Simele Massacre

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Simele massacreFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Simele massacre

Area where villages were looted

Heavily targeted Assyrian villages

Location North of theKingdom of Iraq,notably atSimele

Date August 7, 1933 August 11, 1933

Attack type Summary executions,mass murder,looting

Deaths 6003,000

Victim Assyrians

Perpetrators Iraqi Army,Arab and Kurdish tribes

This article is part of the series on the

History of the

Assyrian people

Early history
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Old Assyrian period(20th15th c. BC)Aramaeans(14th9th c. BC)

Neo-Assyrian Empire(911612 BC)Achaemenid Assyria(539330 BC)

Classical Antiquity

Seleucid Empire(31263 BC)Osroene(132 BC

244 AD)

Syrian Wars(66 BC217 AD)

Roman Syria(64 BC637 AD)Adiabene(15116 AD)

Roman Assyria(116118)Christianization(1st to 3rd c.)

Nestorian Schism(5th c.)Asuristan(226651)ByzantineSasanian wars(502628)

Middle Ages

Muslim conquest of Syria(630s)Abbasid rule(7501258)

Emirs of Mosul(9051383)Buyid amirate of Iraq(9451055)

Principality of Antioch(1098

1268)Ilkhanate Empire(12581335)Jalayirid Sultanate(13351432)Kara Koyunlu(13751468)Aq Qoyunlu(14531501)

Modern History

Safavid Empire(1508-1555)Ottoman Empire(15551917)

Schism of 1552(16th c.)Massacres of Badr Khan(1840s)

Massacres of Diyarbakir(1895)Rise of nationalism(19th c.)

Adana Massacre(1909)Assyrian genocide(19141920)

Independence movement(since 1919)Simele massacre(1933)Post-Saddam Iraq(since 2003)

See also

Assyrian continuityAssyrian diaspora

The Simele massacre(Syriac: pramta d-Simele,Arabic:

mabaat

Summayl) was amassacrecommitted by the armed forces of theKingdom of Iraqduring acampaign systematically targeting theAssyriansof northern Iraq in August 1933. The term is used todescribe not only the massacre inSimele,but also the killing spree that took place among 63

Assyrian villages in theDohukandMosuldistricts that led to the deaths of between 600[1]

and

3,000

[2][3]

Assyrians.

Contents

[hide]

1 Background

o 1.1 The Assyrians of the mountains

o 1.2 Iraqi independence and crisis

2 Massacres
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edia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#The_Assyrians_of_the_mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Iraqi_independence_and_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Iraqi_independence_and_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Massacreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Massacreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Massacreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Iraqi_independence_and_crisishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#The_Assyrians_of_the_mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Backgroundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-IFHR-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-IFHR-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida370-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul_Governoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohuk_Governoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_diasporahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_continuityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians_in_post-Saddam_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbakir_(1895)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_of_Badr_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism_of_1552http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christians_under_Ottoman_rulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_Qoyunluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Koyunluhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antiochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyid_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirs_of_Mosulhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuristanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Schismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osroenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaeanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period


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o 2.1 Clashes at Dirabun

o 2.2 Beginning of the massacres

o 2.3 Looting of villages

o 2.4 The massacre of Simele

3 Targeted villages

4 Aftermath

o 4.1 Responsibility for the massacreso 4.2 British role

5 Cultural impact and legacy

6 See also

7 Notes

8 References

9 Further reading

Background[edit]

The Assyrians of the mountains[edit]

The majority of the Assyrian affected by the massacres were adherents of theAssyrian Church ofthe East(often dubbedNestorian), who have originally inhabited themountainousHakkariandBarwariregions covering parts of the modern provinces oftheHakkri,rnakandVanin Turkey andDohukin Iraq, with a population ranging between 75,000and 150,000.[4][5]Most of these Assyrians were massacred during theGenocide of 1915.The restendured two winter marches toUrmiain 1915 and toHamadanin 1918. Many of them wererelocated to refugee camps by the British inBaqubaand later toHabbaniyah,and in 1921 somewere enlisted in the pro-BritishAssyrian Levieswhich helped quell Kurdish revolts in theBritishMandate of Mesopotamia.

[6]Most Hakkari Assyrians were resettled after 1925 in a cluster of villages

in northern Iraq.[7]

Some of the villages where the Assyrians settled were leased directly by thegovernment, while others belonged to Kurdish landlords who had the right to evict them at anytime.

[8]

The Assyrians did not share an amicable relation with their neighbour. Their historical feud with theKurds, which culminated in 1915, was centuries old. Bitterness between the Assyrians and the Arabswas reported by British historians as far back as 1920.[9]This was made worse by the British officersof the Levies who encouraged the Assyrians to think that they were first-class troops, which had theeffect of increasing the natural pride of the Assyrians.

[9]This, coupled with the fact that the British

and Assyrian Levies succeeded in suppressing Kurdish revolts when the Iraqi Army failed created aninferiority complex among some Iraqi corps towards the British and the Assyrians.

[10]

The conclusion of the British mandate of Iraq caused considerable unease among the Assyrianswho felt betrayed by the British. For them, any treaty with the Iraqis had to take into considerationtheir desire for an autonomous position similar to the OttomanMillet system.

[11][12]The Iraqis, on the

other hand felt that the Assyrian demands were, alongside the Kurdish disturbances in the north, aconspiracy by the British to divide Iraq by agitating its minorities.

[13]

Iraqi independence and crisis[edit]With Iraqi independence, the new Assyrian spiritual-temporal leader,Mar Eshai ShimunXXIIItheCatholicos Patriarchof the Assyrian Church of the East, demanded the Assyrians begivenautonomywithin Iraq, seeking support from theUnited Kingdomand pressing his case beforetheLeague of Nationsin 1932. His followers planned to resign from theAssyrian Levies(a militaryforce under the command of the British that served British interests) and to re-group as a militia andconcentrate in the north, creating a de factoAssyrian enclave.

[14]
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assacre#cite_note-Husry165-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry165-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry165-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry165-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry165-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya170-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya170-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya170-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry162-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry162-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry162-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry164-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry164-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry164-13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Eshai_Shimun_XXIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Eshai_Shimun_XXIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Eshai_Shimun_XXIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Eshai_Shimun_XXIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_homelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_homelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_homelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Levieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Levieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Levieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford110-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford110-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford110-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford110-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Levieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_homelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_the_Church_of_the_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Eshai_Shimun_XXIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Eshai_Shimun_XXIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry164-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry162-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry162-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya170-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry165-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry165-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford53-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford42-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford62-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Levieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habbaniyahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baqubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Joseph133-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Joseph133-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohuk_Governoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Cultural_impact_and_legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#British_rolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Responsibility_for_the_massacreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Aftermathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Targeted_villageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#The_massacre_of_Simelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Looting_of_villageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Beginning_of_the_massacreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#Clashes_at_Dirabun


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In spring 1933, Malik Yaqu, a former Levies' officer, was engaged in a propaganda campaign onbehalf of Mar Shimun trying to persuade the Assyrians not to apply for an Iraqi nationality or acceptthe settlement offered to them by the central government. Yaqo was accompanied by 200 armedmen which was seen as an act of defiance by the Iraqi authorities .[15]His activities caused distressamong the Kurds and the Iraqi government started sending its army to the Dohuk region in order tointimidate Yaqu and dissuade the Assyrians from joining his cause.

[16]

In June 1933, the Mar Shimun was invited toBaghdadfor negotiations withHikmat Sulayman'sgovernment and was detained there after refusing to relinquish temporal authority.

[17]He would

eventually be exiled toCyprus.[18]

Massacres[edit]Clashes at Dirabun[edit]

On 21 July 1933, more than 600 Assyrians, led by Malik Yaqu, crossed the border into Syria in hopeof receiving asylum from theFrench Mandate of Syria.They were however disarmed and refusedasylum, and were subsequently given light arms and sent back to Iraq on 4 August. They thendecided to surrender themselves to the Iraqi Army.

[19]While crossing theTigrisin the Assyrian

village ofDirabun,a clash erupted between the Assyrians and an Iraqi army brigade. Despite the

advantage of heavy artillery, the Iraqis were driven back to their military base in Dirabun. TheAssyrians, convinced that the army had targeted them deliberately, attacked the army's barrackswith little success.

[20]They were driven back to Syria upon the arrival of Iraqi aeroplanes. The Iraqi

army lost 33 soldiers during the fighting while the Assyrian irregulars took fewercasualties.

[21]Historians do not agree on who started the clashes at the border. The British

Administrative Inspector forMosulLieutenant Colonel R. R. Stafford wrote that the Assyrians had nointention of clashing with the Iraqis, while the Iraqi historian and son of the prominentArabnationalistSati' al-Husri,Khaldun Husry claims that it was Yaqu's men who provoked the army atDirabun.

[1][22]Husry supports rumours which circulated among nationalist newspapers of the

Assyrians mutilating the bodies of killed Iraqi soldiers,[23]

which further enraged the Iraqi publicopinion against the Assyrians.

[20]

Beginning of the massacres[edit]

Bakr Sidqi led the Iraqi Army during the Massacre of Simele.

Even though all military activities ceased by 6 August, stories of atrocities committed by theAssyrians at Dirabun and rumours that Christians were planning to blow bridges up and poisondrinking water in major Iraqi cities spread.[24]According to some historians, the agitation against

Assyrians was also encouraged byRashid Ali al-Gaylani's Arab nationalist government, which saw itas a distraction to the continuousShiiterevolt in the southern part of the country.

[25][26][27]
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The Iraqi army led by the experienced brigadier generalBakr Sidqimoved north in order to crush theAssyrians once and for all. They started executing every Assyrian male found in themountainousBekherregion betweenZakhoandDuhokstarting from 8 August. Assyrian civilianswere transported in military trucks from Zakho and Dohuk to uninhabited places in batches of eightor ten where they were shot with machine guns and run over by heavy armoured cars to make sureno one survived.

[28]

Looting of villages[edit]

While these killings were taking place, nearbyKurdish,ArabandYaziditribes were encouraged toloot Assyrian villages. Kurdish tribes of Gulli, Sindi and Selivani were encouraged by the mayor ofZakho to loot villages to the northeast of Simele,

[29]while Yazidis and Kurds also raided Assyrian

villages inShekhanandAmadiya.[30]

Most women and children from those villages took refuge inSimele andDohuk.[31]

On 9 August, the Arab tribes ofShammarandJuburstarted crossing the east bank of the Tigris andraiding Assyrian villages on the plains to the south of Dohuk.

[31]They were mostly driven by the loss

of a large amount of their own livestock to drought in the previous years.[32]

More than 60 Assyrian villages were looted. Even though women and children were mostly left totake refuge in neighbouring villages, men were sometimes rounded up and handed over to the army,by whom they were duly shot.[30]Some villages were completely burned down and most of themwere later inhabited by Kurds.

[33]

The massacre of Simele[edit]

TheLethbridge Herald,

August 18, 1933

The town of Simele became the last refuge for Assyrians fleeing from the looted villages. The mayorof Zakho arrived with a military force on 8 and 9 August to disarm the city. During that timethousands of refugees flocked around the police post in the town, where they were told by officialsthat they would be safe under the Iraqi flag.

[31]The 10th of August saw the arrival of Kurdish and

Arab looters who, undeterred by the local police, took away the freshly cut wheat and barley. Duringthe night of 1011 August, the Arab inhabitants of Simele joined the looting. The Assyrian villagerscould only watch as their Arab neighbours drove their flocks before them.

[34]
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org/wiki/Dohuk,_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford168-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadiyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhan_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford167-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford155-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohuk,_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakhohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bekher&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakr_Sidqi


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On 11 August the villagers were ordered to leave the police post and return to their homes, whichthey began to do with some reluctance. As they were heading back Iraqi soldiers in armoured carsarrived, and the Iraqi flag flying over the police post was pulled down.

[34]Without warning or obvious

provocation, the troops began to fire indiscriminately against the defenseless Assyrians.IsmaelAbbawi Tohalla,the commanding officer, then ordered his troops not to target women. Stafford,describes the ensuing massacre as follows:

[35]

A cold blooded and methodical massacre of all the men in the village then followed, a massacre which forthe black treachery in which it was conceived and the callousness with which it was carried out, was asfoul a crime as any in the blood stained annals of the Middle East. The Assyrians had no fight left in them,partly because of the state of mind to which the events of the past week had reduced them, largelybecause they were disarmed. Had they been armed it seems certain that Ismail Abawi Tohalla and hisbravos would have hesitated to take them on in fair fight. Having disarmed them, they proceeded with themassacre according to plan. This took some time. Not that there was any hurry, for the troops had thewhole day ahead of them. Their opponents were helpless and there was no chance of any interferencefrom any quarter whatsoever. Machine gunners set up their guns outside the windows of the houses inwhich the Assyrians had taken refuge, and having trained them on the terror stricken wretches in thecrowded rooms, fired among them until not a man was left standing in the shambles. In some otherinstance the blood lust of the troops took a slightly more active form, and men were dragged out and shotor bludgeoned to death and their bodies thrown on a pile of dead.

In his depiction of the massacre, Mar Shimun, mentions that:[36]

Girls were raped and made to march naked before Iraqi commanders. Children were run over by militarycars. Pregnant women were bayonetted. Children were flung in the air and pierced on to the points ofbayonets. Holy books were used for the burning of the massacred.

The official Iraqi account that the Assyrian casualties were sustained during a short battle withKurdish and Arab tribes has been discredited by all historians.

[37]Khaldun Husry claims that the

mass killing was not premeditated, and that the responsibility lies on the shoulder of, Ismael Abbawi,a junior officer in the army.

[38]

On 13 August, Bakr Sidqi moved his troops toAlqosh,where he planned to inflict a further massacreon the Assyrians who found refuge there. He was prevented in this by the intervention oftheChaldean PatriarchYousef VI Emmanuel II Thomas.

[34][39]

Targeted villages[edit]

The targeted villages in the Simele and Zakho districts

List of targeted villages[40]

Ala Keena Bameri Betershy Dairke Gond Naze Kaserezden Korekavana Ma

Aloka Barcawra Betafrey Dair Kishnik Harkonda Kerry Kowashey Ra

Badalliya Baroshkey Bidari Derjendy Idleb Kitba Lazga Re
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Baderden Basorik Biswaya Fishkhabour Kaberto Khalata Mansouriya Sa

Bagerey Bastikey Carbeli Garvaly Karpel Kharab Koli Mawani Se

Bakhitmey Benaringee Chem Jehaney Gereban Karshen Kharsheniya Qasr Yazdin Sid

Today, most of these villages are inhabited by Kurds. The main campaign lasted until 16 August, but

violent raids on Assyrians were being reported up to the end of the month .[41]

The campaign resultedin one third of the Assyrian population of Iraq fleeing to Syria.

[42]

Aftermath[edit]

The Assyrian town of Alqosh where a massacre was planned on its population.

On 18 August, Iraqi troops entered Mosul where they were given an enthusiastic reception by itsMuslim inhabitants. Triumphant arches were erected and decorated with melons pierced withdaggers, symbolising the heads of murdered Assyrians.

[43]The crown princeGhazihimself came to

the city to award 'victorious' colours to those military and tribal leaders who participated in themassacres and the looting.

[44]Anti-Christian feeling was at its height in Mosul, and the Christians of

the city were largely confined to their homes during the whole month in fear of further action by thefrenzied mob.

[44]

The Iraqi army later paraded in the streets ofBaghdadin celebration of its victories.[45]

Bakr Sidqi

was promoted; he later led Iraq's first military coup and became prime minister.[46]

Popular supportfor a compulsory conscription bill rose after the massacres.

Immediately after the massacre and the repression of the alleged Assyrian uprising, the Iraqigovernment demanded a conscription bill. Non-Assyrian Iraqi tribesmen offered to serve in the Iraqiarmy in order to counter the Assyrians. In late August, the government of Mosul demanded that thecentral government 'ruthlessly' stamp out the rebellion, eliminate all foreign influence in Iraqi affairs,and take immediate steps to enact a law for compulsory military service. The next week, 49 Kurdishtribal chieftains joined in a pro-conscription telegram to the government, expressing thanks forpunishing the 'Assyrian insurgents',

[47]stating that a "nation can be proud of itself only through its

power, and since evidence of this power is the army," they requested compulsory militaryservice.[47]Rashid Ali al-Gaylani presented the bill to the parliament, his government fell, however,before it was legislated andJamil al-Midfai's government enacted conscription in Februari 1934.

[48][49]

From the nationalists' point of view, the Assyrian Levies were British proxies to be used by their'masters' to destroy the new Iraqi state whose independence the British had consistently opposed.The British allowed their Assyrian auxiliary troops to retain their arms and granted them special dutyand privileges: guarding military air installations and receiving higher pay than the Iraqi Arabrecruits.

[50]Under British protection, the Assyrian Levies did not become Iraqi citizens after until

1924.[51]The nationalists believed the British were hoping for the Assyrians to destroy Iraq's internalcohesion by becoming independent and by inciting others such as the Kurds to follow theirexample.

[52]
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The massacres and looting had a deep psychological impact on the Assyrians. Stafford reportedtheir low morale upon arrival in Alqosh:

[53]

When I visited Alqosh myself on August 21st I found the Assyrians, like the Assyrians elsewhere, utterlypanic-stricken. Not only were they disturbed, but their spirit was completely broken. It was difficult torecognize in their cowed demeanour the proud mountaineers whom everyone had known so well andadmired so much for the past dozen years.

Assyrian refugees on a wagon moving to a newly constructed village on theKhaburriver in Syria.

Because of the massacre, around 6,200 Assyrians leftNineveh plainsimmediately for theneighbouringFrench Mandate of Syria,and were later joined by 15,000 refugees the following years.They concentrated in theJaziraregion and built a number of villages on the banks of the KhaburRiver.

[54]

King Faysal, who recently returned to Iraq from a medical vacation, was very stressed during the

crisis. His health deteriorated even more during the hot summer days in Baghdad. The BritishCharg d'Affaires met him in his Pajamas squatting in his bed on 15 Augusts where he denied that amassacre was committed in Simele. Faysal left Iraq again on 2 September seeking a cooler climatein London where he died 5 days later.

[55]

Mar Shimun who was detained since June 1933 was forced into exile along with his extended familydespite initial British reluctance. He was flown to by anRAFplane toCyprusin 18 Augusts, and laterto the United States in 1949, thus later forcing the head of the Assyrian Church of the East torelocate toChicagowhere it remains to this day.[18]In 1948, Mar Shimun met with therepresentatives of Iraq, Syria and Iran inWashingtonsubsequently calling upon his followers to "liveas loyal citizens wherever they resided in the Middle East" relinquishing his role as a temporal leaderand the nationalistic role of the church. This left a power vacuum in Assyrian politics that was filledby theAssyrian Universal Alliancein 1968.

[3]

Responsibility for the massacres[edit]

Official British sources estimate the total number of all Assyrians killed during August 1933 at around600, while Assyrian sources put the figure at 3,000.[1]Historians disagree as to who holdsresponsibility for ordering the mass killings. Stafford blames Arab nationalists, most prominentlyRashid Ali al-Gaylani and Bakr Sidqi.

[16][56]According to him, Iraqi Army officers despised the

Assyrians, and Sidqi in particular was vocal of his hate for them. This view was also shared byBritish officials who recommended to King Faysal not to send him to the north during thecrisis.

[16]Husry, on the other hand, blamed the Assyrians for starting the crisis and absolved Sidqi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford171-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford171-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford171-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_plainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_plainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_plainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazira,_Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazira,_Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazira,_Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry351-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry351-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry351-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-peshitta1-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-peshitta1-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-peshitta1-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-DeKelaita-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-DeKelaita-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-DeKelaita-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida370-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida370-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida370-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assyrian_refugees_on_wagon.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford128-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida370-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-DeKelaita-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-peshitta1-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry351-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabur_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazira,_Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh_plainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaburhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Stafford171-53


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from ordering the mass killing in Simele. He hinted thatKing Faysal Iwas the authority who mighthave issued orders to exterminate Assyrian males.

[56]Kanan Makiya,a leftist Iraqi historian, presents

the actions taken by the military as a manifestation of the nationalist anti-imperialist paranoia whichwas to culminate with theBa'athistsascent to power in the 1960s.[57]Fadhil al-Barrak, an IraqiBa'athist historian, puts Sidqi as the author of the whole campaign and the ensuing massacres. Forhim the events were part of a history of Iraq prior to the true nationalist revolution.

[57]

British role[edit]

IraqiBritish relations faced a short cooling down period during and after the crisis. The Iraqis werepreviously encouraged by the British to detain Mar Shimun in order to defuse tensions.[58]The Britishwere as well wary of Iraqi military leaders and recommended to transfer Bakr Sidqi, a senior ethnicKurdish general who was stationed in Mosul, to another region due to his open animosity towardsthe Assyrians.[58]Later, they had to intervene to dissuade King Faysal from personally leading atribal force to punish the Assyrians.

[56]The general Iraqi public opinion promoted by newspapers, was

that the Assyrians were proxies used by the British to undermine the newly established kingdom,was also shared by some leading officials including the prime minister himself. The British andEuropean protests following the massacre only confirmed to them that the "Assyrian rebellion" wasthe work of European imperialism.[59]

BothKing George Vof England andCosmo Gordon LangtheBishop of Canterburytook a personalinterest in the Assyrian affair. British representatives at home demanded from Faysal that Sidqi andother culprits be tried and punished.

[59]The massacres were seen in Europe as aJihadagainst a

small Christian minority.[60]

In the long term, however, the British backed Iraq and rejected an international inquiry into thekillings, fearing that this may provoke further massacres against Christians.

[59]They also didn't insist

on punishing the culprits, who were now seen as heroes by Iraqis.[59]The official British stance wasto defend the Iraqi government for its perseverance and patience in dealing with the crisis and toattribute the massacres to rogue army units. A report on the battle of Dirabun blames the Assyrians,defends the actions of the Iraqi Army, and commends Bakr Sidqi as a good officer.

[59]

The change in British attitude towards the Assyrians gave rise to the notion of the Britishbetrayalamong some Assyrian circles.

[61]An idea which first gained popularity after 1918 when the

Assyrians who were concentrated inUrmiadid not receive the British relief which led to theirmassacre by the Turks and Kurds and their deportation toHamadan.

[62]

Cultural impact and legacy[edit]

Church Of Martyrs- named after the massacre, it stands today in the town of Simele.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Faysal_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Faysal_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Faysal_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida375-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida375-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Makiyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Makiyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Makiyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida377-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida377-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida377-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida377-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida377-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida377-57http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry173-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry173-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry173-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry173-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry173-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry173-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida375-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida375-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Langhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Langhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Langhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Canterburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Canterburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Canterburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry353-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry353-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry353-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assirijskaya_cerkov.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assirijskaya_cerkov.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assirijskaya_cerkov.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assirijskaya_cerkov.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry353-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Canterburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Gordon_Langhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_Vhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida371-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida375-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry173-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Husry173-58http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida377-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida377-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan_Makiyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zubaida375-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Faysal_I


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August inSyriacwith the number 7 is often a symbol chosen by Assyrian organizations to commemorate the events.

7 August officially became known as Martyrs Dayor National Day of Mourningby the Assyriancommunity in memory for the Simele massacre, as it was declared so by the Assyrian Universal

Alliance in 1970.[63]

In 2004, theSyrian governmentbanned an Assyrian political organization from commemorating theevent and threatened arrests if any were to break the ban.

[64]

Assyrian musicartist Shlimon Bet Shmuel has written a song about the event.[65]

A number of poemsand stories have been written about the incident, including one by theAmericanWilliam Saroyan,titled "Seventy Thousand Assyrians", written in 1934;

...We're washed up as a race, we're through, it's all over, why should I learn to read the (Assyrian)language? We have no writers, we have no news well, there is a little news: once in a while theEnglish encourage the Arabs to massacre us, that is all. It's an old story, we know all about it.

[66][67]

The Simele massacre inspiredRaphael Lemkinto create the concept of "Genocide".[68]

In 1933,Lemkin made a presentation to the Legal Council of theLeague of Nationsconference oninternational criminal law inMadrid,for which he prepared an essay on the Crime of Barbarity as acrime against international law. The concept of the crime, which later evolved into the idea ofgenocide, was based on the Simele massacre, theArmenian Genocideand theJewish Holocaust.

[69]

The massacres also had a deep impact on the newly establishedKingdom of Iraq.Kanan Makiyaargues that the killing of Assyrians transcended tribal, religious and ethnic barriers as Arabs, Kurdsand Yazidis were united in their anti-Assyrian and anti-western sentiments. According to him, thepogrom was "the first genuine expression of national independence in a former Arab province oftheOttoman Empire"and that the killing of Assyrian Christians was seen as a national duty.[10]

The British were standing firmly behind the leaders of their former colony during the crisis, despitethe popular animosity towards them. General Headlam of the British military mission in Baghdad wasquoted saying: "the government and people have good reasons to be thankful to Colonel BakrSidqi".

[70]

See also[edit]

Assyri ans portal
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zinda-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zinda-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zinda-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian/Syriac_folk_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian/Syriac_folk_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Shmuel-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Shmuel-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Shmuel-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saroyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saroyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saroyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Holocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Holocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Euro-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Euro-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Euro-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya170-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya170-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya170-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya174-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya174-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya174-70http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Assyrianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Assyrianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Assyria.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoa_b'Tabbakh.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoa_b'Tabbakh.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Assyria.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoa_b'Tabbakh.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoa_b'Tabbakh.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Assyria.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoa_b'Tabbakh.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shoa_b'Tabbakh.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Assyrianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simele_massacre&action=edit&section=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya174-70http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Makiya170-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Euro-69http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Holocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saroyanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Shmuel-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian/Syriac_folk_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-Zinda-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac


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I raq portal

List of massacres in Iraq

Assyrian struggle for independence

Iraqi Shia revolts 19351936

List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

Notes[edit]

1. ^Jump up to:abcZubaida 2000,p. 370

2. Jump up^"Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugeesin Iran".fidh.org. International Federation for Human Rights.January 2003. Retrieved 23 September 2011.

3. ^Jump up to:abDeKelaita, Robert (22 November 2009)."The

Origins and Developments of Assyrian Nationalism".Committee onInternational Relations Of theUniversity of Chicago.AssyrianInternational News Agency. Retrieved 23 September 2011.

4. Jump up^Joseph 2000,p. 605. Jump up^Gaunt & Be-awoce 2006,pp. 125126

6. Jump up^Stafford 2006,pp. 6263



9. ^Jump up to:abHusry 1974,p. 165

10. ^Jump up to:abMakiya 1998,p. 170

11. Jump up^Husry 1974,p. 162



14. Jump up^Stafford 2006,p. 110


16. ^Jump up to:a

b

c

Stafford 2006,pp. 12812917. Jump up^Stafford 2006,p. 133

18. ^Jump up to:ab"Biography of His Holiness, The Assyrian Martyr ,

The Late Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII".Committee of the 50thAnniversary of the Patriarchate of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII.peshitta.org. Retrieved 23 September 2011.


20. ^Jump up to:abStafford 2006,p. 145



23. Jump up^Husry 1974,pp. 175176


25. Jump up^Makiya 1998,p. 16926. Jump up^Joseph 2000,p. 198




30. ^Jump up to:abStafford 2006,p. 168

31. ^Jump up to:abcStafford 2006,p. 158


33. Jump up^Makiya 1998,p. 168
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