Simulation and Energy Analysis of Buildingsrb/Professional Activities/EnBuild14.pdfSimulation and...
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Simulation and Energy Analysis of Buildings Rangan Banerjee Department of Energy Science and Engineering IIT Bombay Invited Talk at Innovations in Green Building Technology Nagpur 18 th January 2014
Transcript of Simulation and Energy Analysis of Buildingsrb/Professional Activities/EnBuild14.pdfSimulation and...
Simulation and Energy Analysis of Buildings
Rangan BanerjeeDepartment of Energy Science and Engineering
IIT Bombay
Invited Talk at Innovations in Green Building Technology Nagpur 18th January 2014
Issues/ Preamble
Buildings – important – share of overall energy use
Housing shortage – significant growth Energy shortages – fossil fuel reserves Climate Change – Greenhouse gas
problem, global warming Need for more renewables, energy
efficiency
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ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM(ENERGY SERVICES)
PRIMARY ENERGY
ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY
SECONDARY ENERGY
TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM
FINAL ENERGY
ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS
USEFUL ENERGY
END USE ACTIVITIESDISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD etc..MOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGY
AUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR,STOVE
WHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGY
RAILWAYS, TRUCKS, PIPELINESREFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY
POWER PLANT, REFINERIES
COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS
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http://www.sankey-diagrams.com/wp-content/gallery/o_gallery_202/global-energy-conversion-to-economic-services1.png
Cullen and Allwood, 2010
Energy Services - 2005
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Energy service 2005 levels
Units As a percentage of pro-rated primary energy use (including upstream conversion losses)
Thermal comfort 30 1015m3K (degree-volume air) 19%
Sustenance (food) 28 1018 J (food) 18%
Structural materials 15 109 MPa 2/3m3(tensile strength x volume)
14%
Freight transport 46 1012 ton-km 14%
Passenger transport*
32 1012 passenger-km 14%
Hygiene 1.5
2.8
1012 m3K (temperature degree-volume of hot water)1018 Nm (work)
11%
Communication 280 1018 bytes 6%
Illumination 480 1018 lumen-seconds 4%
Energy Supply 2005
6Cullen and Allwood, 2010
Energy source EJ
Oil 152
Coal 127
Gas 97
Biomass 54
Nuclear 30
Renewables 15
Direct fuel use 272
Electricity 183
Heat 20
Total 475
Conversion device EJ
Diesel engine 58
Electric heater 58
Electric motor 55
Biomass burner 49
Gas burner 47
Petrol engine 41
Cooler 33
Coal burner 31
Oil burner 28
Heat exchanger 20
Light device 18
Electronic 16
Aircraft engine 11
Other engine 10
Heat 233
Motion 175
Other 67
Total 475
Energy Supply 2005
7Cullen and Allwood, 2010
Passive system EJ
Appliances/goods 88
Heated/cooled space 86
Steam system 67
Driven system 56
Car 40
Truck 38
Furnace 31
Hot water system 23
Illuminated space 18
Plane 10
Ship 10
Train 8
Buildings 215
Factory 154
Vehicle 106
Total 475
Final service EJ
Thermal comfort 90
Sustenance 84
Structure 68
Freight transport 64
Passenger transport 64
Hygiene 56
Communication 29
Illumination 19
End –Uses Buildings
8Source: GEA Chapter 10
End Use Electricity by Appliances – New Delhi
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Source: GEA, 2012
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Electricity
Solar Biomass Wind Geothermal
Space Cooling
Space Heating
Water Heating
Cooking Lighting
Appliances
Motive power Computing
Solar Water Heating System
COLLECTOR
STORAGE TANK
FROM OVERHEAD
TANK
TO USAGE POINT
AUXILIARY HEATER
STORAGE TANK
COLLECTOR
PUMP
FROM OVERHEAD
TANK
TO USAGE POINT
Schematic of solar water heating system
AUXILIARY HEATER
http://64.243.182.248/includes/pv%20tutorial.pdf
ModulePanel
Solar Photovoltaics
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Building Integrated PV
http://www.iea-pvps-task2.org/
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CII-IBC Building - Hyderabad
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PV System
ModulePeak rating 125 WArea: 1.01 m2
15http://www.ablesolar.co.nz/images/products/solarpanels/BP3125.pdf
Solar Cooking - kitchen
mnes.nic.in/solar-stcooker.htm
Solar Kitchen Rishi Valleyhttp://gadhia-solar.com
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Oorja stove
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Mukunda et al, 2010
http://www.firstenergy.in
Rice Husk gasifier Cookstoves
18Source: Anderson, 2012
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Passive House, Zero Energy Buildings
www.passiv.de
www.passiv.de
(Germany/Sweden)http://www.pasivnidomy.cz/domy/
Electricity Use - Scenarios
Mumbai – annual simulations – Energy Plus – cooling load, typical appliance ownership patterns
Overall numbers based on Team Shunyahouse – 680 ft2
Baseline (AC) and Non-AC Energy Efficient AC and Non-AC (Solar
water heater used for both) PV rating – Net zero energy , no storage
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MULTIPLE FACETS OF CONSTRUCTING A GREEN BUILDING
SOLAR DECATHLON - RESEARCH AREASStructural Analysis
Materials
Prefab construction
Passive Architecture & Simulation
Solar Potential & PV
HVAC Design
MEP System Design
Instrumentation & Control Systems
COLLABORATIONInter-disciplinary research – Team has students from 13 different disciplines
Diverse team consisting of students from all major programmes –PhD, M.Tech, Undergraduate (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Years)
Collaboration and interfacing with industry experts
Simulation Framework
Team Shunya house
Solar thermal and PV on roof
Weekday consumption (AC-Baseline)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Loa
d(kW
)
Time(h)
Appliance & device use(kWh) AC (kWh) Total demand of house(kWh) Average(kWh)
Total load(kWh) 18.7Average load(kW) 0.8
Peak load(kW) 6.2
Weekday consumption (EE-AC)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Loa
d(kW
)
Time(h)
Appliance & device use(kWh) AC(kWh) Total demand of house(kWh) Average
Total load(kWh) 8.1Average load(kW) 0.3
Peak load(kW) 1.5
(kWh/year/m2)
Baseline ACBaselineNon-AC
EnergyEfficient(AC)
EnergyEfficient
(Non-AC)
AC 21.3 0 7.5 0
Fan 1.4 8.92 0.7 4.4
Lighting 17.7 17.7 3.4 3.4
Water heater 7 7 0 0
Appliances 20 20 12.9 12.9
Total 67.4 53.6 24.5 20.7
Comparison of houses (Mumbai)
680 ft2 carpet area
Baseline ACBaselineNon-AC
EnergyEfficient(AC)
EnergyEfficient
(Non-AC)Annual
Electricity use (kWh) 4246 3377 1544 1304
MonthlyElectricity Use
(kWh) 354 281 129 109Annual
Electricity bill(Rs) 21231 16884 7718 6521Monthly
Electricity bill(Rs) 1769 1407 643 543
Comparison of houses (Mumbai)
680 ft2 carpet area
Baseline ACBaselineNon-AC
EnergyEfficient(AC)
EnergyEfficient
(Non-AC)
PV rating 2.7 kW 2.1 kW 1.0 kW 0.8 kWInvestment(Rs lakhs) 2.7 2.1 1.2 1.0
Simple payback period 12.7 years 6.3 years
Pref TariffRs 10/kWh 15.8 years 7.9 years
PV panel rating(Mumbai)
680 ft2 carpet area
Baseline ACBaselineNon-AC
EnergyEfficient(AC)
EnergyEfficient
(Non-AC)
Building Cost(Rs lakhs)
9.5(1400/ft2)
12.4(1800/ft2)
Furniture 2.5
Appliances 2.1 1.5 3.0 2.1
Total Cost
14.12100/ft2
13.52100/ft2
17.92600/ft2
17.02500/ft2
Cost Comparison of houses (Mumbai)
Cost of Generated Electricity
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
CGERs/kWh
Discount Rate
Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan
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Standard Fan Efficient FanPower 70 W 35 WPrice Rs 1300 Rs 2600
BLDC motorLife : 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM – 350-400Similar air delivery 230 m3/min
Cost Of Saved Energy – Efficient Fan
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
CSERs/kWh
Discount Rate
1000 hours
2000 hours
4000 hours
3000 hours
Hourly cooling load profile
Cooling setpoint is 27 C
Cooling setpoint is 27 C
DAYLIGHTING simulation (83% area > 275 lux)
150850
450
Structural frame
Components of heat gain
Temperature variation – Non AC May
1) Source: Nayak and Prajapati, 2006
Aggregate Impact
Residential 10.9 billion m2 (2011) At 5% growth rate – 27.5 billion m2 (2030) Incremental 16. 6 billion m2 (60% of stock) Assuming Non AC – BAU case – Additional
electricity use 892 Billion kWh – For Efficient design case reduces to 345 Billion kWh
Incremental Power capacity 145,000 MW BAU Energy Efficient additional 56,000 MW
(avoidance of 89000 MW, Rs 356000 crores)
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Summing Up
Efficient Buildings – can transform energy sector Need for apriori simulation of building
performance Energy Efficiency and Renewables at the Building
Design stage itself Need to focus on new stock Energy efficiency cost effective at present prices PV – needs preferential tariffs
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J.M. Cullen and J.M. Allwood: The efficient use of energy: Tracing the global flow of energy from fuel to service, Energy Policy 38 (2010) 75–81
Mukunda et al, 2010: H. S. Mukunda; S. Dasappa; P J Paul; N K S Rajan; Mahesh Yagnaraman; D. Ravi kumar and Mukund Deogaonkar : Gasifierstoves - Science, technology and eld outreach,’ February 28, 2010.
Anderson, 2012: The Future of Micro-gasifier Stoves, Keynote Presentation to the 2012 ETHOS Conference by Dr. Paul S. Anderson available at: http://www.vrac.iastate.edu/ethos/files/ethos2012/SatPM/Panel/Anderson_Micro-gasifier%20Stoves.pdf
GEA Chapter 10: Ürge-Vorsatz, D., N. Eyre, P. Graham, D. Harvey, E. Hertwich, Y. Jiang, C. Kornevall, M. Majumdar, J. E. McMahon, S. Mirasgedis, S. Murakami and A. Novikova, 2012 Energy End-Use: Building. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 649-760.
Nayak and Prajapati, 2006, Handbook on Energy Conscious Buildings, Prepared under the interactive R & D project no. 3/ 4(03)/99-SEC between Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay and Solar Energy Centre, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources. May 2006.
http://www.pasivnidomy.cz/domy
References
Acknowledgements
Jay Dhariwal Aravind Kumar
Balkrishna Surve
+ students and faculty of Team Shunya
“What is the use of a house if you haven’t got a tolerable planet to put it on?”- Henry David Thoreau
Email: [email protected] Thank you
