Sismología: la ciencia de los terremotos · Lisa Wald USGS Pasadena U.S. Department of the...
Transcript of Sismología: la ciencia de los terremotos · Lisa Wald USGS Pasadena U.S. Department of the...
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Lisa WaldUSGS Pasadena
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
Sismología: la ciencia de los terremotos
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Global Distribution of Earthquakes
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Lisa WaldUSGS Pasadena
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program
Plate Tectonics
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Plate Boundaries
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Three Types of Faults
StrikeSlip Thrust
Normal
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Strikeslip Fault Example
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Strikeslip Fault Example
1906 San Francisco Earthquake
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Normal Fault Example
Dixie ValleyFairview Peaks, Nevada earthquakeDecember 16, 1954
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Thrust Fault Example
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Total Slip in the M7.3 Landers Earthquake
Rupture on a Fault
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✭Depth
Into the
earth
Surface of the earth
Distance along the fault plane 100 km (60 miles)
Slip on an earthquake fault
START
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 2.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 4.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 6.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 8.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 10.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 12.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 14.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 16.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 18.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 20.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 22.0
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Slip on an earthquake faultSecond 24.0
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Bigger Faults Make Bigger Earthquakes
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Bigger Earthquakes Last a Longer Time
1
10
100
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
Magnitude
Seconds
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What Controls the Level of Shaking?
• Magnitude– More energy released
• Distance– Shaking decays with distance
• Local soils– amplify the shaking
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Los terremotos pueden ser predichos con exactitud???
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Earthquake Effects Ground Shaking
Northridge, CA 1994
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Northridge, CA 1994
Earthquake Effects Ground Shaking
Sismo de Armenia (Quindío), 1999
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Earthquake Effects Ground Shaking
KGOTV News ABC7
Loma Prieta, CA 1989
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Earthquake Effects Ground Shaking
Kobe, Japan 1995
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Earthquake Effects Ground Shaking
Kobe, Japan 1995
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Earthquake Effects Ground Shaking
México, 1985
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Earthquake Effects Surface Faulting
Landers, CA 1992
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Earthquake Effects Liquefaction
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Niigata, Japan 1964
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Earthquake Effects Landslides
Turnnagin Heights,Alaska,1964
Source: National Geophysical Data Center
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Earthquake Effects Fires
KGOTV News ABC7
Loma Prieta, CA 1989
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Earthquake Effects Tsunamis
Photograph Credit: Henry Helbush. Source: National Geophysical Data Center
1957 Aleutian Tsunami
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Seismic Waves
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Earthquake Magnitude
M5
M6
M7
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Earthquake Location
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Falla de Bucaramanga
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Cual es el desplazamiento anual de esta falla ???
~10 mm/año
Cual es el desplazamiento anual de esta falla ???
Ha tenido terremotos recientes??
No sabemos (paleosismología)
Geomorfología, redes locales
Es activa??
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Sabemos cómo se producen los sismos del nido de Bucaramanga???