Simon Upton's presentation on OECD Environmental performance review of Colombia

Environmental Performance Reviews

Simon Upton Director, Environment

10 APRIL 2014

Environmental Performance Review

of Colombia

Environmental Performance Reviews Surfing the commodities boom

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

10

20

30

40

50

% c

hang

e (2

000-

11)

USD

1 0

00 (2

005

pric

es a

nd P

PP)

GDP per capita in 2011 and % change in total GDP (2000-11)

GDP per capita % change

Environmental Performance Reviews One of the world’s most unequal countries

0,00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,8

Gini coefficient of household disposable income, 2010 or latest available year

Environmental Performance Reviews Strong commodity prices

0%

4%

8%

12%

2001 2006 2011

% share of value added Contribution to GDP growth

Other

Metalores

Coal

Oil andgas

Growth in mining


0

3 000

6 000

9 000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1 000 ha

8% of the continental land area

Land titled for mining (cumulated ha)

Mining exploration


Mining titles 2012

Titles granted Titles and

applications

Coal, metal and other mining 2%

Oil and gas extraction

43%

Manufacture of metals 13%

Manufacture of electrical machinery and motor vehicles

5%

Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products

4%

Other manufacturing

13%

Printing and publishing 3%

Transport 4%

Human health activities 9%

Other 4%

Total: 174 419 tonnes

Environmental Performance Reviews Hazardous waste generation

Renewables

Generation of hazardous waste by type of activity in 2011

Natural resources under pressure from agriculture


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of land area Forest area in 2011

Land use area (estimated)

1500

1600

1800

1850

1920

1970

2000

Natural resources under pressure from agriculture


0,000,200,400,600,801,001,201,401,601,80

05

1015202530354045

Pacific Orinoquía Caribbean Andean Amazon

million ha

Forest area (1990)Forest area (2005)Forest area (2010)Average annual deforestation rate (1990-2010)

% of 1990 forest area

Forest area and average annual deforestation by region

Livestock grazing


20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

million head of cattle Increase in stock units

Land holding


0,00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91,0

Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Uruguay Paraguay Peru

Gini index

Land holding concentration

Source: FAO Gender and Land Rights Database; Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi.

Environmental Performance Reviews Urbanisation is growing

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

1976

1979

1982

1985

1988

1991

1994

1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

2012

2015

2018

2021

2024

2027

2030

2033

2036

2039

2042

2045

2048

million inhabitants

UrbanRural

Population trends: projections to 2050

Environmental Performance Reviews Using water more efficiently

0 20 40 60 80

Pacific

Orinoquia

Magdalena-Cauca

Carribean

Amazon

% urban population% average annual runoff

%

Distribution of surface water resources and population by hydrographic area

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2008 2019

billion m3

Water abstractions by major uses: 2008 and projections to 2019

Manufacturing industryPublic water supplyAgriculture and aquaculture

Environmental Performance Reviews Access to water and sanitation

0

25

50

75

100

Urban Rural Urban Rural

Safe drinking water Basic sanitation

Population with access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 1993 and 2010

1993 2010

%

MDG targets 2015

Urban

Rural

Urban

Rural

0

25

50

75

100

Water supply

%

Households connected to water supply and sewer systems, 2003-12

2003 2012

Sewerage

Environmental Performance Reviews Access to water and sanitation

Urban

Rural

Rural

Urban


The effects of climate change on precipitation

Change in precipitation 2071-2100 vs 1971-2000


Planned expansion of fossil fuel power generation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 2020

TWh

Electricity generation, 1990-2011 and projections to 2020 (baseline scenario)

Hydro Biofuels and wasteNatural gas Oil productsCoal and coal products

Thermal plants

Hydroelectric plants

Low CO2 emission intensity – for now


0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

COL NOR FRA ITA TUR CHL MEX JPN USA CAN AUS

t/USD 1 000 (2005 PPP)

Energy-related CO2 emissions intensity, 2011

Low CO2 emission intensity – for now


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Transport

Manufacturing and construction

Residential, commercial and public services

Other energy industry own use

Energy-related CO2 emissions by sector, 2000-11

Mt

Electricity and heat

Agriculture and forestry

Environmental Performance Reviews Growth in road transport

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0102030405060708090

100

UnitedStates

Australia Canada Norway Japan Mexico Chile Turkey Colombia

% change vehicles/ 100 inhabitants

Road vehicle stock per capita, 2010

Passenger cars Other % change 2000-10

Lower taxes on diesel than petrol


Fuel prices in Colombia and selected OECD countries, 2012

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50

3,00

Nor

way

Turk

ey

Uni

ted

King

dom

Fran

ce

Switz

erla

nd

Japa

n

Chi

le

Col

ombi

a - B

ogot

à

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Mex

ico

USD/litre

Unleaded petrol Diesel for commercial use

Petrol vs diesel


-0,3

0,0

0,3

0,7

1,0

1,3

1,7

2,0

-1 000

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

% of GDP COP billion 2005 prices

Petrol Diesel Total % GDP(right axis)

Fuel subsidies

It is estimated that diesel subsidies accounted for 65% of total fuel subsidies in 2011.

Air pollution has significant impacts on human health and the economy


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Bogotá Medellín Bucaramanga National standard WHO standard

µg/m3

Annual mean concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10) in three cities


Low municipal waste generation but high landfill rate

Municipal waste generation, 2011

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

200

400

600

800

COL BRA JPN MEX CHL TUR NOR FRA GBR USA

% kg/capita

Waste per capita % landfilled (right axis)

Environmental Performance Reviews Waste – municipal waste generation

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Sanitary landfills Recovery* Other** Private final consumption(right axis)

million tonnes

* Mainly carried out by treatment plants not complying with adequate technical standards. Excludes recovery from households, commerce and industrial sources (about 1.8 millions tonnes in 2010). ** Includes waste disposal in non-controlled sites and water bodies, and waste burning in open areas.

Generation and treatment of municipal waste

150

125

100

75

50

25

0

Private final consumtion (right axis)

Index 2005 = 100 (constant prices)

Environmental Performance Reviews Environmentally related taxes

-2,0

-1,0

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

Mex

ico

Col

ombi

a

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Chi

le

Japa

n

Fran

ce

Sout

h Af

rica

Nor

way

Braz

il

Turk

ey

% of GDP

Energy products Motor vehicles Other

OECD countries and selected non-member economies, 2011


Mobilising resources to develop and manage protected areas

0

20

40

60

80

100

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Total SINAP resources Domestic government budget to national natural parks

International co-operation Other domestic sources

COP million 2011 prices Sources of funding for protected areas

Simon Upton's presentation on OECD Environmental performance review of Colombia

Environment

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