sika Flat Glass Glaziers Training Manual · THE SIKA FLAT GLASS GLAZIERS TRAINING MANUAL IS FOR USE...

Sika Flat Glass Glaziers Training Manual Version 1.5

Created 03.13.2015

www.sikausa.com

pg. 2 Sika Flat Glass Glaziers Training Manual

SIKA FLAT GLASS GLAZIERS TRAINING MANUAL WARRANTY DISCLAIMER

Sika Corporation warrants the Sika products identified in this Sika Flat Glass Glaziers

Training Manual for one year from the date of installation to be free of manufacturing

defects and to meet the technical properties on the current Product Data sheet if used

as directed within the shelf life. User determines suitability of product for intended

use and assumes all risk. Buyer’s sole remedy shall be limited to the purchase price or

replacement of product exclusive of labor or cost of labor. NO OTHER WARRANTIES

EXPRESS OR IMPLIED SHALL APPLY INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF

MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. SIKA SHALL NOT BE

LIABLE UNDER ANY LEGAL THEORY FOR SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES.

SIKA SHALL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE USE OF THIS PRODUCT IN A MANNER TO

INFRINGE ON ANY PATENT OR ANY OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT.

THE SIKA FLAT GLASS GLAZIERS TRAINING MANUAL IS FOR USE IN CONJUNCTION

WITH SIKA PRODUCTS AND IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

SIKA DOES NOT GIVE A WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARDS TO ITS CONTENTS.


TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Subject Section Page Purpose of a Sealant 1.0 4

Joint Types 2.0 5

Joint Preparation 3.0 6

Two-cloth cleaning method 3.1 6

Priming 3.2 6 -11

Backer-rod 3.3 12

Bond – Breaker Tape 3.4 13

How Sealants Cure 4.0 13

Volatile Organic Compounds 5.0 14

Sealant Failures 6.0 15

Environmental Durability 6.1 16

Thermal Expansion Sample Calculation 6.2 17

UV Stability 6.3 18

Tools 7.0 19

Applications 8.0 20

Store Fronts 8.1 20

Tubs and Showers 8.2 21

Structural Glazing 8.3 22 – 23

Choosing a Sealant 9.0 24

Product Selection 9.1 24

Common ASTM Test Specifications 9.2 24

Applying Sealant 10.0 25

Tooling Joints 10.1 25

Testing Sealant in the Joint 11.0 26

Clean-up 12.0 27

Sika Flat Glass Products 13.0 28

Polyurethanes 13.1 28

Sikaflex®-201 US 13.1.1 28

Sikaflex®-201T 13.1.2 28

Sikaflex®-219 LM 13.1.3 29

Silicones 13.2 29

Sikasil®-GP 13.2.1 29

Sikasil®-N Plus 13.2.2 30

Sikasil®

WS290 13.2.3 30

Sikasil®

WS295 13.2.4 31

Sikasil®

WS305 13.2.5 31

Sikasil®

SG-10 13.2.6 32

Sikasil®

SG-18 13.2.7 32

Surface Products 13.3 33

Sika® Aktivator 205 13.3.1 33

Sika® Aktivator 13.3.2 33

Sika® Primer 2100 13.3.3 33

Sika® Primer 429 and Sika

® Primer 449 13.3.4 34

Nozzles 14.0 35

Summary 15.0 36

Glossary 16.0 37 – 38

Sika Flat Glass Glaziers Training Test 17.0 39 – 43

Ind

ustr

y


1.0 PURPOSE OF A SEALANT

The principal purpose of a sealant is to provide a functional seal between two or more sides of a joint

to prevent moisture, dust, light, or air from penetrating into a structure. Sealants are not designed to

offer any structural support; however, sealants must be able to withstand the dynamic movements

of the structure being sealed.

There are a variety of sealants used in the flat glass market today with many different chemical

properties. Some might provide good UV resistance while others may be designed for significant

joint movement. Comparing the physical properties of sealants from different chemical families, or

even from the same chemical family, can be a daunting task for any engineer, architect or installer.

The following table contains several common sealants currently used in the flat glass market. The

advantages/disadvantages provide a general description of the properties associated with the

particular family of sealants. As with most categories, there are always exceptions to the rules and

specific data sheets should be referenced before any sealant is selected for use.

Polyurethanes

Advantages: Disadvantages:

Excellent adhesion

Good weatherability

Paintable

Good mechanical properties

Chemical resistance

Surface preparation

Slow cure rate for 1-C

Limited temperature resistance

UV resistance (depends on PUR)

May require a primer

Silicones


Excellent UV Stability

Good adhesion to many substrates

Good temperature resistance

Easy repair – silicone to silicone

Good mold resistance

Not paintable

Poor tear resistance

Can have strong odor

Compatibility with paints and other adhesives

Fast skinning time/slow curing

Polysulfides


Good weatherability

Good adhesion

Paintable

Chemical resistance

Fast cure

May require a primer

Limited high temperature performance

Low tear strength

Old technology

Slow cure – one part

High viscosity

Acrylics


Paintable

Low cost

Dynamic movement limitations

Poor weather resistance

Not recommended for exterior use


2.0 JOINT TYPES

All structures, regardless of size and dimension, move with thermal, vibration or seismic activity.

During this movement, joints can expand and contract, dynamically affecting the sealant.

Elastomeric sealants are designed to absorb the joint expansion and contraction while keeping out

moisture and dust. Below are several typical joint types that will be encountered in the field, whether

individually or a combination of multiple configurations.

Backer Rod

¼” minimumSealant

Fillet Joints

Sealant

Bond Breaker

Tape

Backer Rod

¼” minimumSealant

Fillet Joints

Sealant

Bond Breaker

Tape

W*

W/2**

Butt Joint

* 1” > Joint Width > ¼”

** ½” > Joint Depth > ¼”

Backer Rod

W*

W/2**

Butt Joint

* 1” > Joint Width > ¼”

** ½” > Joint Depth > ¼”

Backer Rod

The thickness (t) of a lap joint is determined

by the amount of movement anticipated in

the joint. It is recommended to calculate the

deformation of the bead to remain less than

100% of the bead thickness during thermal

cyclic movement.

t

Lap Joint

Deformation

t

Lap Joint

Deformation


3.0 JOINT PREPARATION

Properly preparing the joint is one of the most critical steps for any successful sealing application.

The most common mode of sealant failure is the loss of adhesion to the substrate materials.

Therefore, correctly preparing the joint can eliminate a majority of installation failures. Occasionally,

the technician may find it necessary to mechanically remove loose particles from a substrate using a

wire brush or even a utility knife, providing a sound adhesion surface.

3.1 “Two-cloth” cleaning method

Some joints may require additional preparation before the sealant can be applied. The two-cloth

method is designed to remove oils and stubborn particles of debris by utilizing wiping the joint with a

solvent and then dry wiping with a second cloth:

1) Remove any loose debris on the surface.

2) Dispense or pour mineral spirits or acetone onto a clean, lint-free cloth. Be sure to wear

chemical resistant glasses and gloves.

3) Aggressively wipe the joint to remove contaminants. Rotate the cloth after each wipe so

as not to re-contaminate the area. Continue this process until no further debris can be

observed on the cloth.

4) Immediately wipe the clean area with a dry, lint-free cloth.

To provide the most effective cleaning, it is best to dry-wipe the area before the solvent has had a

chance to flash. Some solvents, particularly those containing alcohol, may become temporarily

trapped in porous substrates even after the dry wipe, therefore, it is recommended to allow all

solvents to completely flash from the substrate surface before applying the sealant. Strictly follow

the solvent manufacturer’s warnings and instructions for use.

3.2 Priming

In practice, surfaces are rarely clean enough to begin sealing without some preparation. Sikaflex®

and Sikasil® adhere well to dirt, oil, grease, etc.; however, those contaminants do not adhere very

well to the joint substrate. The Sika Primer Charts below show the recommended surface

preparations for common substrates when preparing to use Sika’s flat glass sealants. It is important

to note that priming is not a substitute for proper joint preparation!


Sikaflex® Polyurethane Primer Chart (1 of 2)

Substrate

(dry; free of dust, oil & grease)1

Is Primer Typically

Required?

Recommended Primer

if Necessary

Glass

Glass - Sheet, float or plate No Sika® Aktivator

Porcelain No Sika® Aktivator

Ceramic Tile No Sika® Aktivator

Metals

Aluminum - Anodized No Sika® Aktivator 205

Aluminum - Mill Finished Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Lead No Sika® Aktivator 205

Copper (Bright / Clean) No Sika® Aktivator 205

Brass No Sika® Aktivator 205

Zinc No Sika® Aktivator 205

Tinplate No Sika® Aktivator 205

Steel (Bright / Clean) No Sika® Aktivator 205

Steel - stainless Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Steel - galvanized Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Rubber

Urethane No Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Woods

Unfinished woods No Sikaflex® 429 Primer

EIFS

Dryvit Yes Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Sto Yes Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Synergy Yes Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Stone

Granite No Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Marble No Sikaflex® 429 Primer

1NOTE: The substrate must be dry and free of dust, oil, and grease. To ensure this, a cleaning wipe (with an appropriate

solvent) may be required. Refer to Section 3.1.

The above recommendations should be verified with field adhesion testing. Additional information on substrate

preparation and treatment is available from the Sika Industry Technical Service Department at (601) 278-0959.


Sikaflex® Polyurethane Primer Chart (2 of 2)

Substrate


Is Primer Typically

Required?

Recommended Primer

if Necessary

Concrete and Masonry

Concrete Block No Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Placed Concrete No Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Precast Concrete No Sikaflex®429 Primer

Mortar No Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Grout No Sikaflex® 429 Primer

Paints

Acrylic Latex Not Recommended

Emercoat 33 Not Recommended

DeSoto Fluoropon Not Recommended

PPG Duracon S600 Not Recommended

Solvent Based Enamel Yes Sikaflex® 449 Primer

PPG Fluorocarbon Yes Sikaflex® 449 Primer

Kynar Yes Sikaflex® 449 Primer

Plastics

PVC Yes Sikaflex® 449 Primer

ABS Yes Sikaflex®449 Primer

Plexiglass Yes Sikaflex® 449 Primer

Plexiglass DR Yes Sikaflex® 449 Primer

Lucite Yes Sikaflex® 449 Primer

Lexan Yes Sikaflex® 260 Primer

Teflon Not Recommended

Polyethylene Not Recommended

Polypropylene Not Recommended

Tuffak Yes Sikaflex® 449 Primer

Polyester / Fiberglass No Sikaflex® 449 Primer






SikaSil® Primer Chart (1 of 2)

Substrate


Is Primer Typically

Required?

Recommended Primer

if Necessary

Glass

Glass - Sheet, float or plate No Sika® Aktivator 205

Porcelain No Sika® Aktivator 205

Ceramic Tile No Sika® Aktivator 205

Metals

Aluminum - Anodized No Sika® Aktivator 205

Aluminum - Mill Finished Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Lead No Sika® Aktivator 205

Copper (Bright / Clean) No Sika® Aktivator 205

Brass No Sika® Aktivator 205

Zinc No Sika® Aktivator 205

Tinplate No Sika® Aktivator 205

Steel (Bright / Clean) No Sika® Aktivator 205

Steel - stainless Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Steel - galvanized Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Rubber

Urethane No

Woods

Unfinished woods No Sika® Aktivator 205

EIFS

Dryvit Yes SikaSil® Primer 2100

Sto Yes SikaSil® Primer 2100

Synergy Yes SikaSil® Primer 2100

Stone

Granite No SikaSil® Primer 2100

Marble No SikaSil® Primer 2100






SikaSil® Primer Chart (2 of 2)

Substrate


Is Primer Typically

Required?

Recommended Primer

if Necessary

Concrete and Masonry

Concrete Block No SikaSil® Primer 2100

Placed Concrete No SikaSil® Primer 2100

Precast Concrete No SikaSil® Primer 2100

Mortar No SikaSil® Primer 2100

Grout No SikaSil® Primer 2100

Paints

Acrylic Latex Not Recommended

Emercoat 33 Not Recommended

DeSoto Fluoropon Not Recommended

PPG Duracon S600 Not Recommended

Solvent Based Enamel Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

PPG Fluorocarbon Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Kynar Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Plastics

PVC Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

ABS Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Plexiglass Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Plexiglass DR Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Lucite Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Lexan Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Teflon Not Recommended

Polyethylene Not Recommended

Polypropylene Not Recommended

Tuffak Yes Sika® Aktivator 205

Polyester / Fiberglass No Sika® Aktivator 205






How to Use Surface Preparation

The key to good adhesion with Sikaflex® and SikaSil® adhesives and sealants is proper surface

preparation. Specifically, all surfaces must be dry and free of dirt, grease, mold release agents, loose

mortar, and any foreign matter. If the joint contains old sealant, it and all extraneous material must

be removed and the substrate cleaned by mechanical means. Apply primers at substrate

temperatures of 40° F and rising. Surfaces must be frost free.

Application

Shake or agitate primers well before using. Apply to dry, clean, oil free surfaces. Follow all flash off

time recommendations for the particular primer being used. If sealant has not be applied over the

primer within 8 hours it is necessary to prime the substrate again.

Limitations

• The primer should not be used if past the expiration date.

• The primer should not be used if it starts to gel in the container.

• Protect unused portion of Sika primers from moisture by covering immediately after use. The

primer container should be opened for as short of a period as is necessary to complete the

application.


3.3 Backer Rod

Acts as a support for sealant depth control

Helps to obtain proper wetting of the substrate when the

sealant is tooled

Make sure backer rod is 25% larger than joint width (under

compression) to provide a good tooling base

Do not puncture closed cell backer rod when installing prior

to sealant application (can cause bubbling)

Backer Rod

Sealant

Backer rod serves several purposes when used in a

sealed joint:

• Backer rod helps to control the amount of

sealant gunned into a joint

• It eliminates three sided adhesion of the sealant

• The backer rod ensures that the sealant is

formed into the classic “hour glass” shape for

best results and long term durability

Always make sure to use closed-cell backer rod as

open cell can result in out-gassing of the sealant,

especially if excessive moisture has been trapped in

the open cells of the backer rod.

This cut-away photo shows what happens

when sealant is applied into a joint where no

backer rod is present. Typically, too much

sealant will be applied, taking an

extraordinary amount of time to cure. The

hour-glass shape is not maintained and

tearing of the sealant may occur during joint

movement.


3.4 Bond - Breaker Tape

When a joint is too narrow for backer rod to be used, it is recommended to use bond-breaker tape to

prevent three-sided adhesion. Bond breaker tape is generally manufactured with Teflon,

polypropylene, polyethylene or some other material that is difficult to adhere too. Simply select the

correct size for the width dimension and apply to the bottom of the joint.

4.0 HOW SIKA SEALANTS CURE

Sikaflex

® (polyurethane) and Sikasil

® (silicone) cure by reaction with atmospheric moisture. Because

both of these types of sealants are one-component, moisture begins to react at the surface and then

proceeds to the center of the

bead, albeit at a slower pace as

moisture now must penetrate a

cured membrane before

reacting with the uncured

sealant.

At low temperatures, the water content of the air is decreased and the overall curing reaction

proceeds more slowly. Refer to the table below to see how different temperatures affect the

absolute humidity (grams H2O) in the air.

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

40 0.8 1.1 1.5 2.3 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.3 5.0 5.8

50 0.8 1.3 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.5 5.3 6.0 7.0 7.8

60 1.0 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.8 8.0 9.0 10.3 11.8

70 1.5 3.0 4.3 6.0 7.3 8.8 10.3 12.3 13.5 15.0

80 2.0 4.0 6.3 8.5 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0

90 2.3 5.0 8.0 11.0 13.5 16.0 19.0 21.5 25.0 27.0

100 3.5 7.0 10.5 14.1 17.5 21.4 25.1 28.9 32.7 36.5

110 4.6 9.2 13.9 18.6 23.5 28.4 33.4 38.4 43.6 48.8

120 7.7 15.5 23.6 31.8 40.3 49.0 57.9 67.1 76.5 86.1

Relative Humidity

Absolute Humidity (grams H2O / kg air)

Temp. (°F)


In addition to overall cure rate, the absolute humidity also affects tack free time as well as the period

of time when the polyurethane can painted. Typically Sikaflex® polyurethanes may be painted after

48 hours, however, if the temperature and absolute humidity are low then this time may be

extended. Painting the polyurethane prematurely can result in bubbles in the paint, bubbles under

the paint at the interface, or interfere with the cross-linking of the paint and inhibit the cure. It is

important to note that most silicones, including all those available in the Sika line, CANNOT be

painted.

5.0 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are organic chemicals that easily form vapors at standard

temperature and pressure. With proper ventilation many VOCs are non hazardous and should not be

a cause for concern, however, especially with indoor applications, care should be taken to ensure

proper ventilation.

Many sealants are manufactured with

as much as 40% solvent. Sealants that

contain large amounts of solvent will

often dry out and crack over time. At

this point the sealant has lost its

flexibility and the ability to form a

reliable barrier against moisture.

Typically, sealants with large amounts

of solvent will perform as shown in

the photo to the right. Excessive

solvent content will cause sealants to

shrink or crack over time as the

solvents flash off and the sealant loses

its elasticity. Initial adhesion of sealants with high solvent content can be very good; however, long-

term product performance will be compromised as solvents escape into the atmosphere.

Excessive shrinkage and cracking observed after 1 week of heat (158°F) exposure

<50 g/L VOC

240 g/L VOC

High Solvent Content

Crack in

Sealant

Excessive shrinkage and cracking observed after 1 week of heat (158°F) exposure

<50 g/L VOC

240 g/L VOC

High Solvent Content

Crack in

Sealant


6.0 SEALANT FAILURES

For any sealant to perform satisfactorily, the substrates must be clean, dry and free of debris, dust

and oils. Improper surface preparation is the leading cause of adhesion failure.

Sealed joints will normally fail in one of four ways:

1) Adhesive Failure – the sealant pulls cleanly away from the substrate of the joint. Typically, this is

the most common failure and is due to improper surface preparation or contamination. Sealant

that is applied too shallow within a joint may also fail adhesively through dynamic movement of

the substrate.

2) Cohesive Failure – the sealant tears within itself. Generally this is due to poor joint design,

including improper joint width, sealant choice, or incorrect depth of the sealant.

3) Substrate failure – the strength of the substrate is exceeded by the adhesive and cohesive strength

of the sealant. Some substrates may need to be abraded and/or primed in order to prepare the

surface for the sealant application. Abrading will remove loose particles, including oxidation,

while priming will provide a more reliable adhesion surface.

4) Sealant loses properties – the physical properties of the sealant are compromised due to

workmanship during the installation or weathering, which is usually an indicator that the wrong

sealant was chosen for the job or that the right sealant was chosen and is nearing the end of its

service life.

Sealants usually fail due to one of the following:

• Dirty substrates / improper surface preparation

• Surface moisture

• The wrong sealant was chosen for the application

• Poor joint configuration

• No backer rod was used

• Improper tool – sealant was not forced into the sides of the joint

• Environmental durability – See Section 6.1

Sealant has lost its elasticity and is

cracking along joint.

Inadequate surface

preparation has

resulted in poor

adhesion of the sealant

to the window frame.


6.1 Environmental Durability

The service life of a sealant depends upon the quality of the original installation and the joints

exposure to environmental conditions. All materials will expand and contract at different rates

during changes in temperature. Interior applications, where the temperature is relatively stable,

should experience very little thermal expansion/contraction. Temperature changes will cause joints

to expand and contract and sealants are expected to successfully move with the joint. Sealants that

have lost their elasticity will be unable to sufficiently move with the joint and will crack and tear or

lose adhesion to the surface.

To further expand on this concept, this manual

includes the Thermal Expansion Table (see Table) as

well as a sample calculation to show the installer

how to determine joint movement over a specific

temperature change. Thermal expansion values for

additional materials are readily available on the

Internet.

Compression

Expansion

Compression

Expansion

As the temperature rises, rigid members that make up the joint will expand and press on the softer sealant, causing the sealant to push out of the cavity (see figure to right). As temperature falls, the opposite effect will occur; the rigid members will contract and the softer sealant will expand across the widening joint.

Ma ter ia l

Ma sonr y /S to ne

Br ick 3.3 X 10-6

Co ncre te 5.2 X 10 -6

Ma rble 7.3 X 10-6

Lim e sto n e 3.6 X 10 -6

G ra nite 6.4 X 10 -6

Me tals

St ain le ss Ste el 16.3 X 10-6

St eel 6.7 X 10-6

Al um inu m 13.2 X 10 -6

Br ass 1 3 X 10-6

Br on ze 10.7 X 10 -6

Co pp er 11.6 X 10 -6

Iro n (ca st) 9.8 X 10-6

Iro n (wr oug h t) 5.9 X 10 -6

Le ad 7.4 X 10 -6

Pl astics

Ac ryl ics 4 5 X 10-6

Le xan 3 7 X 10 -6

Pl ex igla ss 3 9 X 10 -6

PV C 3 3 X 10-6

Mi sc.

Pl ate G lass 5.1 X 10 -6

EI FS 8.5 X 10 -6

in / in / °F


6.2 Sample Calculation

Calculate the thermal movement of a sealant filled 1” wide butt joint between two 10’ long concrete

slabs fixed at the ends. Assume an original temperature of 50°F and a final temperature of 80°F.

Using the formula for thermal expansion, ∆l = lo * α * ∆T; where:

∆l = lo * α * ∆T

= 10’(12”) * 5.2 X 10-6

(in / in / °F) * (80°F – 50°F)

= 120” * 5.2 X 10-6

(in / in / °F) * 30°F

= 0.01872” per slab

So, if the original joint was 1” in width and each slab is expanding 0.0187” then the final width of the

joint = 1” – 2(0.0187) = 0.963, compressing the original 1” joint to 0.963” or about 4%.

Conversely, if the temperatures were to go from 50°F to 20°F, then the slabs would contract

0.01872” and the joint would expand to 1.037 inches.

10’ 10’

1”Sealed joint

Concrete slab

10’ 10’

1”Sealed joint

Concrete slab

85°F Ambient40°F Ambient0°F Ambient

Joint

Sealed @ 0°F

Joint Sealed @

85°F

Joint Sealed @

40°F

Impact of Ambient Temperature on Sealed Joints

85°F Ambient40°F Ambient0°F Ambient

Joint

Sealed @ 0°F

Joint Sealed @

85°F

Joint Sealed @

40°F

Impact of Ambient Temperature on Sealed JointsSealants can be applied to exterior joints

during any season or any time of the day,

however temperature changes can affect the

final geometry of the joint sealant. As an

example, sealants applied at 40°F will become

concave or convex as temperatures reach

extremes. While not always possible, every

precaution should be made to apply the

sealant during the most moderate

temperatures available whenever a joint will

be exposed to the elements. Care should also

be taken during hot summer months as direct

sunlight on a joint can increase the

temperature of the substrate to extreme

levels.

∆l = change in length (in.) lo = original length (in.) α = coefficient of linear

thermal expansion ∆T = change in temperature (°F)


6.3 UV Stability

Exposure to UV energy is an important concern when choosing a sealant. While silicones are

basically unaffected by exposure to UV, some other sealants may degrade significantly under harsh

conditions. Although Sikaflex® does experience some UV degradation, as do all organic materials, the

product line performs extremely well compared to other competitive polyurethanes. UV degradation

of Sikaflex® is generally contained to the layer of adhesive directly exposed to the UV energy with

adjacent material below the surface maintaining all of the properties expected from a superior

sealant. Sika’s internal testing and extensive field experience has shown that Sikaflex® polyurethanes

are among the best in class when compared with other single-component, non-UV stabilized

polyurethanes in the market and will provide excellent performance for many years.

UV stable sealant after

5000 hours QUV exposure

UV unstable sealant after

5000 hours QUV exposure


7.0 TOOLS

The following is a suggested list of tools that will assist the technician in applying sealants to a

professional level of quality.

General Tools:

• Rubber gloves

• Cloth gloves

• Timer

• Hand cleaner

• Container for solvent

• Safety glasses

• Utility knife

• Clean towels / rags

• Scissors

• Replacement wearable

parts for caulk guns

Joint Preparation Tools:

• Wire cleaning brushes

• Bristle brushes

• Dust brushes

• Low tack masking tape

• Plastic sheeting

• Daubers / brushes for primer

• Backer rod (multiple sizes)

• Bond breaker tape (multiple widths)

Sealant Application Tools:

• Electric caulk gun

• Manual caulk gun

• Extra nozzles

• Extra nozzle adaptors if

using unipacs

Tooling:

• Metal spatulas

• Wooden spatulas

• Liquid dish soap

• Container for soapy-water

• Clean towels / rags


8.0 APPLICATIONS

8.1 Store Fronts

Sikaflex® and Sikasil

® are approved for structural bonding of store fronts that are 2 stories or less.

Sealing the windows and perimeter of taller buildings may be performed as long as the building

components are mechanically fastened and the Sika flat glass products are used only for the sealing

application. Typically, windows are gasket set in most store front applications and only the frame

needs to be sealed around the perimeter (see photos below). Compatibility and surface preparation

are important factors when performing this type of application. Another important step when

sealing around the framing is to not block the weep holes of the aluminum extrusion, which are

necessary to let water out of the assembly; obstructing these holes with sealant will not allow water

to escape and could cause unwanted moisture damage to surrounding areas.

Sikaflex®-201T

Sikaflex®-219 LM

This is a cross section

of the floating glass

frame. Note that the

glass is gasket set and

requires no additional

sealant. Sealant would

only be required

around the outer

perimeter of the entire

frame.


8.2 Tubs and Showers

Typically tubs and showers are sealed with silicone sealants. Silicones are preferred in these types of

applications because they adhere to a wide range of substrates with very little surface preparation,

experience very little shrinkage, and will not yellow or discolor under the variety of lighting present in

lavatories.

Sikasil

SikaSil®

-GP


8.3 Structural Glazing

Structural glazing joints must be designed properly for the sealant to perform as intended. If the joint is

improperly designed the sealant will fail due to stresses being applied upon the sealant.

Some of the design properties must include the following:

1. Structural Bite – This is the minimum contact surface of the sealant on the glass and the frame.

2. Windload and Glass Dimensions- The structural Bite is directly related to the wind loads on the

building and glass size or dimensions of the glass. The larger the wind load and the larger the glass

will require a larger Structural Bite.

3. Thermal Dilation - This is the thermal movement between the glass and the frame. This is usually

a Shear Stress between the glass and the frame and will depend upon the type of glass and

framing materials. Temperature changes and whether the frame is exposed to the outside will

effect these calculations.

4. Deadload- This is when the Deadload weight of the panel of glass is supported by the silicone.

Most common on Monolithic


System Types:

There are many various types of structural glazing systems. In common to all of these systems is that the

silicone is used to attach the glass or other materials to the building.

Two of the most common systems are as follows:

4-Sided Structural Glazing:

Usually the most common type of system used. The glass is supported on all four edges of the glass

using a structural silicone. These systems are usually fabricated in shop and erected at the job site.

2-Sided Structural Glazing:

This system uses silicone on two sides of the glass and the remaining two sides are supported either

by mechanical means or are not structurally supported by a frame.

These systems can either be prefabricated in shop or usually precut and assembled at the job site.

Although these are only two examples, structural glazing can be designed for many applications. Dependent

on materials, structural glazing can have hundreds of variations. It is imperative to remember when

considering silicones for any of these applications that proper print review and testing be completed before

project approvals.


9.0 CHOOSING A SEALANT

9.1 Product Selection

Choosing the correct sealant can mean the difference between a long-lasting bond or a short-lived

disaster. As explained earlier in this manual, thermal expansion, UV exposure, compatibility with

substrates and other sealants are factors to be considered, service temperature range, surface

preparation and workmanship also play a vital role in the success or failure of a sealed joint. Other

considerations pertain to whether the sealant will be painted or if the sealant will exude oils and

plasticizers that may permanently stain the surrounding substrate.

Without knowing the specifics, it is impossible for the instructions in this manual to determine

exactly which sealant characteristic is the most important for your particular job. Specific application

questions may be directed to Sika’s Technical Services at (888) 832-7452. The specifier and / or the

applicator are ultimately responsible for selecting the proper sealant. The following information

should help to narrow specific criteria when choosing a sealant.

Joint movement capability – calculate the amount of movement that a particular joint may encounter

during the course of its service life - Section 6.1.

Surface preparation – determine if the sealant is compatible with all elements of the joint to be

sealed. If a joint has been previously sealed with a silicone, then the best choice is to use silicone to

re-seal the joint. If the joint has never been sealed before, then determine which sealant is

compatible with the substrate, that the substrate is clean and dry and whether a cleaner with

adhesion promoters or a primer is necessary to achieve good adhesion to the joint.

UV – degradation to a sealant can happen very quickly and the sealed joint can become unsightly

relatively quickly if the wrong product is chosen. Typically, Sikaflex® polyurethanes perform

adequately under UV radiation, with most of the degradation being limited to the sealant surface.

Silicones experience very little degradation due to UV exposure.

Painting – if the sealant is to be painted, then Sikaflex® polyurethane should be the installer’s choice.

Silicones will not readily accept paint. It should be noted that Sikaflex® and Sikasil

® come in the

following variety of standard colors (see Section 13.0 for available product colors).

9.2 Common ASTM Test Specifications

ASTM C719 Movement Capability ASTM C1248 Stain Test Method

ASTM C794 Adhesion in Peel ASTM C1299 Guide for Selecting Sealants

ASTM C920 Standard Sealant Specification ASTM C1401 Guide to Structural Glazing

ASTM C1184 Structural Glazing Specification ASTM C1472 Calculating Joint Movement

ASTM C1193 Guide for Use of Sealants ASTM C1481 Guide to Use of Sealants with EIFS

Often times, an architect will require that a sealant meets ASTM C920. Sealants that meet the

requirements of ASTM C920 are designated to be of a certain type, class and grade for a specific use.

However, not all sealants that meet this specification are suitable for all applications and all

substrates.


10.0 APPLYING SEALANT

Generally, all sealants are applied using a pneumatic, electric (battery powered) or manual caulk gun.

Usually only small applications are performed with a manual caulk gun.

Typically the industry standard is to apply sealants when the temperature is above 40°F. At low

temperatures exterior substrates can encounter condensation and even frost, which might inhibit

the ability of a sealant to adhere. At lower temperatures, the sealant will experience an increase in

viscosity, resulting in reduced flow and may not tool as smoothly.

An important step to applying a professional looking bead is to tape the joint edges with masking

tape to contain any sealant that overfills the joint. After tooling, but before the sealant has cured,

this tape can be removed. Remove the tape by pulling down and across the joint at an angle.

Once taped, the joint is ready to be sealed. The nozzle for the sealant should be cut at a 45° angle for

best results. Apply the sealant into the joint at an angle of approximately 30° to the surface, making

sure not to over fill or under fill the joint. Over filling the joint will lead to wasted material and

additional clean-up, whereas under filling a joint will not provide a sufficient seal. Sealant material

should be “pushed” into the joint with the caulk gun.

10.1 Tooling Joints

Once a joint has been sealed it is important to tool the sealant, creating a smooth face along the

length. Typically, sealants can be tooled using a wooden or metal spatula or even fingers dipped in

soapy water for smaller applications.

Tooling will not only give a joint a professional appearance, but it also forces the sealant into the

joint, assuring good contact and eliminating voids.

Tooling the sealant also creates a concave surface, reducing edge stresses produced by joint

movement. This will create the classic hour-glass shape of the sealant when used in conjunction with

backer rod.


11.0 TESTING SEALANT IN THE JOINT

Although a sealant may look good on the surface, the joint may not be properly sealed. Below are a

couple of methods that can be used to evaluate the seal.

Initially, the depth of wet, uncured sealant can be measured by inserting a scale into the joint until it

stops against the backer rod. The depth of the sealant can then be determined by reading the scale.

Make sure that the sealant conforms to the general Sika guidelines provided in this manual. For

instance, a butt joint should have a depth between ¼” and ½”.

The pull-tail test is designed to determine the sealant adhesion to the joint walls, the cross-sectional

geometry as well as the overall depth of the sealant.

Once the sealant is completely cured, which depends on the amount of elapsed time since the

application and the curing conditions, i.e.; temperature, humidity, using a razor knife, the installer

should slice between the sealant and the edge of the joint about 3 – 5 inches. At the end of this cut,

the sealant should be sliced across the width of the joint so that a section of the sealant can be

grabbed and pulled down (see figure below). At the bottom of the tail, where the sealant is still

attached to the joint walls, the sealant should tear cohesively and not lose adhesion to the substrate

when the sealant is pulled. Now, the sealant depth will be able to be determined and also if the bead

has successfully maintained the recommended hourglass shape. Once the examination is complete,

it is necessary to replace the damaged test area by refilling the void with the same sealant used in

the original application.


12.0 CLEAN-UP

Uncured urethane and silicone can be removed from tools and equipment with mineral spirits or

other suitable solvents. Do not use any alcohol based solvents on curing urethanes or silicones as

this may inhibit the cross-linking process of the sealant. Strictly follow the solvent manufacturer’s

warnings and instructions for use. Once a sealant has cured it can only be removed through

mechanical means. Hands and exposed skin should be washed with a suitable industrial hand

cleaner and water. Be careful not to apply solvents directly to the skin.


13.0 SIKA FLAT GLASS PRODUCTS

13.1 Polyurethanes:

13.1.1 Sikaflex®-201 US Sealant

Sikaflex®-201 US is a one-component, flexible, polyurethane-based, non-sag

elastomeric sealant capable of +/-35% joint movement.

Tack free to touch 3 hours. Tensile strength 175psi.

Similar to: Tremco Dymonic, Sonneborn NP1, CRL M64

Product Benefits:

• Excellent adhesion – bonds to most construction materials without a primer

• Excellent resistance to aging, weathering

• Fast tack free time helps reduce dirt pick up

• Non-staining

• Sandable / Paintable; May be painted with water, oil, and rubber based

coatings

• High elasticity – cures to a tough, durable, flexible consistency with

exceptional cut and tear-resistance

ASTM C-920, Type S, Grade NS, Class 35, SWRI validated

SF-201 US Colors: White, Aluminum Gray, Black, Deep Bronze, MB Bronze, Tan, Limestone

13.1.2 Sikaflex®-201T Sealant

Sikaflex®-201T is a one-component, flexible, polyurethane-based, non-sag elastomeric

sealant capable of +/-25% joint movement. Sikaflex®-201T Sealant is ideal for use in

sealing applications requiring a rough appearance due to the textured consistency.

Tack free 3 hours. Tensile strength 140psi

Similar to: Vulkem 116, CRL M66 textured

Product Benefits:

• Textured appearance blends well to rough or stucco type surfaces and hides

imperfections from tooling

• Excellent adhesion – bonds to most construction materials without a primer

• Excellent resistance to aging, weathering

• Fast tack free time helps reduce dirt pick up

• Non-staining

• May be painted with water, oil, and rubber based coatings

• High elasticity – cures to a tough, durable, flexible consistency with exceptional cut and tear-resistance

ASTM C-920, Type S, Grade NS, Class 25


SF-201 Textured Colors: Aluminum Gray, Black, Limestone, White and Deep Bronze

(24) 10.1 fl. Oz. cartridges per case / (20) 20 fl. Oz. unipacs per case

13.1.3 Sikaflex®-219 LM Sealant

Sikaflex®-219LM is a one-component, low modulus, high performance, moisture curing

polyurethane sealant with excellent adhesion to aluminum, FRP, steel, wood, masonry,

EIFS and most plastics with proper surface preparation. Exhibits excellent recovery

making it ideal for sealing applications requiring high joint movement capability. Tack

free 3 to 6 hours. Tensile strength 125psi.

Similar to: Vulkem 921

Product Benefits:

• Cures to form a tough durable elastic material with excellent cut and tear resistance

• Adheres to aluminum, siliconized polyester painted metals, and other metals, glass,

wood, tiles, fiber reinforced plastics, and similar materials without a primer, Jet fuel

resistant

• Non-staining, Excellent sealant for use in EFIS applications

• May be painted – pretesting is essential since some paints dry slowly and the surface may

remain slightly tacky

• Excellent resistance to aging, weathering and road salt

• Exhibits good adhesion to aluminum, FRP, steel, wood, GALVALUME®, ZINCALUME®, and

aluminized steel without attacking the metal coating

• High joint movement capability of +100/-50%

• AAMA 808.3-92 Verified for Exterior Perimeter Sealing Compound, Type II, Class A.

ASTM C920, Type S, Tested in accordance with ASTM C1382 for use with EIFS, SWRI validated"

SF-201 Colors: Aluminum Gray, MB Bronze, Tan, White, Deep Bronze, Black, Limestone

13.2 Silicones

13.2.1 Sikasil®-GP

Sikasil®-GP is a one-part, Acetoxy moisture curing silicone sealant suitable for use in

a broad range of applications. It is easy to apply and offers excellent adhesion to a

variety of non-porous substrates such as glass, glazed ceramic tiles and aluminum.

Fungicide added.

Similar to: Dow 999A, GE SCS1200, 1000, RTV100, Tremco Tremsil 200, Proglaze,

Pecora 860

Product Benefits:

• Ideally suited for sealing glass windows, aluminum angle joints, showcases and

shower doors.

• Ease of use, one-part sealant, no mixing required

• Good weatherability, virtually unaffected by sunlight, rain, snow and temperature extremes

• Long life and reliability, cured sealant remains elastic from -40°F to 275°F without

tearing, cracking, drying out, or becoming brittle


• Wide temperature gunnability range, can be applied in any season

Sikasil®-GP Colors: Clear, Aluminum Gray, White, Black, Metallic Aluminum, Bronze

13.2.2 Sikasil®-N Plus

Sikasil®-N Plus is a one-part, neutral-curing, low-modulus silicone assembly sealant

with outstanding adhesion, long shelf life and excellent tooling characteristics for

construction, glazing and perimeter sealing. Joint movement of +/-25%. Tack free

30 minutes.

Similar to: Dow 799, 739, 832 GE SCS1800, RTV120, Contractors N, Tremco 600,

TremPro645

Product Benefits:

• Excellent for sealing of joints exposed to high levels of moisture, and joints

between glazing and supporting structures.

• Perfect for use in general fenestration bedding.

• Contains a biocide for mildew resistance.

• Conforms to AAMA 802.3-92, ASTM C920 Type S, Grade NS, Class 25, AAMA

808.3-92 verified.

Sikasil®-N Plus colors: Clear, Aluminum, Black and White

13.2.3 Sikasil ®WS-290

Sikasil® WS-290 (Ultra Low-Modulus) is a one-part, neutral-curing, ultra low-

modulus silicone sealant that will not stain natural stone such as marble and

granite and that reacts with atmospheric moisture to form a durable, flexible

building sealant. Accommodate long term movement of +100/-50% in properly

designed joints. Particularly well suited for Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EFIS).

Similar: Dow 790, Tremco Spectrem 1, Pecora 890

Product Benefits:

• Well suited for use in Exterior Insulation Finish Systems (EIFS) due to strong

adhesion to all base and top coats

• Ultra-low modulus formulation places minimal stress on bond line

• Performs exceptionally well under dynamic conditions due to its ultra-low

modulus, high extension / compression, recovery properties.

• Strong adhesion to most building materials and accommodates long-term

movement of +100/-50% in properly designed joints.

• Harsh weather conditions, rain, sleet, snow, sunlight and extreme temperatures, high ozone

concentrations and/or exposure to intense ultra violet rays have very little effect

• Excellent adhesion to concrete, natural stones, masonry, steel, fluoropolymer painted and powder

coated aluminum, wood, vinyl and many other plastics generally without the need for a primer.

• Meets or exceeds the following applicable standards: TT-S-230C, ASTM C920, Class 100, Type S,

Grade NS, G, A, M, O and CGSB-19GP-9, SWRI validated

• Available in field tintable pails"

Sikasil® WS-290 colors: White, Black, Aluminum, Limestone, Medium Bronze, Bronze, Colonial White


13.2.4 Sikasil® WS-295

Sikasil® WS-295 (Medium-Modulus) is a high-performing, medium modulus, neutral

cure silicone sealant specifically designed for structural and non-structural

weatherproofing applications. With a dynamic movement capability of +/- 50%.

WS-295 has been specifically designed for a weatherseal in both conventional and

structural glazing applications.

Similar to: Dow 795, 995, 756 SMS, GE Silpruf 2000, 9000NB, Tremco Spectrem 2, 3,

Pecora 895

Meets the requirements of ASTM C-920, Type S, Grade NS, Class 50, Use NT, M, G, A,

O; TT-S-00230C, Type II, Class A; CAN/CGSB-19.13-M87, AAMA 802.3 Type II, AAMA

803.3, AAMA 805.2, AAMA 808.3

Product Benefits:

• Excellent for use as a weatherseal for expansion joints in concrete and metal curtain wall.

• Perimeter sealing of doors, windows and other building components.

• Suitable for structural and impact glazing applications.

• Excellent un-primed adhesion

• Non-staining to most porous surfaces and resistant to residue run down on glass, metal

and non-porous surfaces

• Available in field tintable pails

• Long term warranties available

Sikasil® WS-295 colors: White, Black, Alum., Limestone, Medium Bronze, Bronze, Colonial White

13.2.5 Sikasil® WS-305 CN

Sikasil® WS-305 CN: is a neutral cure silicone sealant with high movement capability and

excellent adhesion to a wide range of substrates. Adheres well to many substrates

including glass, metals, coated and painted metals, plastic and wood. Skin time 50

minutes, tack free 130 minutes. +/-50% Joint movement.

Similar to: Dow CWS, Tremco Spectrem 2, GE SCS 1800, SCS 2800, Pecora 864 / 895

Product Benefits:

• Sikasil® WS-305 CN can be used for weatherproofing and sealing applications where

durability under severe conditions is required.

• Product is particularly suited as a weather seal for curtain walls, windows, storefronts

and cap joints.

• Wide temperature application range, can be applied in any season

ASTM C920 ( class 50 ) CSI section 7, 8 specifications supplied Long term weather seal

warranties available"


Sikasil®- WS-305 CN Colors: Black, White, Bronze, Anodized Light Grey, Grey S6 (MTO),

Aluminum (MTO), Colonial White (MTO), Limestone (MTO)

13.2.6 Sikasil®

SG-10

Sikasil®SG-10 is a Structural Glazing Adhesive: A fast curing, one-component, non-

sag, elastomeric, neutral cure silicone sealant. Meets the requirements of ASTM-

C920, Type S,Grade NS, Class 25, Use NT, T, M, G, A, O; TT-S-00230C, Type II, Class

A; TT-S-001543A, Class A; CAN/CGSB-19.13-M87, AAMA 802.3 Type I and II, AAMA

803.3 Type I, AAMA 805.2, AAMA 808.3 and California Air Resources Board 2003

requirements for Volatile Organic Compound content. Sikasil®-SG10 is especially

suitable for window fabrication and has passed the Florida Hurricane Glazing Code

when used in designed systems.

Product Benefits:

• Faster production capability in assembly processes

• High early green strength, fast cure

• Excellent flexibility for dynamic joint movement

• Bonds to most substrates without priming

• Compatible with IG sealants

• Enhanced adhesion to PVC/Vinyl, glass, aluminum, metals, powder coated surfaces, tiles, fiberglass,

plastic, ceramic and wood

Sikasil®SG-10 colors: Clear, White

13.2.7 Sikasil®

SG-18

Sikasil® SG-18 Structural Glazing adhesive: A high performance neutral curing silicone

adhesive with Skin time 50 minutes, tack free 130 minutes. +/-12.5 % Joint movement.

Specifically designed for curtain wall applications where high quality structural glazing

adhesives are specified.

Similar to: Tremco Spectrem 3, GE Ultra Glaze 4000, SilPruf NB SC 9000, Pecora 895 NST

Meets or exceeds ASTM C920 and ASTM C1184

Product Benefits:

• Excellent structural glazing adhesive for curtain wall applications

• Outstanding UV and weatherability resistance

• Bonds well to glass, metals and coated metals

• Excellent in applications where superior resistance to UV, high temperatures and weathering is required

• Long term structural warranties available

Sikasil® SG-18 colors: Black, Gray


13.3 Surface Preparation Products

13.3.1 Sika® Aktivator 205

Sika® Aktivator 205 is a special adhesion promoting solution for the pretreatment of surfaces prior to

bonding or sealing with Sikaflex® products

Substrate must be clean, dry, free of oil and grease and of sound quality. Thoroughly remove all loose

particles and residues. Apply Sika® Aktivator 205 with a lint-free tissue or paper towel. Allow cleaner to dry

10 minutes but not more than 2 hours before applying adhesive or sealant. If adhesive or sealant cannot be

applied within 2 hours of cleaning, repeat application. Reseal container tightly immediately after use.

13.3.2 Sika Aktivator Wipe bond face with a clean, lint-free cloth moistened with Sika® Aktivator. Apply sparingly, wiping once

only. Wipe off with a clean, dry cloth or paper towel. Allow to dry 10 minutes but not more than two hours

before applying sealant. If the sealant cannot be applied within two hours of priming, repeat application.

13.3.3 Sika® Primer-2100

Sikasil Primer-2100 is used to promote adhesion of Sika’s silicone and polyurethane sealants to a

variety of construction materials such as stone, masonry, metal, coated glass and plastics.

For best results, the following steps should be taken when using Sikasil Primer-2100.

1. Thoroughly clean all surfaces of dust, dirt, tar, oils and other debris. Remove rust and scale from

metal surfaces by abrasive cleaning or wire brushing. Masonry surfaces must clean, dry and sound

and prepared by mechanical means.

2. For cleaning non-porous substrates, use two rag wipe method using xylene or an approved

commercial solvent. Strictly follow solvent manufacturer’s instructions for use and warnings. Allow

solvent to evaporate prior to sealant application.

3. Apply Sikasil Primer-2100 to clean, dry surfaces by brushing or spraying before installation of

backer rod. A coverage rate of about 400 square feet per gallon is recommended on rough or porous

substrates.

4. For non-porous substrates, allow the primer to dry a minimum of 15 minutes or until all the

solvent evaporates. If a white film is noted, remove excess primer with a clean dry cloth then apply

sealant. For porous substrates, allow primer to dry 30-60 min. For EIFS substrates, apply a heavy coat

in two directions at a minimum rate of 400 square feet per gallon. A light white primer stain should

be visible. Drying time depends on temperature, humidity conditions and the porosity of the

substrate.

5. Apply sealant as directed within eight hours or cleaning and re-priming will be required.


13.3.4 Sika® Primer 429 and Sika

® Primer 449

Shake or stir Sikaflex® Primer 429 and Sikaflex

® Primer 449 before using. Apply with a brush, dauber or lint-

free rag or paper towel. Drying time is typically 5 minutes or less. Do not allow primed surface to be

contaminated with dust, dirt, or debris. Apply Sikaflex Primer 429 / 449 in temperatures 25°F (-4°C) and

above. For best results, condition primer to 65°F (18°C) to 80°F (27°C) before using. Store primer in a dry

area between 40°F (4°C) and 80°F (27°C). Protect Sikaflex Primer 449 from moisture. Once container is

opened, use contents immediately. Do not use if primer begins to gel.


14.0 NOZZLES

Quantity

a) Threaded Straight Nozzle 6

b) Threaded V-Cut Nozzle with Guide 6

c) Wide Cone – 4.5” 10

d) Threaded Unipac Adapter 10

e) Slim White Cone Nozzle 4” 10

a b

c d e


15.0 SUMMARY

This manual has provided extensive information and processes for the proper application of sealants.

Selecting the correct sealant solution requires that the technician understands the benefits and

constraints for each application. Below is a quick review of steps that should be followed whenever a

joint is sealed:

Properly inspect and prepare the joint to be sealed

Determine if the adhering surface needs to be prepared with a cleaner or primer

Establish whether to apply masking tape to the outside of the joint

Depending on the joint and if necessary, install backer-rod or apply bond breaker tape

Apply sealant into the joint, making sure not to over fill or under fill

Tool the joint, making sure to work the sealant into the joint to ensure good contact

Remove any masking tape

Clean hands and tools using proper hand cleanser and solvent for equipment

Test sealant work to ensure quality


16.0 GLOSSARY

ACCREDITED LABORATORY: A laboratory which has been accredited by an accrediting agency

as meeting all of the criteria necessary for testing windows, skylights, and

glass doors such as independence, technical competence, equipment calibration, technician

training program and quality control procedures.

ACTIVE PANEL: The panel of a multi-paneled door assembly which must be moved to provide

access.

ACOUSTICS: The science of sound and sound control.

ADJUSTABLE: Accessible without major reconstruction of the window, skylight, or glass door ,

i.e., adjustable hardware requirements.

AIR GAP (also AIR SPACE): Refers to the space between lites (panes) of insulating glass.

AIR LEAKAGE: The flow of air which passes through closed and locked fenestration products.

ANODIZED ALUMINUM: Aluminum treated by electrolysis to develop a finished surface. The

resulting finish shall be either clear or colored, and is an integral part of the aluminum.

ASTRAGAL: A molding attached to one of a pair of door panels or side-hinged window sash in

order to prevent swing-through; also used with sliding doors to insure a tighter fit where the

panels meet.

AWNING WINDOW: (See Awning, Hopper, Projected Window)

AWNING, HOPPER AND PROJECTED WINDOWS:

A window consisting of one or more sash hinged at the top or bottom which project outward or

inward from the plane of the frame. An awning (POB or THPO) rotates about its

top hinge and projects outward. A hopper window (PIT or BHPI) rotates about its bottom hinge

and projects inward. Top Hinged Projecting In and Bottom Hinged Projecting

Out are also included in this category. They shall contain one or more operable sash, fixed lites,

or transoms in various composites.

B.T.U.: Abbreviation for British Thermal Unit, commonly shown as ‘BTU’: the heat required to

increase the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.

BACK BEDDING COMPOUNDS

(aka back bedding glazing compounds): Pumpable and gunnable compounds used to bed

(bond or seal) glass to the surrounding substrates (frame or sash)

BACKFILL GLAZING: Wet Glazing in which the adhesive or Sealant bonds or joins the edge of

the glaze (glass) to the sash or frame. Called Rebate Bonding in Europe.

Also called Edge Bonding in Structural glazing


BALANCE: A mechanical device used in hung windows as a means of counter-balancing the

weight of the sash during opening and closing

BASEMENT WINDOW: Basement windows usually have a sash which projects inward. Any

window operator type may be tested as a basement window provided it is intended only for use

at or below grade for the purpose of ventilating a basement or cellar. Products shall be

permitted to include a screen or a storm sash and usually include provisions for emergency

escape or rescue from the basement area.

BAY WINDOW: A combination window consisting of two or more individual windows joined

side by side and which projects away from the wall on which it is installed. Center windows, if

used are parallel to the wall on which the bay window is installed. The two side windows are

angled with respect to the outer window. Common angles are 30° and 45°, although other angles

are sometimes employed.

BITE: A term used in glazing referring to the dimension by which the inner or outer edge of the

frame or glazing stop overlaps the edge of the glazing.

BOW WINDOW (also COMPASS, RADIAL BAY WINDOW): A rounded bay window that projects

from a wall in the shape of an arc.

BREAKAWAY FORCE: The force required to initiate a sash or panel in motion from a fully closed

position.

BRICK MOLDING: Standard trim piece to cover the gap between the window frame and

masonry (or siding material).

CAPTURED GLAZING: (v) The process of installing an infill material (glass) into a prepared

opening in windows, said infill being held in place by mechanical means such as

designed pocket or external stop. See also “Glazing” & “Structural Glazing”

CASEMENT WINDOW: A window consisting of one or more sash hinged to open from the side

(adjacent to the jambs), which project outward or inward from the plane of the window in the

vertical plane. A conventional casement window projects outward. They shall be permitted to

contain one or more operable sash, fixed lites, or transoms in various composites.

CELLULOSIC COMPOSITE: A composite whose ingredients include cellulosic elements. These

cellulosic elements can appear in the form of, but are not limited to: distinct fibers, fiber bundles,

particles, wafers, flakes, strands and veneers. These elements shall be permitted to be bonded

together with naturally occurring or synthetic polymers. Also, additives such as wax or

preservatives are permitted to be added to enhance performance.

CERTIFICATION: A process that indicates a representative sample of a product line has been

tested, that the product meets specified requirements, and that the product is subject to ongoing

inspections by an outside certification agency.

CHECK RAIL: (See Meeting Rail)


CHEMICALLY BONDED: When related to a welded corner, a process where the two polymer

profiles or pieces are heated and fused together with the aid of a chemical

reaction. The reaction and bonding is similar to the original extrusion process.

CLOSING FORCE: (See Operating force)

COMBINATION ASSEMBLY: Formed by a combination of two or more separate window or glass

door units whose frames are mulled together utilizing a combination mullion or reinforcing

mullion.

COMMERCIAL ENTRANCE SYSTEM: Products used for ingress and rescue in non-residential

buildings. Commercial entrance systems typically utilize panic

hardware, automatic closers and relatively large amounts of glass. Commercial entrance systems

are typically subject to high use and possibly abuse.

COMPOSITE UNIT: A window or glass door unit consisting of two or more sash or panels within

a single frame utilizing an integral mullion. (Not to be confused with products made from

composite materials.)

CONCENTRATED LOAD: A force applied to a fixed point on a window or door component.

CONDENSATION: The deposition of moisture (liquid water or frost) on the surface of an object

caused by warm moist air coming into contact with a colder object.

CORROSION: The deterioration of a material by chemical or electro-chemical reaction resulting

from exposure to weathering, moisture, chemicals or other agents or media.

CURTAIN WALL: An external nonbearing wall, intended to separate the exterior and interior

environments.

DEAD LOAD: The vertical load due to the weight of all permanent structural and non-structural

components of a building, such as walls, floors, roofs, and fixed service equipment.

DEFLECTION: Displacement of a member under an applied load.

DESIGN PRESSURE (DP): The windload pressure to which a product is tested and rated to

withstand.

DESIGN WIND LOAD: The windload pressure a product is required by the specifier to withstand

in its end use application. DIRECT GLAZED: Glazing glazed or installed directly

into a frame. The resulting fixed unit has no sash.

DIVIDER: Member which divides glazing into separate vision areas. It shall be structural or

decorative. [other common terms are; Muntins, True Divided Lites (TDL), Simulated Divided Lite

(SDL), grills, grids, or bars in glass]

DOOR: A Building component for opening or closing an opening in a wall that allows normal

access or passage.


DOOR ASSEMBLY: A complete assembly as installed, comprising door frame and one or more

panels, together with its essential hardware.

DOOR FRAME: Part of the door assembly, anchored to the building, in which the door panel or

panels move.

DOOR PANEL: (See Panel)

DOUBLE GLAZING: In general, any use of two thicknesses of glass, separated by a space, within

an opening, to improve insulation against heat transfer and/or sound transmission.

DOUBLE-HUNG WINDOW: A window consisting of vertically operating windows in which the

sash weight isoffset by a counterbalancing mechanism mounted in the window. Both sash in a

double-hung window are operable.

DROP IN GLAZING: A type of glazing that attaches directly to the glazing leg in the sash and

frame members using glazing compounds or tape and glazing bead.

DRY GLAZING: A method of securing glass in a frame that uses preformed, resilient gaskets

instead of a wet sealant or glazing compound.

DUAL ACTION WINDOW: A window consisting of a sash that tilts from the top and swings

inward from the side for cleaning of the outside surface. Also referred to as Tilt-Turn windows.

DUAL ACTION HINGED GLASS DOOR: A door consisting of one or more glazed panels contained

within an overall frame designed such that one of the glazed panels is operable in a swing mode

and can be tilted inward from the top for ventilation.

DUAL WINDOW: A window consisting of one of the configurations listed in Section 4 and

offered by the manufacturer as a complete factory pre-assembled or integral unit. Operation of

the primary and secondary sash shall be completely independent of each other. Dual

windows are marketed and tested as integral units.

ENTRY DOOR (other than GLASS DOOR): Any exterior doors other than glass doors that provide

ingress or rescue.

ESCAPE WINDOW: A window designed to facilitate emergency escape and rescue where a

conventional window design would be insufficient to comply with applicable building codes or

project requirements. Two such types are the basement window and the hinged rescue window.

EXTRUSION: A framing member or other type of component formed by forcing aluminum or

vinyl through a shaped opening.

EXTERIOR GLAZED: Glazing in which the glazing bead is affixed to the exterior (outside) of the

window or door.

FENESTRATION: Openings in a building wall, such as windows, skylights, and glass doors

designed to permit the passage of air, light, or people.


FIXED WINDOW: area window designed to be nonoperable and consist of a glazed frame or a

non-operating sash within a frame. This category does not include nonoperable skylights.

FLASHING: Metal or other suitable material placed to shed water.

FLOAT GLASS: Flat glass that has been formed on molten metal, commonly tin. The surface in

contact with the tin is known as the tin surface or tin side. The top surface is known as the

atmosphere side or air side.

FLUSH GLAZING: Glazing in which the the glazing bead is recessed within and flush with the

edge of the frame. Also called "pocket-glazed" and "center-glazed" systems.

FORCED ENTRY RESISTANCE: The ability of a window or glass door in the locked position to

resist entry under a specified load and conditions. (Also referred to as FER.)

FRAME: The enclosing structure of a window, skylight or glass door which fits into the wall or

roof opening and receives either glass, sash or vents.

FULLY TEMPERED GLASS: Flat or bent glass that has been heat-treated to a high surface and/or

edge compression to meet the requirements of ASTM C 1048, kind FT or

CAN CGSB 12.1. Fully tempered glass, if broken, will fracture into many small pieces (dice) which

are more or less cubical. Fully tempered glass is approximately four times stronger than

annealed glass of the same thickness when exposed to uniform static pressure loads. Outside of

North America, sometimes called “toughened glass”.

FUSION WELDED: (See Welded)

GAP: The nominal clearance between two adjacent surfaces and/or edges.

GARAGE DOOR: (See Vehicular Access Door)

GARDEN WINDOW: (See Greenhouse Window)

GATEWAY PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS:

The requirements for minimum gateway test size, air leakage resistance, structural design load

and overload testing, water penetration testing, forced entry resistance and auxiliary testing

which are the conditions permitting a product entry into a performance class. They are

specifically indicated for each product operator type in section 8 of this standard.

GLASS: A hard brittle substance, usually transparent, made by fusing materials such as soda ash

(NA2CO3), limestone (CaCO3) and sand under high temperatures.

GLASS DOOR: A door consisting of one or more glazed operable panels. Each panel in a glass

door, whether fixed or operable, shall have a vision area between 25% and 95% as compared to

the overall panel size of a gateway-size unit.

GLAZING: (n) A generic term used to describe an infill material such as glass. (v) The process of

installing an infill material (glass) into a prepared opening in windows, skylights, or glass doors.

See “Captured Glazing” & “Structural Glazing”


GLAZING BEAD (also GLASS STOP): Removable trim that holds glazing in place or covers the

glazing edge.

GLAZING CHANNEL: Groove in the sash, panel or frame intended to accommodate the glazing.

GLAZING LEG: “Shelf” or flange in the sash or frame onto which the glazing is applied.

GREENHOUSE WINDOW (GARDEN WINDOW): A window consisting of a three-dimensional,

five-sided structure, with provisions made for supporting plants and

flowers in the enclosed space outside the plane of the wall. Operating sash are allowed but are

not required.

HANDLE: A component which enables the movement of a sash or panel or which activates a

mechanism which locks or unlocks a sash or panel.

HARDWARE: All the necessary equipment to retain, operate and lock or unlock the sash or

panel within the frame.

HEAD: The horizontal member forming the top of the frame.

HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS: Flat or bent glass that has been heat-treated to a specific

surface and/or edge compression range to meet the requirements of ASTM C 1048, kind HS.

Heat-strengthened glass is approximately two times as strong as annealed glass of the same

thickness when exposed to uniform static pressure loads. Heat-strengthened glass is not

considered safety glass and will not completely dice as with fully tempered glass.

HEAT-TREATED: Term used for both fully tempered glass and heat-strengthened glass.

HINGED RESCUE WINDOW: A window consisting of any primary window that is mounted into a

stationary perimeter frame and is permanently hinged at one jamb to permit inswinging or

outswinging at least 90°. (See Rescue Windows, Basement Windows)

HINGED GLASS DOOR: A door consisting of one or more operable glazed panels within a

common frame. The operable panels are side hinged and are either in-swinging or out-swinging

but not both directions. (See Glass Doors, Hinged Glass Doors, Sliding Glass Doors, Dual Action

Hinged Glass Doors).

HOPPER WINDOW: (See Awning, Hopper, Projected Window)

HORIZONTAL SLIDING WINDOW: A window consisting of units which contain manually

operated sash which slide horizontally within a common frame. Operating sash (X), and a fixed

lite (O) comprising a unit are termed single sliders (XO) or (OX). When two operating sash are

separated by a fixed lite, the unit is termed a picture slide, or end vent (XOX)). When two fixed

lites are separated by an operating sash, the unit is termed a center slide (OXO). When two bi-

parting sash are located at the center of the unit with fixed lites at each end, the unit is termed a

bi-part center slide (OXXO). When adjacent sash by-pass one another, the unit is termed a

double slide (XX or XXO) or a double slide and vent (XXX).


HUNG WINDOW: A window consisting of vertically sliding windows which utilize counter-

balancing devices to allow the sash to be opened to any variable position between its fully open

and fully closed limits. Common types are single-hung, double-hung and triple-hung. (See

Vertical Sliding Windows)

IGU: See INSULATING GLASS UNIT

INSULATING GLASS UNIT: Two or more lites of glass spaced apart and hermetically sealed to

form a single glazed unit with an air or gas filled space(s) between each lite. (Commonly called

IG Units or IGU.)

INTEGRAL VENTILATING SYSTEMS/DEVICES:

An apparatus that is independent from but installed into a window, skylight, or glass door

product for the purpose of controlling the transfer of air through the window, glass

door or skylight product.

INTERIOR DOOR: An installed door not exposed to the exterior.

INTERIOR GLAZED: Glazing in which the glazing bead is affixed to the interior (inside) of the

window or door.

INTERIOR WINDOW: An installed window not exposed to the exterior.

JAL-AWNING WINDOW: A window consisting of a multiplicity of top-hinged sash arranged in a

vertical series within a common frame, each operated by its own control device which swings

the bottom edges of the sash outward. (See also Jalousie Window, Tropical Windows, Tropical

Awning Windows)

JALOUSIE WINDOW: A window consisting of a series of overlapping horizontal frameless

louvers which pivot simultaneously in a common frame and are actuated by one or more

operating devices so that the bottom edge of each louver swings outward and the top edge

swings inward during operation.

JAMB(S): The upright or vertical members forming the side of the frame.

KNOCKED DOWN (KD): A KD product is, shipped in a disassembled condition and later

assembled according to the instructions of the manufacturer utilizing all of the components

supplied or specified by the manufacturer

LAMINATED GLASS: Two or more lites of glass permanently bonded together with one or more

plastic interlayers.

LITE (LIGHT): Another term for a pane of glass used in a window, skylight, or glass door .

Frequently spelled "Lite" in industry literature to avoid confusion with light as in "visible light".

MEETING RAIL: One of the two horizontal members of a sliding sash which come together when

in the closed position. A check rail.


MEETING STILE: One of the two vertical members of a sliding sash which come together when

in the closed position. A check stile.

MOISTURE CONTENT: Percentage of dry weight of which is composed of water, such as in wood.

MINIMUM GATEWAY TEST SIZE: The test specimen size specified to enter a Performance Class

at the lowest or minimum level.

MULLION: (See mullion types defined below)

INTEGRAL MULLION: A horizontal or vertical member which is bounded at both ends by

crossing frame members.

COMBINATION MULLION: A horizontal or vertical member formed by joining two or more

individual fenestration units together without a mullion stiffener.

REINFORCING MULLION: A horizontal or vertical member with an added continuous mullion

stiffener and joining two or more individual fenestration units along the sides of the mullion

stiffener.

MULLION STIFFENER: An additional reinforcing member used in a reinforcing mullion. Mullion

stiffeners shall be designed to carry all of the load or shall share the load with adjacent framing

members.

MUNTIN: (See DIVIDER)

NON-HUNG WINDOW: A window consisting of vertically sliding windows which utilize

mechanical retainers or slide bolts to allow the sash to be opened to any

one of the pre-selected positions between its fully open and fully closed limits. (See Vertical

Sliding Windows)

OPERABLE WINDOW: Window which is intended to be opened and closed.

OPERATING FORCE: The forces required to maintain a sash (or panel) in motion in either the

opening or closing direction.

(OITC): A single number rating calculated in accordance with ASTM E 1332, using values of

outdoor-indoor transmission loss. It provides an estimate of the sound insulation performance

of a façade or building elements. The frequency range used is typical of outdoor traffic noises.

OVERALL DIMENSIONS: External height and width of the product, expressed in millimeters or

inches.

PANEL: A part of a fenestration product, usually a door or

side lite, composed of a lite of glass and surrounded by a frame.

Panels can be fixed in place or movable. Similar to a sash.


PATIO DOOR: (See Hinged Glass Door or Sliding Glass Door) For the purposes of this standard

only, Hinged Glass Doors and Sliding Glass Doors as defined in the standard

are considered to be patio doors.

PERFORMANCE CLASS: There are five performance classes; R – Residential, LC – Light

Commercial, C – Commercial, HC – Heavy Commercial and AW – Architectural.). This

classification system provides for several levels of performance so that the purchaser or

specifier is permitted to select the appropriate level of performance depending on climatic

conditions, height of installation, type of building, etc.

PERFORMANCE GRADE (design Pressure): The minimum level of design pressure, (air, water,

wind) a product must be tested at to achieve a particular rating (for example DP20 means

windload of 20 psf).

PERMANENT SET: The measure of deflection remaining in a member after the application and

release of a load.

PIVOT: Axis or hardware about which a window rotates.

PIVOTED WINDOW: A window consisting of a sash which pivots about an axis within the frame.

The pivoting action of the window allows for easy access to clean the

outside surfaces of the window. Two common types are the 180 degree compression seal

pivoting window and the 360 degree pivoting window.

PRESSURE: Differential force per unit area between the interior and exterior surfaces of the test

specimen.

PRIMARY WINDOW: That window in a dual window unit so designated by the manufacturer,

capable of protecting the building's interior from climatic elements as opposed to a secondary

window used mainly for energy conservation.

RAIL (See also HEAD, TOP, BOTTOM and MEETING RAIL): Horizontal member of a window sash

or door panel.

REINFORCEMENT: Material added to individual sash or frame members to increase strength

and/or stiffness.

RESCUE WINDOW: A window providing rescue as defined in applicable building codes. (See

also Escape Window)

ROOF WINDOW: A roof window is a sloped application of a fenestration product that provides

for in-reach operation or rotation of the sash to facilitate cleaning of the

exterior surfaces from the interior of the building. This application shall also be permitted to

allow for rescue situations.

ROUGH OPENING: The opening in a wall or roof into which a window, skylight, glass door, or

rough buck is to be installed.


SAFETY GLASS: A strengthened or reinforced glass that is less subject to breakage or splintering,

such as glass for doors, skylights and some windows. (See Tempered Glass

and Laminated Glass)

SASH: The portion of a window or skylight which includes the glass and framing sections which

are directly attached to the glass. Normally, the moving segment of a window, although sash are

sometimes fixed.

SCREEN: A product used with a window or door, consisting of a four-sided frame surrounding a

mesh of wire or plastic material used to keep out insects. The screen can be removable, or it can

be rolled side to side or up and down. For purposes of this standard, screens are not for the

purpose of providing security or to provide for the retention of objects or persons from the

interior.

SEALANT: A compound used to fill and seal a joint or opening. Also the material used to seal the

edges of insulating glass.

SEALED DOUBLE GLASS: See Insulating Glass.

SECONDARY WINDOW: That window in a dual window unit so designated by the manufacturer,

used on the exterior of, or interior of, and in tandem with a primary

window for the purpose of energy conservation or acoustical enhancement. Secondary windows

are not intended to be used by themselves as primary windows.

SERVICEABLE: Accessible without major re-construction of the window, skylight or glass door.

SIDE-HINGED (INSWINGING) WINDOW: A window consisting of sash hinged at the jambs and

swing inward using exposed butt hinges or concealed butt hinges and in some cases friction

hinges. (See Hinged Windows, Top Hinged Windows)

SIDE LITE (also MARGIN LIGHT): Non-operable windows that are used as companion windows

installed on one or both sides of glass doors. Side lites shall be permitted to consist of a glazed

frame or a non-operable sash within a frame. For purposes of compliance with this specification,

side lites shall not exceed 700 mm (27 in) in width. SINGLE-HUNG WINDOW: Window similar

to the double-hung window, except the top sash is non-operable.

SINGLE GLAZED: Glazing that is just one layer of glass or other glazing material.

SKYLIGHT: sloped or horizontal application of a fenestration product in an out-of-reach

application, which allows for natural daylighting. Skylights shall be either fixed (non-operable)

or venting (operating). Unlike roof windows, skylights need not provide provisions for cleaning

of exterior surfaces from the interior of the building.

SLIDER: (See Horizontal Sliding Window)


SLIDING GLASS DOORS: A door consisting of manually operated panels, one or more of which

slide horizontally within a common frame. Operating panel (X) and a fixed lite (O) comprising a

unit are termed single sliders (XO or OX). When two operating panels are separated by a fixed

lite, the unit is termed a picture slide or end vent (XOX). When two fixed lites are separated by

an operating panel, the unit is termed a center slide (OXO). When two bi-parting panels are

located at the center of the unit with fixed lites ate each end, the unit is termed a bipart center

slide (OXXO). When adjacent panels by-pass one another, the unit is termed a double slide (XX or

XXO) or a double slide and vent (XXX). (See Glass Doors, Hinged Glass Doors, Dual Action Hinged

Glass Doors)

SLOPED GLAZING (other than SKYLIGHTS): A glass and framing assembly that is sloped more

than 15° from the vertical and which forms essentially the entire roof of the structure. Generally

this is a single slope construction.

SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC): A single number rating calculated in accordance with

ASTM E 413 using sound transmission loss values. It provides an estimate of the sound

insulation performance of an interior partition in certain common sound insulation problems.

The frequency range used is typical of indoor office noises.

SPACER: The linear material that separates and maintains the space between the glass surfaces

of insulating glass units or double glazing.

SPAN: The clear distance measured parallel to the length of a mullion or divider between

support points.

SPANDREL: The opaque areas of a building envelope which typically occur at locations of floor

slabs, columns and immediately below roof areas.

SPECIFICATION: Written document often accompanying architectural drawings giving such

details as scope of work, materials to be used, installation method, required performance, and

quality of workmanship for work under contract.

STILE: Vertical member of a window sash or door panel.

STOREFRONT: A non-residential system of doors and windows mulled as a composite structure.

Typically designed for high use/abuse and strength. The storefront system usually is installed

between floor and ceiling.

STORM DOOR: A supplemental door, installed on the outside or inside of an exterior door,

thereby saving energy.

STORM WINDOW: A supplemental fixed or movable window, installed on the outside or inside

of a window frame thereby saving energy.

STRUCTURAL GLAZING: (v) The process of installing an infill material (glass) into a prepared

opening in windows, said infill being held in place by a Structural Sealant, usually silicone. See

also “Glazing” & Capture Glazing)

STRUCTURAL TEST PRESSURE (STP): The pressure differential applied to a window to

determine structural load capacity. Normally 150% of design pressure.


SUMMER MODE: For dual windows, summer mode is when the primary window is closed and

latched, the secondary window or outer primary window is opened and

the insect screen (when offered or specified by the manufacturer) is in the functional position.

SUN ROOM: A multi sided structure comprised of a high percentage of glazed area vs. framing

area. Usually a nonconditioned area attached to the exterior of an existing building.

TEMPERED GLASS: (See Fully Tempered Glass)

TEST SPECIMEN: Complete, fully functioning window, skylight, or glass door supplied by the

applicant and fitted in the test apparatus, in accordance with the manufacturers installation

instructions, including manufacturers instructions for clearance and shimming.

THERMAL BARRIER: An element made of material with relatively low thermal conductivity,

which is inserted between two members having high thermal conductivity, in order to reduce

the heat transfer.

THERMAL BREAK: (See Thermal Barrier).

THERMAL EXPANSION/CONTRACTION: Change in dimension of a material as a result of

temperature change.

TOP-HINGED WINDOW: A window consisting of sash hinged at the head and swing inward or

outward using a continuous top hinge or individual hinges. A variation of the top hinged window

is a drop-head except that the sash is hinged using two friction hinges mounted in the jambs

near the head.

TORSION: The twist induced in a product by the application of a static load to an extreme free

corner of that product and normal to its plane when an adjacent corner edge is secured.

TRANSOM: Transoms are non-operable windows that are used as companion windows installed

above glass doors or other windows. Transoms consist of a glazed frame or a

non-operable sash within a frame. For purposes of compliance with this specification, transoms

shall not exceed 700 mm (27 in) in height.

TRIBUTARY WIDTH: The width of wind bearing area contributing to the load on a mullion or

divider.

TROPICAL WINDOWS: (See Jalousie Window, Jal-Awning Windows, Tropical Awning Windows)

TROPICAL AWNING WINDOW: A window consisting of one or more top hinged or pivoted sash

operated by one control device which swings the bottom edge of the sash

outward. A single control or operating device operates all sash, securely closing them at both

jambs without the use of any additional manually controlled locking devices.

TURN-TILT WINDOW UNITS: (See Dual Action Windows)


VEHICULAR ACCESS DOOR: A door that is used for vehicular traffic at entrances of buildings

such as garages, loading docks, parking lots, factories, and industrial plants,

and that is not generally used for pedestrian traffic.

VERTICAL SLIDING WINDOWS: A window consisting of at least one manually operated sash

which slides vertically within a common frame. All provisions of testing apply whether there are

one, two or three sash which operate. This category has two sub categories which

are hung and non-hung windows.

VERTICALLY PIVOTED WINDOWS: (See Pivoted Window).

This Page Intentionally Left Blank


The Sika Flat Glass Glazier’s Training Test 1.5

# Question: Answer:

1 The purpose of a sealant is to…

a) Seal two or more sides of a joint to prevent moisture, air, light

or dust from penetrating into the structure, while

withstanding the dynamic movements of the structure.

b) Seal any two substrates that must be adhered to on another

for the purpose of securing the structural integrity of the joint.

c) Seal two or more sides of a joint that cannot exceed a one inch

span and is intended to provide a cosmetic appealing finish

between the two substrates.

2 Silicones have grown in popularity within both residential and

commercial sealing applications because…

a) They provide a paintable surface and a faster cure rate when

compared to polyurethanes and polysulfides.

b) They require little surface preparation or use of primers and

provide a faster cure than polyurethanes.

c) They have good UV stability and higher temperature

resistance

3 The three most common joint types within structures requiring sealing

are…

a) Butt joints, cap joints and lap joints.

b) Butt joints, lap joints and fillet joints.

c) Fillet joints, lap joints and flush joints

4 The deformation of a lap joint must never exceed 100% of the sealant

thickness during thermal movement of the substrates.

True

False

5 As a general guide, the width of a sealed joint should not exceed…

a) 1/8”

b) 3”

c) 1”

6 The number one reason for sealant failure is…

a) Applying the product at temperatures above 85 degrees F.

b) Use of a sealant failing to have the expansion and contraction

properties required at high altitude conditions.

c) The loss of adhesion to the substrate material due to improper

surface preparation.


7 To help ensure that all joints are contaminant free prior to sealing, Sika

recommends the “Two-cloth” cleaning method, which requires…

a) First, spritz the joint with water to loosen organic sediment,

then aggressively scrub the moistened surface with any type of

long-bristle brush. Using two separate, lint free clothes,

remove the loosened sediment with the first then dry the joint

surfaces with the second, prior to applying the sealant.

b) First, remove loose debris from the joint surfaces, then

aggressively wipe down with a lint-free cloth that has been

moistened with either mineral spirits or acetone. Wipe the

same surfaces with a second lint-free, dry cloth as soon as

possible following the wet scrub, making sure that the

cleaning agent has been fully removed and flashed off of the

surfaces.

c) Using two line-free cloths, wet the first with your preferred

glass cleaner, making sure that the cleaner used does not

contain any anti-static ingredients. Then aggressively wipe

down and clean all substrate surfaces with the wet towel and

then immediately dry the cleaned surfaces with the second

cloth.

8 Regardless of substrate type and Sika sealant selected, if a Sika primer

is going to be used, glaziers can eliminate the step of cleaning the

substrate surfaces with a solvent.

True

False

9 When using a Sika polyurethane sealant, and it is determined that the

priming of the substrate surface is required, the Sika primer to use on

granite or marble is…

a) Sika® Aktivator 205

b) Sikaflex® 260 Primer

c) Sikaflex® 429 Primer

10 The two most important installation instructions to follow when using

backer rod are…

a) Make sure that the backer rod is 25% wider than the actual

joint width and not to puncture or tear the backer rod when

inserting into position.

b) Even though the backer rod is highly elastic by design, do not

over stretch the material since it will contract in cold

temperatures and avoid direct sunlight during installation

which would cause the backer rod to expand beyond it’s

preferred width dimension, making it difficult to install.

c) Select the proper color of backer rod to best match the color

of the sealant, since many sealants are translucent and the

backer rod color can be seen under certain light conditions.

Also lightly wipe the backer rod with a lint free cloth that has

been moistened with solvent to ensure cleanliness.


11 The target benefit from use of backer rod is to reduce the amount of

sealant used in the joint and to provide a good surface to adhere to to

make sure that a three sided seal is achieved.

True

False

12 The reason for using only a closed celled backer rod, verses an open

cell product is…

a) That open cell products can create an out-gassing of the

sealant, creating air bubbles.

b) That closed cell has a longer service life and will not break

down through temperature and humidity changes.

c) The open cell has a more course surface, making joint

insertion more difficult and irregular.

a)

13 The reason that most sealants cure more slowly in colder

temperatures is because…

a) The colder temperature will thicken the sealant, causing the

chemical reaction within the sealant to slow down due to the

products increased density.

b) There is less moisture in the air and sealants react with H2O

(water) to cure.

c) At lower temperatures there are reduced amounts of infrared

energy in the atmosphere, slowing the cure rates of sealants.

14 Sealants able to be painted can be top coated as long as…

a) The sealant has skinned over.

b) The sealant has reached its tack-free time.

c) The sealant is fully cured.

15 Besides the potential health hazards and regulations associated with

sealants having high VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) content, the

main reason to avoid their use is because…

a) There always will remain a high enough percentage of solvent

that will interfere with any top coat applications of paint.

b) There is a high risk the solvents contained within the sealant

will have a staining effect on certain stone and metal surfaces.

c) The high solvent content will cause unacceptable shrinkage

rates of the sealant and eventual cracking of the bead, leading

to compromised performance.

16 The number one cause of sealant adhesion failure is…

a) Sealant application in either extreme low or high

temperatures.

b) Improper surface preparation.

c) Improper selection of sealant type.


17 Which of the following descriptions is not a reason for sealed joint

failures?

a) Cohesive Failure

b) Loss of Sealant Physical Properties

c) Exceeding Vertical Sag Limitations

d) Adhesive Failure

18 The reason to always try to apply sealants during moderate

temperatures is…

a) To minimize the effects of extreme thermal movement on the

cured sealant.

b) To prevent accelerated cure that can interfere with proper

substrate adhesion.

c) To allow for the sealant to cure in a manner that will prevent

cohesive failure.

19 In selecting a sealant type or brand, it is important to consider the UV

exposure, because…

a) Over time, excessive UV energy can alter the color of the seal,

creating a loss of cosmetic appeal.

b) Over time, excessive UV energy can warp substrates, causing

adhesion failure.

c) Over time, UV energy can degrade the sealant to a point of

failure.

20 Which of the following are NOT a required consideration when

selecting the appropriate type of sealant?

a) Height of seal from ground level.

b) Painting

c) Joint movement capability

d) Surface preparation considerations

e) UV degradation

21 Cosmetic appeal in the application of sealants is essential. To best

ensure an aesthetically appealing appearance to the sealant bead it is

recommended to…

a) Tape the joint edges then, using the nozzle and dispensing

gun, push the sealant into the joint. Tool the sealant leaving a

slightly concave appearance, then remove the tape prior to

the product skinning over.

b) Carefully miter the nozzle tip that will allow for the proper

depth of the bead while preventing any squeeze out over the

top of the joint edges. Tooling to an hour-glass shaped bead

appearance should be done as soon as the complete joint has

been filled.

c) After the bead of sealant has been applied, quickly wipe down

the bead with a lint free cloth that has been moistened with

either alcohol or solvent. This process leaves a smooth and

consistent joint seal appearance while cleaning any excess

material from the joint edges.


22 It is important to leave a concave surface on all sealant joints

because…

a) It not only creates a professional appearance, but more

importantly, reduces the edge stresses of the sealant

produced by joint movement.

b) It allows for the quick approval of all weather sealing since the

ASTM C920 specification for certain type, class and grade of

sealant use is met.

c) It creates a finished profile that prevents the cupping and

retaining of moisture.

23 The overall depth of the most commonly used butt joint should be -

between…

a) 1/4” – 1”

b) 1/8” – 1/2"

c) 1/4” – 1/2”

24 The pull-tail test is conducted on site once it has been determine that

the weather seal is fully cured, and is conducted to determine…

a) If the underside of the bead resembles the exterior surface in

terms of tackiness, color retention and elasticity.

b) If the adhesion to the sealed substrates is stronger than the

cohesive properties of the sealant, that the bead is hour glass

in shape and that a correct amount of adhesive has been

dispensed into the joint.

c) If the sealant has created any discoloration or damage to the

substrates.

25 Never use any alcohol based solvents on or around any curing

urethanes, silicones or sealants.

True

False

sika Flat Glass Glaziers Training Manual · THE SIKA FLAT GLASS GLAZIERS TRAINING MANUAL IS FOR USE...

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