Site Investigation and Example of Soil Sampling
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Transcript of Site Investigation and Example of Soil Sampling
AHMAD TARMIZI B. MUSTAFFA 01UKA13F3009
MUHAMAD RIDZUAN B. KAMALUDIN 01UKA13F3017
MARINIS AK NYAMBONG 01UKA13F3003
JOANA AK BAIN 01UKA13F3014
NIK NORLAILI BT. MOHAMAD 01UKA13F3013
SITI SYAFIQAH BT YAHYA 01UKA13F3029
BS 5930 : 1981 & BS 1377 : 1990
Relative Density
Site Investigation
Study
Grain Size Analysis ( Wet & Dry
)
Atterberg Limits
LAB
TESTIN
G
Hydrometer
Testing
FIELD
STUDY
& LAB
TESTIN
G
What is site investigation??
To know their suitability for the construction work such as civil engineering and building work.
Acquiring knowledge of the characteristic of site that affect the design and construction
INTRODUCTION
CONDUCTED BY
Geotechnical Engineers
PURPOSE
To obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock around a site to
design earthworks and foundations for proposed structure.
a) Suitability
To access the general suitability of the site and for the proposed work.
b) Design
To enable an adequate and economic design to be prepared, including the design of temporary work.
PRIMARY OBJECT OF S.I
c) Construction
To plan the best method of construction; to foresee and provide against difficulties and delays that may be arise during construction due to ground and other local conditions.
PRIMARY OBJECT OF S.I
d) Effect of Change
To determine the change that may arise in the ground & environmental conditions, either naturally or during the construction work.
e) Choice of Site
To advice on the relative suitability of different sites, or different parts of the same site.
PRIMARY OBJECT OF S.I
UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES
One where the condition of the soil in the sample is closed enough to the conditions of the soil in –situ to allow tests of structural properties of the soil to be used to approximate the properties of the soil in – situ.
CATEGORY OF SOIL SAMPLE
Undisturbed Soil Sample
DISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES
The structure of the soil has been change sufficiently that test of structural properties of the soil will not representative of in – situ conditions, and only properties of the soil grains.
Example Test :
Grains Size Distribution, Atterberg Limits, Water Content Test etc.)
CATEGORY OF SOIL
SAMPLE
Disturbed Soil Sample
LABORATORY TEST
EXPERIMENT 1 :
SITE INVESTIGATION / SOIL SAMPLING
OBJECTIVE
a) To introduce the techniques on taken disturbed
and undisturbed soil.
b) To determine the physical properties of the soil
through the phrase relationship.
c) To determine or analyze the visual type of land /
soil that available/have been taken
1) Excavating equipment (auger 150mm, connecting rod, spanner)
2) Sampling tool (38mm diameter sample tube, screw connecter)
3) Equipment manufacturers
4) The knife or a wire saw and ruler
5) Sampling bag
6) Hoe (depend on usage)
WORK PROCEDURE
A. Work Procedure on Site
1. Dig the soil to a depth of 1m by using an auger
2. Connect the sampling tube to the equipment
manufactures
3. Lower the sampling device to the bottom of the
hole and then push it into the ground
4. Take three samples from the hole which was
undisturbed soil as a sampling. Keep the
disturbed soil samples in a bag and bring back to
the laboratory.
B. Work Procedure on Laboratory
1. Greased the split mold and in conceivable. Remove the soil sample of undisturbed from the sampling tube into a split mold and cut both ends of soil with the wire saws.
2. WORK PROCEDURE TO FIND THE MOISTURE CONTENT:
a) Weight an empty moisture content can to get the accurate readings. Take some soil sample put in the can.
b) Weight the can with a wet soil. Dried them into oven for 24 hours. After 24 hours, weight the can and the content once again.
c) Please take three samples for this moisture content test.
a) Take a little of disturbed soil samples and look at
the colour of the soil
b) Feel the soil with a finger, find out whether it is grain, smooth or vice versa.
c) Grasp of the soil. Will it be hand held, shaped –form of it is friable.
d) Then decide what type of soil was it.
3. WORK PROCEDURE FOR VISUAL
DETERMINATION:
LABORATORY RESULT?? WE WILL SHARE THE RESULT AFTER WE DONE THE
LAB TEST OK?
WHERE THE LAB RESULT MAN??
GRAIN SIZE
ANALYSISDRY
WET
PURPOSE :-
•This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil.
•ASTM D 422 -Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
Standard Reference
Significance:
• The distribution of different grain sizes affects the engineering properties of soil.
Grain size analysis provides the grain size distribution, and it is required in classifying the soil.
Testing objectives:
The Standard grain size
analysis test determines the
relative proportions of
different grain sizes as they
are distributed among certain
size ranges.
Need and Scope:
The grain size analysis is widely used in classification of soils.The data obtained from grain size distribution curves is used in the design of filters for earth dams and to determine suitability of soil for road construction, air field etc. Information obtained from grain size analysis can be used to predict soil water movement although permeability tests are more generally used.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
i. Stack of Sieves including pan and
cover
ii. Balance (with accuracy to 0.01 g)
iii. Rubber pestle and Mortar ( for
crushing the soil if lumped or
conglomerated)
iv. Mechanical sieve shaker
v. Oven
THEORY
Soils having particle larger than 0.075mm size are termed as coarse grained soils. In these soils more than 50% of the total material by mass is larger 75 micron.Coarse grained soil may have boulder, cobble, gravel and sand.
PROCEDURE
i. take a representative oven dried sample
of soil that weighs about 500 g. ( this is
normally used for soil samples the
greatest particle size of which is 4.75
mm).
ii. If soil particles are lumped or
conglomerated crush the lumped and not
the particles using the pestle and mortar.
iii. Determine the mass of sample
accurately. Wt (g)
iv. Prepare a stack of sieves. sieves having
larger opening sizes (i.e lower numbers)
are placed above the ones having
smaller opening sizes (i.e higher
numbers). The very last sieve is #200
and a pan is placed under it to collect the
portion of soil passing #200 sieve. Here
is a full set of sieves. (#s 4 and 200
should always be included)
v. Make sure sieves are
clean, if many soil
particles are stuck in the
openings try to poke them
out using brush.
vi. Weigh all sieves and the
pan separately. (Fill in
column 3)
vii.Pour the soil from step 3 into the
stack of sieves from the top and
place the cover, put the stack in the
sieve shaker and fix the clamps,
adjust the time on 10 to 15 minutes
and get the shaker going.
viii.Stop the sieve shaker and
measure the mass of each sieve +
retained soil. (fill in column 4)
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
- WET SIEVING
Grain size analysis can
be performed by various methods.
Determining the method of grain size
analysis depends on the size of
the particles.
Dry sieving, wet sieving, and pipette analysis are among the
most widely used
methods.
Dry sieving is typically
used for larger sized
particles, wet sieving for
fine sand/silt particles, and
pipette for silt to clay
sized particles.
Most sieve analysis are carried out dry. But
there are some applications which can only be carried out by wet sieving. This is the case when the sample is
a very fine powder which tends to
agglomerate (mostly < 45 µm)
A wet sieving process is set up like a dry
process: the sieve stack is clamped onto the sieve shaker and the
sample is placed on the top sieve. Above the
top sieve a water-spray nozzle is placed which
supports the sieving process additionally to
the sieving motion.
The rinsing is carried out until the liquid
which is discharged through the receiver
is clear. Sample residues on the
sieves have to be dried and weighed.
The "wet" technique only applies to solids
that have the following properties:-
They must be practically insoluble in
water.
They must not be affected by water, e.g.
solids which swell when wet would be
unsuitable.
They must remain unchanged by a
reasonable application of heat, up to 110
C.
• The material to be sieved is mixed with water.
• Prepare the sieve stack. Moisten each sieve with water and placed them on top of the collector with outlet.
• Place venting rings between the sieves to permit the expansion of air cushion.
• Put the complete stack into the sieve shaker.
• If the smallest fraction that leaves the sieve stack should be collected, make the required preparation
• Place the suspension on the uppermost sieve
• Fix the clamping device.
• Start the sieve shaker. Turn on the water supply.
• Observe the liquid living the outlet. Sieving is finished when water is clear. Turn off water supply and sieve shaker.
• Dry the sieves and retained sample in an oven set at 105 °C for an hour.
• Weigh the retained sample on a tared watchglass on a balance and evaluate the result.
BS 1377 : PART 4 : 1990
COMPACTION – RELATED TESTS
GENERAL
Compaction of soil is the process by which the solid
particles are PACKED more closely together, usually
by MECANICAL means, thereby increasing the DRY
DENSITY of the soil.
To obtain relationships between COMPACTED
DRY DENSITY and SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT,
using two magnitudes of MANUAL compactive
effort or compaction by VIBRATION.
Understand basic tests to obtain reference
densities.
TYPES OF TEST
Light Manual Compaction
Test
Heavy Manual Compaction
Test
Use of Vibrating Hammer
PROCEDURE
Sieve Test
Using 37.5mm and 20mm sieve
Separate according to size
METHOD USING RAMMER
Apparatus
Compaction Mould
( 1 Litre )
Metal Rammer
Balance Readable 1g
Spatulla Straightedge Metal / Plactic Tray
Weight the mouldwith baseplate
Attach extension to the mould and place
the mould on the solid base
Place the moist soil in the mould layer by
layer (3 layers)
PROCEDURE
Apply 27 blows, 300mm height, falls freely
Repeat for 2 more test
Remove the extension, level the surface of compacted soil
Weight the soil & mould with baseplate
Remove the compacted soil from the mouldand place it on metal tray
Break up the remainder of the soil, rub it through 20mm test sieve
Add suitable increment water and mix throughly into the soil
Repeat
Method Using Vibrating Hammer Cover the determination of the dry density of
soil, which may contain some particles up to coarse gravel size.
Not generally suitable for cohesive soil
Apparatus
CBR Mould
Electrical Vibrating
Table
Surcharge Base
Plate
Steel Ruler
Balance Readable
to 5g
Straight edge
Sieve
ScoopStop
Watch
Sand Pouring Cylinder
Calibration Test
Fill the sand-pouring cylinder with sand, within about 10mm of its top. Determine the mass of the cylinder (M1) to the nearest gram
Place the sand-pouring cylinder vertically on the calibrating container. Open the shutter to allow the sand run out from the cylinder. When there is no further movement of the sand in the cylinder, close the shutter.
Lift the pouring cylinder from the calibrating container and weigh it to the nearest gram (M3).
Again fill the pouring cylinder with sand, within 10mm of its top.
Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out of the cylinder. When the volume of the sand let out is equal to the volume of the calibrating container, close the shutter.
Place the cylinder over a plane surface, such as a glass plate. Open the shutter. The sand fills the cone of the cylinder. Close the shutter when no further movement of sand takes place.
Remove the cylinder. Collect the sand left on the glass plate. Determine the mass of sand (M2) that had filled the cone by weighing the collected sand.
Determine the dry density of sand, as shown in the data sheet
Determination of Bulk Density of Soil
• Place the sand pouring cylinder concentrically on the top of the calibrating container with the shutter closed making sure that constant mass (M₀) is maintained
• Open the shutter of cylinder and allow the sand to move into the container. When no futher movement is seen, close the shutter and find the mass of sand left in the cylinder (M₂)
• Repeat step 2-3 at least thrice and find the mean mass (M2)
Determination of Field Density of Soil
• Level surface of the soil in the open field
• Place metal tray on the surface haring a circular hole of 10cm diameter at the center. Dig a hole of this diameter up to about 15 cm dept. Collect all the excavation soil in a tray and find the mass of excavation soil (M)
• Remove the tray and place the sand-pouring cylinder concentrically on the hole. Open the shutter and allow the sand to run into the hole till no further movement of sand is noticed. Close the shutter and determine mass of sand which is left in the cylinder , (M₃)
• The representative sample is taken from the excavated soil for determination of water content
DATA & RESULT
ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST
What is it ?
What is the purpose of it ?
How to conduct it ?
What is Atterberg Limits?
What is Atterberg Limits?
What is the Purpose of Atterberg Limits Test ?
Casagrande Liquid Limits
Device
Plastic Limit Test
•To determined
the liquid limitof grain soil
•To determined the
plastic limit of
grain soil
Method
Purposed
Moisture content, expressed as a % of weight of oven-dried soil, at the boundary
between liquid and plastic states of consistency
Moisture content, expressed as a % of weight of oven-dried soil, at the boundary
between plastic and semisolid states of consistency
How To Conduct
Atterberg Limits
Test?
Casagrande
Device (Liquid
Limit)
Plastic Limit
APPARATUS
1. Glass plate
2. A separate glass plate
for ………rolling of threads
3. Spatulas
4. Moisture content
apparatus
APPARATUS
1. Oven
2. Balance (0.01g
.....accuracy)
3. Sieve [425 micron]
4. Casagrande
apparatus
How To Conduct
Atterberg Limits
Test?
PROCEDURE
o Distribution of soil particles having sizes
less than 75 micron (Fine Grained soils) is
often determined by a sedimentation
process using a hydrometer to obtain the
necessary data such as the borderline
between clay and silt. Using this test the
GSD or grain size distribution for soils
containing appreciable amount of fines
is obtained.
The percentage of sand, silt and clay in
the inorganic fraction of soil is measured
in this procedure.
Glass cylinders, 1000-ml capacity
Thermometer, Fahrenheit
Hydrometer, Bouyoucos (Fisherbrand
Model # 14-331-5c)
Electric mixer with dispersing cup
Plunger
Balance sensitive to ± 0.01g
Results are reported as percentages of
the mineral fraction, % sand, % silt, and %
clay.
Soil texture is based on the USDA textural
triangle.