Sir Tariq M. Research.2 (1)
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Transcript of Sir Tariq M. Research.2 (1)
Ref: ALQURAN Ref: ALQURAN
FormulatingA research
problemCollecting
data
Processingdata
Writing aResearch
report
Writing aResearchproposal
Research design
Instrument for data
collection
Selecting a sample
EditingOf the
data
Developing A code
book
Field test of The research
tool
Literaturereview
Contents of the Research proposal
Principles of Scientific writing
Validity and reliabilityOf the research tool
Study design
Variables and
hypotheses
Sampling theory And design
Methods and tools of Data collection
Research design
steps in formulatingA research problem
Methods of data processing;Use of computers and
statistics
Operational steps
Requiredtheoreticalknowledge
RequiredIntermediaryknowledge
Coding
What How Conducting of the study
The research process
Is it this simple?
Subject Area
Research Aim
Topic Review
Core Question
Data needed
Data gathering
Method
Analysis
ConclusionsWrite up
The Research Process
Identifytopic
Identifytopic
Reviewthe
literature
Reviewthe
literature
Identifyconcepts
&theory
Identifyconcepts
&theory
Clarifyresearchproblem
Clarifyresearchproblem
Researchdesign
Researchdesign
Collectionof
data
Collectionof
data
Analysedata
Analysedata
Drawconclusion
Drawconclusion
What is Research Design?
A plan for selecting the sources and types of information used to answer research questions.
A frame work for specifying the relationships among the study variables.
A outlines each procedure from the hypothesis to the analysis.
The definition of research design: A research design is a plan, structure and
strategy of investigation to obtain answers to research questions or problems.
The plan is the complete scheme or program of the research.
A research design is a detailed plan for how a research study is to be completed operational variables so they can be measured, selecting a sample of interest to study, collecting data to be used as a basis for testing hypotheses, and analyzing the results.
The functions of a research design:
The definitions suggest that a research design has two main functions:
The first relates to the identification and/or development of procedures and logistical arrangements required to undertake a study.
And the second emphasizes the importance of quality in these procedures to ensure their validity, objectivity, and accuracy.
Continue…
A research design is a procedural plan that is adopted by the researcher to answer questions,
1. Validly; 2. Objectively; 3. Accurately and 4. Economically.
According to Selltiz (1962) , A research design is the arrangement of
conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner.
Power to Produce Effects
In an experiment, the researcher attempts to control and/or manipulate the variables in the study.
In an ex post facto design, the researcher has no control over the variables.
Classification Base
Study designs
Types of study design
Number of contacts
Reference periodNature of theinvestigation
One Two Three ormore
Cross sectionalstudies
Longitudinal studies
Before-and-after studies
Retrospective
Prospective
Retrospective-prospective
Experimental
Non-Experimental
Semi-Experimental
1. The cross-sectional studies:
Cross-sectional studies, also known as one-shot or status studies, are the most commonly used design in the social sciences. This design is best suited to studies aimed at finding out the situation, problem, attitude or issue, by taking a cross-section of the population.
Such studies are cross-sectional with regard to both the study population and the time of investigation.
Continue…
For Example, Consumers satisfaction with a
product.
The health needs of a community.
The attitudes of students towards the facilities available in their library.
2. The before-and-after study design: The before-and-after design (also known as the
pre-test/post-test design) is that it can measure change in a situation, phenomenon, issue, problem or attitude. It is the most appropriate design for measuring the impact or effectiveness of a program.
A before-and-after design can be described as two sets of cross-sectional data collection points on the same population to find out the change in the phenomenon or variable (s) between two points in time.
The change is measured by comparing the difference in the phenomenon or variable (s) before and after the intervention.
Examples
The effect of an advertisement on the sale of a product.
The impact of Benefits on the productivity of employees in an organization.
3. The longitudinal study design:
Longitudinal studies are also useful when you need to collect factual information on a continuing basis.
The main advantage of a longitudinal study is that it allows the researcher to measure the pattern of change and obtain factual information, requiring collection on a continuing basis, thus enhancing its accuracy.
Continue… In longitudinal studies the study population is
visited a number of times at regular intervals, usually over a long period, to collect the required information as shown in the figure:
Study Population
Study Population
Study Population
Study Population
t t t t
The longitudinal study design= Data collection
t = Interval between data collection
The Time Dimension: Cross-sectional studies are carried out once and represent
a snapshot of one point in time.
Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period.
The advantage of a longitudinal study is that it can track changes over time.
In longitudinal studies of the panel variety, the researcher may study the same people over time.
In marketing, panels are set up to report consumption data on a variety of products, consumer response to new products.
Study designs based on the reference period:
The reference period to the time-frame in which a study is exploring a phenomenon, situation, event or problem.
1. Retrospective;
2. Prospective;
3. Retrospective-prospective
The Retrospective study design Retrospective studies investigate a phenomenon,
situation, problem or issue that has happened in the past.
For example,
The living conditions of Sindhi people in Sindh in the early twentieth century.
The utilization of land before World War II in Western part of Pakistan.
The relationship between levels of unemployment and street crime.
The Prospective study design:
Prospective studies refer to the likely prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude or outcome in the future.
The following are classified as prospective studies:
To determine the impact of random breath testing on the prevention of road accidents.
The Retrospective-prospective study design:
Retrospective-prospective studies focus on past trends in a phenomenon and study it into the future.
Some Examples are : The impact of incentives on the productivity of
the employees of an organization.
The effect of an advertisement on the sale of a product.
Study designs based on the nature of the investigation:
On the basis of the nature of the investigation, studies can be classified as:
Experimental;
Non-experimental;
Quasi or semi-experimental.
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