Presented By :Presented By :

Himanshu K. KhannaHimanshu K. KhannaFAITH ACADEMYFAITH ACADEMY

• Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is the motion of a simple harmonic oscillator, a motion that is neither driven nor damped.

• The motion is periodic and sinusoidal.• With constant amplitude; the acceleration of a

body executing SHM is directly proportional to the displacement of the body from the equilibrium position and is always directed towards the equilibrium position.

where, x Displacement A Amplitude of the oscillation f Frequency t Elapsed time ф Phase of oscillation

If there is no displacement at time t = 0, the phase is ф = π/2

If the spring is unstretched, there is no net force on the mass - in other words, the system is in equilibrium. However, if the mass is displaced from equilibrium, the spring will exert a restoring force, which is a force that tends to restore it to the equilibrium position. In the case of the spring-mass system, this force is the elastic force, which is given by Hooke's Law,

F = -kxF = -kx

where,

F Elastic forcek Spring constantx Displacement

Any system that undergoes simple harmonic motion exhibits two key features:

• When the system is displaced from equilibrium there must exist a restoring force that tends to restore it to equilibrium.

• The restoring force must be proportional to the displacement.

• Once the mass is displaced it experiences a restoring force, accelerating it, causing it to start going back to the equilibrium position.

• As it gets closer to equilibrium the restoring force decreases; at the equilibrium position the restoring force is 0.

• However, at x=0, the mass has some momentum due to the impulse of the force that has acted on it; this causes the mass to shoot past the equilibrium position, in this case, compressing the spring.

• The restoring force then tends to slow it down, until the velocity reaches 0, whereby it will attempt to reach equilibrium position again.

Displacement x is given by:

Differentiating once gives an expression for the velocity at any time:

And once again to get the acceleration at a given time:

Simplifying acceleration in terms of displacement:

Acceleration can also be expressed as:

• Mass on a spring• Uniform circular motion• Mass on a simple pendulum

A mass M attached to a spring of spring constant k exhibits simple harmonic motion in space with

Alternately, if the other factors are known and the period is to be found, this equation can be used:

The total energy, E is constant, and given by

A mass is oscillating on a spring

Position inequal time intervals:

In the small-angle approximation, the motion of a simple pendulum is approximated by simple harmonic motion. The period of a mass attached to a string of length with gravitational acceleration g is given by

Simple harmonic motion can in some cases be considered to be the one-dimensional projection of uniform circular motion. If an object moves with angular frequency ω around a circle of radius R centered at the origin of the x-y plane, then its motion along the x and the y coordinates is simple harmonic with amplitude R and angular speed ω.

Model: oscillation coupled to a wheel spinning at constant rate

Vertical position versus time:

Period T

Period T

Sinusoidal motion

Time (s)

Displacement (cm)

Period T

Sine function: mathematically

x

y

2π

π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π 9π/2 5π

-1

1

y=sin(x)y=cos(x)

Sine function: employed for oscillations

x

y

π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π 9π/2 5π

-1

1y=sin(x)

Time t (s)

Displacement y (m)

T/2 T 2T

-A

Ay= A sin(ωt)

Sine function: employed for oscillations

Time t (s)

Displacement y (m)

T/2 T 2T

-A

A y= A sin(ωt)

What do we need ? 1. Maximum displacement A

2. ωT = 2π

3. Initial condition