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SIRTRE 2015 Small Islands Research in Tropical Regions –

The Spermonde Archipelago and other Case Studies

15-16 September 2015

SIRTRE 2015 September 15 & 16, 2015, Makassar

International Conference

SIRTRE 2015 Small Islands Research in Tropical Regions – The Spermonde Archipelago and other Case Studies

15.-16. September 2015 in Makassar, South Sulawesi


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CONTENTS

ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE 5

PREFACE 6

CONFERENCE SCHEDULE 7

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS 10

ABSTRACTS: KEYNOTES 11 The Spermonde Archipelago: a model area for coral reef studies 12 Islands on the Move: Understanding the Physical Dynamics of Coral Reef Islands 13 Outcomes for management and conservation of coral reefs in Australia and Indonesia: the role of science and mechanisms for success 14 Options for sustainable fisheries in the Coral Triangle region with relevance to the Spermonde Archipelago 15

ABSTRACTS: ORAL PRESENTATIONS 16 Natural filtration in marine systems: The potential for healthy coastal ecosystems to moderate human and coral reef diseases 17 The condition of coral reefs and other benthic organisms in two districts of Biak Numfor Regency – Papua in 2014 18 Seagrass Restoration Studies in Spermonde Islands 19 Perceptions of the reef and behaviour towards it: Differentials between divers and non-divers in Spermonde reef fisheries 20 Islanders Who Don’t Sail: South West Siberut Fishermen of Mentawai Islands Access to Marine Resources 21 Collecting patterns out of erratic wave: do we stand a chance of managing Spermonde Archipelago? 22 Connectivity of coral reefs in Indonesia II: Consolidating gene flow barriers among anemonefishes (Amphiprion spp.) 23 Sedimentary oxygen consumption rates indicate local anthropogenic organic matter input drives coral reef community shifts 24 A two-dimensional research based typology: A Spermonde based tool to analyze coastal and marine social-ecological systems 25 Social network structure in reef governance and its implications: Results from Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia and Costa dos Corais, Brazil 26 Bioinvasions between Indonesian islands: Asian green mussels Perna viridis as hitchhikers on ferries 27 Conserving Berhala Island of Riau Islands Province, Indonesia for a New Marine Ecotourism Destination 28


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First evidence of targeted moray eel fishing in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 29 Morphology and Genetic analysis of some variety of Green algae Caulerpa racemosa taken from Central Visaya Philippines 30 FLOATING CAGE: The Future of Kappaphicus alvarezii, and Eucheuma denticulatum cultivation Method in Indonesia 31 Identifying correlations of scleractinian coral larvae settlement with bacterial biofilm communities and dominant environmental parameters in Spermonde, Indonesia 32 Dynamics of seagrasses in a heterogeneous tropical reef ecosystem 33 Connectivity of coral reefs in Indonesia I:concordant genetic population structure of reef fauna indicates restricted gene flow across the Indo-Malay Archipelago 34 Water quality and preliminary assessment on aragonite saturation state in Spermonde waters. 35 Semi Automated Coral Reef Habitat Mapping Of Spermonde Shallow Water Ecosystems 36 A revision of Holocene sea-level oscillations in the Strait of Makassar 37 Quo Vadis BCF? Planning a future for the endemic Banggai cardinalfish and it’s small island habitat 38 Location, use and selection of fishing grounds in Spermonde: the case of hook and line fishers from Badi Island 39 Developing of library signature and geospatial dynamic system of seagrass and coral on the Small Islands, Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia; Hyperspectral data and multispectral image 40 Fish herbivory as key ecological function in a heavily degraded coral reef system 41 Mangrove Utilization in Siberut Island: Linking Livelihoods and Coastal Management in the Mentawai Archipelago 42 Incorporating local wisdom sasi into marine zoning to increase the resilience of a marine protected area network in Raja Ampat, Indonesia. 43 Padang Shelf Reef System Coral Reef Resilience, West Sumatra, 17 Years After the Indian Ocean Dipole Associated Coral Die Off 44 Barriers for climate variability and change adaptation in small island: Case of Pangkep District, South Sulawesi 45 Coral reef based marine resource use - Application of different modelling approaches 46 Vulnerability Mapping of Spermonde Islands Communities 47 TEP dynamics and bacterial community composition at different spatial scales along a cross-shelf eutrophication gradient in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia 48


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Patron-Client Relationship of Urbanized Fishing Communitiesin Makassar 49 Meiofaunal Distribution Patterns along the Coral Reefs at Pangkajene Archipelago of Spermonde Region, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 50 Linkages between water quality and coral reef benthic and pelagic communities along a nearshore to offshore gradient in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia 51 Connectivity of coral reefs in Indonesia II:weak restrictions of gene flow between differently influenced shelf areas in Spermonde 52 Trading Refurbished Smart Phones for Plastics-a Distinguished Business to Reduce Marine Plastics in Spermonde Archipelago 53

ABSTRACTS: POSTER PRESENTATIONS 54 Pangkep District MPA, The Way Forward 55 Of exploited reefs and fishers: A Holistic View on Participatory Coastal and Marine Management in Spermonde Archipelago 57 Mangrove Rehabilitation in Seribu Islands at the Crossroad of Awareness and Tokenism 58 Production Performance Juvenile Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra Rearing in Different Tanks in Lombok Indonesia 59 The Genesis of Spermonde Archipelago By Estimating Its Coral Reef Age Through Carbon-14 Measurement 60 Trampling on Seagrass Beds: Effect on Seagrass Density 61 Understanding Perception and Response of Islanders on Hydro-meteorological Hazards in Indonesia Small Islands: Comparing Belitung and Bintan Cases 62 Vulnerability of people living in small islands to climate variability and change – The case studyof Belitung and Bintan 63 Expansion and Characteristic of the Blowout In West Monsoon Season on Seagrass Meadows Bone Batang Island, Spermonde Archipelago 64 Toxicity Assessment in Sponges from Spermonde Archipelago 65 Identification of Sea Level Variation from Multivariate ENSO Index around Small Islands in Eastern Indonesia 66 The Analysis of Environmentally Friendly Skipjack Tuna Fishing Gears In West Banda Sea, Indonesia 67 Modern Carbonate Sedimentation in Pulau Panggang Lagoon, Kepulauan Seribu: Preliminary Study 68 Anaerobic Digestion Pasteurization System (ADPS) and a Demonstration Project in Barrang Lompo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 69


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ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. Jamaluddin Jompa, UNHAS (Dean Faculty of Marine Science and

Fisheries)

Prof. Dr.Budimawan, UNHAS (Director, MaCSI)

Prof. Sonny Koeshandarajana, Center for Marine and Fisheries Social &

Economic Research of AMFRD, MMAF

PD Dr. Hauke Reuter, ZMT (Dept. Ecological Modelling)

Dr. Muhammad Lukman,UNHAS (MaCSI)

Dr. Asmi Citra Malina, UNHAS (International Affairs Unit)

Hauke Schwieder, ZMT (Dept Biogeochemistry and Geology)

Prof.Dr. Rohani A. Rappe, UNHAS

PD Dr. Marion Glaser, ZMT (Dept. Social Science)

David Henke


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PREFACE

With its coral reef based livelihoods the Spermonde Archipelago in Southern Sulawesi

can be seen as representative for many Indonesian and other south-east Asian island

groups. Facilitated by its vicinity to Makassar and UNHAS the Archipelago has been

well studied during recent decades, manifested in a number of international

cooperations.

This conference intends to

summarise the research done in Spermonde during the past decades and

discuss the lessons learned,

discuss implications of results for management and politics,

provide opportunities for exchange between researchers from different

institutes,

Analyse similarities with and differences to other regions in East Asia.

The conference will be interdisciplinary and invites research contributions e.g. from

ecology, fisheries science, genetics, economics, political science, anthropology,

geography and other disciplines. The overarching aim is to provide an overview of

relevant research findings concerning the state and development of small island

ecosystems and communities in South-East Asia. Which threats do both island

residents and their surrounding ecosystems face and how can their contextual

situation lead to specific problems and solution paths?

On behalf of committee

Prof. Dr. Jamaluddin Jompa, UNHAS

PD Dr. Hauke Reuter, ZMT


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CONFERENCE SCHEDULE

15.09. (Day 1)

Time Session Speaker

8:00 Registration Registration

9:00 Opening

Reports by Organising Committee (Jamal Jompa, Hauke Reuter)

Welcome Remark and Official Opening Prof. Dr. Dwia A. Tina Pulubuhu (Rector UNHAS)

9:45 Coffee Coffee break

10:00 Session 1

30 + 15min Hoeksema, Bert

10 + 5 min Teichberg, Mirta

Ambo-Rappe, Rohani

Schwieder, Hauke

Plass-Johnson, Jeremiah

Kneer, Dominik

12:00 Lunch Buffet

With Poster Session

13:30 Session 2

30 + 15min Pet-Soede, Lida

10 + 5 min Quinn, Norman

Huhn, Mareike

Kochzius, Marc

Dohna, Tina

Timm, Janne


16:00 Session 3


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Lampe, Munsi (tbc)

10 + 5 min Satari, Dewi Yanuarita

Breckwoldt, Annette

Glaser, Marion

Deswandi, Rio

Glaeser, Bernhard

18:30 Conference dinner

Barbecue Venue: Grand Clarion Hotel


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16.09. (Day 2)

Time Session Speaker

9:00 Assessing Sustainability in Spermonde Archipelago (Joint session to compile study results) ((Preparation by Spice; Marion Glaser))


10:15 30 + 15 min Kench, Paul

11:00 Session 4/5 Kegler, Pia Navarete-Forero, Gabriela

Susetiono, Susetiono Ferse, Sebastian

Rachmawati, Laksmi Manessa, Masita Dwi Mandini

Dalimunthe, Syarifah Aini Abu, Nur

12:00 Session 6/7 Lukman, Muhammad Kase, Alfred

Aji, Ludi Parwadani Kasim, Ma’ruf

Nurdin, Nurjannah Samiaji, Joko

Zhu, Mei

13:00 Lunch Buffet

With Poster session

14:00 Poster Poster session

15:00 Session 8

30 + 15 min McCook, Laurence

10 + 5 min Purwanto, Purwanto

Mann, Thomas


16:15 Session 9

10 + 5 min Reuter, Hauke

20 + 5 min Jompa, Jamal

Outlook and future perspectives. Open discussion and short panel statements

17:30 Closing Organising Committee


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KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Hoeksema, Bert

Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Head Department of Marine Zoology

Title of contribution: “The Spermonde Archipelago: a model area for coral reef studies”

Kench, Paul

School of Environment, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Coastal Geomorphologist

Lampe, Munsi

Anthropology Department, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia

McCook, Laurence

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland, Australia

Director Climate Change and Science, Environment and Sustainability Branch

Title of contribution: “Outcomes for management and conservation of coral reefs in Australia

and Indonesia: the role of science and mechanisms for success”

Pet-Soede, Lida

WWF Indonesia Marine Programme

Coral Triangle Programme Strategic Adviser and Strategic Development Leader


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ABSTRACTS: KEYNOTES


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The Spermonde Archipelago: a model area for coral reef studies

Hoeksema, B.W.1 1 Naturalis Biodiversity Center – Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The Spermonde Archipelago (South Sulawesi, Indonesia) is situated at the centre of the Coral Triangle, the area of maximum marine species diversity. Most of its islands are sand keys on top of patch reefs and a barrier reef, which are based on a small continental shelf that is approximately 200 km long and 40-80 km wide. The reefs are arranged in rows running in N-S direction, parallel to the shoreline of the mainland, which is ideal for studies on marine life along environmental gradients from nearshore to offshore, perpendicular to the shoreline. Many benthic marine studies in the area concern reef coral and seagrass communities. Since the seafloor becomes deeper and the water becomes clearer in offshore direction, reefslopes also reach greater depths at the most remote reefs. Consequently, the highest environmental variability and highest species richness can be found on the reefs that are most far away from the shoreline. On the other hand, biodiversity of reefs on the barrier may be restricted by wave action and Halimeda dust, although the steep walls that demarcate the shelf boundary are inhabited by many species that cannot be found elsewhere in the archipelago. River discharge from the mainland carries nutrients and sediments into the reef system, which cause the nearshore water to be turbid. Fine silt may hinder coral growth by suffocation but the nutrients may be favourable to primary producers and the occurrence of filter-feeding animals. Most of the physical and biological features shown by the Spermonde Archipelago are not unique in comparison to other coastal areas in SE Asia and the West Pacific (e.g., Great Barrier Reef - Australia, Sempora – Malaysia, Berau – East Kalimantan), but a combination of factors makes the Spermonde very suitable as a model area for studies along onshore-offshore gradients: (1) a high biodiversity linked to its position in the Coral Triangle, (2) a relatively small-sized area enables economic and short travel with the help of locally produced boats, (3) the arrangement of reefs in parallel rows provides duplicates for comparison of reefs varying in distance offshore, (4) access and logistics are easy thanks to the presence of a major city, (5) the presence of an academic infrastructure offered by Universitas Hasanuddin provides opportunities for research collaboration and education, (6) the high population density and the ecomomic importance of the Spermonde Archipelago enable studies on anthropogenic impact.


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Islands on the Move: Understanding the Physical Dynamics of Coral Reef Islands

Kench, P.1 1School of Environment, University of Auckland, New Zealand corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Mid-ocean atoll nations are considered among the most vulnerable coastal systems.

Projected sea-level rise and climatic change are expected to inundate and physically

destabilise coral reef islands rendering them uninhabitable over the next century.

These assertions are re-evaluated based on an analysis of the controls on the

formation and ongoing dynamic change of reef islands. Field-based experiments from

the Indian and Pacific Ocean are used to explore island evolution in the context of the

Holocene marine transgression and island morphological adjustment in response to

variations in the process regime at millennial to event timescales. Results suggest,

that contrary to popular opinion, reef islands are robust geological entities that have

persisted on reef surfaces for several thousand years and are able to adjust their

morphology and configuration on reef platforms in response to changing

environmental boundary conditions.


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Outcomes for management and conservation of coral reefs in Australia and Indonesia: the role of science and mechanisms for success

McCook, L.1 1 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland, Australia corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Successful outcomes for management and conservation of marine ecosystems

requires a strong foundation of scientific knowledge, but that does not mean that all

research is genuinely helpful, nor is all helpful science successfully contributing. This

talk will explore how science can contribute to effective, adaptive and ecosystem-

based management, including the important roles of social and economic

information, and of assessing management effectiveness and identifying solutions,

rather than just declines or problems. We will consider different mechanisms or

processes to ensure the transfer of knowledge is two-dreictional and effective, using

examples from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, from Indonesia and elsewhere in

the Coral Triangle.


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Options for sustainable fisheries in the Coral Triangle region with relevance to the Spermonde Archipelago

Pet-Soede, L.1 1WWF Indonesia Marine Programme corresponding author: [email protected]. Abstract In my PhD thesis of 2000, “Options for co-management of an Indonesian coastal fishery”, I posed that while perceptions of fisheries authorities and fishers on the status of the fisheries and fish stocks in Spermonde Archipelago, seemed to concur, certain constraints caused these partners could not find realistic arguments for a causal relation between catch and effort from their experiences. Therefore, 15 years ago, co-management for fisheries in this area was deemed not yet viable. Several changes have occured in Indonesia and around the Coral Triangle region that are considered in this paper for their relevance in enabling co-management of coastal fisheries around coral reef areas such as those in Spermonde Archipelago today.

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ABSTRACTS: ORAL PRESENTATIONS


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Natural filtration in marine systems: The potential for healthy coastal ecosystems to moderate human and coral reef diseases

Lamb, J.1, Abu, N.2, van de Water, J.3, Altier, C.3, Hein, M.5, Bourne, D.3, Jompa, J.2 and C. Drew Harvell1 1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, USA 2 Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia 3 Australian Institute of Marine Science, Australia 4 Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of

Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, USA 5

College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Australia presenting author: [email protected], corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Healthy ecosystemsproduce servicesupon which we are dependent. This is especially

critical for the estimated 275 million people that live within 30 km of coral reefs and draw

extensively on them for livelihood. In developing nations surrounded by coral reefs, such as

Indonesia, more than half of communities rely on reef fish as a primary source of animal

protein and terrestrial-based agriculture provides employment for over 40% of the nation,

indicating the necessity for a healthy interface between marine and terrestrial

environments. Threats to human health, food security and ecosystem services are growing

in developing coastal areas, in part due to increases in the spread of diseases. We believe

there may be natural mechanisms to reduce levels of disease-causing pollutants entering

coastal waters. Ecosystem filtration of toxins, nutrients and pathogenic microorganisms

provided by coastal ecosystems, such as seagrasses, mangroves and bivalves have not yet

been examined as tools to moderate human and coral reef pathogens in situ. In this talk,

we will present our recent series of studies suggesting that seagrass meadows in Indonesia

are capable of moderating resident microbial communities and potentially pathogenic

bacteria that cause disease in humans and coral reef organisms.


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The condition of coral reefs and other benthic organisms in two districts of Biak Numfor Regency – Papua in 2014

Aji, L. P1& Latanda1

1Technical Implementation Unit for Marine Life Conservation Biak, Papua – LIPI, Jl. Bosnik Raya, Biak Timur, Papua corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

The aims of this study were to know the coral reef condition, coral fishes and benthic organisms in Biak Numfor Regency waters. Biak is a small island located in Cendrawasih Bay near the northern coast of West Papua (Indonesia). The sampling was carried out in November 2014 at 15 stations (Marine Conservation Area) in Oridek and East Biak District waters. Observations on benthic life forms were done using Underwater Photography Transect (UPT, 50 m length). Coral fishes were observed using Underwater Visual Census (UVC, 70 m length) whereas benthic organisms were counted using a Belt Transect (70 m length). Percent substrate cover was analyzed by using free software CPCe program. The results showed that the coral reef condition in Biak Numfor Regency (Oridek and East Biak Distrik) was in a moderate condition with an average life percent cover around 32.45%. The highest and lowest percent cover were found in Yenusi (69.2%) and the lowest was found in Opiaref (3.7%), respectively. 70 species of coral reef fish species (Target and Indicator fishes) from 24 genera and 12 families were found. Furthermore, benthic organisms such as sea urchin (Diadema spp.) were the most abundant in number while sea cucumbers were the lowest. It is concluded that high density of sea urchin due to eutrophication. In the future, the condition of coral reef and its organisms will be monitored every year as the transect line in this study are set to be a baseline. Therefore, we can understand the changes of coral reef condition and provide valuable information for local government to conserve coral reef and its organisms in Biak Numfor waters.


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Seagrass Restoration Studies in Spermonde Islands

Ambo-Rappe, R.1 1Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Spermonde Islands is the region with high seagrass diversity. Seagrass beds in the area are

multispecific, in which different species of seagrass would have a specific role in seagrass

ecosystem services. Declining of world seagrasses have been reported and lead to

investigation on how to restore the seagrass beds and ecosystem function they provided.

We have been conducted seagrass restoration studies using two methods: transplantation

(vegetative method) and seedling (generative method). The study objective of

transplantation of different seagrass species is to determine which combinations of

seagrass species have the best performance in terms of survival and seagrass coverage. We

transplanted seagrass as single species (monospecific) and in 2-, 4- and 5-species

combinations (multispecific) of Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea

rotundata, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, and Syringodium isoetifolium. We

measured transplantation performance as survival, coverage and density for one year.

Moreover, generative method has been done on Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia

hemprichii. We measured survival and leaf growth rate of the seedling in the nursery pond

and continued monitoring the survival in the field. The project will advance marine

conservation and management of seagrass restoration in Spermonde region to reverse

damage and loss of associated ecosystem functions.


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Perceptions of the reef and behaviour towards it: Differentials between divers and non-divers in Spermonde reef fisheries

Glaser, M. 1, Breckwoldt, A.1, Henke, D.1, Ferse, S. 1, Hussain, S.1 and N. Muhammad 1Leibniz-Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen,

Germany

presenting author: [email protected]

corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract In what way do perceptions about the state of the reef ecosystem they depend on

correlate with or even affect the behavior of fisherfolk towards that reef? We examine this

question with data collected in two surveys conducted in Spermonde Archipelago in 2012

and 2013. Approximately 20 team members from UNHAS and ZMT visited 9 islands for two

ten-day periods.

We found that residents of the Archipelago’s islands currently employ around 20 different

fishing techniques in Spermonde reef fisheries, of which some are seasonal and some year-

round. For some fishing techniques the fisherman (reef fishery is almost exclusively

conducted by men) engages in diving or snorkeling and thus gets a regular visual

impression of the reef and its associated underwater flora and fauna. Other fishing

techniques are exclusively used while the fisher stays above water so that his feedback

about the reef and its associated resources is derived exclusively from the realized catch.

Our investigation compares the perceptions of diving and non-diving fishermen and the

predominance of illegal and unsustainable versus legal and more sustainable fishing

techniques.

With this article we intend to open the way for further needed studies on the links

between perceptions and behavior.


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Islanders Who Don’t Sail: South West Siberut Fishermen of Mentawai Islands Access to Marine Resources

Dalimunthe, S.A.1 1Research Center for Population,Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta


Abstract In 2014 the Fisheries and Marine Affairs Department (DKP) of Mentawai Islands stated the

potential fish catch within its region to reach 270.269 tons/year. In fact, currently the

regional fish production reaches not more than 4.148 tons/year. This means that only less

than 1,5 % of the resources are being accessed by Mentawai Islands fishermen. South West

(SW) Siberut has 241 Km of coastline. However, its fishermen in the newly established sub

district catch only up to 400 tons of fish annually. It is the lowest amount compared to the

rest of the Mentawai Islands. On the ground, there are 69 fishermen and 36 small boats

without engines to cater fish demand of a population of 5200. Despite abundant marine

resources, SW Siberut seems far from a marine resources related livelihood. Without any

fish market nearby, fishermen rely on the local market that press the fisher price down to

not more than 3 USD/kg. Thus, numbers of fishermen are decreasing. Fishermen will shift

to sedentary farming as the main livelihood though sedentary farming is not adequate to

fulfill daily needs. Fishermen highlighted their minimum skills, unsuitable equipment to sail

further and the low chance to market their catch outside the region as the existing barriers

to increase catch. It brings a sense of marginality to their daily life. As more and more

foreign fish trawlers exploits their water, SW Siberut fishermen are now looking for options

to preserve and making revenue of their abundant marine resources.


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Collecting patterns out of erratic wave: do we stand a chance of managing Spermonde Archipelago?

Deswandi, Rio.1 1The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) – Menara Thamrin 10th Floor Jln. M.H. Thamrin Kav. 3, Jakarta corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

A qualitative study on local institutional arrangement in capture fisheries in Spermonde Archipelago concluded that exploitation of marine and coastal resources in the region was not without pattern or rule as commonly presummed. Rather, it was managed by set of complex institutions genuinely crafted and enforced by the locals. Through historical analysis, it was also revealed that conventions, norms, and rules have emerged, persisted, changed or deinstitutionalized over time following dynamics interactions among the locals and between the locals and their biophysical environments. Conventions, norms and rules represented different structure and functionality, and operated in specific spatial and temporal dimensions. Institutional dynamics occured as the locals perceived the need for institutions to conserve/promote values, support cooperation and protect individual/group interests through sanctioning under altered situations. Normative and regulative structures have been crafted to complement cognitive structure in handling complex situations. Spatial pattern of resources spatial arrangements and distribution of rights over resources have emerged from co-exercise of conventions, norms and rules. Some fishing grounds have been transformed from open access zone to restricted zones where different legitimate institutions applied. The rights to exploit resources have been made unequal with handline fishermen at the top of the hierarchy while cyanice fishermen at the bottom as the most powerless group. Again, cognitive, normative and regulative structures served as sources of letigimacy of such unequal power distribution. Institutional dynamics in the archipelago conveyed the capacity of the locals to cope with erratic resource system that generates unpredictable and novel situations. While predicting future institutional dynamics in the region would be very challenging, several attractors (at local, national, and global scales) have been identified to influence such dynamics and could be used to assess possible future trajectories. The study have also identified opportunities to further develop approriate management and policy interventions.


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Connectivity of coral reefs in Indonesia II: Consolidating gene flow barriers among anemonefishes (Amphiprion spp.)

Dohna, T.A.1, Kochzius, M.2, Liebsch, M.3, Rodríguez Moreno, M.4 and J. Timm1 1 Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics, UFT, University of Bremen, Germany 2 Marine Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium 3 Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany 4 Centro de Excelencia en Ciencias Marinas, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Patterns of genetic differentiation within and among populations of marine species in the

Indo-Malay Archipelago (IMA) are currently receiving added attention as a way to identify

vulnerabilities in taxa and biotic regions based on species-specific and shared barriers to

connectivity. Anemonefishesare popular aquarium fish, easily collected from their sea

anemone host, where they spend the entirety of their post larval lives in a mutually

obligate symbiosis. These fish share a very similar life history and ecology, providing an

opportunity to study the variability in these systems with an intrageneric approach. A short

pelagic larval duration, adult site fidelity, niche specialization, and symbiotic relationships

are common aspects of the ecology of many reef inhabitants and represent various

components of vulnerability to changing conditions. Control Region sequences (CR) and

microsatellite loci (Msat) were analyzed to determine overall and population pairwise

genetic differentiation and to assess genetic diversity gradients for four species of

anemonefish. With this multi-species approach, common diversity patterns were studied

and a synergized genetic landscape of shared geneflow barriers was produced.

Concatenation of species specific barrier maps produced a genetic landscape with scaled

barriers to geneflow, affecting populations of the anemonefishes studied here. The

congruence of patterns derived by genetic methods in this research and published

biophysical larval dispersal models in the IMA is discussed and evaluated. The geographic

placement of these multispecies barriers and their ranked impact are an important spatial

component for marine resource management, where single species barriers provide an

insufficient basis for spatial planning in this context.


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Sedimentary oxygen consumption rates indicate local anthropogenic organic matter input drives coral reef community shifts

Ford, A. K.1,2, Van Hoytema, N.1,2, Moore, B.3, Pandihau, L.4, Wild, C.1,2 and S. Ferse1 1ZMT, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, Bremen 28359, Germany 2 Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB2), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany 3 Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), Noumea, New Caledonia 4 National Fisheries Authority (NFA), Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea presenting author: [email protected] corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Shifts away from hard coral dominated, structurally complex reefs towards other benthic

organisms are disturbing essential ecosystem services. Effective management depends on

distinguishing key factors driving such shifts. Reefs around Ahus and Onetah Islands, Papua

New Guinea, exhibit distinct benthic assemblages (namely cyanobacteria vs. hard coral

domination, respectively). We hypothesised that organic matter (OM) input from

untreated sewage was driving this variability. Benthic-pelagic coupling allows sediments to

integrate overlying water quality, thus high sedimentary oxygen consumption (SOC) can

reflect high OM input. We assessed herbivorous fish biomass, benthic composition, and

SOC at sites with varying OM input. Herbivorous fish biomass was exceptionally low, but

consistent between sites. Cyanobacteria dominated sites with highest SOC, while those

with lower SOC were dominated by hard corals, indicating that on reefs with depleted

herbivore populations, OM input may drive pronounced shifts towards cyanobacteria. This

highlights the urgency to improve waste management in coastal communities.


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A two-dimensional research based typology: A Spermonde based tool to analyze coastal and marine social-ecological systems

Glaeser, B.1 1German Society for Human Ecology (DGH), Berlin, Germany corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Coasts and oceans have gained ever more importance during the last decades. Roughly two

thirds of the human population live, work and produce on coasts. Oceans and coasts are

major sources of food, minerals and other resources and services. Oceans are the

“unknown planet” where a census of marine life was launched. Coasts and oceans

represent a maximum of biodiversity. They also represent political and economic vested

interests, which produce conflicts.

Economic costs and social hardships induced by global change, such as climate change,

appear at the local level. The important decisions, activities and measures usually occur at

higher, mostly the national levels. Internationally, an uneven distribution of interests,

benefits and costs relating to climate change is evident. Climate impacts, poverty and social

justice are interlinked across spatially nested, hierarchical levels. The uneven distributions

of wealth can be understood as nested hierarchies which are reproduced at the various

levels of the socially and ecologically organized global system, beginning at the local up to

the global level.

This presentation proposes to study coastal and marine social-ecological environments at

different scales on different levels. This is exemplified by a case study from Spermonde

Archipelago in SW Sulawesi, Indonesia. The Indonesian case shows paradigmatically, how

perceived or felt global climate and environmental changes produce economic, social and

cultural dimensions of change. Scales are the space, time or governance related

dimensions. Levels are located at different positions on a scale and include the global level

as well as local to regional level comparative case studies. Social-ecological sustainability

problems are caused by drivers from multiple levels of the earth system.. A coastal and

marine typology is presented to understand and compare the ecological, socio-cultural and

economic aspects of coastal and marine systems. Distributional imbalances on different

levels can be identified as climate change impacts: the “climate divide”. On that basis,

science should be linked to policy. Such a process involves different levels again, on a

governance scale: from local management decisions to national lawmaking and

international-global governance production and producers, such as the European Union or

the United Nations Organization.


26

Social network structure in reef governance and its implications: Results from Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia and Costa dos Corais, Brazil

Glaser, M.1, Gorris, P. 1Work Group Leader “Social Ecological System Analysis” at Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen, Germany corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Governing coastal and marine social-ecological systems requires rapid adaptive responses

in a context of complexity, diversity and unpredictable multi-scale dynamics. Governance

networks also require robustness over time to perform reliably. Taking an inductive case

study approach based on social network analysis and qualitative methods, this study

examines the robustness and adaptive capacity of two social networks which emerged in

the context of different regional approaches to coral reef governance. For our case studies

we adopt a multi-level perspective within two societies which are involved in a

decentralization process that affects coastal governance. We find that two regional

governance approaches for coral reef ecosystems in Indonesia and Brazil form social

networks with a number of very similar network characteristics. On the other hand, their

different structural patterns affect the networks' potential for robustness and adaptive

capacity differently. While the mono-centric network in Brazil combined with a stronger

integration and activity of non-government actors holds more potential for adaptive

governance, the polycentric network structure in the Indonesian case study (the

Spermonde Archipelago) shows a higher robustness of the overall regional network. Given

the similar network characteristics of these two regional multi-level networks, there may

be a choice between increasing the potential for robustness or adaptive capacity. This

involves a trade-off between a network’s performance in terms of its potential for rapid

transmission of reliable information and its potential for maintaining a continuous

performance when subjected to external or internal perturbations or stresses.


27

Bioinvasions between Indonesian islands: Asian green mussels Perna viridis as hitchhikers on ferries

Huhn, M.1,2, Zamani, N.P.1 and M. Lenz2

1 Department of Marine Science & Technology, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) Indonesia 2 Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) Germany corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Biological invasions are one of the most severe causes for biodiversity loss worldwide. In the marine environment, one reason for the high number of new species introductions is the prevalent international and domestic ship traffic transporting organisms in ballast water tanks or as hull fouling. Due to the wide longitudinal extension and the composition of different ocean basins, the Indonesian archipelago covers several biogeographic regions. Hence, biological invasions can occur within the country and may be eased by the numerous passenger-, cargo- and fishing- vessels, connecting the western with the eastern islands of the archipelago. We found Asian green mussels, Perna viridis, in Ambon Bay (Banda Sea), which is located in the non-indigenous range of the species: P.viridis, is considered native to the (sub)tropical Indian Ocean from the Persian Gulf to the Malaysian Peninsular, with its eastern distribution limit at the boundary between the Java Sea (including Makassar Strait) and Flores Sea. Thus, the native range of the species comprises only the western regions of the Indonesian archipelago whereas the mussels are non-indigenous to the eastern regions. We also found several hundred specimens fouling on the hulls of two passenger ferries that connect the island of Java in the west with the Moluccas and West Papua in the east. This discovery occurred at the Banda islands, a group of 11 small volcanic islands located remotely in the Banda Sea. Hypoxia experiments with mussels collected from the ferries showed that the physical condition of transported individuals is relatively weak compared to resident individuals from sites in the native distribution range in west Indonesia. Nonetheless, the finding should be taken as an alarming signal that species transported from different biogeographic regions may become an increasing threat to the still mostly pristine marine ecosystems with their extremely high biodiversity in east Indonesia.


28

Conserving Berhala Island of Riau Islands Province, Indonesia for a New Marine Ecotourism Destination

Joko, S.1, Rahmat, F.1 and Mubarak1 1Marine Science Study Program, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, University of Riau Pekanbaru, Indonesia corresponding author: Joko_samiaji @yahoo.com Abstract

The study was conducted in June-July 2015 with the aim to study the potential of Berhala

Island as a new marine ecotourism destination. Berhala Island is considered a remote

island in Riau Islands Province which had a long history connected to Johor Sultanate in

Malaysia. The island is part of the conservation program to support the Nerbak National

Park. The survey method used in the study required purposive and accidental samplings.

The results showed that the island has an area of ca. 10 km2 with a hilly topography in the

mainland, the western side has a gentle slope beach and the eastern side showes a more

steep beach feature. Rocky shore and white crystalline sandy beach surround the island.

Biologically, the island and its coastal waters are known as the host of a number of sea

animals ranging from more than 10 species of corals, 2 species of sea turtles, migratory

birds from Asia to Australia, 11 species of commercially important fish such as groupers

and barramundis, sharks, dolphins, and mollusc; concerning the marine flora the existences

of sea grasses and seaweeds were noted, and typical tropical beach vegetations as of

coconut, pine, and shrubs exist there as well. While the scenic points and swimming areas

are scattered along its coasts, the island has 5 beach points suitable for snorkeling and

diving. Cultural attraction on the island include Datuk Paduko Berhalo Tomb and a

Japanese-built fort. Water quality measurements showed all parameters were in the range

of standards for swimming, snorkeling, and diving.


29

First evidence of targeted moray eel fishing in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

1Kathleen Schwerdtner Máñez, 2Sainab Husain Paragay 1Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology Bremen (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, D-28359

Bremen, Germany (corresponding author); Asia Research Center, Murdoch University,

Murdoch WA 6150, Australia 2 Enlightening Indonesia, Jalan Adipura 1, Kompleks Griya Adipura Blok B 9, Makassar

90245, Indonesia

Abstract

In the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia, demand for valuable living marine resources has

caused a number of sequential exploitation waves. Over recent years, this activity has

been taken up on at least seven islands. The main target is Giant Moray Gymnothorax

javanicus, but other spotted species are also collected. Moray eels have not been

previously exploited in the area as their flesh is considered locally to be non-palatable.

Fishing started in February 2012 in order to satisfy a new demand from China, where the

species is used in traditional medicine. At present, several hundred kilogrammes of moray

eels are caught daily, filleted and exported to China and Taiwan for such purposes.

Fishermen targeting moray eels either use spear guns and cyanide or place baited fish traps

in the coral reefs. These activities are putting pressure on Spermonde’s coral reefs, which

are already suffering from overexploitation and from the widespread use of cyanide and

dynamite to capture fish. But the fishing of moray eels might also have other

consequences. As top predators, they influence the reef fish community structure. The

low abundance and strong site-affinity of moray eels makes them extremely vulnerable to

overexploitation. According to fishermen involved, a number of reefs have already been

depleted; forcing them to move to new reefs within and out of the archipelago to collect

eels.


30

Morphology and Genetic analysis of some variety of Green algae Caulerpa racemosa taken from Central Visaya Philippines

Kase, A. G. O.1 1Aquatic Resources Management, Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Artha Wacana Christian University. Adisoecipto Street, Po. Box. 147. Oesapa, Kupang - Indonesia. corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Species boundariesof Caulerpa species can be difficult to define due to the morphological

plasticity in an adaptation to various environmental factors. This study aims to compare the

morphology and analyze the genetic profile of some variety of Caulerpa racemosa. The

samples were taken from Mactan, Siquijor and Bohol Island, Central Visaya, Philippines.

Morphological analysis of intra specific organs was done using Image-J analysis program

Version 1.44d by Wayne Rasband (National Institutes of Health, USA), and the result

showed that most of the morphological characters were significantly different. The genetic

analysis was done in the Marine Laboratory (IEMS) of the Silliman University, Philippines).

The genetic comparison, using Rbcl primers, showed that those Caulerpa racemosa species

taken from different locations clade together, which means that those Caulerpa species are

closely related and might belong to the same species.


31

FLOATING CAGE: The Future of Kappaphicus alvarezii, and Eucheuma denticulatum cultivation Method in Indonesia

Kasim, M.1 andMustafa, A.1 1Faculty of Fishery and Marine Sciences, Halu Oleo University, INDONESIA corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum are few species of seaweeds that widely cultivated by coastal community in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the effect of new seaweeds cultivation method by using floating cages on seaweeds production. The research was conducted during March to November 2014 in Lakeba seaweeds cultivation area, Baubau city, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Underwater observation was conducted to observe the effect of floating cages on herbivorous. To calculate the effectives of Floating cages design, we were using three different design size of Floating cages. In terms to analyze the effect of floating cage on seaweeds production, we were compare the production of K. alverazii and E. denticulatum by using long line methods and floating cages methods.The results showed that the floating cages completely keep and eliminate pests on seaweed. Ideal size being used for the cultivation of seaweed are 100 x 400 x 60 cm. The size design, are highly mobile and easily moved to desired location. In the period of cultivation of 50 and 90 days was observed that E. denticulatum were cultured with floating cages have average growth 389.2 g and 865.8 g, respectively. While the cultivated with longline average growth is 236.7 g and 531.8 g, respectively. This shows a fairly significant difference of both. As for the K. alverazii seen that during the cultivation of 50 and 90 days, the average growth of the weight is 329.3 g and 740 g respectively. While cultured with longline, average growth is 177.5 g and 487.5 g, respectively. Growth K. alvarazii, looks slower than the E. denticulatum. Trend growth of both species tend to be highly increased after 50 days and decreased after a 70-day maintenance period. The cultivation by using floating cages produces fairly good growth with no of pest attacks that can affect growth rates.


32

Identifying correlations of scleractinian coral larvae settlement with bacterial biofilm communities and dominant environmental parameters in Spermonde, Indonesia

Kegler, P.1, Schwieder, H.1, Gärdes, A.1, Ferse, S.1, Alfiansah, Y.R.1,2, Lukman, A.3 and A. Kunzmann1 1 Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology, Bremen, Germany 2 Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia 3 Center for Marine, Coastal and Small Islands Research, Hasanuddin University, Makassar,

Indonesia

corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Sexual reproduction of scleractinian corals is essential for the maintenance of a healthy reef ecosystem. Dispersal, genetic variability and recolonization of previously destroyed reef areas are the main advantages of reproduction via free swimming larvae. The settlement choice of coral larvae depends on chemical cues from their surroundings, most importantly from biofilm forming bacteria. Despite the ecological importance, the key players and exact mechanisms in this context still remain unknown. Only few studies have looked at how environmental conditions influence the community composition of bacterial biofilms. For our in-situ study we selected three islands in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia with different distances from the coast and varying human influence. At those sites we investigated settlement of coral larvae and bacterial biofilm community on artificial settlement tiles and on natural settlement locations in the reef. Live coral cover, benthic community composition, physical and chemical water parameterswere determined to identify the dominating environmental factors at each site. The results for larval settlement and bacterial communities will be correlated with each other as well as with the environmental parameters for the three sites. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the basic mechanisms influencing the settlement of scleractinian corals. Further we can look for key players in bacterial communities and how they change with varying environmental parameters. This knowledge is crucial for coral reef management and restoration efforts and can help identify reef areas with high conservation value.


33

Dynamics of seagrasses in a heterogeneous tropical reef ecosystem

Kneer, D.1, Priosambodo, D.2 and H. Asmus1 1Alfred-Wegener-Institute for Polar and Marine Research, List / Sylt, Germany 2 Research and Development Center for Marine, Coastal and Small Islands, Makassar, Indonesia corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract In tropical Southeast Asia several species of seagrasses can often be found growing together on reef flats. These top-reef meadows are characterized by high temporal and spatial dynamics. Research conducted in the Spermonde Archipelago, Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia, revealed that water motion and water depth are important structuring agents which influence the species composition of mixed meadows. Furthermore, burrowing alpheid and callianassid shrimp fulfill important roles in the meadows by enhancing nutrient recycling and controlling the lower boundary of the meadows. It is concluded that both abiotic (water motion and depth) and biotic (e.g. shrimp activity) factors affect the capacity of top-reef seagrass meadows to process and sequester carbon. The potential impact of sea level rise on these meadows, their influence on the sediment supply of nearby reef islands, and the advantages and disadvantages of different unmanned aerial monitoring systems such as kites, balloons and drones are discussed.


34

Connectivity of coral reefs in Indonesia I:concordant genetic population structure of reef fauna indicates restricted gene flow across the Indo-Malay Archipelago

Kochzius, M.1, Nuryanto, A.2,Dohna T.3 and J. Timm3 1 Marine Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium 2 Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Dr. Suparno Street, Purwokerto 53122, Indonesia 3 Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics, University Bremen, Leobenerstrasse, UFT, 28359 Bremen, Germany corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The world’s greatest diversity of marine shallow water species can be found in the Indo-

Malay Archipelago (IMA). This high diversity can be explained by several theories, which fall

into three main categories: centre-of-evolutionary-radiation from where new species

disperse, centre-of-overlap of the Indian and Pacific Oceans biota, and centre-of-

accumulation of species that originated in peripheral areas. Genetic studies on several taxa

have shown a phylogenetic break between the Indian and Pacific Ocean, supporting the

view of speciation in separated ocean basins. However, even though increasing, detailed

studies on the genetic population structure of marine biota in the centre of marine

biodiversity still rather rare, even though such information is important to understand

evolutionary and ecological processes in the IMA. This presentation aims to provide a

status quo of what is known about the genetic structure of coral reef biota in the IMA,

which general pattern can be observed, and which conclusions can be drawn regarding the

evolution of species in the region. Recent studies have shown a complex genetic

population structure in many species, which can be attributed to the geological history and

prevailing current regimes in the IMA. The genetic population structures are characterised

by restricted gene flow between some sites and panmixia between others. The major

observed genetic differentiation between the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific is most

probably due to historical isolation by sea level changes, whereas current oceanographic

conditions facilitate connectivity along the Indonesian Throughflow on the one hand and

separation at sometimes very small scales on the other hand. These factors cause

vicariance between populations, which can lead to allopatric speciation, suggesting that

the Indo-Malay Archipelago is a centre-of-evolutionary-radiation.


35

Water quality and preliminary assessment on aragonite saturation state in Spermonde waters.

Lukman, Muhammad1,2 1 Marine Science Department, Hasanuddin University – Jl. P. Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia. 2 Research and Development Center for Marine, Coastal, Small Islands, Hasanuddin University – Jl. P. Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia. corresponding author: [email protected]. Abstract The quality of the Spermonde waters plays an important role in supporting productivity of

valuable coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. However, the Spermonde waters are

threatened not only by both anthropogenic nutrient-enduced eutrophication, which has

been intensively studied during the last few yeaers, but also by increased-CO2 effect of

ocean acidification (OA). In order to understand the significance of the OA pressures, we

had carried out preliminary assessment of aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) of the

Spermonde waters. We use available on-line CO2calc computer program to exercise data

from four main ocean acidification parameters that we measured during our previous

annual surveys. The result shows that Ωarag ranged between <1 and 3, and the trend of the

value follows the eutrophication gradient to the offshore. Those values in general are lower

than oceanic-coral reef area such as those in Pacific Ocean. Although intensive

oceanographyc assessment with high-quality measurement needed as for result validation,

this assessment is useful to assess the significance of OA on the Spermonde coral reefs.


36

Semi Automated Coral Reef Habitat Mapping Of Spermonde Shallow Water Ecosystems

Manessa, M. D. M.1, Kanno,A.1, Sekine, M.1,Nurdin, N.2, Zakaria, M.3and M. Haidar1,4 1Yamaguchi University – Ube, Japan 2Hassaniddin University – Makassar, Indonesia 3Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries– Makassar, Indonesia 4Geospatial Information Agencies – Bogor, Indonesia corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The aim of this research is to develop a robust rule set that is able to identify coral reef habitats in Spermonde shallow water ecosystems. This study explores a semi-automatic ofObject-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) approach to mapping coral reef habitat by using ALOS AVNIR-2 multispectral satellite imagery. Segmentation factor and rule sets are developed based on Gili Air reef habitat that has the potential to be transferable across Indonesia small island shallow water ecosystem. Then the method was tested at three coral reefs sites in Spermonde: Kapoposan reef, Suranti reef, and Lamputang reef. The result showed an overall accuracy of 75.52 % for all the sites. The developed rule set may have a general applicability to the coral reef habitats in Indonesia small islands.


37

A revision of Holocene sea-level oscillations in the Strait of Makassar

Mann, T.1, Rovere, A.1,2, Schöne, T.3, Klicpera, Á.1, Stocchi, P.4, Lukman, M.5 and H. Westphal1,6

1 Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT) – Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany 2 Center for Environmental Sciences (MARUM) – Leobener Strasse, 28359 Bremen, Germany 3 Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ) – Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany 4 NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research – 1790AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands

5 Research and Development Center for Marine, Coastal, and Small Islands, Hasanuddin University (MaCSI-UNHAS) – Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.10, 90245 Makassar, Indonesia 6 Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen – Klagenfurterstrasse 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Knowledge on the timing and magnitude of past sea-level oscillations is essential to

understand modern and future sea-level variability. Published Holocene sea-level data for

the west coast of Sulawesi suggest that this region experienced two highstands over the

last 6000 years with amplitudes exceeding 2 meters. However, recent high-precision

datasets from the Indo-Pacific region do not support high-magnitude sea-level variations

during the Holocene in tectonically stable far-field locations. Here we present a new, high-

precision mid-Holocene sea-level dataset from the Spermonde Shelf. We surveyed 21 fossil

microatolls on the reef flats of two coral islands (Pulau Panambungan and Pulau Barrang

Lompo) and referred their elevations to local mean sea level and to the height of living

coral. Radiometrically calibrated ages from emergent fossil microatolls on Pulau

Panambungan indicate a higher-than-present sea level not exceeding 0.5 m at ca. 5600 cal.

yr BP, followed by a subsequent sea-level fall to its modern elevation at around 4000 cal. yr

BP. Depending on the chosen ice-sheet model and mantle viscosity profile, this trend is

well within the range of geophysical predictions for this area. Fossil microatolls from Pulau

Barrang Lompo show the same trend, however with a coherent negative vertical offset of

about 0.8 m with respect to the microatolls on Pulau Panambungan. The largely consistent

gradients of both trends indicate a local effect that influenced the microatoll elevations on

the densely populated island Pulau Barrang Lompo. Although a complete interpretation of

the Holocene sea-level history will require additional high-resolution datasets from other

islands in this area, our results suggest that the Holocene highstand in Central Indonesia

did not reach elevations higher than 1-2 meters.


38

Quo Vadis BCF? Planning a future for the endemic Banggai cardinalfish and it’s small island habitat

Moore A.1, Ndobe, S.2 and A.I.M. Salanggon1 1Sekolah Tinggi Perikanan dan Kelautan – Kampus Madani, Jl Soekarno-Hatta km6, Palu 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia 2Tadulako University –Kampus Bumi Tadulako, Tondo, Palu 94118, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The Banggai cardinalfish (Pterapogon kauderni), a small marine reef-associated fish with an

endemic distribution limited to one archipelago, is a favourite with marine aquarium

hobbyists, and has suffered unsustainable exploitation from the marine aquarium trade.

The males brood eggs then larvae for up to 30 days. On release, fully formed juveniles

recruit to nearby protective microhabitat, mainly Diadema sea urchins and sea anemones,

with no pelagic phase. Unfortunately urchins and anemones are increasingly consumed by

local communities, and habitat degradation is increasing. Banggai cardinalfish populations

have proven vulnerable to local extirpation, potentially entailing total loss of unique

genetic strains. Proposed for CITES listing in 2007 (proposal withdrawn), the Banggai

cardinalfish now has Endangered status in the IUCN Red List (2007) and Threatened status

under the US Endangered Species Act (2014). The national Banggai cardinalfish (BCF)

Action Plan (2007-2012) had many positive impacts but failed to obtain limited protected

status (Lindung Terbatas) in 2011 or produce a Fisheries Management Plan (RPP).

Sustainable BCF management is a priority under the Indonesian Coral Triangle Initiative

National Plan of Action. At the Indonesian Regional Fisheries Forum (February 2015), a

draft Banggai cardinalfish RPP was debated. Clearly an effective, holistic ecosystem-based

BCF management is required, and could be accommodated under current policies and

legislation. The high profile of this species at national and international levels and it’s

unique bioecology make the BCF a potential “Flag Ship” species. A well-designed RPP for

the BCF could also contribute significantly to the protection and recovery of vital but

threatened coastal ecosystems in the Banggai Islands, a highly biodiverse archipelago.

However success would require support from many stakeholders at local to global scales.

We propose an outline RPP and suggest supporting actions which could promote the

survival and recovery of the Banggai cardinalfish and it’s small island habitat.


39

Location, use and selection of fishing grounds in Spermonde: the case of hook and line fishers from Badi Island

Navarrete-Forero, G.1,2, Miñarro S. 1, Breckwoldt A.1, Mutmainnah A. 3, Putri A.P.3, Walyandra Z.Z.3, Sudirman3 and H. Reuter1 1Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology GmbH- Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359, Bremen,

Germany 2 University of Bremen - Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany 3 Hassanudin University - Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Gedung PKP Lt 5, Kampus Unhas

Tamalanrea, 90215, Makassar, Indonesia


Abstract Livelihoods in Spermonde Archipelago are strongly associated with artisanal fisheries that

target coral reef species. A fundamental issue for impact assessments is the explicit spatial

extent of the fishing activities. This could then be related to status of specific coral reefs

and allow a direct relation to resource use based on specific fishing methods. We asked

hook and line fishers from Badi Island to participate in a study to establish where their

fishing grounds are located, what products they obtain and how they choose the fishing

grounds on a daily basis. We visited Badi Island once or twice per month during the wet

season (From Nov 2014 to Mar 2015) to conduct different types of interviews, register the

catch composition, and track the boats using GPS data loggers. The tracks were used to

elaborate a map of fishing grounds. The aim of the talk is to show the patterns of fishing

grounds’ distribution and relate them to the target species and catch composition.

Participants traveled up to 100 km per day using small engine-powered canoes. The

majority of fishing grounds are located northwest to Badi, on the way to Kondongbali

Island. Groupers (Serranidae) were the main target species because they are very

expensive products and give the highest revenues. However, octopuses were the main

component of the biomass in catches and represent a seasonal target. In 10% of the trips

the catch was zero. The costs for operation were relatively high and more than half the

participants are in debt with a fish collector. The possibility of personal financial situation

(debts) of fishers being related to higher fishing effort is explored.


40

Developing of library signature and geospatial dynamic system of seagrass and coral on the Small Islands, Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia; Hyperspectral data and multispectral image

Nurdin, N.1,3 , Komatsu, T. 2, Sawayama, S. 2, Amri, K.1, Djalil, A. R.1, Jaya , I.4, M.Akbar AS 3and A. Asri3

1 Marine Science Department, Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan km.10, Makassar, 95245. Indonesia 2 Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute (AORI), The University of Tokyo, 1-15-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-8564, Japan 3 Center for Regional Development & Spatial Information (WITARIS), Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan km.10, Makassar, 95245. Indonesia 4 Fisheries Department, Hasanuddin University, Jl.Perintis Kemerdekaan km.10, Makassar, 95245. Indonesia corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Remote sensing has been suggested as a powerfull tool for monitoring coral-reef

ecosystems. However, before remote sensing can be viewed as a practical monitoring and

diagnostic tool for entire coral communities, there is a need to understand the spectral

responses from individual coral. The aim of this study is identifying the spectral reflectance

of coral reefs using multispectral image and hyperspectral data, it is expected that they can

be used as references in discriminating healthy coral. The study site was selected in

Spermonde archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia because this area is included in the

highest diversity of corals in the world named as Coral Triangle, which is recognized as the

global centre of marine biodiversity and a global priority for conservation. Spectral

reflectance data was collected by using a hyperspectral radiometer underwater, Landsat

TM, ETM SLC-Off, OLI TIRS, ALOS AVNIR. Correlation analysis and Cluster analysis support

that distinct differences in reflectance spectra among categories existed. The analysis result

of hyperspectral data shown that live corals, dead corals covered with alga and coral

rubber are spectrally separable from each other. But It was difficult to discriminate of them

using multispectral image.

mailto:[email protected]


41

Fish herbivory as key ecological function in a heavily degraded coral reef system

Plass-Johnson, J. G.1,2, Ferse, S. C. A.1, Jompa, J.3, Wild, C.1,2 and M. Teichberg1

1Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany 2Faculty of Biology & Chemistry (FB2), University of Bremen, PO Box 33 04 40, 28334 Bremen, Germany 3Center for Marine, Coastal and Small Islands Research, Hasanuddin University, JL Perintis Kemerdekaan km. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Localised impacts, such as eutrophication and overfishing, have been identified as major threats to reefs worldwide, resulting in changes in coral reef community composition, from coral-dominance to algal-dominance. Herbivory by fishes is frequently cited as a key process structuring benthic community response to stressors. Here, we experimentally tested the capacity of herbivorous fishes to remove macroalgae along an onshore-offshore spatial gradient in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia; a coral reef system exposed to long-term anthropogenic disturbances. Bioassays of Sargassum and Padina spp. were collected from the reef flat and transplanted onto the reef slope at five islands varying in distance (1-55 km) from the coastline and city of Makassar, South Sulawesi. Supplementary underwater video deployment and fish surveys were used to identify species-specific differences in herbivore communities and rates of algal removal. Over a 24 h period, Padina was almost completely removed from the two outermost islands, but removal declined toward shore. With the exception of the site closest to Makassar, more than 50 % of all transplanted macroalgae war removed. Species diversity of algal-consuming fishes and total bites increased towards off-shore, with only one species, Siganus virgatus (Siganidae), feeding at all sites. These changes in herbivore communities underline the capacity for functional resilience under varying levels of reef degradation. Our results exemplify the complexities of ecological functioning along spatial gradients.


42

Mangrove Utilization in Siberut Island: Linking Livelihoods and Coastal Management in the Mentawai Archipelago

Pradipta, L.1 1Indonesian Institute of Sciences – Ged. Widya Graha LIPI, Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto No. 10 Jakarta Selatan corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Across Indonesia, human activity led to a rapid degradation of mangrove ecosystems. In

West Sumatera, the province with the longest coastal line in western part of Indonesia,

mangrove are crucial to the livelihoods of coastal rural communities. This paper reveals the

vivid condition about the mangrove utilization, related to the live of rural community in

Siberut Island. Guided by sustainable livelihood framework, this paper provides an

integrated approach. Itinvestigates the mangrove utilization and how it could be linked

with coastal community’s livelihood, specifically on how they manage their coastal area.

Findings depict that communities are very dependent on mangrove, such as a source for

income and also as a first protection from natural disasters, e.g earthquake and tsunami.

Subsequently, the rapid development of coastal areas in West Sumatera and Mentawai is

greatly contributingto mangrove degradation on Siberut island. Siberut Island will face

many obstacles in maintaining the sustainability of mangrove. Although many ticalpolitical

actors promote the sustainable management of mangrove, they still vehave to consider the

multiple functions of mangrove in livelihoods, particularly of the poor, and its impact to

household and nature resilience.


43

Incorporating local wisdom sasi into marine zoning to increase the resilience of a marine protected area network in Raja Ampat, Indonesia.

Purwanto1,2, Mangubhai, S.1,3, Muhajir1,4, Hidayar, N.I.5, Rumetna, L.1 , Awaludinnoer1 and K. Thebu5

1The Nature Conservancy Indonesia Marine Program, Jl. Hasanudin 31 Sorong 98414, West Papua, Indonesia 2Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Jl. Prof. Sudarto No 1, Semarang 50275, Central Java, Indonesia 3Wildlife Conservation Society, Fiji Country Program, 11 Ma’afu Street, Suva, Fiji 4RARE Indonesia, Jl. Papandayan 11A, Bogor 16151, West Java, Indonesia 5Conservation International Indonesia, Jl. Kedondong Puncak Vihara, Sorong 98414 West Papua, Indonesia


Abstract

The Raja Ampat government and local communities established 6 Marine Protected Areas

(MPAs) in 2007 to protect the unique marine biodiversity and ensure sustainable fisheries

in West Papua, Indonesia. Increasing human populations resulting in overfishing and the

use of destructive fishing practices are the main threats and challenges the region faces.

Biophysical, socioeconomic and climate change criteria and factors were developed for

zoning the Raja Ampat MPA network. Resilience principles such as replication, habitat

representation, protection of critical habitat and connectivity were applied to the final

zoning design. Reef resilience data using global monitoring protocols were collected to

provide insights into the resilience of different reefs to further guide zoning. Resilience

rankings showed that fishing pressure on reef fish communities especially on piscivores,

herbivores and excavators was the main factor lowering resilience in MPAs. In addition

data were collected on ‘sasi’ areas throughout the MPAs. Sasi is a type of traditional

resource management practice used by local communities to open and close areas to

fishing single or multiple fisheries species. Once the fishery recovers local communities

then harvest the species for food or sale. Raja Ampat MPAs network managed as multi-

objective zoning system. The current zoning system explicitly recognizes community sasi

within Traditional Use Zones, which often are adjacent or close to No-Take Zones. The

explicit inclusion of sasi areas within zoning plans for the MPAs will likely lead to good

compliance by local communities, and the increase fish biomass. Improving the

management of fisheries through the incorporation of traditional fisheries management

will therefore increase the overall resilience of coral reefs in the Raja Ampat MPA network.


44

Padang Shelf Reef System Coral Reef Resilience, West Sumatra, 17 Years After the Indian Ocean Dipole Associated Coral Die Off

Quinn, N.J.1, Johan, O.2 and B.L. Kojis1 1 Tropical Discovery Fund, 2855 W Crestview Drive, Prescott, Arizona, USA 2 Agency for Marine Affairs and Fisheries Research and Development, Ministry of Marine

Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Perikanan No. 13, Pancoran Mas, Kota

Depok, Jawa Barat. 16436

corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Quantitative surveys of west Sumatran coral reefs began at the end of the 20th century. At

that time as many as 50% of the reefs were classified as degraded with <50% live coral

cover, primarily because of blast fishing. In 1997, reefs in the Padang Shelf Reef System

(PSRS) experienced a massive die off associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole where an

upwelling caused by unusually strong winds increased nutrient levels in the ocean and a

drop in water temperature by >4oC. Together with aeolian Fe from wildfires in Sumatra,

oceanic nutrient levels were elevated to a point where a massive red tide event caused by

the dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax spinifera, occurred and persisted for six months. PSRS live

coral cover (LCC) declined to 0% to a depth of at least 10-15m on the surveyed reefs. In

2014, the reefs were resurveyed. All the surveyed reefs experienced increased LCC

although the dominant coral species were not the same. The previously dominant Acropora

formosa and A. nobilis of Gabuo Reef, Pandan Island and Pieh Island were extirpated. A

total of 26 coral genera were observed at the sites with 19 observed in the long term

monitoring transects. Four additional genera were observed at sites not previously

surveyed on the northern side of Pieh Reef. Five other genera were observed during

random swims outside the transects. Pieh Island N was the most diverse site with 17

genera while Pandan Island N was the least diverse with three genera. Montipora was the

dominant genus at all the sites. Blast fishing has ceased, but branching Acropora rubble

previously damaged by blast fishing has yet to completely consolidate and was inhibiting

resettlement. Healthy populations of branching Acropora were observed around Cubadak

and Pagang Island. These may provide larvae for resettlement of the reefs along the PSRS.


45

Barriers for climate variability and change adaptation in small island: Case of Pangkep1 District, South Sulawesi

Rachmwati, L.2 and Fitranita2 2 Research Center for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPK-LIPI); Widya Graha 7th Fl. Jl. Gatot Subroto 10, Jakarta, Indonesia corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Climate variability and change have a big impact on people who inhabit small islands. Dealing with high vulnerability, people on those islands are sometimes associated with having less adaptive capacity. Learning by experiences, small island people develop responses to cope with changing livelihoods due to environmental change, climate variability and change. From many literatures, adaptation can be effective if it is planned and linked to anticipatory actions. With these certain purposes, local government as decision-makers in development planning play a significant role for those tasks. However, fieldwork findings found that efforts to integrate climate change adaptation into the development process (which is known as a mainstreaming adaptation into development) are still limited and face some barriers such as (1) limited information on climate variability and change, impact of climate change to people who live in the particular areas (e.g. vulnerability od people in small islands) and adaptation strategies that can be develop, (2) a bias toward mainland development over small island districts, (3) limited resources in financing and human resources to support adaptation, and (4) institutional problems also play significant role as one barrier in adaptation process. This paper will explore those barriers of adaptation in Pangkajene Kepulauan (Pangkep) as a case study. Some findings from quantitative and qualitative data collection will be presented in this paper.

1Pangkep : Pangkajene Kepulauan


46

Coral reef based marine resource use - Application of different modelling approaches

Reuter, H.1,2 and S. Minarro1,2 1 Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen, Germany 2 University of Bremen, Germany Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Throughout the world corals reefs are heavily used resources which are massively threatened due to different impacts. Impacts on the regional scale relate to nutrient inputs, destructive fisheries, overfishing, and tourism whereas global change relates to sea temperature rise and acidification. The trophic structure of reef systems may be severely impacted by fisheries. Reducing herbivores may act synergistically with disturbances (destructive fishing, bleaching) and lead to phase shifts replacing corals with other dominant organisms (e.g. macro-algae). To evaluate implications of different management schemes turns out to be extremely difficult as interactions in coral reefs are highly complex. The high number of components as well as several feedback systems between different functional groups contribute to this complexity. Furthermore, changing environmental conditions may trigger threshold events and socio-economic feedback processes and resource use react to changing reef conditions. Different modelling approaches provide the potential to include ecological as well as socio-economic information and knowledge into joint analysis of potential outcomes of management measures. Spatial approaches using GIS allow evaluating spatially distributed resources in relation to biodiversity and conservation goals but may lack the possibility of a dynamic representation. Here individual-based modelling allows integrating knowledge from different scientific fields and facilitating the inclusion of realistic spatially explicit and dynamic interrelations between components. This can be used as a virtual laboratory to analyse the potential outcomes of different management strategies on different time scales. In this presentation we will highlight the potentials of different modelling approaches and potential applications for the Spermonde Archipelago.


47

Vulnerability Mapping of Spermonde Islands Communities

Satari, D. Y.1, Idrus, M. R. and Irwanto 1Marine Coastal and Small Islands Research and Development Center, Unhas, Gedung Pusat

Kegiatan Penelitian, Lantai 5. Universitas Hasanuddin. Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10.

Makassar 90245. Indonesia


Abstract The purpose of this research is to map the vulnerability of communities in seven islands of

Spermonde. Vulnerability assessment was conducted in July 2013 using an environmental

and socio-economical stand point. Identification of the vulnerability issues were grouped

into indicators (climate, island morphological, marine resources and socio-economical

changes), with each given a scale of 1-5.and attributes in the form of a semi-structured

questioner. To check for the type and severity of a disaster, 62 respondents were asked to

rank the disaster on a scale of 1-4. Results indicate that the majority of respondents find

that change in climate, island morphology, marine resources and socio-economical

conditions hardly affect them. The disaster that they fear the most is the danger of losing

their source of income. In terms of vulnerability index, Bone Tambu and Lumu-Lumu

islands are under very high vulnerability for Island and Socio-economic change. In terms of

Climate and Marine Resource change, there are no significant differences among the

islands. The trends show that these two categories fall under medium to high, with marine

resource dynamic change always being higher than the climate change index, except in

Kapoposang Island. Overall, there are no differences between each zonation in

vulnerability indexes.


48

TEP dynamics and bacterial community composition at different spatial scales along a cross-shelf eutrophication gradient in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia

Schwieder, H. F.1, Lukman M.2 and A. Gärdes1 1 Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology Bremen, Fahrenheitstr. 6, 28359 Bremen,

Germany

2 Universitas Hasanuddin, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan

90245, Indonesia


Abstract Bacteria drive important biogeochemical processes in tropical coastal ecosystems. In

interacting with phytoplankton they stimulate the release of copious amounts of

transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), an acidic polysaccharide. This TEP, with its high

stickiness, has the potential to greatly enhance aggregation and sedimentation processes in

coastal waters. As benthic organisms and especially scleractinian corals are highly

susceptible to an increased sedimentation it can cause dramatic changes in benthic

community composition and provided ecosystem services. In our study we try to elucidate

the driving factors between changes in bacterial communities on different spatial scales in

different habitats and how this is reflected in TEP availability and sedimentation processes.

The Spermonde Archipelago in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia, with an influence of

metropolitan Makassar and densely populated islands provide an excellent opportunity to

investigate regional gradients as well as compare inhabited versus uninhabited islands to

study more localized anthropogenic effects on the fringing reefs. In addition we carried out

roller tanks experiments to see how aggregation rates change at the different study sites

and how microbial community composition changes on aggregates from different

exposures to eutrophication. For most eutrophication-related parameters there were

distinguishable differences on regional and local scales. This was also observable in the

aggregate formation rates during the roller tank experiments. The results of our study will

shed new light on how bacterial communities and aggregate formation processes are

affected by localized and regional eutrophication. We will also be able to elucidate whether

sinking particles from differently affected sites are potential vectors of potentially

pathogenic bacteria.


49

Patron-Client Relationship of Urbanized Fishing Communitiesin Makassar

Sudarmono1, Junaenah Sulehan2 and Noor Rahamah Hj. Abu Bakar.3 1 Food Security Board, Municipal of Makassar 2University College of Sabah Foundation 3Uviversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Production among small-scale fishermen in Makassar is characterized by cohesive social relation. Their productivity is commonly influenced by patron-client relationship embedded within the communities’ social and economic relationship. Being integrated into the urban market system highly influenced by capital intensive economy, the fishing communities face colossal transformation and challenges. This article aims to (1) identify the emergence of patron-client relationship in urbanized fishing communities, and (2) to analyse the impact of the relationship on the livelihood of the urban-based fishermen. Findings in this article is based on a research that is being conducted in Kelurahan Cambayya, District of Ujung Tanah, Makassar City.


50

Meiofaunal Distribution Patterns along the Coral Reefs at Pangkajene Archipelago of Spermonde Region, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Susetiono1 1Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jl. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430 corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract A survey on distribution of meiofauna along the coral reefs of Pangkajene Archipelago was conducted in concurrent of coral reef monitoring program in April 2012. Nineteen permanent transects for coral reefs are monitored yearly, and its life corals cover ranged from 10.27% to 78.47% within depth ranges of 6 – 8 m. Meiofaunal samples were taken by scuba diving and using a 3 cm diameter syringe barrel inserted to 10 cm depth into sediment. Five meiofaunal taxa, i.e., Nematoda, Harpacticoid Copepoda, Polychaeta, Turbellaria, and Foraminifera were always found in all sampling sites. While the others meiofaunal taxa were not consistently present. Nematodes predominated in most samples. The maximal abundance of free-living nematodes was 3,764 ind./10cm2 at Site 9. Total abundance of meiofauna among the sampling sites were also varied widely from 123 to 5,235 ind./10cm2. The nematodes/copepods ratio in all sampling sites were varied. Based on Bray-Curtis similarity measurement on the meiofaunal abundance of all sites showed three group of cluster on 50% similarity cut-off. The non-metric MDS ordination that producing a two-dimensional figure of the sites was also resulted three major group of sites. Percentages of life coral covers were superimposed on the the abundance-based MDS were resulted that meiofaunal distribution patterns do not directly correlate to the percentages of life coral cover.


51

Linkages between water quality and coral reef benthic and pelagic communities along a nearshore to offshore gradient in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia

Teichberg, M.1, Plass-Johnson, J. G., Schwieder, H., Bednarz, V., Heiden, J., Gärdes, A., Ferse, S., Lukman, M. and Wild, C. 1Leibniz-Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Coral reefs are threatened by local factors such as eutrophication and overfishing that can lead to phase shifts from coral to algal dominance. In order to understand the relative importance of anthropogenic nutrient inputs on water quality and coral reef communities in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia, we first carried out annual surveys of water quality, coral reef community composition, and fish abundances and diversity from 2012-2014. These surveys confirmed significantly lower water quality closer to shore, i.e. higher chl a, particulate organic matter (POM), and light attenuation coefficient (Kd), and this coincided with lower coral cover, rugosity, and herbivorous fish biomass. Coral and fish species diversity increased further away from shore. Surprisingly, we found low macroalgal cover growing on the reefs, despite their presence on back-reef flats. Turf algae were dominant closer to shore, while benthic CCA cover was higher in off-shore sites. N isotopic signatures of the dominant macroalga Padina sp. were higher at near shore sites, indicating a higher input of N as wastewater at these sites. Subsequently, a settlement tile caging experiment was conducted along the spatial gradient to identify bottom-up and top-down controls of the benthic communities at early successional stages. Community composition on the tiles at the closest site to land had significantly higher recruitment of invertebrates compared to other sites, where turf algae were dominant. No macroalgae were detected on the tiles, even under manipulative grazer exclusion. In Spermonde Archipelago, coral cover and rugosity may be good indicators for reef health, whereas chl a, POM, and turf algae may be useful indicators for eutrophication.


52

Connectivity of coral reefs in Indonesia II:weak restrictions of gene flow between differently influenced shelf areas in Spermonde

Timm, J.1, Dohna T.1, Madduppa, H. 2, Kochzius, M. 3 1 Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics, University Bremen – Leobenerstrasse, UFT, 28359

Bremen, Germany 2 Marine Science and Technology, Bogor Agriculture University, Kampus IPB Darmaga

Bogor, Jl. Raya Darmaga, Bogor, Jawa Barat 16680, Indonesia 3 Marine Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium


Abstract Coral reef conservation and the sustainable use of reef resources need profound

knowledge about the genetic diversity and population structures of reef organisms.

Genetic exchange between populations influences the maintenance of genetic diversity,

the base for the adaptability to changing environmental conditions (e.g. increasing water

temperatures, pollution), and supports the replenishment of local stocks, especially if

commercially harvested.

In the present study, connectivity patterns of selected reef organisms were measured by

population genetic analysis of suitable DNA markers (e.g. microsatellites). Species of

different organism groups, including the Clown Anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris) and the

ascidian species Polycarpa aurata, were collected and analyzed on the small scale, within

the Spermonde archipelago. The Clown Anemonefish is of commercial interest since it is

heavily exploited for the international aquarium trade. The sessile filter feeder P. aurata is

analyzed as an invertebrate model organism with a short larval phase. The selected

species, like many coral reef organisms, show a localized or sessile adult life phase and rely

on the pelagic larval phase for ensuring genetic exchange between locations.

Although the geographic distances between reefs in Spermonde do not exceed 100Km, the

different analyses (e.g. AMOVA, structure program, Barrier calculations) could reveal weak

but significant restrictions of gene flow between the different shelf areas. The area of the

outer rim shows more genetic influence from outside populations, whereas the inner-, and

midshelf sites exhibit rather localized small scale genetic exchange. The situations of the

different shelf areas and restrictions of gene flow in Spermonde should be taken into

account for conservation issues like MPA design.


53

Trading Refurbished Smart Phones for Plastics-a Distinguished Business to Reduce Marine Plastics in Spermonde Archipelago

Zhu, M.1 and D. Rittschof1 1Institute –Marine Science and Conservation Division, Nicholas School of the Environment,

Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, the United States

corresponding author: Mei Zhu, [email protected]

Abstract We are developing a business addressing communication needs and plastic pollution in

Indonesia. The business would couple smart phone refurbishing in South Sulawesi (possibly

on a small island) with plastic recycling collection in Spermonde Archipelago. Trading

refurbished smart phones for plastics would serve as the incentive for islanders to manage

plastic pollution. Demand for smart phones has just taken off in Indonesia with a share of

less than one third among mobile phone users in 2014. Most islanders use refurbished flip

phones because smart phones are unaffordable. However, if we could provide refurbished

smart phones and trade for plastics at a preferential rate, islanders would be incentivized

to collect plastic to trade for phones and minutes. We would establish a plastic recycling

system in Spermonde Archipelago. Initially, we would set up “Trash Banks” in each of 9

densely populated islands near Makassar. Fishing boats would be chartered to deliver

collected plastics to Makassar and sell to the recycling facilities. The boats would return

with daily supplies for the islanders. At the mature stage, we would expand the business to

serve more islands. We would establish a smart phone refurbishing factory. Used smart

phones will be collected through networks in developed countries. Based on our financial

model, we plan to hire 20 local people with an annual output of 50,000 pieces of

refurbished phones. 10% of the phones would be traded for plastics at a lower-than-cost

price of 350kgs plastics for one phone. The remainder would be sold outright at market

price in Indonesia, which would produce a moderate profit stream of about $900 thousand

each year. The project would generate environmental, social, and economic benefits for

Indonesians. We would harvest valuable materials from ever growing plastic waste

mountains. We would also bring technological improvement and create new job

opportunities for the low-income islanders.

54

ABSTRACTS: POSTER PRESENTATIONS


55

Pangkep District MPA, The Way Forward

Baitoningsih, W.1 1Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Bremen, Germany


Abstract The Marine Protected Area (MPA) establishment process in Pangkep started in 2006

under a national project i.e. the Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program

(COREMAP). The project was an innovative proposal for establishment of an MPA,

before any of the MPA establishment legislation under the administration of the

Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) was enacted. However, when MPA

legislation was enacted later on, the Pangkep District MPA design had to be in

accordance with it. This study explores the possibilities for future Pangkep District

MPA management based on the lessons learned at the Savu Sea National Park and on

Derawan Archipelago Coastal Park, where both sites had enacted the MPA legislation.

The Savu Sea National Park was endorsed in 2014. Its establishment process involved

stakeholders from national to village levels, consisting of government agencies,

academics, NGOs, and communities. However, almost all of them could not involve in

its management due to the appointment of BKKPN as the sole management

authority. The Derawan Archipelago Coastal Park was designated in 2013 and is still in

the process toward the endorsement. The challenge lies in developing its

management authority based on the legislation. First, the existing government

agency did not have the capacity to manage the vast coastal park. Second,

community representation in the organisational structure of government agencies is

forbidden, unless representatives become government employees. The coastal park

also faces another challenge from the new local autonomy law that withdrew district

jurisdiction over the management of marine areas. Experiences from the two sites

showed that the MPA establishment legislation is not implementable at district level

and prevent district governments from establish MPAs. The legislation requires

community participation; however the absence of enabling legislation on further

participation means that in practice this is impossible. To prevent repetition of similar

problems, the proposed Pangkep District MPA has two options: 1). Developing public-

private partnerships (Badan Layanan Usaha Daerah/BLUD) or, 2). Developing many

village-level MPAs to further form a network. BLUD is a semi-government institution

that could include community and allows income generation. Its development takes

time, thus its establishment should become one of the long-term goals of MPAs.

Capacity building programs for communities are needed to meet the BLUD’s

requirements. Development of village-level MPA networks is supported by the Village

Law. Village-level MPAs could be financed by village budgets and the MPA

management authorities may be legalised by village government. Village-level MPAs


56

may form a network to obtain wider MPA goals, and MPA management authorities

may share and learn from experiences within the network. As the knowledge in the

network grows, the MPAs and their management activities may be improved.


57

Of exploited reefs and fishers: A Holistic View on Participatory Coastal and Marine Management in Spermonde Archipelago

Glaser, M. 1, Breckwoldt, A.1, Ferse, S. 1, Deswandi, R.2, Radjawali, I.3, Baitoningsih, W.

1 1Leibniz-Center for Tropical Marine Ecology (ZMT), Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359

Bremen, Germany 2 The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Jakarta,

Indonesia 3 Institute of Oriental and Asian Studies, Bonn University, Germany presenting author: [email protected]


Abstract This presentation arises from a three-year Indonesian-German research cooperation on thegovernance and management of Indonesian coastal and marine ecosystems. Project objectives were to investigate coastal and marine social-ecological dynamics and feedbacks and to analyze socio-political and institutional structures and processes to support adaptive coastal governance. Participating researchers worked in the Spermonde Archipelago, off South Sulawesi, Indonesia, between 2007 and 2010. Methods included ship-based research excursions, several classical surveys, anthropological participant observation, and participatory research methods applied by an interdisciplinary social-natural science team. We summarize our findings relating to themes surrounding: Marine Protected Areas and participation focusing on local "rules-in-use"; reef exploitation and local livelihoods, in particular fisheries and mariculture. The existing social networks and hierarchies in fisheries are explored to understand social vulnerability, resilience and marine resource governance in Spermonde Archipelago. We conclude with an outline of major policy recommendations arising from the reported research.


58

Mangrove Rehabilitation in Seribu Islands at the Crossroad of Awareness and Tokenism

Dalimunthe, S.A.1, Putri, I.A.P.1 1Research Center for Population,Indonesia Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta

corresponding author: [email protected] / [email protected]

Abstract As part of Indonesia's commitment to fight climate change, the country committed to

reduce CO2emission by 41% in 2020 (with international support). Various tool haves

been developed to support thisits goal. Mangrove rehabilitation is one of the tools.

Mangrove provides a broad array of ecological services. One of thisits services is in

producing a significant amount of organic materials functioninged as a carbon

absorber. A The study to investigate this function was carried out in Seribu Island, a

group of 105 small island located along North Jakarta Bay. The local government aims

to plant 1.5 million mangroves. Thus, through tourism and corporate social

responsibility (CSR) voluntary mangrove rehabilitation is mushrooming. The tourist

will/shall purchase mangrove seedlings forin 2 USD from the local community and

then plant themit along the coastline. Although this is officially promoted by local

authorities in collaboration with coastal communities and private sector, current

mangrove rehabilitation and planting is seen as tokenism rather than an awareness.

Planting mMangrove requires a comprehensive planning and maintenance. However,

given the favour of voluntary activity it is rarely rehabilitation’ sustainability take into

account. From Arnstein ladder of participation, Seribu Island level of participation

valued in 1248 as a whole. This shows a high tendency thatof its participation falls

into tokenism. The Ttokenism level of participation in the country may cause hinder

in the country mitigation and adaptation towards changing in climate and at the

same time may cause a backward step in the emerging use of ecosystem services as

part of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Indonesia.


59

Production Performance Juvenile Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra Rearing in Different Tanks in Lombok Indonesia

Indriana, L. F.1 Firdaus, M.1& Munandar, H1

1Mataram Marine Bio Industry Technical Implementation Unit LIPI, Teluk Kodek,

Malaka, Pemenang, Lombok Utara, West Nusa Tenggara


Abstract

Sandfish Holothuria scabra is a sea cucumber of high economic value and high

demand especially in Asia’s market. Overexploitation affected the population of H.

scraba in the wild.To resolve this issue, Mataram Marine Bio Industry Technical

Implementation Unit LIPI developed a sandfish hatchery technology. This study aimed

to evaluate production performance of juvenile H. scabra that was maintained in four

different rearing tanks; i.e a concrete tank indoors, a rectangular fiber tank, a

concrete tank outdoors, which was installed with a net with 2 mm mesh size and a

concrete tank outdoors, which was installed with a net with 1 mm mesh size. The

highest production performance was shown in the concrete tank outdoors with the

net with 1 mm mesh size. The results of the highest production performance were

the following: Survival Rate was 48.89+3.85%, average weight gain was 22.07+1.01 g,

biomass was 162.05+18.17, individual weight gain was 154.41+11.08% and Specific

Growth Rate was 0.15 + 0.03 %day-1. Nevertheless, those 4 rearing tanks were

insufficient criteria for standard method in H. scabra hatchery.


60

The Genesis of Spermonde Archipelago By Estimating Its Coral Reef Age Through Carbon-14 Measurement

Noor, A., Maming, G., and M. Zakir Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Hasanuddin University,

Kampus UNHAS Tamalanrea Makassar 90245 Indonesia

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Coral samples were taken from Langkai island waters of Spermonde archipel at four meter depth using university boat and equipped with professional diver. After having been washed, samples were brought into laboratory and cleaning coral by chemical and physical separation. Grinded sample was then acidified with hydrochloric acid 10% to produce CO2 gas, coral origin, and finally absorbed in 5N sodium hydroxyde solution forming Na2CO3 and then calculating carbon amount by volumetric analysis. Eight mL of solution was mixed with twelve mL scintillating solution before measuring it in liquid scintillation counter Hidex 300 SL. Results showed that specific activity of carbon-14 in sample was 14.72 dpm/gC equivalent to 317 years. By application of absorbers other than NaOH, results were relatively the same. It can be concluded that the coral age investigated in Spermonde archipel was about 317 years. Further investigations are required to confirm the results especially in area and depth variations.


61

Trampling on Seagrass Beds: Effect on Seagrass Density

Nadiarti Nurdin*, Joeharnani Tresnati, Moh. Tauhid Umar, Jamaluddin Jompa, Yayu La Nafie Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis

Kemerdekaan Km. 11, Tamalanrea, Makassar; e-mail address:

[email protected]

Abstract Anthropogenic disturbance is one of the causes of seagrass degradation in many

places. Trampling on seagrass beds by coastal community is usually inevitable when

they are collecting shellfish or other during low tide. This study aims in examining the

effect of trampling on seagrass beds dominated by Thalassia hemprichii in Barrang

Lompo Island. Two types of trampling experiment (one was by one adult and

another was by three children) were conducted for six weeks on two 5 m x 10 m

transects. The experiment by adult consisted of three weeks trampling conducted

three times a day and another three weeks for seagrass recovery time (no trampling).

The experiment by three children was also conducted three times a day but only for a

week and so that five weeks for recovery time. During trampling either in adult or

children trampling experiments, dry weight biomass of detached seagrass leaves

were found higher than biomass of uprooted seagrasses from their substrate. In

comparison with trampling by children, it was found that trampling by adult showed a

significant effect on the decreased seagrass density. However, the seagrass density

either in adult or children trampling experiment, have similar trend in the time of

recovery.

Keywords: trampling, Thalassia hemprichii, seagrass density, seagrass recovery time,

Barrang lompo Island



62

Understanding Perception and Response of Islanders on Hydro-meteorological Hazards in Indonesia Small Islands: Comparing Belitung and Bintan Cases

Rachmawati, L.1

1Research Center for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPK-LIPI); Widya

Graha 7th Fl. Gatot Subroto 10, Jakarta, Indonesia

corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract People who live in small islands naturally have to encounter with small size, limited

resources, remoteness, insularity and vulnerability to hazard. In line with a changing

world, climate variability and change directly increase numbers of hydro-

meteorological hazard in small islands. These phenomena are happening in Belitung

(Bangka Belitung Archipelago) and Bintan (Riau Archipelago). To reduce vulnerability,

an integration between climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction

becomes necessary. However, on the daily basis, some of the local people perceive

that those hazards are natural phenomena. This perception influences their

judgement so that action is dominated by response not anticipation. On the other

side, local government have not yet established certain disaster risk reduction

planning for small island cases. Therefore, in emergency cases, immediate responses

dominates the efforts for disaster risk reduction. Using quantitative data that was

collected from a household survey and qualitative data from in-depth interviews, this

paper aims to compare and to analyse the perception and responses of local people

related to hydro- meteorological hazard in these two study areas These case studies

can be used as lesson learned for other small islands. In addition, interviews with key

local government officials also deepen the analysis of this paper.


63

Vulnerability of people living in small islands to climate variability and change – The case studyof Belitung and Bintan

Rachmawati, L.1 and Fitranita1

1 Research Centre for Population, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (PPK-LIPI), Widya

Graha 7th Fl. , Jl. Gatot Subroto 10, Jakarta, Indonesia

corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Adaptation to climate variability and change has an increasing importance for

maintaining people's livelihood by either reducing vulnerability or increasing adaptive

capacity. In Indonesia, the vulnerability assessment is dominated by a macro scale

from the national, over the provincial to the districts/cities level and less from a local

level assessment. This particular approach leads to more general indicators that

sometimes could not represent the specific cases of small island. This paper aims to

present and analyse the vulnerability assessment for climate variability and change at

the household level in small islands. Using quantitative data from household surveys

which were conducted in Bintan (Riau Archipelago) and Belitung (Bangka Belitung

Archipelago) we will show a comparative vulnerability assessment using particular

indicators for exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity which are suitable for small

island cases.


64

Expansion and Characteristic of the Blowout In West Monsoon Season on Seagrass Meadows Bone Batang Island, Spermonde Archipelago

Radhiyah Ruhon1, Dominik Kneer2, Willem Moka1, Karunia Alie1 Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Hasanuddin, Indonesia

University of Bremen, Germany

[email protected]

Abstract

Blowouts are seagrass-free depressions within continuous seagrass meadows. This

study was conducted on blowouts in an exposed seagrass meadow on Bone Batang

Island, Spermonde Archipelago. The objective was to determine the speed of blowout

expansion and some characteristics during one west monsoon season from October

2008 to March 2009. Six representative blowout structures were chosen. Bottom

topography, water depth, age of vegetation and sediment characteristics were

measured. Blowout size and the percent cover of seagrass in their vicinity were

determined, at the beginning and at the end of the study periode. The study showed

that the erosion progressed fastest on the eastern and southern margin which also

the most exposed. Eventhough, there some recolonization on the west and north side

of the blowout. The seagrass meadow studied was located +15 cm below the spring

low tide and the blowouts floor was situated +40 cm deep. Sediment on the bare

blowout floor was composed of coarser grains compared to seagrass meadow

sediment. Seagrass percent cover on the studied area is declined. Species percent

cover also changing which in the beginning of the study Cymodoceae rotundata who

were dominating this area are shifted by Thalassia hemprichii in the end of the study.

The average age of the vegetation is 5 months. Meanwhile, biomass in the seagrass

beds is higher for about four times more that in the blowout floor. It is concluded that

the blowouts eroded during the study periode. The precence of the blowouts become

an indicator for the high percentage of pioneering seagrass species on Bone Batang

Island.

Keywords : Seagrass, Blowout, Erosion, Recolonization, Sediment.



65

Toxicity Assessment in Sponges from Spermonde Archipelago

Sapar, A.1,2, NoorA.2, Soekamto, N.H.2, Ahmad A.2 and T.H. Hadi3

1Department of Chemistry, Tanjungpura University – Pontianak, West Kalimantan,

Indonesia 78124

2 Department of Chemistry, Hasanuddin University – Makassar, Indonesia 90245

3Division of Marine Resources, Research Center for Oceanography (RCO), LIPI, Jakarta

14430


Abstract Studies have been conducted in fourteen sponge species collected from Spermonde

Archipelago (Kapoposang Island, Samalona Island and Lanjukang Island).Toxicity

assessment was usingBrine Shrimp Lethality Testsponge extract and the results were

expressed as 50% lethal concentration (LC50). Themethodis

prospectingextractpotentialas anticancer. All extractsobtained fromsmall-scale

extractionby methanol. Test results as follows: Agelas nakamurai Hoshino(187.932

ppm), Niphates sp (391.56 ppm), Biemna sp (1.730,215 ppm), Liosina

paradoxa(456.040 ppm), Haliclona (Reniera) fascigera(478.630), Melophlus

sarasinorum(49.079 ppm), Acanthostrongylophora ingens(24.830 ppm), Hytios

erectus(46.140 ppm), Stylissa massa(1.835,270), Theonella sp (35.010 ppm), Niphates

olemda(87.500 ppm), Haliclona (Reniera) fascigera(78.160 ppm), Petrosia (Petrosia)

sp(3.008), Callyspongia (Euplacella) biru (0.515 ppm). The test results showed that

onlyBiemna sp and Stylissa massa extracts arenotpotential asanticancerwith LC50

valuesabove 500ppm.


66

Identification of Sea Level Variation from Multivariate ENSO Index around Small Islands in Eastern Indonesia

Sari, T.1& M.R. Putri1 1Research Group of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology,

Institute Technology of Bandung (ITB), Indonesia


Abstract EOF’s first mode has shown that sea level around small islands in Eastern Indonesia

such as Sangihe-Talaud, Raja Ampat Island-West Papua, and Selayar has high

correlation with Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI). Sea level varies and is strongly

influenced by ENSO. High correlation between first principal component and MEI is

found at zero month lag in Sangihe-Talaud and Selayar, but in Raja Ampat Island-

West Papua, it is found at one month lag (significant level >95%). The lag time

between decreasing/increasing of sea level and MEI can be used as an indicator to

predict sea level variation around small islands in Eastern Indonesia. The linear trend

of increasing sea level in Sangihe-Taluad from the 20 years data is 7.7 mm/year, with

decreasing due to El Niño is 30.4 mm/decade and increasing due to La Niña is 90.4

mm/decade. Raja Ampat Island-West Papua has trend of rising sea level amount of

6.8 mm/year, with decreasing due to El Niño is 28.3 mm/decade and increasing due

to La Niña is 87 mm/decade. Selayar has the smallest sea level rising than the others,

about 5.8 mm/year. El Niño caused decreasing of sea level about 7.5 mm/decade and

La Niña caused increasing up to 65.7 mm/decade in.


67

The Analysis of Environmentally Friendly Skipjack Tuna Fishing Gears In West Banda Sea, Indonesia

Tadjuddah, M.1 1Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty,Halu Oleo University, Southeast Sulawesi

Province, Indonesia


Abstract Selection of a superior and environmentally friendly of fishing technology in the

region waters dependent on natural factors that are determinants as well as other

factors such as: species and abundance of fish, the distribution of fish resources,

location and condition physical of the fishing ground environment. Choosing the right

fishing technology, effective, efficient, economical and sustainable and does not

damage the ecosystem is a must this time, but it is quite difficult because of the many

factors that influence it so difficult making the right decision. Skipjack tuna fishing

activities in the west of the Banda Sea in the last 10 years has developed quite rapidly

with dominated by purse seine, pole and line and hand line fishing gears. This study

aims to determine the skipjack tuna fishing gear selection criteria based on biological,

technical, social, economic and environmental friendliness aspects, to achieve these

objectives used multi-criteria analysis approach (MCA) with the scoring method used

to establish priorities skipjact tuna fishing gears elected environmentally friendly.

After analyzing of the fifth aspect, showing that the hand line fishing gear is a gear of

the most superior in comparison to purse seine and pole and line in exploiting the

potential skipjact tuna of research location. The adventage of hand line fishing gear,

especially in the economic and technical aspect. While the second seeded namely

pole and line fishing gear with an edge on the biological, social and environmental

friendliness aspects, while purse seine ranked third.


68

Modern Carbonate Sedimentation in Pulau Panggang Lagoon, Kepulauan Seribu: Preliminary Study

Utami, D. A.1, Hendrizan, M.1 and S.Y. Cahyarini1 1 Pusat Penelitian Geoteknologi – LIPI, Gedung 70 Jln Sangkuriang, Cisitu, Bandung,

40135


Abstract Pulau Panggang lagoon in the Kepulauan Seribu complex offers an excellent

opportunity to study modern carbonate sedimentation. This preliminary study of

their sediment, physical aspect, biota, and morphology have allowed the distinction

of a number of lithofacies and reef related depositional zone from which lagoon

environment model is carried out. The common reef frame builder in the lagoon is

massive coral, branching coral, and foliaceous coral which mostly found in the reef

front. The skeletal components of sediment in Pulau Panggang lagoon mainly

composed of coral debris with less proportion of molluscan debris, echinoid debris,

foraminifera, and algae material. The primary influence of carbonate sedimentation

in Pulau Panggang Lagoon hypothetically tends to be the predominant current

direction which is controlled by bi-direction monsoon winds, morphology, and

ecological aspect. The significance of this research is to bring out some features

which will be useful in the interpretation of modern and ancient carbonate lagoon

reef bodies on shallow tropical waters since the equatorial carbonate systems is still

under evaluated.


69

Anaerobic Digestion Pasteurization System (ADPS) and a Demonstration Project in Barrang Lompo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Rittschof, D.1, Forbis-Stokes, A.2 and M. Zhu1 1 Marine Science and Conservation Division, Nicholas School of the Environment,

Duke University 2Civil & Environmental Engineering – Environmental Process Engineering, Pratt School

of Engineering, Duke University

corresponding author: Mei Zhu, [email protected]

Abstract

Anaerobic Digestion Pasteurization System (ADPS) is a novel sanitation technology

developed by the Marc Deshusses Lab, Duke University. We are planning to build a

demonstration project on Barrang Lompo, which is 10 km from Makassar, capital of

South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Using the inputs of collected sewage, the ADPS generates biogas while digesting

waste. About 40% of the biogas generated powers a simple heater to sterilize the

digester effluent. The remaining biogas can be used for energy generation and/or

cooking.The concept of the ADPS has been evaluated and proven through lab testing

and implementation in three countries over the last two years. The system is a

simple, cheap, and self-sustaining method of waste treatment that requires no

energy inputs outside of organic waste. Initial applications included the toilet and

treatment as one unit at the scale of 10～50 users (Figure 1); however, in

consideration of scale, efficiency, cost, and feasibility, the design under development

operates as a community-level treatment unit separate from the toilets and scaling to

750～1,000 users per day, expecting to yield 20～30 m3 of excess biogas, 5～10 kg of

nitrogenper day.

Figure 1. Flowsheet and concept of the novel sanitation technology

The advantages of the proposed technology are:

Simple low-cost process/equipment, suited for deployment in developing countries



70

Effective sanitation of wastes in a single stage without sludge formation

Self-contained, energy neutral system

Captures methane emission (a potent greenhouse gas) form waste

No electricity or additional energy is required

No additional water is required during daily operation

If the demonstration project were successful, it would be a model for additional

facilities on Barrang Lompo, similar facilities on other islands in the Spemonde

Archipelago, and might be expended to the Coral Triangle.

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