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Transcript of Similarities
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Similarities
of Nuclear Weapons & Chemical Weapons
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IntroductionChemical warfare agents use poisons that kill, injure, or
incapacitate. CW agents can be gases or liquids or, more commonly, dispersed as aerosols.
Nuclear weapons derive their destructive force from nuclear reactions of fusion or fission. As a result, even a nuclear weapon with a small yield is significantly more powerful than the largest conventional explosive, and a single weapon is capable of destroying an entire city.
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Chemical weapons status2005
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Nuclear weapons status2006
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Classes of CW agents Lethal Nerve agents Blood agents Blister agents Pulmonary agents
Non lethal Incapacitating agents Riot control agents
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Classes of NWs The atom bomb; energy is released by
fission of large atomic nuclei. The hydrogen bomb; energy is released by
fusion of small atomic nuclei.
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Introduction
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The 3 schedule of controlled substances
Schedule 1 Schedule 2 Schedule 3
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Fission reactions
Releases energy as: Heat Blast Radiation Uranium-235 Plutonium-239
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Effects of Nuclear Explosions
Low Yield (<100 kt) High Yield (>1 Mt) Thermal Radiation 35% 45% Blast Wave 60% 50%Ionizing Radiatio 5% 5% (80% gamma, 20% neutrons)
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Overview of Immediate Effects NW
The three categories of immediate effects are: blast, thermal radiation (heat), and prompt ionizing or nuclear radiation. Their relative importance varies with the yield of the bomb. At low yields, all three can be significant sources of injury. With an explosive yield of about 2.5 kt, the three effects are roughly equal. All are capable of inflicting fatal injuries at a range of 1 km.
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Overview of Delayed Effects NW
Radioactive Contamination Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate Harm to the Ozone Layer Nuclear Winter
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The nuclear chain health effects Mining Processing and Enrichment Nuclear power Waste Health effects on workers Health effects on neighbours Community health effects
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The Heat• Direct effect: Flashburns on exposed skin from erythema to total nihilation Keloide scars• Indirect effect:Massfires causing”ordinary” burns
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Blastwave
• Direct impact:
Fractures, crushing of internal
organs, skinwounds, damage to the
inner ear
• Indirect:
Flying debris (glass) and buildings
collapsing
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Radiation
• Damages DNA directly: chain braking, base deletion indirectly; free radicals an genomic instability
• Activation of protooncogens and inactivation of cellrepair system→ abnorm cellgrowth (cancer) or celldeath
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Initial effects of RadiationTissues with high cell turnover are most affected
Radiation Sickness:
2-6 Gy: Blood producing organs
Anemia, bleeding and prone to infections
6-20 Gy: The gastrointestinal system
Nausea, diarrhoea and dehydration
20 Gy: The central nervous system
ataxia, seizures, coma and death
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Effects of Radiation• EpilationLoss of hair
• PurpuraSkin bleeding
• Ulcerationin oral cavity andthroat
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Radioactive fallout
Long-term effects of radiation
Radiation is transferred to other materials Strontium-90: Resembles Ca2+ deposited
in bone and teeth Cesium-137: Resembles K+, deposited in
cells and tissues Iodine-131 deposited in thyroidea
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Long term effects Increased likelihood of cancer Birth defects including long limbs, brain
damage, conjoint stillborn twins, Reduced immunity Genetic damage PTSD and depression
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Damages in pregnancy NW
Increase of: Neonatal death Accidental abortions Microcephali Mental retardation Cataract of the eye The fetus is most vulnerable
in the 8th to 15th week
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Cancer NW
• Increased risk of almost all types of cancer
• Especially cancers of the thyroid,breast, lung, stomach and large bowel
• Age at exponation very important for increase in risk
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Plants Lack of chlorophyl Deformed leaf pattern Thick, flat, hollow stems Missing reproductive parts Abnormally large
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Animals Many insects disapeared
for years
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Risk of terrorism(new challenge to industry)
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Transportation risks Uranium oxide spills Fuel rod spills Radioactive waste risks
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Triage in the area Amount of wounded and casualties Communication Radiation zone Resources: equipment, medicines,
personal Clean Water Supplies
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Introduction
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Means of delivery
The CWs can be used through different means of delivery:
Bomb Rocket Missile Artillery Mortar and mine
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Roots of entry for CW agents Inhalation through lungs Ingestion by mouth Injection through punctured wound Absorption on skin
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The effects of CW Most nerve agents have fatal
consequences (due to severe poisoning) and cause short term damage to the environment and human body, but there is no evidence of long term consequences (but may cause neurotoxicity).
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The effects of CW Due to the effect that Mustard gas has on
DNA, long-term health problems appear in: Respiratory organs Eyes Skin (immune system disorders, psychological
disorders, genetic disorders, cancers and psychological effects )
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Clinical effects of exposure to nerve agents
It occurs in 3 stages Acute cholinergic phase The intermediate syndrome Delayed poluneuropathy( other effects: genotoxic and carcinogenic,
mutagenicity, teratogeniciyy, pregnancy, immune system, metabolic function, cardiac events)
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Clinical effects of exposure to mustard gas
20-60 min post exposure: Nausea, retching, vomiting, smarting of the eyes 2-6h:
nausea, fatigue, headache, inflammation of the eye
6-48h:
erythema of the skin, itching
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Clinical effects of exposure to mustard gas
Psychological Nervous system Local effects Permanent blindness Visual impairment Scarring of the skin Respiratory disorders Sensitivity to MG Carcinogenic effects
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Psychological impact of CWs Many survivors are suffering from
significant psychological disorders including PTSD. Contributing factors to this effect may be related to the horrendous deaths experienced by victims heavily exposed to CWs.
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CWs and environment
Mustard in munitions often had toxic additives to:
Raise the viscosity Reduce the freezing point Increase the toxicity
And the toxic wastes last for many years!!
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CWs and environment Nerve agents Mustard gas