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![Page 1: Single leg squats predict independent stair negotiation ability in older patients referred for a physiotherapy mobility assessment at a rural hospital.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052618/551a7e71550346e0158b4886/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Single leg squats predict independent stair
negotiation ability in older patients referred
for a physiotherapy mobility assessment at a
rural hospitalRowena Hockings, David Schmidt, Christopher Cheung
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Presentation Outline
• Background• Study Objectives• Methods• Results• Conclusions • Clinical Implications and
Recommendations• Acknowledgements
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Background• Negotiating stairs is a necessary but
difficult daily task for older people• Stairs climbing ability is often reduced
following illness or surgery• Physiotherapists commonly complete
mobility and stairs assessments• Completion of stairs assessments are
routine and time-consuming• Single leg squats were chosen as a
potentially more efficient assessment tool to determine stair negotiation ability
• Use of squat test has potential to improve work efficiency
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Study Objectives
• Determine whether single leg squats predict independent stair negotiation ability in older patients
• Determine whether other variables influence any relationship between older patients’ ability to complete single leg squats and negotiate stairs
• Establish the inter-rater agreement of ability to complete single leg squats and negotiate stairs
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Methods
• A cross-sectional analytic study design• 143 participants recruited
Inclusion criteria:• aged 65 years or older • presented to the emergency department or
were admitted to the acute wards of Shoalhaven Hospital
• referred for a physiotherapy mobility assessment
• the physiotherapist determined a stairs assessment was clinically indicated
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Exclusion Criteria• Unable to follow required instructions due to
cognitive or language issues • Unable to fully weight bear on both lower limbs• Dependant on a forearm support frame,
crutches, wheelchair or hands-on assistance for mobilisation indoors
• When stairs assessment was contraindicated due to severe visual impairment or medical issues
• Lower limb amputations higher than the mid-foot • When inpatient rehabilitation was required prior
to discharge
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Assessments
• Single leg squats
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Assessments
• Stairs negotiation
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Secondary Data Collection and Assessment
• Demographic and functional data - collected through participant interview and medical records
• Presence, site and severity of pain• Diagnosis, length of stay and discharge
destination
Functional assessments included:• Current indoor gait aid use and assistance
required with mobility• Right and left knee flexion active range of motion
• Regression analysis used to determine whether single leg squats predict ability to negotiate stairs
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Inter-rater Agreement
• Assessments of 99 participants - negotiating stairs and - completing single leg squats
were used to assess inter-rater agreement• Calculated using Cohen’s Kappa
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Characteristics of Study Participants – Demographic
and Functional• Mean age 80 (SD 7) years• 50% participants male• 97% lived at home • Most common diagnoses: cardiovascular
events and orthopaedic surgery• Most were independently mobile with nil aid
prior to hospital presentation• 2 was median number steps participants
needed to be able to negotiate to access their home
• 67% had at least one rail on stairs at home
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Characteristics of Study Participants – at
Assessment• 36% reported pain, most commonly in
the lower legs • 92% were independently mobile • 38% walked with nil aid and 29% a four
wheel frame • Median knee active range of motion
100 degrees• Median length of stay 7 days• 89% discharged home
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Inter-rater Agreement
• Cohen’s kappa = 1.0• Percentage agreement 100% • Percentage disagreement 0%For both assessment of squats and stairs
negotiation inter-rater agreement was 100%
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Ability to Complete Single Leg Squats and Negotiate
StairsAble to complete stairs
Yes No Totals
Able to complete squats
Yes 108 (75.5%) 0 (0.0%) 108
No 18 (12.6 %) 17 (11.9%) 35
Totals 126 17 143 • Specificity = 100% (95% CI 0.8 to 1.0)• Sensitivity = 86% (95% CI 0.8 to 0.9)• Positive predictive value = 100% (95% CI 1.0 to 1.0) • Negative predictive value = 49% (95% CI 0.3 to 0.7)
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Exact logistic and multivariate exact logistic regression
analyses Univariate exact logistic regression
Predictor variable Odds ratio (95% CI)
p-value
Ability to complete three single leg squats 134.08 (21.504 to infinity)
<0.01
Multivariate exact logistic regression
Predictor variables Odds ratio (95% CI)
p-value
Ability to complete three single leg squats 57.12 (8.662 to infinity)
<0.01
Place of prior residence (whether participants lived alone)
0.12 (0.000 to 0.985)
<0.05
Pain severity 0.60 (0.246 to 0.963)
0.03
Gait aid at time of assessment (no frame/frame)
0.09 (0.001 to 1.002)
0.05
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Conclusions
• Single leg squats are an accurate predictor of stair negotiation ability in older acute patients referred for a physiotherapy mobility assessment
• Inter-rater agreement for the squat test and stair negotiation were excellent
• Pain severity, whether participants lived alone and frame use at time of assessment influenced the relationship between ability to complete squats and negotiate stairs
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Clinical Implications and Recommendations
• Squat test could be used as an alternative assessment tool to determine older patients’ suitability for discharge when reduced mobility is an issue
• A traditional stairs assessment: - would be required if older patients are unable to complete the squat test - may be required if older patients have moderate to severe pain, walk with a frame or do not live alone
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Clinical Implications and Recommendations
• Different physiotherapists’ assessments of older patients’ ability to complete squats and negotiate stairs would likely be the same
• The use of the squat test would deliver benefits to the patient and hospital system
• Further research into the use of the squat test as an alternative assessment tool is necessary
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Acknowledgements• Christopher Cheung• David Schmidt• Emma Webster• HETI - Rural Directorate• Alistair Merrifield, Tina Navin and Taylor
Harchak• Helen Troy• Tod Adams• Management and colleagues from ISLHD• Project participants