Simulations and Tests of a Danish Smartgrid – The Cell ... · 0.000 100.00 200.0 300.0 400.0 [s]...
Transcript of Simulations and Tests of a Danish Smartgrid – The Cell ... · 0.000 100.00 200.0 300.0 400.0 [s]...
September 2017
E. Tröster, T. Ackermann, N. Martensen (Energynautics, Germany)
Contact: [email protected]
In Cooperation with
Simulations and Tests of a Danish Smartgrid – The Cell Controller Pilot Project
• Increased security of supply
• Sufficient domestic resources must be available to maintain a balance between demand and generation
• Improved operator knowledge of actual system conditions both locally and centrally
• Efficient system control particularly during emergencies
• Active usage of distributed generators
• Black starting capabilities using distributed generators
• Organising distributed generators into controllable Virtual Power Plants
IDENTIFIED TARGETS OF THE REDESIGN PROCESS
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150 kV 150 kV
∼
∼
∼
∼
60 kV 60 kV 60 kV
10 kV 10 kV 10 kV
60 kV 60 kV
60 kV
10 kV
10 kV 60 kV
10 kV
60 kV
Input
Cell controller
Output
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ÅRR
AGB
GLE
HEJ
VOB
BMØ
GØR HOS
FØV
BRØ
HOD
LIK
REV
VJV
BIS
MØR
BIO
BID
G
G
G
G
15,5 MW
G
8,8 MW
2 MW
3 MW 3,8 MW
Wind Wind
Wind
Wind
3,6 MW
7 MW
3,3 MW
2 MW
Wind
Wind 2 MW
2 MW
Wind
4 MW
Test Area 1
Installed CHP: 37 MW Installed Wind: 39 MW Max Load: 61 MW 150/60 kV Trafo: 100 MVA
PILOT CELL: HOLSTED 60 KV GRID AREA
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CELL CONTROLLER CONCEPT
• Each Cell can be regarded as a Virtual Generator with same or better controllability compared to a traditional power station unit of equal size
• Local distribution companies attain strongly increased possibilities of distribution network on-line monitoring and active control
• Automatic Cell transition to controlled island operation in case of imminent transmission system break-down
• Black-start of transmission system • Robust Cell Controller Concept designed to encompass all new types of DG units and
controller functionalities
Increase in security of supply Any new functionality as pure software development Re-design for the future Danish electric power system
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Monitoring total load and production within the Cell
Active power control of synchronous generators
Active power control of wind farms and large wind turbines
Reactive power control by utilising capacitor banks of wind turbines and grid
Voltage control by activating AVRs on synchronous generators
Frequency control by activating SGSs on synchronous generators
Capability of operating 60 kV breaker on 150/60 kV transformer
Capability of operating breakers of wind turbines and load feeders
Automatic fast islanding of entire 60 kV Cell in case of severe grid fault
Automatic fast generator- or load shedding in case of power imbalance
Voltage, frequency and power control of islanded Cell
Synchronising Cell back to parallel operation with the transmission grid
Black-starting support to transmission grid in case of black-out
LEVEL OF FUNCTIONALITY OF THE CELL CONTROLLER
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800 kVA synchronous condenser for voltage control
SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER AND DUMP LOAD (SLC)
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1000 kW dump load for frequency control
500.0400.0300.0200.0100.000.000 [s]
1.005
1.002
0.999
0.996
0.993
0.990
Grid Breaker: Electrical Frequency/Terminal iGrid Breaker: Electrical Frequency/Terminal j
500.0400.0300.0200.0100.000.000 [s]
0.20
0.00
-0.20
-0.40
-0.60
-0.80
Grid Breaker: Active Power Import in MWGrid Breaker: Reactive Power Import in Mvar
DIg
SILE
NT
Resynchronisation Islanding
Frequency Dip
Frequency
Active Power
Reactive Power
SIMULATION: ISLANDOPERATION WITH WINDTURBINES
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500.0400.0300.0200.0100.000.000 [s]
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
-0.25
SLC Loadbank: Total Active Power in p.u.SLC BL Control: SetpointSLC BL Setpoint Calc: CtlSetpoint
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1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
SLC Loadbank: Electrical FrequencySLC Loadbank: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
DIg
SILE
NT
Active Power Frequency
Voltage
SIMULATION: DUMP LOAD (SLC)
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500.0400.0300.0200.0100.000.000 [s]
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
-0.20
Trf 50366: Psum WT1Trf 50366: Qsum WT1
Switching of capacitor bank
Active Power
Reactive Power
SIMULATION: WINDTURBINE
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500.0400.0300.0200.0100.000.000 [s]
0.250
0.125
0.000
-0.125
-0.250
-0.375
Synchronous Condenser: Total Reactive Power in p.u.Qctrl: Ref
500.0400.0300.0200.0100.000.000 [s]
0.050
0.025
0.000
-0.025
-0.050
-0.075
-0.100
Synchronous Condenser: Total Active Power in p.u.
500.0400.0300.0200.0100.000.000 [s]
1.0250
1.0125
1.0000
0.9875
0.9750
0.9625
0.9500
Synchronous Condenser: Electrical FrequencySynchronous Condenser: Voltage, Magnitude in p.u.
500.0400.0300.0200.0100.000.000 [s]
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
Selector: icSynchronous Condenser: Current, Magnitude in p.u.
DIg
SIL
EN
T
Active Power
Reactive Power
Frequency
Voltage
Switching of capacitor bank
SIMULATION: SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
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60 kV 10 kV 0,4 kV
Billund Hejnsvig
VOB AGB
BID HEJ
STI BIS
KLN GLB FUG CHP TRØ GRØ MØL
KT22 KT21
HEJ GEN1
HEJ GEN2
HEJ SC
HEJ SLC
HEJ WT1
HEJ WT2
HEJ WT3
HEJ WT4
BID GEN1
BID GEN2
BID GEN3
CEN SØK
KT21
KVV
Cell Controller
Mini Island
MEASUREMENT RESULTS
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60 kV 10 kV 0,4 kV
Billund Hejnsvig
VOB AGB
BID HEJ
STI BIS
KLN GLB FUG CHP TRØ GRØ MØL
KT22 KT21
HEJ GEN1
HEJ SC
HEJ SLC
HEJ WT1
HEJ WT2
HEJ WT3
BID GEN1
CEN SØK
KT21
KVV
Cell Controller
MEASUREMENT TEST 2: ISLAND OPERATION
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MEASUREMENT TEST 2: ISLAND OPERATION FREQUENCY
At time of island, cell generation (which includes over 1 MW of wind power) exceeds load by 470 kW.
Frequency increases immediately, but SLC and CHP governors react to compensate.
During island, cell frequency fluctuates as wind generation varies from 800 to 1350 kW. Cell Controller reacts and maintains cell within all grid code given boundaries.
Cell reconnected to grid.
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MEASUREMENT TEST 2: ISLAND OPERATION SYNCHRONIZATION
Once a reconnection to the grid is requested, the Cell Controller brings cell frequency and voltage phase within range of grid values. The Master Synchronizer reconnects only when cell frequency and voltage phase are sufficiently close to the grid values.
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60 kV 10 kV 0,4 kV
Billund Hejnsvig
VOB AGB
BID HEJ
STI BIS
KLN GLB FUG CHP TRØ GRØ MØL
KT22 KT21
HEJ GEN1
HEJ WT1
HEJ WT2
HEJ WT3
BID GEN1
CEN SØK
KT21
KVV
Cell Controller
MEASUREMENT TEST 3: IMPORT/EXPORT CONTROL
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Grid connected import/export control (virtual generator operation)
Emergency transfer to sustained hybrid island operation
Islanded wind only operation with SC and SLC
ACHIEVED TEST RESULTS
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CONCLUSIONS
A utility scale smart grid concept has been successfully demonstrated. Lessons learned from the project: • By adding ICT to the system a higher security of supply can be achieved, however it also
adds new sources of failure.
• Modelling and simulations are powerful tools to test new control strategies before going into the field. In case of island operation dynamic simulations are necessary!
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