• Singular: only one person, place or thing

Plural noun: more than one

And, finally…noun gender.

•

• Masculine- boy• Feminine- girl• Indefinite- either• Neuter- neither

• Masculine: brother• Feminine: sister• Indefinite: horse• Neuter: socks

Compound Noun

• A noun made of two or more words.

Possessive Nouns

• Show ownership

Singular possessive

• Doctor’s stethoscope• Surfer’s board• Anybody’s guess• Grandma’s feather bed

We’re talking about past and present tense.

It’s a gift, it’s called the present…

Give me a PRESENT today.

• Present tense means NOW. This is NOT the now verb with “ing”, that is a different kind of verb.– Cast meow.– I snack.– She glances.– Lance owns.– Nathan crawls.

• We don’t actually use present tense a whole lot. Usually we use it when talking about things that happen every day:– The bus comes at 9 AM.– She goes to school every morning.– Grandma goes to bed at 5:30 pm after she eats

her prunes.

Rules for present tense verbs

• If your subject is singular (just one) and not “I” or “you,” add an s to the verb:– He snacks.– She glances.– Gretchen bristles.

MORE rules

• If your subject is plural, or “I” or “you”, don’t add an s:– Cats meow.– I snack.– They own.– Kari and Matt crawl.– You go over there.

AND…prepare yourself…this one is complicated…

• If the subject is singular (just one), AND the verb ends in s, x, ch, z, or sh….

• Add es.– Robert blushes.– The pitcher pitches the ball.– The trainer coaxes him away.– She watches TV.

Another rule

• When the verb ends in a consonant and y, we change the y to i and add es for SINGULAR:

• I cry—She cries.• They rely on you—She relies on you.

Plural Possessive

• Elephants’ trunks• Waitresses’ aprons• Bosses’ schedules• Aunts’ houses• Kids’ homework• Newkirks’ house

PAST TENSE—first rule

• For a regular, not weird, verb…– To put it in the past tense, you add ed.• He tossed the ball.• She walked over there.

1-1-1 rule

• You have a ONE-SYLLABLE verb that ends in a CONSONANT.

• To make it past tense, you can use a wonderful thing called the 1-1-1 rule:

1-1-1 Rule:

Hop.

Is this word one syllable?Does the word have one vowel?Does the word end in one consonant?

Yes! This word follows the 1-1-1- pattern:

1 syllable1 vowel1 consonant at the end

For words that follow this rule, double the final consonant if you are making it past tense.

HoppedTrippedSkippedMappedStoppedAdded

If the verb ends in e, you add a d to make it past tense:-bake, baked-writhe, writhed

Next rule

And finally, if the verb ends in y, you change the y to i and add –ed:Dry- driedApply- applied

Future tense

Future tense

• Has not yet occurred!• Become a fortune teller.

Now, when you go FORMAL…

• Fancy writing• Future tense in

FORMAL writing is FANCY.

SHALLInstead of WILL.

Fancy fancy fancy - SHALL

• We shall adapt.• You shall cooperate.• It shall be a black tie affair.• Drinks shall be served at

half past the hour.

NOT a fancy party.

• Informal: WILL.• The party will be at ten.• Hamburgers will be on the grill

at 11.Drinks will be served.Little Bobby will open his presentsat 12.

• Now let’s talk about helping verbs.• Every predicate has a verb. Sometimes the

verb includes more than one word. When this happens, it is often because there is a HELPING VERB.

• Example:– You MIGHT HAVE wondered about the origin of

teddy bears.

Common helping verbs

• Is• Am• Are• Was• Were• Be• Being• Been• Has

• Have• Had• May• Might• Must• Can• Could• Do• Does

• Did• Shall• Will• Should• Would

SUBJECT…

• The WHO.

Connecticut became a state in 1788.Fifty states make the United States.

PREDICATE…

• The WHAT.

Connecticut became a state in 1788.Fifty states make the United States.

• So here’s where it gets a little complicated…

Bob left.

• But what if Bob is really sad that we didn’t tell more about him so we want to make our sentence say, “Cute little Bob left for the hair salon.”

• In that case, the sentence would have a SIMPLE SUBJECT and SIMPLE PREDICATE.

Bob left.

Here, all we have is a WHO and a WHAT. These are the SIMPLE SUBJECT and SIMPLE PREDICATE.

Cute little BOB LEFT for the hair salon.

Here, instead of keeping it SIMPLE, we made it COMPLICATED by adding bows to it.

• Red-headed John played the piano all night.

John played.

The SIMPLE version:

Red-headed JOHN PLAYED the piano all night.

And, complicated, here we go!

What is the SIMPLE subject?

• The basketball player shoots baskets every day.

Player shoots.

The SIMPLE version:

The basketball PLAYER SHOOTS baskets every day.

And, complicated, here we go!

What is the SIMPLE subject?

• Simple predicate, same idea:– Tom told me a joke.

Tom told.

The SIMPLE version:

Simple predicate is TOLD.

TOM TOLD me a joke.

And, complicated, here we go!

Simple predicate: Told.

But sometimes…

• We try to make a bike with only one wheel…and we end up talking like a caveman.

The girl with the dog.

Opened the book.

Jumping over the fence.

The doctor at the hospital.

The student with the notebook.

A bike with only one wheel…

• We call it a FRAGMENT.– A sentence missing the subject or verb.

• A sentence can also be a fragment if it is missing punctuation marks, or using the wrong form of the verb (ing or to):– The girl walking her dog.– Jenny to make her bed.

Run-on Sentence• Two bikes put together without proper

punctuation or connecting words…– Not a four-wheeler, just a bike with four wheels

that really doesn’t work. CAVEMAN!!!!

• The invalid devised a plan to go to the market he should stay home until he recovers.

• Some people have only one sibling other people have two but some people have three.

• Exercise makes us feel better it is fun too.

• In order to fix a run-on sentence you have to add and/so/but and punctuation:– Some people have only one sibling, and other

people have two, but some people have three.– The invalid devised a plan to go to the market. He

should stay home until he recovers.OR:Some people have only one sibling. Other people have two, but some people have three.

There are 4 kinds of sentences.

-Declarative: makes a statement, like “I declare this day a holiday from school.”-Interrogative: a question—interrogates someone. “Where were you last night?”-Imperative: a command—imposes your demands on someone. “Turn around slowly and put your hands where I can see them.”-Exclamatory: has an exclamation point, shows excitement or strong feeling: “I didn’t do it!”

Recently we talked about…

PROPER nouns

• AKA SNOTTY nouns.• They are better than everyone else.• Because they are so high and mighty, they

MUST be capitalized.• Names of people, places and things.

COMMON nouns

• These are just regular Joes. Nothing special.• They are not in love with themselves…so they

don’t need you to capitalize them.

Proper nouns:• Great Britain• Lake Michigan• Friday• Legacy Preparatory Academy• Homer Simpson• Pillsbury• Aunt Jemima’s Syrup• July• Halloween• Oreo• Hannah Montanah• Hannibal Lecter

Common nouns

• country• lake• day• month• girl• book• chocolate

– Alley: a narrow street– Ally: someone who is on your side

– Miso: Greek prefix, means “hatred”– Misogynist: one who hates women– Misoneism: hatred of change– Misogamist: someone who hates marriage – Micro: a Greek prefix that means “small”– Macro: a Greek prefix that means “large”