Sistematska paleontologija 10
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Transcript of Sistematska paleontologija 10
![Page 1: Sistematska paleontologija 10](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033009/55cf9db5550346d033aed2ee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PAPRATIPAPRATI
Klasa POLYPODIOPSIDAKlasa POLYPODIOPSIDA
(=FILICIOPSIDA = PTEROPSIDA)(=FILICIOPSIDA = PTEROPSIDA)
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-danas živi oko 300 rodova (10000 vrsta)
-velike varijacije u rasporedu karakteristika vegetativnih
i reproduktivnih organa između različitih taksona
a ponekad i u okviru samo jednog taksona
-najčešće se izdvajaju kao klasa, a ponekad i kao odeljak
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megafilni – složeni listovi
rahis
pine
pinule
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razmnožavanje
• Papratnjače se mogu razmnožavati vegetativno, pomoću podzemnih izdanaka, kada stariji delovi podzemnog izdanka izumru, mladi postanu samostalni i iz njih se razvijaju nove biljke. Ipak, kod većine papratnjača dolazi do smene generacija.
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list ima dvostruku ulogu
vegetativnu i polnu
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Polna generacija
• Iz spora se razvija haploidna generacija organizama na kojima se obrazuju gametangije i gameti.
• Organizam ove, polne generacije je gametofit i on stvara i nosi gamete. Gametofiti žive na površini tla i oni su zeleni, sitni i mogu biti srcoliki, pločasti, nitasti itd. Gametofit papratnjača se naziva protalijum koji je za tlo pričvršćen velikim brojem rizoida
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PROTALIJAPROTALIJA
gametofit – polna generacija
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PROTALIJAPROTALIJA
mlada protalija
(1-2 nedelje)odrasla protalija
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mlada biljka – bespolna generacija (sporofit)
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- većina današnjih paprati su zeljaste biljke
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- neki tropski oblici su drvenaste forme
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većina paprati su kopnene biljke
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- postoje i vodeni predstavnici
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U većini starih sistematika paprati se dele na:
1. Prapaprati (polistelični oblici sa pojedinačnim sporangijama; sporangije sa višeslojnim zidom)
2. Eusporangijatne (sporangije sa višeslojnim zidoma, sporangije grupisane u soruse)
3. Leptosporangijatne (sporangije se jednoslojnim zidom)
izosporne
heterosporne
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PseudosporochnusPseudosporochnus (D (D22-D-D33))
-malo drvo (do 3m)
-razvijeni koren
-bar tri reda grana
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Familija StauropteridaceaeFamilija Stauropteridaceae
Stauropteris (C)
-mala žbunolika biljka sa složeno razgranatim bezlisnim osama
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Psauronius (C3, P)
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Red OsmundalesRed Osmundales
-sigurni od trijasa
-danas samo tri roda
-višeslojni zid sporangija
-odsusdvo sorusa
-prelazni oblici između Botryopteridales i leptosporangijatnih paprati
-= “protoleptosporangijate”
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Osmunda macrophylla
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Red Polypodiopsida (Filicales)Red Polypodiopsida (Filicales)
-leptosporangijatne paprati
-izosporne paprati
-sporangije sa jednoslojnim zidom i jasno izraženim prstenom
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1. Schizeaceae – sporangije sa apikalnim prstenom, nisu grupisane u soruse; nisu obuhvaćene induzijom
2. Gleicheniaceae – sporangije sa kosim prstenom, grupisane u soruse, bez induzije
3. Cyathacea – sorusi uronjeni u čašolike induzijume; na donjoj površini pinule ili po obodu
4. Matoniaceae – induzijum kao kišobran; sorusi grupisani uz središnji nerv
5. Dipteridaceae – slične Matoniaceae-ma, ali bez induzijuma; sorusi po celoj površini pinule (u okcima anostomizirajućih nerava)
6. Polypodiaceae – sporangije sa jasnim vertikalnim prstenom; raznoliki induzijumi (peltatni, čašoliki)
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Cyathea
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Dicksonites pluckenetii Dicksonia
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KlasaKlasa
PROGYMNOSPERMOPSIDAPROGYMNOSPERMOPSIDA
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To su odranije poznati oblici koji su uvršćavani u više različitih taksonomskih kategorija
1960 g. Beck je pronašao primerke sa sačuvanom organskom vezom dva odavno poznata taksona
Archeopteris – ranije pripisivan heterospornim papratima
Callixylon – ranije uvršćivan u golosemenice
Kasnije je pronađeno da još neki od ranije poznati taksoni imaju specifičnu mešavinu osobina
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OPŠTE OSOBINE KLASE
Vegetativni organi i terminalne sporangije (papratolike osobine)
Sekundarno drvo (odlika skrivenosemenica)
Primitivni oblici više liče na trimerofite i primitivne paprati
Savršeniji oblici u svemu podsećaju na golosemenice sem u građi ženskih rasplodnih organa
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KLASIFIKACIJAKLASIFIKACIJA
1. Red Protopteridales (=Aneurophyytales)
2. Red Protpityales
3. Red Archeopteridales
4. Red Noeggerathiales
jasne odlike klase
uslovno uvršćen u klasu
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Red Protopteridales (=Aneurophyytales)Red Protopteridales (=Aneurophyytales)
Tetraxylon
Rellimia
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ArcheopterisArcheopteris
Archeopteris sp. Archeopteris hibernica
D3-C1
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Archeopteris
Prvo pravo drvo na Zemlji
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ArcheopterisArcheopterisfertilni ogranci
delimično fertilna pina fertilni nastavak rekonstrukcija fertilne grane
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Archeopteris
vegetativni listovi fronde sa očuvanim sporangijama
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CallixylonCallixylon
-u centru stabla srž
-okružuju je primarni i sekundarn ksilem
-sekundarni ksilem od traheida sa debelim zidom i uskim vaskularnim zracima
-opšančene jamice na radijalnim zidovima traheida
-smena pojasa sa jamicama i pojasa bez jamica
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CallixylonCallixylon
uzdužni presek tangencijalni presek
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CallixylonCallixylon
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sredinom ’90-ih
više od 150 debala
370 mil. god.
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Odeljak PINOPHYTAOdeljak PINOPHYTA
- GOLOSEMENICE -- GOLOSEMENICE -
GYMNOSPERMAEGYMNOSPERMAE
Poznate od D3; naglo se razvijaju u Pz; u Mz dominiraju
manje zastupljene u Tc; danas oko 70 rodova (730 vrsta)
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Pinophyta (Gymnospermae)
- golosemenice -
+Magnoliophyta (Angiospermae)
- skrivenosemenice -
Spermatophyta
- semene biljke -
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KlasifikacijaKlasifikacija
(Meyen; 1982, 1984)
bazira se na sigurno utvrđenim trendovima u transformaciji rasplodnih organa
Po obliku semena:
1.1. PlatispermskoPlatispermsko – bilateralno simetrična
(longitudinalno spljoštena; dva vaskularna snopa duž glavne ravni)
2. RadiospermeRadiosperme – radijalno simetrična
nisu spljoštena kroz integument više vaskularnih snopova (kružno raspoređeni)
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1.1. GinkgoopsidaGinkgoopsida – primarne platisperme
2. Pinopsida (Coniferopsida)Pinopsida (Coniferopsida) – sekundarne platisperme
3. CycadopsidaCycadopsida - radiosperme
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Klasa GINKGOOPSIDAKlasa GINKGOOPSIDA
- danas živi samo jedan rod, sa jednom vrstom
Ginkgo biloba
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Red GinkgoalesRed Ginkgoales
Ginko biloba – autohtono u JI Kini = živi fosil
Najstarije živuće drvo iz donje jure (190mil. god.)
- drvo do 40m visoko
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Ginko bilobaGinko biloba
-listovi rasčlanjeni na lobove
-lepezasta nervatura
-Listovi nemaju glavne žile
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muški rasplodni organi
Ginko bilobaGinko biloba
ženski rasplodni organi
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Ginko bilobaGinko biloba
seme
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plod
Ginko bilobaGinko biloba
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Klasa Klasa CYCADOPSIDACYCADOPSIDA
Odeljak PINOPHYTAOdeljak PINOPHYTA
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KKlasa CYCADOPSIDAlasa CYCADOPSIDA
OPŠTE OSOBINE:
-radiospermsko semenje
- mali evolutivni trag raznovrsnoj grupi biljaka koje su rasle krajem paleozoika i tokom mezozoika
- mogu retko dostići 15m
- imaju veliko lišće i seme se proizvodi u terminalnim šišarkama
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Red Trigonocarpales
Trigonocarpus
- kalupi semenja nepoznate unutrašnje građe
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Trigonocarpus
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Red Trigonocarpales
Medullosa
do 10m
primarni vaskularni snopovi
sekundarno drvo
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Red Trigonocarpales
Pachytesta
dužina do 11cm
širina do 6 cm
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Red CycadalesP-danas
- do 18m
- gomoljičasta ili cilindrična stabla bez grana (pahikaulinski oblici)
- fosilni su bili i sa tankim višestruko deljenim granama (leptokaulinski oblici)
Cycas
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Red Cycadales
Cycas
mladi listovi semenje
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Red Cycadales
Cycas
mikrosporangija
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Red Bennettitales
Familija Bennettitaceae (Cycadeoidaceae)
Cycadeoidea (J-K)
stablo do 50cm visine
prečnika do 40cm
pahikaulinska (ređe razgranata)
debela srž
primarno drvo
tanko sekundarno drvo
široka zona kore
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Glossopteris
Perm Gondvane
Tada dominatna forma
Jedini iz trijasa nađeni u Indiji
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Klasa Klasa PINOPSIDAPINOPSIDA
(CONIFEROPSIDA)(CONIFEROPSIDA)
Odeljak PINOPHYTAOdeljak PINOPHYTA
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- pinofite sa platispermskim semenjem
- semenje je nastalo transformacijom semena rediospermskih predaka
TRI REDA:
1. Cordaitanthales
2. Dicranophyllales
3. Pinales
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- poznatiji kao konifere ili četinari
- grupa gimnospermi sa najdužom geološkom istorijom
- prvi predstavnici poznati od karbona
- jedina grupa gimnospermi zastupljena velikim brojem predstavnika
- zimzelene biljke (sem retkih izuzetaka)
Red PinalesRed Pinales
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- retki su žbunoliki oblici
Pinus mugo
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- najviše drvo danas je četinar iz ovog reda
Sequoia sempervirens
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Sequoia sempervirens
- do 110 m visine
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- listovi su sitni, uski i kruti, ili ljuspasti
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ženske šišarke
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Muški rasplodni organi
mikrostrobili = muške šišarke
spiralno raspoređeni mikrosporofili po osovini mikrostrobila
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1. Fam. Lebachiaceae
2. Fam. Voltziaceae
3. Fam. Buriadiaceae
4. Fam. Cheirolepidaceae
5. Fam. Palissyaceae
6. Fam. Araucariaceae
7. Fam. Pinaceae
8. Fam. Taxodiaceae
9. Fam. Cupressaceae
10. Fam. Podocarpaceae
11. Fam. Taxaceae
12. Fam. Cephalotaxaceae
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Familija LebachiaceaFamilija Lebachiacea
Lebachia (C2-P1)
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Familija LebachiaceaFamilija Lebachiacea
Lebachia – nisko drveće
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Familija VoltziaceaeFamilija Voltziaceae
Walchiostrobus (C3-P1)
-najprimitivniji predstavnik
(složene polisperme)
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Familija VoltziaceaeFamilija Voltziaceae
Voltzia
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Familija VoltziaceaeFamilija Voltziaceae
Podozamites
(P3?, T-K)
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Familija CheirolepidaceaeFamilija Cheirolepidaceae
Brachyophyllum
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Familija CheirolepidaceaeFamilija Cheirolepidaceae
Geinitzia
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Familija AraucariaceaeFamilija Araucariaceae
Araucaria Agathys
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Familija AraucariaceaeFamilija Araucariaceae
Araucaria
-ljuspasti listovi;
-linearni ili igličasti
-spiralno raspoređeni
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Familija AraucariaceaeFamilija Araucariaceae
Araucarioxylon
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Familija PinaceaeFamilija Pinaceae
- najrasprostranjenija familija današnjiha konifera
- 10 rodova (200 vrsta) – naseljavaju severnu hemisferu
- zimzeleni (izuzetak je Larix)
- drvenaste biljke
- igličasti listovi
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Familija PinaceaeFamilija Pinaceae
Pinus (bor)– najdominantnije drvo na svetu
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Familija PinaceaeFamilija Pinaceae
Abies (jela)
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Picea (smrča)
Familija PinaceaeFamilija Pinaceae
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Familija PinaceaeFamilija Pinaceae
Larix (ariš)
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Familija PinaceaeFamilija Pinaceae
Pinus
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Familija TaxodiaceaFamilija Taxodiacea
- danas živi 10 rodova (15 vrsta)
- disjunktivni areali
- većina današnjih rodova poznata od mezozoika
-drvenaste biljke (neki fosilni su bili žbunovi)
- prvi sigurni predstavnici poznati iy J2
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Familija TaxodiaceaFamilija Taxodiacea
Sequoia
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Familija TaxodiaceaFamilija Taxodiacea
Sequoia
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Familija TaxodiaceaFamilija Taxodiacea
Sequoiadendron
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Familija TaxodiaceaFamilija Taxodiacea
Taxodium
“baruštinski kiparis”
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Familija TaxodiaceaFamilija Taxodiacea
Glyptostrobus
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Familija TaxodiaceaFamilija Taxodiacea
- ženske šišarke su male i okrugle
- semene ljuspe srasle sa braktejama
Glyptostrobus
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Familija TaxodiaceaFamilija Taxodiacea
- prvi sigurni predstavnici iz J2
Elatides
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Familija CupressaceaeFamilija Cupressaceae
- najbrojnija grupa konifera (22 roda i 140 vrsta)
- naseljavaju i južnu i severnu hemisferu
- zimzeleni oblici
- listovi ljuspasti ili igličasti (unakrsno-naspramno raspoređeni)
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Familija CupressaceaeFamilija Cupressaceae
Juniperus - kleka
Cupressus - čempres
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Familija CupressaceaeFamilija Cupressaceae
Thuja
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Familija CupressaceaeFamilija Cupressaceae
Tetraclinus
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Familija PodocarpaceaeFamilija Podocarpaceae
- 7 rodova sa oko 150 vrsta
Od drugih konifera se razlikuju po:
-građi listova
-anatomskoj građi stabla
-ženskim fruktifikacijama
-rasporedom mikrostrobila
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Familija PodocarpaceaeFamilija Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus Dacridium
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Familija PodocarpaceaeFamilija Podocarpaceae
Podocarpus – ženska fruktifikacija
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Familija TaxaceaeFamilija Taxaceae
- 5 rodova sa oko 20 vrsta
- žbunovi i nisko drveće
- spiralna zadebljanja na zidovima traheida
- mikrostrobili malih dimenzija i javljaju se pojedinačno
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Familija TaxaceaeFamilija Taxaceae
- spiralno raspoređeni listovi sa suženom ili peteljkastom bazom
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Familija TaxaceaeFamilija Taxaceae
-ženske fruktifikacije liče na neke Podocarpacea
-pojedinačne ovule (seme) obuhvaćene mesnatim omotačem - arilusom
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Familija TaxaceaeFamilija Taxaceae
Taxus - tisa
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Familija CephalotaxaceaeFamilija Cephalotaxaceae
-danas živi samo jedan rod (6 vrsta)
- Cephalotaxus (od K)
- živi u istočnoj Aziji
- linearni listovi spiralno raspoređeni
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Familija CephalotaxaceaeFamilija Cephalotaxaceae
ženska šišarka
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PRE OKO 100 MILIONA GODINA EVOLUCIJA JE ZEMLJI “POKLONILA”
CVET !!!!!
KREDA 100 mya
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ARCHEANTHUS LINNENBERGERI
NAĐENI SU FOSILIZOVANI CVETOVI, PLODOVI I LISTOVI
PRVI CVETOVI BILI SU VEOMA SLIČNI CVETOVIMA DANAŠNJIH MAGNOLIJA
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EVOLUCIJA CVETNICA OBELEŽAVA NOVO POGLAVLJE U ISTORIJI VEGETACIJE.
UPOREDO SA RAZVOJEM CVETNICA UBRZAVA SE I EVOLUCIJA LETEĆIH INSEKATA
KAO DALEKO SAVRŠENIJE OD SVIH DOTADAŠNJIH BILJAKA CVETNICE ZA VEOMA KRATKO VREME POTISKUJU GOLOSEMENICE I NASELJAVAJU GOTOVO SVE EKOLOŠKE NIŠE
KOEVOLUCIJA
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Поређење са савременим аналогним врстама
GlyptostrobusTaxodiumLiquidambar
Daphnogene Cinnammomum
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1. Величина лисне ламине2. Тип обода листа3. Тип нерватуре
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OLIGOCEN 30 Mya
TRAVAJEDAN OD NAJVAŽNIJIH DOGADJAJA ZA RAZVOJ KOPNENIH EKOSISTEMA KENOZOIKA BILA JE POJAVA TRAVA
ZAHVALJUJUĆI TRAVI NASTAJU POTPUNO NOVI EKOSISTEMI KAO ŠTO SU SAVANE, STEPE, PAMPASI, VISOKOPLANINSKI PAŠNJACI LIVADE, PROPLANCI ITD.
SVAKI OD NJIH IMA SVOJ SPECIFIČAN ŽIVI SVET