SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGNBachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)

INTEGRATED ASSIGNMENT:MEASUREMENT I (QSB60104)

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY I (BLD 60104)BUILDING MATERIALS (BLD 62003)

SITE VISIT REPORT

STUDENT NAME: NG HUOY MIIN

STUDENT ID NO.:0319097

DATE OF SUBMISSION:27/11/2015

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Content

1) Cover page---------------------------------------------------------1

2) Content--------------------------------------------------------------2

3) Introduction--------------------------------------------------------3

4) Summary-----------------------------------------------------------4

5) Objective of site visit---------------------------------------------5

6) Technical Observation------------------------------------------6-18

7) Photo and description--------------------------------------------19-22

8) Learning outcome/Conclusion----------------------------------23

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Introduction

First of all, we were required to produce a report on the construction site visit which combines 3 subjects-Measurement 1,Building Materials and Construction Technology 1.

A site visit to the construction site was organized on 19th November 2015 by our lecturer , Ms Ang Fuey Lin.The construction site is located at Hulu Selangor in Rawang .About 80 students attended the site visit and we have depart 8.30am sharp from campus.

We were required to have our own safety helmet to enter into a construction site. After the project manager gave us a safety brief talk, students were guided and walk through the site. They explain to us about what we had seen around the site. We saw some workers working on the site and observed different types of machinery such as truck,crane.

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Below is the summary of the project:

Project Title:Cadangan Sebahagian Lot Rumah Sesebuah 75Unit

Kepada Rumah Berkembar 2 Tingkat(40’x80’) 96Unit

Bandar Sg Chik Yang Merangkumi:

(A) 38 Unit Rumah Jenis 1

(B) 12 Unit Rumah Jenis 2A（Split Down） (C) 36 Unit Rumah Jenis 2A（Split Up）

(D) 10 Unit Rumah Jenis 3

Developers:Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Selangor(PKNS)

Architect:Zain Hamzah Architect

Quantity Surveyor:MCM ASSOCIATES SDN BHD

M&E Engineer:ZNVA & ASSOCIATED

Contractor:AJ-CORP SDN BHD

Date of Commencement:8 JULAI 2014

Date of Completion:4 JULAI 2016

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Objectives

Understand the basics of the construction process

Witness the usage of construction equipment on site including mechanical plants.

Explore and identify various types of building materials and technology on site.

Explain the construction of buildings and the scientific principles that underpin the design and construction.

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Contents & Technical Observation

The construction site is divided into four, Type 1,Type 2A, Type 2B and Type3.

Below was the plan of the site and the details of each type of houses.

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Before we started to visit the site,we were given this plan to understand the overall construction site.

The surrounding of the construction site is fenced by the hoarding to prevent

unauthorized people enter into the site.

Besides that , there is also some container set at the site which are accommodation

for workers, material storage .

Scaffolding

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Vertical hoarding.

The temporary toilet This room is for construction team to discuss or meeting at site and also a

The function of the scaffolding is used to support people and hold materials that

are to be used. It is also to protect people falling down from the high place. They

were using independent scaffold at the site. It is a 2 rows of standard at about 1m

apart ,which tied by cross-members called transoms. The benefits of this type of

scaffold have not relied upon building for support.

We have asking from the workers the

difference between each type of houses.The

biggest difference is the type 2A and type

2B.

At Zone Type 2A

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Independent scaffolds .

Exavate 1.2m from slab(OGL) to slab(GL).

The columns of zone type 2A houses had

been formed and we can see the reinforcement bars which inside the columns

above them

At Zone Type 2B

The workers are constructing the

formwork of columns. Plywood is used as the

material of the formwork.The workers will

pour the concrete into the column after

casing the shape with plywood.

Pad Footings Foundation

Introduction

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The foundation of a structure is defined as a part of the structure in direct contact

with the ground and which transmits the load of the building to the ground.

Foundations can be classified as shallow and deep foundations. These can be

further divided into many types of foundations.

Factors affected in choosing the type of foundation:

(a) Function of the building (residential, commercial)

(b)Loads of the foundation

(c) Subsoil condition

(d) The cost of foundation

Pad Footing Foundation

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END BEARINGFRICTION PILET

DEEP PILE FOUNDATION

STRIP FOUNDATION

RAFT FOUNDATION

PAD FOOTINGS

SHALLOW

FOUNDATION

For this construction site, they are using Pad Footing Foundation. Pad foundations are generally square or rectangular in plan, with the plan area being determined by the permissible bearing pressure of the soil.. These are provided at shallow depth and are shallow foundations.The excavation of this project is 3m from floor level.

Why sizes of pad footing different?

The size and thickness of pad foundations are dependent on the load caused by the columns. The thickness of the pad may vary to help provide additional support. . The top of the pad may be sloping (i.e. The pad is thicker in the center than it is at the edge). This is an economic solution, although there may be construction problems involved with casting the slope.

How pad footings is constructed?Casting of an RC pad footing

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This is the pad footings plan on the construction site.

1. Excavation2. Pour a layer of lean concrete3. Build the formwork4. Add some spacer blocks5. Add the reinforcement (main rebar&transverse rebar)6. Erect the reinforcement for column stump7. Add more ties to the formwork8. Pour concrete9. Set,curing,hardening 10.Wait the concrete gains sufficient strength, dismantle the formwork11.Pad footing is constructed

Construction methods

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1 Excavate to good bearing layer. -To reduce settlement.

2 Termite treatment should be applied to the ground under the footings by a reputable company that will offer a minimum 5-year guarantee. -To protect the timber from termites.

3 Place thick sand layer or mass concrete blinding layer if the surface is uneven. -To provide a flat surface to accommodate the placement of reinforcement.

4 Erect formwork to fit the pad footing. Use braced timber with close-fitting joints. -To prevent deformation and leakage of fine aggregate, cement or water.

5 Place reinforcement Including column starter bars in the formwork and ties the bars together or place the reinforcing cage in the formwork. -For durability and structural safety to prevent the reinforcing bars from moving out of position during the concreting.

6 Raise the reinforcement at the correct level to maintain the concrete cover using concrete spacer blocks or plastic chairs. -To protect the reinforcing bars from corrosion.

7 Remove any debris from within forms. Blowing debris with compressed air or flushing with pressurized water are effective Methods. -To avoid contaminating the concrete.

8 Apply a release agent to the formwork surface which will be in contact with concrete.-To facilitate stripping the formwork.

9 Pour concrete of compressive strength at 28 days -For durability and Structural safety.

10 Compact the concrete using a Vibrator. -For strength and durability

11 Trowel finish. -To provide a flat bearing surface for the walls.

12 Cure by keeping continuously wet for at least 3 days.

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-To allow the concrete to achieve the design strength.

13 Lap column bars to starter bars and install tie-beam reinforcing bars. -To help transfer the loads.

14 Erect formwork to fit the columns and tie-beams. -To prevent deformation and leakage.

15 Pour concrete to fill the column form work, and fill half of the depth of the tie-beam form work. Compact, trowel finish, and cure the concrete. -For durability and structural safety.

16 Carefully strip column formwork- To reuse.

What are the materials involve in constructing a pad footing? Materials

Reinforced concrete

Lean concrete

Reinforcement

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The construction worker was trying to take off the formwork of pad footings.

The photo shows 6 pad footings which is in E~E/2-1 on the plan.

Formwork

1)Reinforced Concrete

At the construction site, reinforced concrete is an important material often preferred to steel construction mainly due to its versatility, adaptability and resistance to fire and corrosion resulting in negligible maintenance costs. Development of better quality cements have resulted in more stronger and durable concrete for use in different types of structures.

Reinforced concrete is ideally suited for the construction of floor and roof slabs, columns and beams in residential and commercial structures.

Concrete shall be of a mix design which is suitable for the intended use, items to be taken into account include:

strength to safely transmit loads

durability against chemical or frost action

This is how the concrete in made from:

It is a mixture of cement,concrete and aggregate.

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The reinforced concrete

The reinforced concrete in the pad footings is concrete Grade 30.

2)Lean concreteConcrete with high water content is considered lean because it has a lower concentration of cement compared to other kinds of paving and building materials of that class.

The use of lean concrete: provide the uniform surface of the foundation concrete and to prevent the direct contact of foundation concrete from the soil.

3)Reinforcement barsConcrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but relatively weak in tension.Therefore,reinforcement bar is cast into it to compensate for the imbalance in concrete behavior and carry the tensile loads.

Reinforcement Inside Pad FootingThe pad footings in the site are on red clay

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It is the reinforced concrete to construct pad footings.

12mm &16mm diameter high tensile steel rods are being used in the pad footings.

Inside Column Stump

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The details of pad footings.

Stump cannot more than 1.5m

Column stump rebars-Y16

4)Formwork

Formwork refers to either temporary or permanent moulds which hold materials like concrete.

The advantage of using plywood formwork

Plywood is constructed of layers of wood glued together at right angles, which is what gives it its strength.

1)it is resistant to warping, cracking and twisting, making it ideal for use in construction.

2) Plywood is less expensive than similar boards made of full wood species, which makes it ideal as a construction planking material.

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They use plywood formwork for the pad footings.

Photo Descriptions

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Some piles can be found at the site for the use of making foundation in harder soil.

Pre-cast concrete bricks are well stacks on the floor.

There were also have some machineries operated by construction workers.

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This is mesh fabric reinforcement bars.

Ground beam stirrups spacing equally and properly tied with wires.

The roof of the houses and metal truss.

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Reinforced concrete wall and floor slab.

The workers were doing the formwork of the ground beams.

Description board is shown outside the construction site.

Conclusion

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The columns above the floor slab are being constructed.

The reinforcement bars which have been tied together.

Concrete mixer at the site.

After end of the site visit, I have an experience and knowledge of environment of construction. It is my first time of the site visit and the big sunny weather did not spoil my excited mood. I had a marvelous feeling while first step going into the construction and it was tougher than I was thinking.

I am able to understand how the construction works not only from the notes, but see them from the site. The contractor is very nice and he answered every single question that the students had asked. From that,I have learnt how to identify different types of construction materials and their uses,and also construction process. It gives me a clearer vision and let me understand more of what I have learnt in the class.

Besides that, safety is a basic of construction so we must try to protect ourself from dangers exist on the site.We must always remember the safety precautions are very important to every student. It is very dangerous if one of us is trying not to wear safety helmet and obey safety rules as it would cause injuries and damages easily.

Lastly,I am so grateful I have the opportunity to have a site visit in my first semester.This site visit has greatly improved my knowledge and bring me to overcome the problem which could happen in my working future.

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