli Tbilisi: merani.

1991.

6. SaraZe g. ucxoeTis cis qveS, wigni mesame. Tbilisi. merani.

1993.

7. SaraZe g. qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria,

t.1,2. თბ., 2001.

8. SaraZe g. qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, t. 8 თბ., 2005, გვ. 23-58.

9. sulaZe g. qarTuli antisabWoTa emigracia da specsamasaxu-

rebi. bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, Tბ., 2012.

10. sulaZe g. qarTuli antisabWoTa emigracia da specsamasaxu-

rebi. 1918-1953 ww) Tbilisi: erovnuli mwerloba. Tb., 2010.

11. sulaZe g. qarTuli antisabWoTa emigracia da specsamsaxure-

bi, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, Tb., 2010.

12. vaxtan jobaZe. Cemi Tavgadasavali Tb., 2009. gv. 82-88.

13. saistorio macne XVIII, Sromebis krebuli. baTumis S. rusTa-

velis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2009. gv. 200/05.

14. Sromebis krebuli III, wm. grigol feraZis Tbilisis saswavlo

universiteti. universali, 2010.

15. weliwdeuli. pirveli saerTaSoriso samecniero krebuli. i. WavWavaZis saxelobis quTaisis samecniero biblioTeka. qu-

Taisi, 2009.

16. svaneTi III, interdisciplinaruli samecniero krebuli. ar-

tanuji, 2008. 17. Tanamedrove aqtualuri samecniero sakiTxebi. meore saer-

TaSoriso konferencia. suxiSvilis universiteti. univer-

sali, 2010.


503

18. Jurnali `amirani~ kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso samecnie-

ro-kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi institutis moambe. XXI. mon-

reali-Tbilisi, 2009.

19. Jurnali `istoriani~. qarTveli Sindleri. # 3. 2011, marti.

20. kviris palitra, # 11. 2011.

21. kviris palitra, # 51. 2010.

22. tabula # 9. 2010.

23. qarTuli universiteti # 62. 2010.

24. praimtaimi # 4. 2011.

25. saqarTvelos respublika # 131. 2012.

26. saqarTvelos respublika # 236. 2010.

27. axali sxivi # 1. 1910.

28. parkaZe v. mogonebebi qarTvel mecnierebze. mecniereba, 1994. 29. baqraZe laSa. sajaro leqciebi. saqarTvelos parlamentis

erovnuli biblioTeka, 2009.

30. axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi t. 1(9), universali.

2011.

31. dauSvili r. qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi wigni 1, 2012.

32. SubiTiZe v. evropeizacia da qarTuli politikuri azrovne-

ba stu. 2013.

33. `bedi qarTlisa“ # 12. 1952 w. maisi, parizi.

34. `bedi qarTlisa“ # 13. 1952 w. noemberi, parizi.

35. `bedi qarTlisa“ # 15. 1953 w. seqtemberi, parizi.

36. `bedi qarTlisa“ # 16. 1954 w. ianvari, parizi.

37. kavkasioni # 10. 1965. parizi.

38. gazeTi. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, # 27. 1928.

internetresursi ukanasknelad gadamowmebuli iqna 29.03.2014.

39. http://www.kvirispalitra.ge/public/6053-mikheil-muskhelishvili-

evrokavshiris-sheqmnasa-da-evropul-qveynebs-shoris-sazghvrebis-

tsashlas-qadagebda.html

40. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/emigrants/ka/00000041/

ediSer jafariZe

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41. http://for.ge/view.php?for_id=10582&cat=12

42. http://diaspora.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=166&info_id=24

80

43. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Mouskhely

44. http://manuscript.ge/index.php?m=361

ukanasknelad gadamowmebuli iqna 27.03.2014

45. http://matiane.wordpress.com/2009/08/31/bakradze-georgians-on-

german-side-ww2/

46. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/emigrants/ka/00000072/

47. http://www.diaspora.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=166&info_

id=2537

48. http://rveuli.ge/dir/view_break.php?page=biography&id=461&cat=9

49. http://www.georoyal.ge/?MTID=5&TID=89&id=1751

50. http://www.kvirispalitra.ge/history/6976-qqarthveli-shindleriq.html

51. http://www.newposts.ge/?id=12089

52. http://burusi.wordpress.com/2012/06/21/urushadze-5/

53. http://for.ge/view.php?for_id=10582&cat=12

Edisher Japharidze

PhD Student

Georgian Technical University

At the beginnings of the European integration

Simce the second part of the twentieth century the European integration

processes has not been losing its urgency to this day. It still remains as the

important political challenge of the 21st century in the geopolitical area of the

modern world. Georgia is actively participating in these processes to this day.

As it is known an agreement of the association between Georgia and the Euro-

pean Union shall be signed in summer 2014, although, it may become a law and

put in use before its ratification by the legislative organs. The given fact is a

landmark of the greatest historical importance for Georgian people. It heralds


505

the return of the Georgian people to its initial homeland-Europe, for which it has

always and strived for. It must be pointed out that we do not enter Europe empty

handed and are widely credited for the propaganda of European qualities and

introducing them in Georgia. The society in general is still unaware of the fact

that famous Georgian scientists and public figures. M. Muskhelishvili and A.

Nikuradze were at the sources of the European Union (European confederati-

on). While Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet talked about the idea of uniting

Europe, M. Muskhelishvili and A. Nikuradze were publishing articles on the

same subject in the leading newspapers and magazines and actively participated

in the processes of the creation of the European Union.

Muskhelishvili was the first Georgian European who preached the idea of

the creation of the European Union in his own vision and erasing frontiers

among European countries. He formed the European centre of scientific

research and studies in Strasburg named “Muskheli”' the centre (operating under

his name) where European integration issues were studied. After the war he

raised the idea of uniting Europe and its federation and promoted it. In his

opinion, European federalism is not only surviving necessity for the European

people but also a guarantee of peace and general prosperity in Europe, freedom

and integrity of the human race…` he wrote in his work “The structure of

Europe's federalism”.

A. Nikuradze was one of the most competent researchers of Georgian-

European relations and the director of the research Institute of continental

Europe in Munich. In September 1951 he read a report in the Paris association

of fellow countrymen of Georgia. “General pictures of Georgian European

background'', in which original ideas are stated, the ideas which nourish Euro-

pean constitution to this day. He is also widely credited for European Integration

and Europology as forming and developing the field of the inter-discipline. In

September 1952, upon the initiative of A. Nikuradze, a conference of European

scientists, was held near the city companies in La Brevine, France. The confe-

rence was to address the problem issues of Europe. In particular, among other

propositions, the congress accepted his opinion, a concept of adopting the term

Europology. Basically, “Europology" implied the congregation of European

scientific fields and forming them into a unit of study. Thus, it can be said that

two world famous immigrant scientists M.Muskhelishvili and A.Nikuradze

stood at the sources of European Integration, nuch credited fot forming and the

development of the European Union.

marine jaRiaSvili (kakiaSvili)

506



jgufTaSorisi urTierToba da „Sida favoritizmi~

kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda urTierTobis sxvadasxva for-

masa da „Sida favirotizms~ Soris kavSiris gamovlena. samuSao

hipoTeza ase formulirdeboda: jgufTaSorisi urTierTobisas

„Sida favoritizmis~ intensivobas ganapirobebs urTierTobis

forma: kooperacia, konkurencia, konfliqti. gamoyenebuli iyo

„qvazi~ eqsperimentis erTi SerCevis sqema. damoukidebel

cvlads Seadgenda urTierTobis sxvadasxva formebi, damokide-

buls — „Sida jgufis~ mier „gare jgufis~ Sesafaseblad gamoye-

nebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi zedsarTavebis raodenoba ur-

TierTobis sxvadasxva pirobebSi. kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo

18-dan 25 wlamde 50-ma studentma. kvlevam daadastura Cveni hi-

poTeza: „Sida favoritizmi~ Zlierdeba „gare jgufis~ konkuren-

ciisa da, gansakuTrebiT, konfliqtis pirobebSi Sefasebisas. xo-

lo TanamSromlobis pirobebSi „gare jgufi~ ganixileba „Sida

jgufis~ msgavsad da „Sida favoritizmi~ naklebad vlindeba. jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Teoria arse-

bobs. erT-erTia adornos Teoria, romlis mixedviT individua-

luri socialuri ganwyobebi pirovnebis siRrmiseuli tendenci-

ebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. froidis Tvalsazrisze dayrdno-

biT igi Tvlida, rom pirovnebis ganviTarebis arsi aris socium-

Si cxovrebis gamo sxvadasxva instiqturi moTxovnilebebis daT-

rgunva. socializaciis procesis mTavari monawileebia mSoble-

bi, romlebic iswrafvian SeinarCunon wonasworoba bavSvis mier

disciplinis dacvasa da bavSvis TviTgamoxatvis uzrunvelyo-

fas Soris. rodesac mSoblebi mkacrad moiTxoven disciplinis

da sazogadoebrivi moralis dacvas, warmoiSoba mSoblebis mi-

marT bunebrivi agresia, romlebic SeiZleba sxva obieqtebze iq-


507

nas gadatanili, radgan misi pirdapiri gamovlena bavSvSi SiSs

warmoSobs. agresiis obieqtad SeiZleba iqces is, vinc sustia an

sazogadoebaSi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba aqvs. magaliTad,

eTnikuri umciresobebi. am procesebis safuZvelze yalibdeba

avtoritetebisadmi morCili pirovneba (radgan avtoritetebi

mSoblebis simbolos warmoadgenen), romelic ucxoTa jgufebis

mimarT mtruladaa ganwyobili. es aris avtoritaruli pirovneba.

am Teoriis mixedviT, ucxo jgufebis mimarT crurwmenebi,

romlebic warmoadgens maT mimarT damamcirebel ganwyobebs,

aris pirovnebis tipiT ganpirobebuli da pirovnebis ganviTare-

bas ukavSirdeba.

es Teoria saTanadod ver afasebs aqtualur socialur si-

tuacias da misi zegavleniT ganwyobis formirebas; rodesac

adamianebi sxvadasxva jgufebSi erTiandebian, isini ganicdian

jgufis normebis gavlenas da naklebad avlenen (an piriqiT)

crurwmenebs. es Teoria, agreTve, ar iTvaliswinebs crurwmene-

bis sociokulturul determinantebs. am determinantebis Sesa-

xeb gvamcnobs 1958 wels samxreT afrikaSi Catarebuli kvleva,

romelmac aCvena, rom TeTrkaniani afrikelebi avlendnen rasis-

tul crurwmenebs, magram avtoritarizmis dabal maCvenebels —

pirovnebis tipologiis mixedviT isini normis farglebSi iyvnen.

maTi rasistuli ganwyobebi ganpirobebuli iyo samxreT afrika-

Si gabatonebuli socialuri normebiT da ara pirovnuli dis-

funqciiT. Tu crurwmenebi adamianTa Soris individualuri gan-

sxvavebis Sedegia, maSin auxsneli rCeba is, Tu ratom avlens aseT

crurwmenebs mTeli populacia an misi mniSvnelovani nawili.

am Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs 1983 wels inglisel

bavSvebze Catarebuli kvlevac; am kvlevaSi bavSvebs avalebdnen

kanfetebi daerigebinaT maTTvis ucnobi, fotoze nanaxi bavSve-

bisaTvis. aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebis 60%-ma gamoavlina diskrimina-

ciuli qceva da kanfetebi TeTrkanian bavSvebs dauriga. Zneli

warmosadgenia, rom bavSvebis am 60%-s erTnairi ojaxuri aR-

zrda mieRoT, romelic crurwmenebs ganapirobebs.

am Teorias ewinaaRmdegeba is faqtebic, rom cudi winaswar-

ganwyobebi sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, sxvadasxva dros da

sxvadasxva adgilze moulodnelad iCens Tavs, ise, rogorc es


508

moxda 90-ian wlebSi germaniasa da britaneTSi aziidan gadasax-

lebulTa mimarT. rasizmis gamovlinebebi am qveynebSi ramdenime

wels gagrZelda da es dro namdvilad ar iqneboda sakmarisi,

rom germanul da britanul ojaxebSi aRzrdis raRac axali xer-

xebi gamoeyenebinaT da SvlebisaTvis amiT avtoritarizmi da ra-

sizmi CaenergaT.

es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva jgufis wevrebis

ganwyobebi erTmaneTis mimarT gansazRvrulia maT Soris arse-

buli obieqturi damokidebulebebiT: maT Soris arsebuli kon-

fliqtiT an TanxmobiT, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebiT

da ara ojaxuri situaciebis TaviseburebiT.

meore Teoria agresias ganixilavs, rogorc frustraciis

Sedegs da adamianSi arsebuli `gantevebis vacis~ Ziebis tenden-

ciis gamovlenas. 1882-1930 wlebSi aSS-is samxreT raionebSi 5

aTasamde linCis wesiT gasamarTlebis SemTxveva aRiricxa. aseTi

sasamarTlos msxverplni, ZiriTadad, iyvnen Savkanianebi. fsiqo-

logebma pirvelebma miaqcies yuradReba am faqts; 1940 wels hov-

landma gaaanaliza es saSineli statistika da aCvena, rom arse-

bobs saocari Tanxvedra am mkvlelobaTa ricxvis yovelwliur

cvalebadobasa da samxreT StatebSi soflis meurneobaSi arse-

bul situacias Soris. rogorc ki ekonomikuri maCveneblebi da-

cemas iwyebda da cxovreba Zneldeboda, SavkanianTa mkvlelobis

ricxvi maSinve izrdeboda.

ram SeiZleba daakavSiros ekonomikuri daqveiTeba da Savka-

nianebze Zaladoba? rogorc Cans, es aris frustracia. dolar-

dis da misi kolegebis frustraciis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT SeiZ-

leba davuSvaT, rom ekonomikuri siZneleebi adamianebSi iwvevs

frustracias, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs agresias. dolar-

dis Teoriis mixedviT agresia xSirad mimarTulia ara mis nam-

dvil wyaroze, aramed advilad mowyvlad da xelmisawvdom obi-

eqtebze; aseTebad ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT erovnuli umcireso-

bebi.

`gantevebis vacis~ Teoria crurwmenebTan mimarTebaSi ara-

erTxel gamoiyenes warmatebiT. 1948 wels mileri da bugelski

TavianT eqsperimentSi banakSi mcxovreb axalgazrdebs moulod-

nelad ucxadebdnen, rom dagegmili sanatreli saRamos gaseir-


509

neba qalaqSi gadaido; amasTan erTad, eqsperimentatorebma ga-

moikvlies maTi ganwyobebi or nacionalur jgufTan mimarTeba-

Si manam da mas Semdeg, rac maT aRniSnuli mafrustrirebeli in-

formacia miawodes. aRmoCnda, rom es ganwyobebi mniSvnelovnad

ufro negatiuri iyo mas Semdeg, rac es informacia miewodaT,

TiTqosda is jgufebi yofiliyvnen damnaSave situaciis Secvla-

Si.

am Teoriis Tanaxmad, jgufTaSorisi qcevebi aRiZvreba emo-

ciebiT (frustraciiT) da konkretuli mizani ar gaaCniaT. arse-

bobs iseTi eqsperimentebic, romlebSic ar dasturdeba aseTi

erTmniSvnelovani kavSiri frustraciasa da ganwyobis Secvlas

Soris.

orive Teoria Tvlis, rom adamianis qcevebi jgufSi princi-

pulad ar gansxvavdeba sxva situaciebSi maTi qcevisgan: martoni

varT, erTi-or axlo megobarTan vurTierTobT, raRac movlene-

bis monawile varT, sadac CvenTvis mniSvnelovani jgufia CarTu-

li — yvela am SemTxvevaSi Cvens qcevebs erTi da igive cvladebi

gansazRvravs.

pirvelad teJfelma gausva xazi, rom saWiroa gavarCioT pi-

rovnebaTaSorisi da jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebi da SeuZlebe-

lia erTi donis urTierTobebis amxsneli Teoria vargisi iyos

meore donis urTierTobebis asaxsnelad.

urTierToba pirovnebaTaSoris doneze damokidebulia ada-

mianis individualur Taviseburebebsa da pirovnul Tvisebebze.

urTierToba jgufebs Soris ki gulisxmobs adamianis, rogorc

jgufis wevris moqmedebas. pirvel doneze individualuri Tavi-

seburebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, meore SemTxvevaSi ki — piri-

qiT, ar aris mniSvnelovani TavisTavad ras warmoadgens jgufis

wevri, ufro mniSvnelovania — ras warmoadgens es jgufi.

enri teJfelma 70-ian wlebSi jgufTaSorisi urTierTobis

Seswavlis dros daadgina, rom kategorizaciis process garkve-

uli wvlili Seaqvs adamianTa Soris ganwyobebis CamoyalibebaSi.

aRmoCnda, rom adamianTa garkveuli jgufebis gansxvavebis

dros, kategorizaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelime maTgani ufro Ta-

visad ganicdeba. xdeba maTi favoritizacia, eniWeba maT garkve-

uli upiratesoba, adamians uyalibdeba dadebiTi ganwyoba Tavi-


510

si jgufis mimarT. eqsperimentSi Tavidan jgufebi yalibdeboda

SemTxeveviT da aRiniSneboda inicialebiT, pirovnebis miTiTe-

bis gareSe, magram jgufis saqmianobis garCevis dros individi

iwyebs romelime maTganis Tavis jgufad miCnevas. amas mosdevs

is, rom mas met qulebs aniWebs sxvebTan SedarebiT. xdeba kate-

gorizacia da iqmneba `Cemi~, `Cveni~ jgufi. Tavis jgufSi Sema-

val wevrebs ewerebaT ufro maRali maxasiaTeblebi, vidre sxva

jgufis wevrebs. cdis pirebs Tavisi jgufis wevrTa dadebiTi

Tvisebebi amaxsovrdebaT, sxva jgufis wevrebisa ki — uaryofiTi

Tvisebebi. jgufebi Tu daiyo ase: `Cven~ da `isini~, maT Soris da-

pirispirebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, vidre calkeul jgu-

febs Soris dapirispirebas. Tu adamianebi gaerTiandnen jgu-

fad, maTSi Semavali adamianebi ufro axlobelni xdebian da met

TanamSromlobas ewevian, vidre calkeuli adamianebi erTad moq-

medebis dros. roca jgufi kategorizdeba rogorc `Tavisi~, da-

pirispirebiT sxvisgan, saqmianobis procesSi mis mimarT yalib-

deba dadebiTi ganwyoba da dapirispirebuli jgufebisadmi uar-

yofiTi ganwyoba (S. nadiraSvili, 2010).

SemdegSi identifikaciisa da kategorizaciis cnebebis kom-

pleqsuri gamoyenebis safuZvelze ternerma da misma TanamSrom-

lebma SeimuSaves TviTkategorizaciis Teoria, romlis safuZ-

velze naTeli gaxda, rom adamianebi ewevian ori donis identifi-

kacias da kategorizacias: 1 — im SemTxevevaSi, roca adamiani ax-

dens Tavis Tavis identifikacias, yvela sxva damianisagan gan-

sxvavebis gziT, igi Tavis identobas adgens da sakuTari Tavi-

sadmi uyalibdeba dadebiTi ganwyoba. 2 — socialuri identifi-

kaciis dros, roca adamiani Tavis Tavs akuTvnebs garkveul

jgufs, xdeba depersonalizacia, igi identificirebulia Tavis

jgufTan, misdami uCndeba dadebiTi ganwyoba da misdami dapi-

rispirebuli sxva jgufisadmi uyalibdeba uaryofiTi ganwyoba.

am doneze adamianebi ewevian jgufur socialur aqtovobas.

irkveva, rom TviTidentifikaciis procesSi pirovnuli da

socialuri identifikacia iwvevs pirovnebisa da Tavisi jgufis

formirebas, romelTa aqtivobis procesSi adamians uyalibdeba

dispoziciuri ganwyobebi Tavisi pirovnebisa da misive socia-

luri jgufis mimarT.


511

amrigad, dispoziciuri ganwyobis Camoyalibeba xdeba situa-

ciuri ganwyobis garkveul viTarebaSi mravalgzis moqmedebis

gamo. dafiqsirebuli da ganmtkicebuli ganwyoba, romelic pi-

rovnebis niSnad iqceva, saWiro SemTxvevaSi calkeuli faqtore-

bis zemoqmedebiT aRmocendeba da iwyebs moqmedebas. umetes Sem-

TxevaSi, igi pirovnebas exmareba advilad, daZabvis gareSe mizan-

Sewonilad imoqmedos msgavs situaciebSi. aseTi ganwyobebi ukav-

Sirdebian erTmaneTs da erT mTlian sistemas qmnian. isini pi-

rovnebis maxasiaTeblad SeiZleba iqnan ganxiluli. (S. nadiraS-

vili, 2010).

msgavsi midgomis momxrea Serifi. misi Teoriis mTavari de-

bulebaa is, rom jgufis wevrebis ganwyobebi da qceva, romelic

mimarTulia gareT, asaxavs jgufis obieqtur interesebs. Tu es

interesebi ejaxeba sxva romelime jgufis interesebs, aucileb-

lad warmoiSoba Sejibris orientacia konkurentul jgufTan

mimarTebaSi. es xSirad warmoSobs crurwmenebs da aSkarad

mtrul qcevebsac ki. Sida jgufis warmateba iwvevs misi wevrebis

dadebiT ganwyobebs erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi, amaRlebs mis mo-

rals da jgufis SeWidulobas. roca jgufebs aqvT saerTo inte-

resebi, maSin gare-jgufebis mimarT ufro sasargeblo xdeba me-

gobruli da kooperaciuli ganwyobebi.

Tavisi Teoriis dasamtkiceblad man, gasuli saukunis 50-ian

wlebSi, Caatara aseTi eqsperimenti: TerTmeti wlis biWebi gaag-

zavnes zafxulis banakSi. isini gayves or jgufad. es ori jgufi

banakSi Caiyvanes sxvadasxva avtobusiT da Semdgom moaTavses er-

TmaneTisagan sakmaod Sors mdebare SenobebSi.

pirveli kviris ganmavlobaSi biWebi cxovrobdnen TavianT

jgufebSi da araferi icodnen meore jgufis arsebobis Sesaxeb.

jgufSi isini TanamSromlobdnen erTmaneTTan, erTad dadiod-

nen laSqrobebSi, amzadebdnen saWmels, aremontebdnen sacxov-

rebels, aSenebdnen xids. am sawyis stadiaze biWebs swrafad ga-

nuviTardaT TavianTi jgufisadmi Zlieri mijaWvuloba da Ti-

Toeuli jgufi male gaxda Zalian SekavSirebuli. maT moigones

TavisTvis saxelebi: `gvelebi~ da `arwivebi~ da daawerines isini

TavianT maisurebze; agreTve gaakeTes droSebi TavianTi gundis

simboloebiT. amdenad, pirveli kviris bolosaTvis orive jgu-


512

fis wevrebs Camoyalibebuli hqondaT jgufuri identifikacia.

amis Semdeg `gvelebma~ moulodnelad aRmoaCines àrwivebi~

`Cvens~ moedanze. maSin banakis personalma SesTavaza maT, moewy-

oT or jgufs Soris turniri sxvadasxva saxeobis SejibrebebiT:

frenburTi, bagiris Tokis gadaweva, ganZeulis Zebna da sxva.

orive jgufi enTuziazmiT daTanxmda am winadadebas. es iyo `mo-

ige-waage~ tipis Sejibri. turnirSi gamarjvebuli iRebda yvela

jildos. jildoebi iyo jibis danebi, medlebi da sxva iseTi niv-

Tebi, romlebic biWebisTvis iyo Zalian sasurveli. amrigad, mom-

zadda niadagi daZabuli metoqeobisaTvis. Sejibrebebi daiwyo

da jgufebs Soris daZabuloba TandaTan izrdeboda. Tavidan

orive mxare ifargleboda sityvieri SeuracxyofebiTa da da-

cinviT, magram male biWebi gadavidnen pirdapir moqmedebaze:

cema-tyepa, droSebis dawva, sacxovrebelSi SeWra da piradi niv-

Tebis warTmeva. bolos da bolos mkvlevarebi Caerivnen movle-

naTa msvlelobaSi, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT ufro seriozuli

Sedegebi. konfliqtis ganviTarebis procesSi jgufebi calsaxad

avlendnen uaRresad negatiur damokidebulebas erTmaneTisad-

mi. rodesac biWebs sTxovdnen, miecaT erTmaneTis aRwera, isini

meore jgufis wevrebs axasiaTebdnen Zalian uxeSi sityvebiT

(laCrebi, myralebi, Tavxedebi), maSin rodesac sakuTar jgufs

aRwerdnen qeba-didebiT (mamacebi, Zlierebi, megobrulebi).

muzafer Serifis gamokvlevam ver gasca pasuxi kiTxvaze,

sakmarisia Tu ara gare-jgufis ùcxoebis~ mimarT ganwyobis Ca-

moyalibebisaTvis ubralod jgufisadmi sakuTari Tavis mikuT-

vneba. SeiZleba Tu ara nacionalobis, religiis, socialuri fe-

nisadmi kuTvnilebam gamoiwvios adamianSi garkveuli orienta-

ciebi sxva naciis an religiuri mrwamsis adamianebis mimarT.

es sakiTxi ikvlies rebbim da hovricma 1969 wels. isini vara-

udobdnen, rom jgufuri grZnobebis aRmocenebisaTvis aucile-

belia jgufis wevrebi aRiqvamdnen urTerTdamokidebulebas da

èrTnair beds~. maT SemTxveviT SearCies erTmaneTisaTvis sru-

liad ucnobi 8 moswavle da maTgan Seadgines ori Tanabari jgu-

fi. bavSvebs dauriges amosacnobi samkerde niSnebi (cisferi da

mwvane). Tavdapirvelad jgufebi isxdnen didi ekranis sxvadasxva

mxares ise, rom erTmaneTs ver xedavdnen da mxolod sakuTari


513

jgufi wevrebs aRiqvamdnen. maT, rogorc jgufis wevrebs, asa-

Cuqrebdnen (an ar asaCuqrebdnen) tranzistorebiT, rac qmnida

`saerTo bedis~ situacias. sakontrolo pirobaSi jgufSi urTi-

erToba amiT amoiwureboda. amis Semdeg, jgufebis gamyof ekrans

aSorebdnen da TiToeul bavSvs sTxovdnen, eambna sakuTari Ta-

vis Sesaxeb; danarCenebs es naambobi sxvadasxva skalebze unda Se-

efasebinaT. sakuTari jgufis wevrebis naambobs moswavleebi uf-

ro maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen, Tumca es tendencia sustad ga-

movlinda. monacemebis mixedviT eqsperimentatorebma daaskvnes,

rom jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba TavisTavad sust gavlenas ax-

dens jgufis wevrebis msjelobaze (М. Хьюстон, В. Штрёбе 2004).

ufri mogvianebiT, 1971 wels teJfelis mier Catarebulma

kvlevam ki daadastura, rom jgufTaSorisi diskriminaciisaTvis

savsebiT sakmarisia ubralod individis jgufisadmi mikuTvneba.

man Caatara zemoT aRwerilis msgavsi gamokvleva; gamoiyena ra

minimaluri `Sidajgufuri kavSiris paradigma~: moswavleebi or

jgufad gaanawila, TiToeulma moswavlem mxolod is icoda,

TviTon romel jgufs miekuTvneboda. sxva moswavleebis mikuT-

vneba `sakuTari~ da `ucxo~ jgufisadmi kodebiT iyo SeniRbuli;

moswavleebs uTxres, rom isini monawileobdnen gadawyvetile-

bis miRebis sakvlev eqsperimentSi. Semdeg maT sTxoves, gaenawi-

lebinaT Jetonebi moswavleebisaTvis specialuri matricis ga-

moyenebiT; am matriciT mxolod imis garkveva SeiZleboda, Tu

romel jgufs ekuTvnoda moswavle. piradi motivebis gamosa-

ricxad sakuTari TavisaTvis Jetonis miniWeba ar SeiZleboda;

Jetonebis ganawileba fulad jildosTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

Sedegebi sakmaod damajerebeli aRmoCnda. moswavleebi fu-

lad jildoebs sakuTari jgufis sasargeblod gascemdnen.

jgufTaSorisi diskriminacia am eqsperimentuli meTodikiT sa-

ocrad myaria. SemdegSi ocamde sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, sxvadasxva

cdis pirebze Catarebulma kvlevebma igive Sedegebi aCvena: ada-

mianis ubralo mikuTvneba raRac arCeuli socialuri kategori-

isadmi savsebiT sakmarisia maT mier tendenciuri da diskrimina-

ciuli qcevebis gansaxorcieleblad.

`Sida favoritizms~ yvelaze ukeT xsnis socialuri idento-

bis Teoria.


514

samyaros dayofa sxvadasxva kategoriebad ara marto amar-

tivebs mas da xdis ufro azrians, aramed kidev erT mniSvnelovan

funqciasac asrulebs — gvexmareba gavarkvioT, vin varT Cven

TviTon. Cven ara marto mivakuTvnebT sxva adamianebs sxvadsxva

jgufebs, aramed vaxdenT sakuTari Tavis lokalizacias amave

jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. Cveni identobis grZnoba uSualodaa

damokidebuli sxvadasxva jgufebSi Cvens wevrobaze. Tu Sevec-

debiT gavceT pasuxi kiTxvaze `vin var me?~ aRmoCndeba, rom Cven

aRvwerT sakuTar Tavs swored sxvadsxva socialuri jgufebi-

sadmi kuTvnilebis kuTxiT.

rogor SeiZleba avxsnaT socialuri identobis Teoriis meS-

veobiT adamianebSi gamovlenili jgufTaSorisi diskriminaciis

tendencia iseT konteqstSi, rogoricaa jgufSida minimaluri

kavSirebis paradigma?

zemoT aRwerili meTodikiT eqsperimentis Catarebisas cdis

pirebs miaweren raRac jgufs, romlis wevrebsac sinamdvileSi

araferi akavSirebT da maT mxolod is ician, romeli simbolo

ekuTvnis maT jgufs da romeli — sxvas. radgan monawileebi er-

TmaneTs ar icnoben da TiToeuli monawile koduri nomris mata-

rebelia, situacia aRiqmeba, rogorc anonimuri. Tu amas mivi-

RebT mxedvelobaSi, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom identobis grZnobis

gaCenis safuZveli, am SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iyos codna `gare

jgufis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb.

socialuri identobis Teoria Tvlis, rom jgufur diskri-

minaciasa da TviTSefasebas Soris arsebobs pirdapiri mizezob-

rivi kavSiri. es kavSiri SeiZleba gamovlindes orgvarad: adamia-

nebi mimarTaven jgufTaSoris diskriminacias, raTa ganamtkicon

TavianTi socialuri identuroba da, Sesabamisad, aimaRlon

TviTSefaseba. es SeiZleba iyos ubrlod adamianis midrekileba

ganixilos sakuTari Tavi pozitiurad, vidre negatiurad an ne-

itralurad. Tu adamians dabali TviTSefaseba aqvs, es ubiZgebs

mas `ucxoebi~ ganixilos negatiurad, raTa sakuTari TviTSefa-

seba `normalurs~ dauaxloos; Tumca gamokvlevaTa erTi nawi-

lis mixedviT, `Sida favoritizms~ avlenen da gare jgufis dis-

kriminacias mimarTaven maRali statusis, didi SesaZleblobebi-

sa da maRali TviTSefasebis jgufebic.


515

Teoriebis da kvlevebis umravlesoba ganixilavs jgufTaSo-

risi urTierTobis negatiur mxareebs, romelic iwvevs Sida fa-

voritizms, diskriminacias, ucxoebis mimarT zizRs. magram ar-

sebobs Tu ara faqtorebi, romlebic asustebs jgufTaSoris

konfliqts?

erT-erTi kvleva, romelic am faqtorebis arsebobaze miu-

TiTebs, aris Serifis gamokvleva, romelmac gviCvena, rom anta-

gonisturi damokidebulebebi SeiZleba Seicvalos toleranto-

biT, Tu moxerxdeba TanamSromlobis organizeba. msgavsi Sede-

gebi gamovlinda terneris (1981), gertneris (1994) da brovnis eq-

sperimentebSic. am kvlevebma aCvena, rom socialurma kategori-

zaciam SeiZleba gamoiwvios diskriminaciuli qcevebi da uaryo-

fiTi msjelobebi gare jgufis mimarT, magram igive socialurma

kategorizaciam SeiZleba Seasustos kidec jgufTaSorisi kon-

fliqtebi, Tu ori sxvadasxva jgufis wevrebi SeZleben sxvanai-

rad gansazRvron sakuTari Tavi — rogorc erTiani, jgufis ze-

kategoriis warmomadgeneli; aseT viTarebaSi isini erTmaneTis

mimarT pozitiurad ganewyobian. axleburi kategorizacia, anu

rekategorizacia, eqsperimentul pirobebSi, asustebs uaryo-

fiT jgufTaSoris ganwyobebs, radgan igi waSlis sazRvrebs

jgufebs Soris.

arsebobs gamokvlevebi, romlebic aCvenebs sawinaaRmdegos.

es gamokvlevebi ekuTvnis vorxels, folgers da andreolis

(1977). am gamokvlevebis mixedviT, Tu kooperacias jgufi ver

mihyavs saerTo miznamde da TanamSromlobas win uswrebda meto-

qeoba, aseT pirobebSi urTierTsimpatiebi sustdeba (М. Хьюстон,

В. Штрёбе, 2004).

aRweril gamokvlevebSi gare jgufisadmi crurwmena, anu

uaryofiTi ganwyoba da misi diskriminacia demonstrirdeboda

1) Sida da gare jgufis wevrebisadmi jildoebis ganawilebiT an

2) gare jgufis mimarT agresiuli qcevebis ganxorcielebiT (Se-

rifis eqsperimenti). pirvel SemTxvevaSi Cven ufro diskrimina-

ciasTan gvaqvs saqme, vidre uaryofiT ganwyobasa da crurwme-

nebTan. marTalia diskriminaciidan uaryofiT ganwyobamde da

crurwmenamde patara manZilia, magram es cnebebi identuri ara

aris.


516

verbaluri reaqciebiT, verbaluri formiT am ganwyobebis

gamovlenis da gazomvis mcdeloba aRniSnul gamokvlevebSi ar

aris warmodgenili. mxolod Serifis gamokvlevaSi aris aRniS-

nuli, rom axalgazrdebi fizikur agresiasTan erTad verbalur

agresiasac avlendnen.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ganwyobebis sakvlevad fsiqolo-

giaSi xSirad skalebi gamoiyeneba da es skalebi antonimuri zed-

sarTavebiT iqmneba, da, garda amisa, realobaSic adamianebi zed-

sarTav saxelebs iyeneben sagnebis, adamianebis da adamianTa jgu-

febis dasaxasiaTeblad, maSin Cndeba azri, rom eqsperimentul

pirobebSi jgufTaSorisi urTierTobis aRsawerad maTi gamoye-

neba marTebulia. amasTan erTad, kvlevis Tanaxmad, radgan kon-

fliqti aZlierebs `Sida favoritizms~, TanamSromloba ki asus-

tebs mas, unda vivaraudoT, rom es aisaxeba gare da Sida jgufe-

bis aRsawerad gamoyenebul sityvier reaqciebSi da gamoyenebu-

li zedsarTavebis raodenobaSi.

samuSao hipoTeza ase Camoyalibda: jgufTaSorisi urTier-

Tobis sxvadasxva formebis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi Sida da gare

jgufebis dasaxasiaTeblad sxvadasxva sixSiriT gamoiyeneben da-

debiT da uaryofiT zedsarTavebs.

hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad davgegmeT da ganvaxorcieleT eq-

sperimenti, romelSic monawileoba miiRo 50-ma cdis pirma. maT

vaZlevdiT aseT instruqcias: `warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT A

jgufis wevri. arsebobs kidev raRac B jgufi, romelTanac

Tqven SeiZleba gqondeT sxvadasxva saxis urTierTobebi svxa-

dasxva pirobebSi. aseTi piroba sul oTxia:

1 — ucnobi jgufi;

2 — TanamSromloba;

3 — Sejibri;

4 — konfliqti.

gamoiyeneT zedsarTavi saxelebi da daaxasiaTeT A da B jgu-

febi dadebiTad da uaryofiTad TiToeul pirobaSi.~

kvlevis Sedegebi raodenobrivi monacemebis saxiT warmod-

genilia 1 da 2 cxrilSi. gamovlenili kanonzomierebis Tvalsa-

Cino gamoxatulebaa svetovani da wrfivi diagramebi:


517

cxrili 1

gamoyenebuli sityvebis sixSire

dadebiTi Sefaseba uaryofiTi Sefaseba piroba

A jgufi B jgufi A jgufi B jgufi

I 114 87 70 76

II 93 92 57 62

III 97 73 50 65

IV 77 47 50 92

sul 385 (56%) 299 (44%) 217 (42%) 295 (58%)

cxrili 2

gamoyenebuli sityvebis procentuli maCvenebeli

dadebiTi Sefaseba uaryofiTi Sefaseba piroba

A jgufi B jgufi A jgufi B jgufi

I 57% 43% 48% 52%

II 50% 50% 48% 52%

III 50% 42% 43% 57%

IV 62% 38% 35% 65%


518

dadebiTi Sefaseba

5750

58 62

4350

42 38

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

piroba 1 piroba 2 piroba 3 piroba 4

Sida

gare

uaryofiTi Sefaseba

48 4843

52 5257

65

35

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Sida

gare

oqros sawmis


519

dadebiTi Sefaseba57

50

5862

43

50

4238

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Sida

gare

uaryofiTi Sefaseba

48 4843

35

52 5257

65

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Sida

gare

Sedegebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom `Sida~ jgufis dadebiTi

SefasebisaTvis gamoyenebuli sityvebi Seadgens saerTo gamoye-

nebuli dadebiTi zedsarTavebis 56%-s, xolo igive jgufis uar-

yofiTi SefasebisaTvis gamoyenebuli sityvebi negatiuri sity-

vebis mxolod 42%-s; maSin rodesac `gare~ jgufis pozitiuri

daxasiaTebisaTvis, saerTo jamSi, gamoyenebulia pozitiuri

zedsarTavebis 44%, xolo negatiuri daxasiaTebisTvis negatiu-

ri zedsarTavebis 58%.


520

zedsarTavebis sixSireT aseTi ganawileba gamoxatavs `Sida

favorotizmis~ statistikurad sando tendencias. magram es ar

aris yvela pirobebSi erTnairad gamovlenili tendencia, ara-

med ufro zogadi tendenciaa, romelic, rogorc Cvenma kvlevam

aCvena, sxvadasxva pirobaSi garkveuli saxecvlilebiT gvevline-

ba. amitom, Tu ganvixilavT cal-calke TiToeuli pirobas, vna-

xavT, rom sixSireTa ganawilebis cvlileba aris statistikurad

sando I, III da IV pirobaSi.

I pirobaSi X2=4 P<0,05

II pirobaSi X2=0,3 P>0,05

III pirobaSi X2=7,8 P<0,05

IV pirobaSi X2=18 P<0,05

rac Seexeba meore pirobas, is warmoadgens TanamSromlobas

da, am SemTxvevaSi, `Sida~ da `gare~ jgufi gamoyenebuli sityve-

bis raodenobiT, daaxloebiT erTnairad xasiaTdeba rogorc da-

debiTad, ise uaryofiTad.

mesame piroba warmoadgens Sejibrs da aq ukve gamovlenilia

Sefasebis gansxvavebis tendencia. es tendencia kidev ufro Zli-

erdeba IV pirobaSi, anu konfliqtis dros.

rac Seexeba pirvel pirobas, romelic ucxo jgufis Sefasebas

gulisxmobda, es Sefaseba rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mi-

marTulebiT Zalian emsgavseba konkurentuli jgufis Sefasebas.

amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Cveni samuSao hipoTeza

dadasturda; urTierTobis sxvadasxva formebisas Sida da gare

jgufebis aRsawerad gamoyenebuli sityvebis (zedsarTavebis da

sxv.) raodenoba arsebiTad icvleba. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos

Sida favoritizmis tendenciis Sesusteba an gaZliereba jguf-

TaSorisi urTierTobebis sxvadasxva formebis SemTxvevaSi.

Cven mier gamoyenebuli meTodikiT miRebuli Sedegebi Tan-

xmobaSia sxva meTodis gamoyenebiT miRebul SedegebTan, rac ki-

dev erTxel miuTiTebs Cveni kvlevis meTodis sandoobaze. Cveu-

lebriv, adamianebi iyeneben sityvebs sxva adamianebis Sesaqebad

an gasakicxad, maT mimarT ganwyobebis gamosaxatavd da maTi ga-

moyenebis raodenobasa da SinaarsSi asaxulia rogorc individu-

aluri, ise jgufuri urTierTobis Taviseburebebi.


521


1. S. nadiraSvili, ganwyobis anTropuli fsiqologia, Tbilisi

2010.

2. m. baliaSvili, socialuri fsiqologiis dawyebiTi kursi,

Tbilisi 2013.

3. r. cicqiSvili, socialuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi, Tbili-

si 2012.

4. Р. Герриг, Ф. Зимбардо – Психология и жизнь, Питер 2004.

5. М. Хьюстон, В. Штрёбе – Введение в социальную психологию, Мос-

ква 2004.

Marine Jagiashvili (Kakiashvili)

Assistant Profesor


Inter-group relations and the "Internal Favoritism"

Resume

Studies of inter-group relations began in the last century and several

interesting theories were set up. One of them is Adorno's theory, according to

which, prejudices and derogatory attitudes towards members of other groups are

determined by personality type, and are linked to the development of a person.

The second theory, known as "scapegoat", regards aggression between

groups as a result of frustration. According to Dolard’s frustration theory,

aggression is often directed not at its true source, but at easily accessible fa-

cilities, which may be considered national or other minorities. "Scapegoat" theo-

ry has been successfully used in relation with the prejudice.

Both theories agree upon that human behavior in a group is not

fundamentally different from their behavior in other situations.

Tajfel first emphasized the need to distinguish between inter-personal rela-

tions and inter-group relations. The relationship between personalities depends

on the person's individual characteristics and personal qualities. The relationship

between groups implies that the human acts as a group member. In the first case,

the individual characteristics of a person are more important; in the second case


522

- on the contrary, it is not important in itself, what the group member is like;

more important happens to be - what is this group.

While studying the Inter-group relations, Tezhpell found, that the

categorization process is a contribution to the shaping of attitudes between

people. In case of social categorization of environmental groups, some of them

are recognized as "ours". These groups are assigned to some kind of advantage

and the positive attitude toward `our~ group is formed. This phenomenon is

called "Internal Favoritism". The theory of social identity turns out to explain

internal favoritism in a better way. According to this theory, dividing the

universe into categories not only simplifies it and makes it more meaningful, but

also performs another important function - to help us find out who we are. We

reckon the different people to different groups, and, at the same time, localize

ourselves to the same groups and thus form our own identity.

Sherif supports the similar approach. The main provision of his theory is

that a group member's attitudes and behavior, directed towards the outside,

objectively reflects the interests of the group. If it collides with the interests of

any other group, the apparent competition orientation arises towards a particular

group. This often leads to prejudice and openly hostile behavior as well. When

the groups have common interests, then friendly and cooperative attitudes

toward the outside of the group emerge.

Our research was aimed at the detection of the features of inter-group

relations and `internal favoritism~ in Georgian culture, in various forms of

communication - cooperation, competition and conflict. We used the methods of

adjectives, while expressing attitudes towards internal and external groups. In

the experiment the independent variable was the various Inter-relations between

groups, and the dependent variable - the number of adjectives used to describe

the groups.

Analysis of the results showed that:

1. "Internal favoritism" is revealed in imaginary situations.

2. In imaginary situations negative mood easily emerges.

3. Imaginary unknown group regarded as a competitive group

4. In case of imaginary cooperation "domestic favoritism" reduces and

external group regarded as an internal group.

5. Imaginary conflict situation reinforces the "internal favoritism".

transis mdgomareobis miRwevis simboluri markerebi qarTul SelocvebSi

523

revaz jorbenaZe profesori, Tsu

nata mefariSvili




qarTuli xalxuri magiuri poeziis Seswavlis erT-erT mniS-

vnelovan nawils fsiqologiuri Seswavlac warmoadgens. aseTi xedviT SesaZlebelia SeviswavloT Selocvis zemoqmedebis Zala, romelic dasneulebul adamianze xorcieldeba. aseTi zemoqme-

deba mkurnalobis procesSi efeqtur Sedegs iZleva. Cveni kvlevis sakiTxic swored esaa, raTa gavarkvioT ra simboluri markerebi uwyobs xels SelocvebiT transis mdgomareobis ga-

mowvevas. aseT dros Semlocveli specifikur komunikaciur vels qmnis avadmyofTan mimarTebaSi. aseTi saxis komunikacia aucileblad gulisxmobs transis mdgomareobis gamowvevas. ro-

gor da ra saSualebebiT xdeba transuli mdgomareobis gamowve-

va? aq teqsturi Setyobineba TamaSobs did rols, magram aranak-

leb mniSvnelovania Tanmxlebi ritualis Catarebac. erToblio-

baSi iqmneba magiuri veli, romelSic mxolod Semlocvelis kom-

petenciiT SeiZleba moxvedra. warsulSi transis mdgomareobis miRweva ar saxeldeboda, mas aseTi terminebiT ar aRniSnavdnen. Tu davukvirdebiT magiuri poeziis teqstebs da rituals aSka-

rad davinaxavT, rom Semlocveli swored transuli mdgomareo-

bis gamowveviT cdilobs imogzauros samyaros miRma arsebul uxilav ZalebTan Sesaxvedrad. saboolood ki maTi CamoSorebiT, gandevniT, RmerTis daxmarebiT gankurnos adamiani. ZiriTadi procesi sawyisTan dabrunebaa, anu kvlav dabadeba. aseT pro-


524

cesSi mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT ra saxis simboluri markere-

bia gamoyenebuli da gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi gadayvanis ra meqanizmebi arsebobs.

transi laTinurad niSnavs gadasvlas, gardacvalebas. Tavi-

dan am terminiT aRiniSneboda sicocxlidan sikvdilSi gadas-

vla. transis sxvadasxva saxeebs gamoyofen. arsebobs araswori interpretaciac, magaliTad, religiuri transi. aseT mdgomare-

obas unda ewodos ara transi, aramed eqstazirebis mdgomareo-

ba. transis dros sxeulebrivi funqciebi Sesustebulia, xolo religiuri eqstazis dros did energias avlenen, rac aqtivobaSi gamoixateba. transi ganixileba, rogorc cnobierebis dabindva, misi Semcireba, cnobierebis gansakuTrebul (gansxvavebul)

mdgomareobaSi gadasvla. aseT SemTxvevaSi uneblie moqmedebebs aqvs adgili, sxeulebrivi funqciebi Sesustebulia da garegnu-

ladac Cans, rom individi Rrma ZilSia. Rrma Zils rac Seexeba dReisaTvis iTvleba, rom transis mdgomareobaSi adamiani saku-

Tar Tavs garkveulwilad akontrolebs, Tumc identobis done dabalia, zog SenTxvevaSi adgili aqvs disociacias (gansakuTre-

biT aRmosavleTis kulturaSi eqceva yuradReba). transul mdgomareobaSi gadasvla samkurnalod da profilaqtikuri miz-

niT fsiqoTerapiaSi gamoiyeneba. TviThipnozis, meditaciis, vi-

zualizaciis dros adamiani transul mdgomareobaSia. aseTi mdgomareobis gamowveva fsiqofarmakologiuri saSualebebiTa-

caa SesaZlebeli. iTvleba, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi aracnobieri in-

formacia xelmiswvdomi xdeba. transuli mdgomareobis dros

Cveni „me“ umoqmedodaa, moZraobebi Senelebulia. aseT mdgoma-

reobaSi SesaZloa adamiani unebliedac gadavides, magaliTad,

xangrZlivi mogzaurobisas, esTetikuri tkbobisas da a.S. adami-

anebi gansxvavdebian transuli mdgomareobis miRwevis sxvadas-

xva intensivobiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi garemos aRqma umniSvnelo xdeba. transis msgavsi mdgobareobebia isteriuli gulyris

dros, epilefsiis gamovlenisas da sxva.

milton eriqsoni (5; 7) transis da hipnoturi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebul Sexedulebas ayalibebs. transis saSuale-

biT aracnobieris wvdomaa SesaZlebeli. aseT dros yuradReba


525

Sinagan samyarozea mimarTuli. rac ufro Rrmaa transuli mdgomareoba, Sesabamisad, ufro advilad xdeba Sinagani samya-

ros wvdomac. avtoris azriT hipnotur mdgomareobaSi myofi transs ganicdis, romelic, aseve, SemoqmedebiT process uwyobs

xels. transis niSnebia: 1. kunTuri moduneba;

2. dabali xma; 3. saxis kunTebis moduneba;

4. pulsisa da sunTqvis Semcireba;

5. Tvalis gamoxatulebis Secvla;

6. ZiriTadi refleqsebis gaqroba;

7. komfortis da simSvidis subieqturi aRqmis mateba.

transuli mdgomareobis gamovlena Semdegi kondiciebis sa-

xiT xdeba:

1. amnezia (transis dros gancdilis daviwyeba xdeba);

2. anestezia (tkivilis Semcireba, uaryofiTi SegrZnebebis,

diskomfortis Semcireba);

3. halucinaciebi (pozitiuri — imis naxva,xilva, rac ar ar-

sebobs da negatiuri — arsebulis verdanaxva);

4. katalefsia (kunTuri daZabulobis gawonasworeba, sxeu-

lis uZraoba diskomfortis Tavidan asacileblad);

5. regresia (warsulSi gadasvla, bavSvis qcevis gameoreba);

6. drois damaxinjeba (droiTi orientaciis aRqmis Secvla).

m. eriqsonis Sexedulebis siaxle imaSi mdgomareobs, rom transs miiCnevs bunebriv mdgomareobad da fsiqoTerapiisaTvis moqnil meTodad. transul mdgomareobaSi gadayvana Tanmimdev-

rulad xdeba, romliTac SesaZlebeli xdeba adamianis resurse-

bis Zieba da gamovlena, romelic dafaruli iyo. aseTi saxiT ai-

geba pirovnebis axali samyaroseuli modeli. avtori hipnozis sam fazas gamohyofs:

1. yuradrebis moduneba da transSi gadayvana;

2. cnobierebis ukugdeba;

3. aracnobier resursebze wvdoma.

m. eriqsoni yuradRebas amaxvilebs metyvelebaze da enaze. misi azriT orazrovani sityvebis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovania


526

transuli mdgomareobis misaRwevad. avtori Semdeg principebs ayalibebs:

1. fonetikuri ganusazRvreloba (orazrovneba), iyenebs ga-

monaTqvamebs mimsgavsebuls, romlebsac gansxvavebuli mniSvne-

loba eniWeba;

2. sintaqsuri ganusazRvreloba (orazrovneba), sityvebi orazrovania;

3. orazrovnebis moculoba;

4. punqtuaciis ganusazRvreloba;

5. ormxrivi kavSirebi.

m. eriqsonis azriT transi komunikaciis procesSi miiRweva. hipnozis Catarebisas brZanebebi adaptirebuli unda iyos. es

procesi unikaluria, rac gulisxmobs individualur midgomas.

transuli mdgomareobis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli

logika, sadac miTiTebaa „orive/da“ kavSirebze. aseT SemTxveva-

Si gamoricxulia „an/an“ kavSirebi. m. eriqsonTan hipnozur mdgomareobaSi gadasvla oTx fazas Seicavs:

1. mosamzadebeli — (konteqstis Seqmna);

2. mimarTva — (transis gamowveva);

3. transis utilizacia — (sasurveli cvlilebebis ganxor-

cieleba);

4. transSi SeZenilis kondensireba — (transis dasruleba da gamosvla).

Selocva gulisxmobs transSi gadayvanas, romlisTvisac

sxvadasxva markerebia gamoyenebuli. es SeiZleba iyos fsiqolo-

giuri an materialuri, romelic saerTo procesis konteqstSi

ewereba. aqedan Semlocveli avadmyofs jer amzadeba, atarebs

ritualur qmedebebs, saubriT qmnis transs, iwvevs cvlilebebs

(ra Tqma unda mediatorobis saSualebiT sulebTan) da asrulebs

process. aseT SemTxvevaSi Selocva, komunikaciis procesSi

Setyobinebis rolSi gamodis, Setyobinebaa mimarTva uxilavi Za-

lebis mimarT, RmerTs Sevedreba an Txovna. ZiriTadad, komuni-

kaciaSi erTveba avadmyofi da Semlocveli, magram aseT SemTxve-

vaSi kodirebis da dekogirebis sakiTxi bundovnadaa warmodge-

nili. butbutiT warmoTqmuli teqstebi xSirad ar esmis avad-

myofs da ver axdens dekodirebas. aq igulisxmeba, rom sxva pro-


527

cesi mimdinareobs. Semlocveli esaubreba transSi myof avad-

myofs, mis aracnobiers. teqstis bundovaneba, abrakadabra, Setyobinebas magiur Zalas matebs. teqstis zogierTi fraza an sityva gasagebia transSi myofisTvis, magram am sityvebs magiuri Zala eniWeba. gza aracnobierisken aseT dros advilad gasavle-

lia, magram Semlocveli aseT dros gansxvavebul logikas iye-

nebs.

Semlocvelis moqmedebis ganxilvisas e.liCi (6) miiCnevs, rom is uSvebs did Secdomas, SeiZleba iTqvas sammags, rodesac mkur-

nalobis procesSia CarTuli. Semlocveli (magi) manipulirebs

xatovani simboloebiT (rac metaforulad gamoixateba) da niS-

nebiT (rac metonimurad gamoixateba). misi moqmedeba mimarTu-

lia iqiTken, rom Secvalos samyaros suraTi da aseTi modeliT manZilzec moqmedebs. manZilze moqmedeba, pirvel rigSi, gulis-

xmobs simboloebiT manipulirebas. es sityvebSi gamoixateba, rodesac mimarTavs dasneulebul adamians. Sedegi ki isaa, rom Semlocveli manZilze axdens zemoqmedebas. zemoqmedeba verba-

luri brZanebebiT xorcieldeba da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, is san-

doa. sandoobas gansazRvravs simboluri mniSvnelobebis niSne-

bad aRqma. amgvarad simbolos mimarTaven rogorc niSans da mas-

ze brZaneba xorcieldeba. e.liCs mohyavs magaliTi, Semloc-

vels, mags aqvs X msxverplis Tmebi. is anadgurebs am Tmebs, ro-

melic SelocviT da Sesaferisi ritualuri qmedebiT xorciel-

deba. Sedegad xdeba winaswarmetyveleba, rom am X msxverpls zi-

ani miayena. swored amaSia Semlocvelis araswori logika, rad-

gan Tmebis aRqma xdeba metonimurad da Caanacvlebs msxverpls.

is Tvlis, rom Tu niSani ganadgurda, maSin msxverplic daiRupe-

ba. Sedegi gankurnebaa. qarTul SelocvebSic msgavs proceduras aqvs adgili, mag-

ram aq aseve damatebulia RmerTis Zalis gamoyenebac. simboloe-

bi Cans ritualuri qmedebisas, romelic niSnebad warmodgeni-

liaa instrumentad mkurnalobisTvis. amitomac Selocvis ri-

tualebis Casatareblad saWiro Semdegi atributebi da moqmede-

bebi. qvemoT mogvyavs magaliTebi.


528

stiqiebi

1. rkina

• Savtariani dana (iyeneben wylis gasaWrelad, jvris da-

sasmelad, naxSiris Casafxekad, mtkivneul adgilze dasadebad, avadmyofis baliSis qveviT dasadebad Selocvis Semdeg);

• rkinis naWeri (iyeneben saganze an avadmyofis sxeulze gadasasmelad da Semdeg Seulocaven, gacxelebuli saxiT avad-

myofis saxesTan axlos miaqvT an kanis romelime daavadebis dros iyeneben zemodan gadasatareblad);

• nemsi — (naWerSi gayra xorcieldeba, zog SemTxvevaSi ak-

virdebian avtomaturad rogor moZraobs naWerSi);

• jami (umetesad spilenZisaa, romelsac wyliT avseben av-

dmyofis win dgamen da masSi yrian nakverCxals, sxva SemTxvevaSi

yrian Saqars, brinjs, puris nawilebs, xorbals. Selocvis das-

rulebis Semdeg Savtariani daniT Wrian wyals. jami ukavSirdeba wylis stiqias);

• makrateli — (makratels TokiT Sekraven, msgavsi qmedeba savarcxelzec xorcieldeba);

• rkinis kovzi (gamoiyeneba gvelis nakbenze gadasasmelad an aseTi kovziT Taflis sanTels moaduReben da wylis savse Wi-

qaSi asxamen cxel masas. iRebs gvelis formas da nakben adgilze adeben Taflis sanTels);

• culi, najaxi (Selocvisas xelSi uWiravT an somaturi daavadebisas kanis zemodan gadasma xdeba).

2. cecxli

• nakverCxali, naxSiri (nakverCxals wyalSi yrian, karebis zRurblis miRma gadayrian, naxSirs fqvaven, javrs gadaweren, wyalSi yrian an Cafxvnian, naxSirian wyals asmeven, zogjer nak-

verCxalis nacvlad nacari gamoiyeneba)

• cecxli (xdeba raime substanciis gacxeleba, an Semoata-

reben avadmyofs);


529

3. wyali

• wyali (gamdinare wyalSi ganbanen pirs an sxeulis sxva na-

wilebs, Selocvis dros wyals miapkureben an asxamen. wyliT sav-

se Wiqis avadmyofis Tavze gadatareba, ZiriTadad SiSis SemTxve-

vaSi, saxlis karebis zRurblidan wylis gadasxma, Cvili bavSvis pirvelad dabanili wylis Selocva, wyalSi yrian Saqars, brinjs

naxSirs da sxva. Semdeg wyalSi Cadeben danas da daseraven an jvars gamosaxaven daniT wylis zedapirze. Semdeg xorcieldeba Selocva. meWeWis samkurnalod qaRaldSi gaxveul marils gada-

usvamen meWeWs da Semdeg am marils wyalSi yrian).

4. haeri

• sulis Seberva, anu haeris piriT gamoSveba (Selocvis bo-

los ZiriTadad Semlocavi Seuberavs avadmyofs an avadmyofo-

bis romelime lokalur adgils da ambobs „fus“. Selocva xor-

cieldeba Svidi saxis abreSumis ZafiT, amoaclian ramdenimes, naskvs akeTeben, cal-calke iReben sxvadasxva abreSumis patara

naWrebs, uberaven mas da Tan iZaxian „fus“.

avgarozebi

• tyavis patara jvari (gulze Camosakidad);

• lurj qaRaldze dawera (Selocvas weren qaRaldze Seu-

locaven da adeben sxeulze, ZiriTadad Tavze an sxva mtkivneul adgilas);

• TeTr qaRaldze dawera, (daweris Semdeg Tavze, Sublze adeben, Seukraven da tkivilis gasvlamde utoveben).

temporaloba da perioduloba

• Selocvas samjer imeoreben;

• SesaZloa 3, 5, 7, 9-jer gameordes;


530

• Selocva sruldeba dRis sxvadasxva monakveTSi - diliT, SuadRes da saRamos;

• samkurnalo kviris dReebia – samSabaTi, xuTSabaTi, Saba-

Ti da kviras xdeba ganbanva;

• ritualuri qmedebis an moZraobis samjer gameoreba;

• varskvlavebze mimarTva (meWeWis SemTxvevaSi);

• axal mTvareze Selocva (meWeWis SemTxvevaSi), rodesac xelSi vercxlis moneta uWiravT an daanaxeben mTvares.

samkurnalod gansxvavebuli produqtebis

da mcenareebis gamoyeneba

1. marili (wyalSi agdeben); 2. puri (aWmeven avadmyofs an

wyliT savse jamSi natexebs yrian); 3. niori (nemsiT akinZaven Zaf-

ze); 4. qeris an puris marcvlebi (avadmyofs aWmeven an marcvlebs

wyalSi yrian); 5. Saqar-yinuli (wiTeli Saqari) daavadebul ad-

gilze wasma xdeba; 6. ZmriT tanis dazelva; 7. tyemlis tylapis

Tavze an Sublze dadeba; 8. karaqiT da erboTi Sezelva; 9.zeiTu-

nis zeTiT Sezelva; 10. Roris qoniT Sezelva; 11. gamonayarze,

muwukze Saqris fxvnilis dayra; 12. Tafls da erbos nazavis was-

ma (munis SemTxvevaSi); 13. Taflis sanTlis gamoyeneba (gamdnari

da myife mdgomareobaSi); 14. moxarSuli kvercxis Tavze dadeba;

15. brinjis 7 marcvali (wyalSi Cayra an mtkivneul adgilas day-

ra marcval-marcval); 16. nioris wasma Sublze da xelebze; 17. ka-

nafis gadasma an sxeulze dadeba; 18. meZuZuri qalis rZis wasma;

19. aryiT da erboTi sxeulis dazelva; 20. Savi Rvino (asmeven); 21.

adamianis Zvlis danaxSireba da mtkivneul adgilze dadeba (epi-

lefsiis SemTxvevisas an Zvlis gadatexvis SemTxvevaSi); 22. Rvi-

noSi marilis Cayra; 23. samyuras foTlebi (mtkivneul adgilas

dadeba); 24. atmis Sto (gadausvamen); 25. gogirdis wasma; 26. puris

da marilis SeWma; 27. gogris furclis gamoyeneba; 28. eklebis

Cayra wyalSi; 29. purSi nemsis CarWoba an puris naWerSi); 30. mra-


531

valZarRvas foTlis dadeba; 31. Txilis xis magari totis gamoye-

neba; 32. SaqarSi amovlebuli Semwvari vaSlis SeWma; 33. kvercxis

cilis gamoyeneba; 34. vardis wyali; 35. blis xis qerqis dawva da

kmeva; 36. wiTeli vaSli; 37. Rvinis an nigozis wasma; 38. wylulze

nesvis rbilobis wasma; 39. Savi katis momyolis gaxmoba, dafqva

da fxvnilis Cvili bavSvis Wipze wasma; 40. inis an lilis wyalSi gaxsna.

Selocvisas Sesasrulebeli ZiriTadi moqmedebebi

• Selocva sruldeba simReriT (iSviaTad);

• xmadabla butbutiT an, zog SemTxvevaSi, aqcentebis gake-

Teba da xmamaRla warmoTqma teqstis;

• Selocvis teqstSi avadmyofis saxelis Casma;

• Semlocvelma ded-mamis saxeli unda icodes da saWiroe-

bis SemTxvevaSi warmoTqvas;

• Semlocvelis uneblie damTqnareba (niSnavs rom avadmyo-

fi morCeba da Selocva Seergo);

• naxSiriT an nemsiT avadmyofobis lokalur adgils Semo-

farglaven;

• wiTeli Zafi da nemsi uxmari unda iyos;

• avadmyofi miyavT im teritoriaze sadac daSavda;

• Tavsaburs erT adgilze naskvs ukeTeben (am naWers qveda nawilSi nemss gauyrian da Tu win wavida diagnozs dasvamen, rom avadmyofi SeSinebulia);

• avadmyofTan TandaswrebiT wamlis damzadeba (ojaxis

wevrebs ganumartaven, rodis unda iqnes gamoyenebuli);

• xesTan miyvana avadmyofis da Selocvis iq ganxorcieleba (avadmyofi gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

am xis nayofs ver SeWams – tabus dadeba);

• cxenis nalSi uxmari nemsiT wiTeli Zafis gayra (avadmyo-

fi nalis erT naxvrets unda uyurebdes da am dros Seulocaven);


532

• bavSvis gaTvalvis SemTxvevaSi Seulocaven dedis Tmas da Selocvil Tmas bavSvs majaze Seabaven;

• ezos gadaRma nivTis dadeba (mag:cxovelis formis kve-

rebs daacxoben da ezos gareT daalageben);

• avadmyofis sxeulze Sexeba:

– Wipze xeliT msubuqi masaJi, Semdeg Seulocaven;

– kuWis areSi masaJi;

– kisris masaJi;

– mucelze xelis gadasma;

– gulis SresTan xelis dadeba;

– mkerdze xelis dadeba;

– Sublze xelis gulebis dadeba an Semoxveva;

– cxvirze samjer kbena;

– bus bumbulis saSualebiT Cxvleta, sisxlis gamoSvebis mizniT;

– Savi Seferilobis mamlis sisxlis avadmyofze wasma;

– ZaRlisa da katis bewvis gadasma daavadebul adgilas;

– zRarbis tyavis (eklebiT) avadmyofis kanze gadasma;

– sisxlis denis SemTxvevaSi misi Segroveba da qaRaldze

Selocvis teqstis dawera (am nawers Tavze adeben, Seukraven da

Seulocaven). (1; 2; 3; 4). aseTi saxis simboloebis niSnad aRqma da Semlocvelis moqme-

debebi xels uwyobs avadmyofis transul mdgomareobaSi gadayva-

nas. CurCuliT, butbutiT saubari, magiur ritualSi simboloe-

bis gamoyeneba, avadmyofis sxeulze Sexeba da mis aracnobierze zemoqmedeba Sedegs iZleva. es Sedegi, umetesad, STagonebis xar-

jze xorcieldeba. amas emateba wamlebiT mkurnalobac. zogierTi Selocvis teqsti wamlis damzadebis process aRwers. Semloc-

vels unda gaaCndes gamocdilebac, rom avadmyofma da masTan asocirebulma adamianebma irwmunon Semlocvelis magiuri Zala.

Semlocveli iyenebs teqstebs, rac bundovani, gaurkveveli da orazrovania. avadmyofi aseT SemTxvevaSi damyolia, sxeuli modunebuli aqvs da cnobiereba dabinduli. brZanebebs asru-

lebs (SesaZloa gaimeoros magiuri sityvebi) da iqmneba mdgoma-


533

reoba, romlis drosac Semlocveli cdilobs avadmyofi axli-

dan dabados, rogorc gankurnebuli da CamoaSoros boroti da damTrgunveli „sulebi“. Semlocveli asTi saxiT ayalibebs avadmyofSi samyaros axal models. aqedan gamomdinare, Seloc-

vis procesi, pirvel rigSi, transuli mdgomareobis gamowvevas gulisxmobs, rac fsiqoTerapiuli mkurnalobis procesis ana-

logiuria.


1. gagulaSvili i. qarTuli magiuri poezia. Tsu gamomcemlo-

ba, Tb., 1986.

2. qarTuli xalxuri Selocvebi. baTumi, 1994.

3. gveli movkal uflisaTvis, qarTuli Selocvebi. Tb., 1992.

4. nebieriZe l. „bavSvTa daavadebebis mkurnaloba imereTSi

(saymawvilo)“, gv. 55-60. Jurnali „amirani“ I, Tb., 1999. 5. Гиллиган С. Терапевтические трансы. М., Класс. 1997.

6. Лич Эд. Культура и комуникация. М., 2001.

7. Хейли Дж. О Милтоне Эриксоне. М., Класс. 1998.

Revaz Jorbenadze

Professor

Ivane Javakhoshvili Tbilisi State University

Nata Meparishvili

Associate Professor

Ilia State University

The Symbolic Markers of Trance State in Georgian Spells

Resume

The survey presents an attempt to study Georgian folk spells from a

psychological perspective. Containing the symbolic markers, the spells facilitate

the entrancement of patients. When applied, they develop a specific commu-


534

nicative field. The text and its simultaneous ritual gain the importance for the

inspiration.

The survey examines the process of the entrancement and its development

in the light of M. Ericson’s theory. The focus is made on a verbal impact. Sym-

bolic markers, accompanying the ritual ceremony are marked off: natural sym-

bols (iron, fire, water, and air), charms, temporal and periodic signs, different

products and plants having the healing effect, also the actions used during the

spell ritual. Application of these actions in the spell ritual facilitates the

entrancement process. The texts of the studied spell are vague and ambiguous.

Abracadabras always contain the main message, affecting the unconscious of

the patient. These are the magic words, involving the patient into the process of

“re-generation” and formation of the new model of the universe.

gamomcemlobis redaqtorebi: maia ejibia

marine Wyonia

garekanis dizaini nino ebraliZe

dakabadoneba xaTuTa badriZe

TSU Press Editors: Maia Ejibia

Marina Chkonia

Cover Designer Nino Ebralidze

Compositor Khatuta Badridze

0179 Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14

14, Ilia Tchavtchavadze Ave., Tbilisi 0179

Tel 995(32) 225 14 32

www.press.tsu.edu.ge

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