Planets around Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs Michael Liu Bruce Macintosh NGAO Workshop, Sept 2006.
Simple overview provided here Substance in Brown et al. (Sept. 2008)
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Transcript of Simple overview provided here Substance in Brown et al. (Sept. 2008)
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Institutional structures in the governance of grasslands in western China
Scott Waldron & Colin Brown China Agricultural Economics Group,
The University of Queensland
Zhao YutianResearch Centre for the Rural Economy
Ministry of Agriculture
ACIAR Project LPS2001/094“Sustainable development of grasslands in western China” Workshop
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• Simple overview provided here
• Substance in Brown et al. (Sept. 2008)
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3. The State
2. Collectives
1. Households
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Institutional structures in the governance of grasslands
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Control-release cycles in grassland management
Central Planning era - 1950-80s Post reform era - 1980-1990s 2000-mid term future Mid-longer term future??
Cen
tralisat
ion
Dec
entralisat
ion
Commune era,monopolymarketing
, but nomads
HPRS, marketingreforms
Policy & legalinterventions
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1. Individual households• Re-included in the decision making process in
the reform era
• Obviously important for on-farm management decisions
• Obviously more needs to be done to strengthen understanding & capacity of households
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Household decisions but …..forged by their institutional environment
In the areas of:
• Which genetics & when
• Which disease prevention / treatment & when
• Stock numbers and type
• Where to graze & when
• How to pen-feed & when
• Timing and assistance with shearing and turnoff
Function of:
• Household decisions
• Service provision
• Policy
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2. CollectivesTownship (State)
Natural village
Other kinship & grazing groups, associations, co-ops
Administrative village
Households (individual)
Party
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Collective decisions
• Especially important in collective grazing systems– In remote areas– In areas without perimeter fencing on spring/summer
pastures, water access etc.
• Local leaders / elders traditional role in – Governing grazing access and monitoring– Dispute resolution
• Local livestock technician – service delivery
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Local level collective/household co-management systems
• Decreasing role in grassland management due to:– Perceived failure – in managing grasslands & livestock– Conflicts of interest – in supervision & production – Ability to cope with changing / modernising demands– Lack of understanding & capacity
• Acts as argument for capacity building at local levels– Most effective level of management– Micro-level and traditional knowledge
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But until local level capacity building happens:
• The State is re-assuming control
• To provide immediate solutions to immediate problems
• Through a powerful “carrot-stick” approach / strategy, measures include:– Grazing bans / restrictions– Pen-feeding– Adjustment of herd/flock structures– Settlement & resettlement– Increasing access to off-farm infrastructure, services & jobs
• To – Intensify systems– Get people & livestock off the grasslands!– Bring about structural adjustment of the pastoral region
• Providing potential – For on-leasing and increased farm sizes– But an aging herder demograhic?
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3. The State sector
ChineseCommunist Party
Ministries
Implementation
Central administrativeunits Central service units PCC farms
Professionalrelations
Local administrativeunits Local state-farmsLocal service units
Ownership
Leadershiprelations
Ownership
Direction Evaluation
Professionalrelations
Leadershiprelations
Laws
State Council
National People'sCongress
&Chinese People's
Political ConsultativeConference
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Mobilisation of the State• Highest echelons have directed “macro-control” (cross-
sectoral) departments to deal with the pastoral region
• E.g. ministries / commissions of
– Development & Reform– Science & Technology– Environmental Protection– Land Resources– Civil Affairs– Poverty Alleviation– Etc.
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But ….. Ministry of Agriculture• Retains jurisdiction over grasslands, especially the AHB
– Administrative units to county level– Service units / stations to township level
• MoA as a “specialised” (sectoral) based department– Therefore potential conflict of interest – in increasing production while
engaged in environmental monitoring- e.g. AHB leadership relations with grasslands stations
• But some strengthening in “macro-control” functions of MoA– E.g. food safety, disease, information, marketing, environment/grasslands– E.g. creation of Grasslands Monitoring Centre – service unit of MoA– Furthermore, direction reflected in AHB service, extension, supervision
systems
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Implications (a)
• Can’t assume independent household decision making – Pastoral areas different to agricultural areas
• Reasons for State control– Perceived failure of local level collective/household co-management– Immediate solutions to immediate problems– State changing outlook to pastoral area – environmental and social issues
• Paternalistic “top down” governance – Both on-farm and off-farm
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Implications (b)• However …. • Local level individual/collective co-management
work critical– State needs feedback to refine policies
• Enormous potential for impact through dissemination into State systems
– Limits to State intervention – logistics & dispersed nature of grasslands
– State may “release” control in the medium term future • In which case will need “bottom up” capacity
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Decentralisation of grasslands managements??
Central Planning era - 1950-80s Post reform era - 1980-1990s 2000-mid term future Mid-longer term future??
Cen
tralisation
Dec
entralisation
Commune era, but nomads
HPRS, marketingreforms
Policy & legalinterventions
?????Structural
adjustment,increased local
capacity,admin costs &
constraints,fencing,
co-operatives????????