Sigurnosna Politika Na Balkanu Albanija

7/21/2019 Sigurnosna Politika Na Balkanu Albanija

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Email: o f ic e ! e "! e d n o # $% org&e!: '''%!e"! edno#$ %org

Security Policies in theWesternBalkans:Albania

(u$)or#: Enri *ide+ Geron, a m!er i

mailto:[email protected]



http://www.bezbednost.org/

http://www.bezbednost.org/




Timo$ić and redrag e$rović+ ed#% .ecuri$/ olicie# in $)e&e#$ern Bal-an# % Belgrade: Belgrade en$re or .ecuri$/ olic/+

% <32%



.ecuri$/ olicie# in $)e &e#$ern Bal-an#

Albania

Enri Hide and Geron Kamberi

Strategic Documents

Conte!t

)allenge# $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania i# acing in $)e roce## o develo ing na$ional #ecuri$/ and de en#e #$ra$egie# are no$ ane>ce $ion+ $a-ing in$o con#idera$ion $)e an#'er# $)a$ $)e#e#$ra$egie# $r/ $o give $o $)e role $)e (l!anian #$a$e mig)$ )ave in$)e in$erna$ional #/#$em+ $o $)e $)rea$# and #ecuri$/ ri#-# a# 'ella# $o re# on#i!le ac$or#%( $er 1 0+ (l!ania ound i$#el acing ane' #ecuri$/ environ< men$+ including ne' geo oli$ical #i$ua$ion in$)e Bal-an region% T)e conce $ o na$ional #ecuri$/+ ')ic) un$il$)e ? 0# )ad !een !a#ed on #el <i#ola$ion+ o ular #el <de en#eand $)e $erri$orial di#$ri!u$ion o all -ind# o armed orce#+ 'a##u!< #e@uen$l/ ollo'ed !/ $)e conce $ o #ecuri$/ a# anin$erde enden$ i##ue9+ ema< na$ing rom $)e oli$ical and mili$ar/coo era$ion 'i$) $)e #$ruc$ure# o collec$ive de en#e+ #uc) a#



e>i#$ing #$a$e #ecuri$/ olicie#% Jn$il 2000 $)e (l!anian arliamen$didnF$ a## an/ #$ra$egic documen$ on de en#e and #ecuri$/i##ue#% T)i# 'a# lin-ed 'i$) a?top-down approach F+ ')o#e revailing idea 'a# $)a$ $)e #$a$e #$ill)ad i$# rimar/ role in #ecuri$/ ma$$er#%

9



.uc) an a roac) 'a# a lied $o $)e Dr#$ #erie# o #$ra$egic

documen$# regarding #ecuri$/ and de en#e a roved during 2000% T)i# eriod coincide# 'i$) $)e #ec< ond $ran#i$ion H1 7<200KI+')en (l!ania 'a# governed !/ a le $<'ing coali$ion+ led !/ $)e.ociali#$ ar$/% Cue $o $)e $o$al colla #e o $)e mili$ar/ and#ecuri$/ #$ruc$ure# $)a$ came a# a re#ul$ o $)e rio$# in 1 7+ $)ein$erna$ional communi$/ !egan roviding a long<$erm a##i#$ance$o $)e (l!anian governmen$% ( $er $)e #o<called #ecuri$/emergenc/ eriod9 H1 7<2000I (l!anian governmen$+ mainl/

ollo'ing $)e in$erna$ional communi$/ recommenda$ion#+ !egandra $ing $)e Dr#$ #$ra$egic documen$# $)a$ 'ould ena!le i$ $our$)er re# ond $o $)e #ecuri$/ and de en#e c)allenge#% To #ome

e>$en$+ $)e con$e>$ o $)e#e #$ra$egic documen$# me$ $)e'illingne## o (l!anian governmen$ $o di# la/ i$# im roved

er ormance in #ecuri$/+ a# 'ell a# $)e condi$ionali$/ a roac) o $)e in$erna$ional communi$/< $o !uild a more com re)en#ive rame'or- o #ecuri$/ andde en#e olic/ in $)e coun$r/% n $)i# #en#e+ $)e roce## o dra $ingand endor#ing $)e#e documen$# mo#$l/ ollo'ed a #ecuri$/agenda+ ')ic) 'a# mainl/ de$ermined !/ $)e in$erna< $ionalac$or#% n $)e o$)er )and+ $)i# roce## con$inued $o ollo' $)e?top- down approach F+ #ince $)e #$a$e re$ained i$ o'ner#)i over$)e de en#e and #ecuri$/%



1(# men$ioned a!ove $)e Dr#$ documen$ !elong# $o /ear 2000 $)roug) Pa' Ao%8K72+ da$ed

27%01%2000 n a roval o $)e .ecuri$/ .$ra$eg/ Cocumen$ o $)e =e u!lic o(l!ania9 H Ncial Qour<nal Ao% 3+ Lear 2000+ age 43I and 'a# revie'ed a $er our /ear# !/ Pa' Ao% 322+da$ed 2K%11%2004

n a roval o $)e Aa$ional .ecuri$/ .$ra$eg/ o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania9 H Ncial Qournal Ao% 8+ Lear2004+ age 66 6I

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unre#$ o 1 8+ and $)e ,o#ovo cri#i# o 1 % n $)i# #en#e+ $)e

c)allenge#+ ri#-# and $)rea$# $)a$ $)e (l!anian governmen$e#$a!li#)ed in $)e#e documen$# $oo- in$o accoun$ ne' local andregional con$e>$%2 Generall/+ $)e a roval and revie' )a#e 'en$$)roug) a roce## clo#el/ a##ocia$ed e>clu#ivel/ 'i$) governmen$#ecuri$/ agencie#% (l$)oug) legi#la$ion rovide# $)a$ #uc) #$ra$egicdocumen$# #)ould !e revie'ed ever/ 4 /ear#+ 2 o $)em H$)e one#

a##ed in 2000 and 2004I 'ere ado $ed onl/ !/ $eam# o e> er$#rom $)e ini#$r/ o Ce en#e+ $)e ini#$r/ o n$erior+ and .ecre$

.ervice# and ar$icularl/ !/ $)e Aa$ional .ecuri$/ ouncil HA. I an advi#or/ !od/ or #ecuri$/ i##ue# a$$ac)ed $o $)e re#iden$%

Cue $o $)e ac$ $)a$ local e> er$i#e 'a# #$ill ra$)er limi$ed in $erm#o #$ra$egic lanning in #ecuri$/ and de en#e i##ue#+ $)e oreigne> er$# aNlia$ed $o $)e (l!a< nian #ecuri$/ agencie# )ad a crucialrole in dra $ing $)e#e documen$#% T)e di er< ence !e$'een#$ra$egic documen$# rela$ed $o $)e na$ional #ecuri$/ olicie# and$)o#e rela$ed $o de en#e and mili$ar/ lie# ar$icularl/ in $)e ac$$)a$ $)e la$$er 'ere more concre$e due $o $)e (rmed Morce#Fo! ec$ive $o en$er A(T and $o im lemen$ $)e em!er#)i(c$ion lan H ( I ado $ed a$ $)e A(T .ummi$ in1 % *o'ever+ i$ #)ould !e no$ed $)a$ $)e in$ernal vie' o #ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion#F e> er$# Hcon#idered $o !e #ecuri$/

roducer#9I revail# in $)e documen$# a < roved in $)e eriod

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$)e =e u!lic o (l!aniaH Ncial Qournal Ao% 3+ Lear 2000+ age 1 I; Pa' Ao%8 30+ da$ed 2K%07%20029 n a roval o $)e ili$ar/ .$ra$eg/ o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania9H Ncial Qournal Ao% K0+ Lear 2002+ age 14K I Pa' Ao% 41 + da$ed 2050K 5200K n a roval o $)e ili$ar/ .$ra$eg/ o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania9 H Ncial

Qournal Ao% 46+ Lear200K+ age 16K3I; ouncil o ini#$er Ceci#ion Ao% 763 da$ed14%11%2007 n a roval o $)e .$ra$eg/ o $)e

ini#$r/ o Ce ence .ec$or 2007<2013 H Ncial Qournal+ Ao% 174+ Lear 2007+ ageK332I; Pa' Ao 8K8+a$ 2751252007 T)e ado $ion o $)e ili$ar/ .$ra$eg/ o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania9 H Ncial

Qournal Ao%184+ Lear 2007+ K801I

11



$)e Aa$ional ili$ar/ .$ra$eg/ HA .I Hin 2002+

200K+ and 2007I%$ i# 'or$) men$ioning $)a$ A.. H2000+ 2004I #e$ a generalrame'or- or $)e #u!< #e@uen$ develo men$ o AC. H2007I and

Aa$ional ili$ar/ .$ra$eg/ HA .I H2002+200K+ and 2007I% T)i# i# !ecau#e $)e la#$ $'o #$ra$egie# arecon#idered a# ar$# o na$ional #ecuri$/ and i$ i# manda$or/ or$)em $o rel/ on i$# !a#ic conce $#+ a# de$ermined !/ A..% Given i$## eciDc goal# and #ince i$ ocu#e# on ver/ im or$an$ in#$rumen$#o na$ional #ecuri$/ H#uc) a# $)e armed orce#I A . H2002+ 200K+and2007I i# morede$ailed%

*o'ever+ due $o con#idera!le #imilari$ie# !e$'een AC. H2007Iand A . H200K+2007I one can no$ice overla # in cer$ain i##ue# and elemen$#%*o'ever+ #econdrevie' o A.. H2008I )a#nF$ !een Dni#)ed /e$+ al$)oug) $)e$ime rame or i$# revi<#ion 'a# clearl/ #e$ !/ $)e re# ec$ive legi#la$ion%T)e ulDllmen$o $)i# roce##Ri%e% $)e #econd revie' o A.. 2008S i# ver/ im or$an$+ and



ini$ia$ive# #uc) a# $)e .$a!ili$/ ac$ or $)e .$a!ili"a$ion and(##ocia$ion (greemen$ encouraged (l!anian governmen$ $ounder$a-e $)e rea#< #e##men$ o $)e #ecuri$/ and de en#e olicie#%

ean')ile+ due $o $)e ragile oli$ical #$a!ili$/ and $)e rio$# $)a$(l!ania )ad a##ed $)roug) immedia$el/ !e ore $)a$ eriodRduring F 7S+ $)e in$erna$ional communi$/ e>er$ed a lo$ o re##urein uencing (l!aniaF# #ecuri$/ and de en#e olicie# and rovidingrecommenda$ion# or develo men$ a 'ell<deDned #$ra$e< gic

rame'or-% ( $er 2001 arliamen$ar/ elec$ion# and $)e revival o in$egra$ion agenda9 or $)e Bal-an#+ $)e (l!anian governmen$declared a# one o i$# main goal# $)e advancemen$ $o A(T and$)e EJ in$egra$ion roce##e#% T)ere ore+ $)e er# ec$ive o A(Tand EJ mem!er#)i ac$ed a# an im e$u# or $)e govern< men$%

T)i# i# )o' $)e eriod o #ecuri$/ and doc$rinaire rame'or- o (l!ania coincide# 'i$) $)e !eginning o .$a!ili"a$ion and(##ocia$ion roce## H.( I and $)e em!er#)i (c$ion lan H ( I

or A(T em!er#)i % T)ere ore+ !o$) #$ra$e<

12




gie# con#ider $)e ro# ec$ive mem!er#)i in$o A(T and EJ a# amain ac$or or accommoda$ing $)e coun$r/ in$o a #a e and #ecureenvironmen$%

.uc) incen$ive# allo'ed o or$uni$/ $o (l!ania no$ onl/ $ore re#en$ $)e in$ended o! ec$ive# and $arge$ed er ormance o #ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion#+ !u$ al#o $o ur$)er $e#$i / $)roug) $)e#$ra$egic doc$rine rame'or- $)a$ 'a# a ac$or o eace and#$a!ili$/ in $)e Bal-an#% n $)e o$)er )and+ $)roug) $)e goal#+)uman re#ource# and #-ill# u$ in$o #$ra$egic documen$#+ i$ coulddemon#$ra$e i$# 'illingne## and readine## $o coo era$e 'i$)in$erna$ional #ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion#+ e# eciall/ $)o#e o collec$ivede en#e% $# commi$men$ $o a rove #uc) #$ra$egic documen$#+(l!ania al#o 'an$ed $o #)o' $)a$ i$ i# $ran# ormed rom a #ecuri$/con#umer $o #ecuri$/ roducer9 coun$r/% *o'ever+ A(T and$)e EJ deDned di eren$ a roac)e# re< garding (l!aniaF#in$egra$ion% .ince EJ mem!er#)i roce## goe# $)roug) a $ai< lormade a roac)9 o .( + $)e A(T in$egra$ion roce## ado $edan a roac) #u or$ed direc$l/ !/ $)e J.( $)roug) (dria$ic )ar$3+ ')ic) #igniDcan$l/ ac< celera$ed $)e (l!aniaF# mem!er#)i % 3

n $)e o$)er )and+ $)e legal rame'or- ado $ed !/ $)e (l!aniangovernmen$+ o!lige# (l!anian in#$i$u$ion# $o eriodicall/ revie'$)e#e #$ra$egic documen$#% &)ile $)e na$ional #ecuri$/ documen$

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4 Pa' Ao% 8K41+ da$ed 21%10%1 n ra$iDca$ion o $)e .E H.ou$)ea#$ernoo era$ion ni$ia$iveI (greemen$ on coo era$ion or $)e reven$ion and Dg)$

again#$ cro##<!order crime H Ncial QournalAo% 31+ Lear 1 + age 117KI; Pa' Ao% 863 + da$ed 13%07%2000 n ra$iDca$ion o $)e9 )ar$er or $)e organi"a$ion and unc$ioning o =egional en$er o .E H.E

en$erI or com!a$ing $ran#<!order crime H Ncial Qournal Ao% 22+ Lear 2000+ age1078 IKMlorina )ri#$iana H ri#I a$ei !ombating against terrorism and organi&edcrime :!ommon approach of Southeast 'urope .*TQE T . GJ= . 5.E J= TL

..JE.+ Uuar$erl/ Qournal ++ Ar 14 + u!< li#)ed !/ C H n#$i$u$e or Cemocrac/and edia$ionI + TiranV+ 200 + g 84<111

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&i$)in $)i# rame'or-+ A.. HAa$ional .ecuri$/ .$ra$eg/I H2000+2004I+ AC. HAa< $ional Ce en#e .$ra$eg/I H2000+ 2007I+ and A .HAa$ional ili$ar/ .$ra$eg/I H2002+200K+ 2007I o (l!ania al#o re ec$ed $)e revival o Euro<($lan$icand regional in$e< gra$ion roce## in $)e Bal-an#+ ollo'ed !/ a#erie# o im or$an$ ini$ia$ive# #uc) a# $)e one# men$ioned a!ove+')ic) 'ere among $)e -e/ elemen$# o #ecuri$/ and doc$rinaire

rame'or- o! ec$ive#%6 Given $)e ac$ $)a$ a $er 1 + EJunder$oo- a #erie# o ac$ion# $o crea$e a #ecuri$/ "one o u#$ice'i$)in mem!er<coun$rie#+ i$ ado $ed a securit( dri#en approach 9in rela$ion $o $)e &e#$ern Bal-an coun$rie# ')ic) included(l!ania% 7 Mor $)i# rea#on+ $)e EJ Dnancial in#$rumen$+ -no'n a#

(=C. H2000<2006I+ # en$ a ro>ima$el/ 60W on $)e #ecuri$/#ec$or re orm in (l!ania+ including olice+ in$egra$ed !ordermanagemen$+ ri#on#+ udiciar/+ and Dg)$ again#$ organi"edcrime%8

T)e in$erde endence c)arac$eri"ing $)e EJ a roac) rom $ed(l!anian gov< ernmen$ $o im lemen$ all legal and in#$i$u$ionalo!liga$ion#% &i$)in $)i# rame< 'or-+ $)e Aa$ional lan or

m lemen$a$ion o .(( H2007<2013I i# #$ill con#idered im or$an$-e/ ac$or con$aining # eciDc o!liga$ion# in $)e Deld o legi#la$ionand #$ruc$ural ad u#$men$# $o #ecuri$/ #ec$or+ and rove# $)ein$erlin-# !e$'een #$ra< $egic documen$# and in$egra$ion roce##% 9



or Cemocrac/ and edia$ionI+ TiranV+ 200 + g 122< 136%Ceci#ion o ouncil o ini#$er# Ao% 317 da$ed 13%0K%200K n a roval o $)e

Aa$ional lan or $)e ( ro>ima$ion o $)e dome#$ic legi#la$ion 'i$) $)a$ o $)eEJF# and $)e im lemen$a$ion o com< mi$men$# deriving rom $)e .(( H Ncial

Qournal Ao% 3K+ Lear 200K+ age 1288I; Ceci#ion o ouncil o ini#$er# Ao% 463:da$ed 0K%07%2006 n a roval o $)e Aa$ional lan or m lemen$a$ion o $)e.$a!ili"a$ion and (##ocia$ion (greemen$9 H Ncial Qournal Ao% 80+ Lear 2006+

age 23007I

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T)e role o civil #ocie$/ in $)i# roce## remained vague% Be#ide#$'o or $)ree $)in- $an-# 'i$) a #or$ o e> erience and e> er$i#e in#ecuri$/ ma$$er#+ $)e re#$ 'ere no$ /e$ a!le $o rovide an/ addedvalue in $)i# roce##%10 ($ $)e #ame $ime+ 'i$)in $)e (l!anian#ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion# domina$ed a general idea $)a$ (l!anian AG #lac-ed $)e nece##ar/ ca aci$ie#+ e# eciall/ in $erm# o #$ra$egica# ec$# o )andling i##ue# rela$ed $o #ecuri$/ and de en#e%*o'ever+ $)e civil #ocie$/F# role in con#olida$ing $)e na$ional#ecuri$/ olicie# )a# !een 'idel/ recogni"ed !/ aca< demic# and

olic/<ma-er#%11

.o+ $)e ac$ $)a$ during communi#m $)ere 'ereno inde enden$ civil #ocie$/ organi"a$ion# 12 ma/ !e con#idered a#one varia!le $)a$ led $o oor democra$ic #$andard# andau$)ori$ariani#m in $)e earl/ /ear# o de< mocrac/ in (l!ania%Ce# i$e #uc) legac/+ during $)e 0F# civil #ocie$/ organi"a$ion#and ar$icularl/ $)e media !ecame increa#ingl/ im or$an$ a#

re##ure grou #; )o'ever no$ a##uming $)e role o #$a-e)older# o $)e democra$ic roce##%13

*o'ever+ de# i$e $)e 1 8 on#$i$u$ional li!eral rame'or- ')ic)rovided or reedom o a##ocia$ion or an/ la' ul ur o#e+ $)e

legal rame'or- remained in< com le$e% n # i$e o con$ri!u$ing $o$)e e> an#ion o mar-e$ and increa#ing $)e num!er o donor#+ $)erole o civil #ocie$/ in #ecuri$/ #ec$or re orm in $)e la#$ 10 /ear#)a# !een vague and in#igniDcan$% T)i# i# regardle## o $)e ac$ $)a$

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aii#%org11 a arini% arina+ ? ivil .ocie$/ and Cemocra$ic ver#ig)$ o $)e .ecuri$/ .ec$or: (

reliminar/ nve#<$iga$ionF% &or-ing a er < Ao% 132+ Geneva+ Qanuar/ 200412 Oic-er#% iranda X e$$i er% Qame#+ (l!ania: Mrom (narc)/ $o a Bal-an

den$i$/9+ *ur#$ X om an/+ Pondon 1 7+ :1213 *enri ili+ .ecuri$/ and Ce ence ivil .ocie$/ and $)e edia9+ in Mluri e$ alHed#%I+.+efence and Securit( Sector /o#ernance and 0eform in South 'ast 'urope: nsights and Perspecti#es2 + Oolume 1; (l!ania; Bulgaria; roa$ia; ( .el <(##e##men$ .$ud/14 Euro ean ommi##ion+ ?(l!ania #$a!ili"a$ion re or$ 2003F+Bru##el# 26% 3% 2003 ) $$ :5 5ec%eu r o a%eu 5enla r g eme n $5 d 5al!ania 5c om03Y33 Yen% d

15

http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/albania/com03_339_en.pdf






olicie#% T)ere )ave !een li$$le or no e> ec$a$ion# in $)e la#$/ear# rom ci$i"en# $o'ard $)e#e organi"a$ion#% T)i# can !e due $o$)e ac$ $)a$ $)e civil #ocie$/ )a# li$$le in uence in legi#la$ive oro$)er ac$ivi$/ rela$ed $o $)e governmen$% 15 (# #uc)+ 'i$) regard $ona$ional olic/ ormula$ion+ coordina$ion !e$'een governmen$+

arliamen$ and civil #ocie$/ remain# rail% T)e in$er<mini#$erialcon#ul$a$ion# 'i$) civil #ocie$/ ac$or# on dra $ la'# 'or- oorl/ in

rac$ice%16

T)e #$a$e )a# o $en )indered $)e role o civil #ocie$/ and+conver#el/+ civil #ocie$/ H .I )a# $urned in$o an o!edien$ ar$ner+#everel/ undermining i$# role in a demo< cra$ic #ocie$/% 17

ar$ici a$ion o re#earc) in#$i$u$e# in $)e area o #ecuri$/ re ormolicie# )a# !een ra$)er limi$ed+ e>ce $ or e' ca#e# #uc) a#: $)e

involvemen$ o civil #ocie$/ and o$)er inde enden$ ac$or# in $)eim lemen$a$ion o $)e ommu< ni$/ olicing .$ra$eg/ in (l!ania%

arliamen$ar/ e> er$i#e in # eciDc ma$$er# rela$< ed $o $)e#ecuri$/ #ec$or )a# !een rovided mainl/ !/ e> er$# romgovernmen$al in#$i$u$ion#% T)e governmen$+ a roduc$ o oli$icalma ori$/ ')ic) )old# o'er in arliamen$+ dra $# de en#e and#ecuri$/ olicie#+ o!$ain# $)e a roval rom $)e ma ori$/ o $)e

arliamen$+ and im lemen$# $)e#e olicie# $)roug) i$# govern<men$ #$ruc$ure# avoiding $)e inde enden$ ac$or#% .uc) a #/#$eme#$a!li#)e# a clo#ed in#$i$u$ional rame'or-+ ')ere $)e onl/



al + ?+efence and Secu- rit( Sector /o#ernance and 0eform in South 'ast 'urope2Ool%1 X + C (M X en$er or ivil< ili$ar/ =ela$ion#+ 2003+

) $$ :55 '' ' %d ca %c)5 u!li ca $ion#5-m#5d e $ ail#%c mZlng[enXid[2133KXn a v1[4+ (cce##ed Me!ruar/ 2010%1 (r!ana% Pora+ Jnder#$anding Ce en#e and .ecuri$/ n orrela$ion $o ivil.ocie$/ and edia+ (l!a< nian n#$i$u$e or n$erna$ional .$udie#+ 2003+)$$ :55doc#%google%com5gvie'Za[vX@[cac)e: r*&Jc dei'Q:)$$ #:55in$ra%c##%e$)"%c)5civ#oc5evY!elgradeY031114(r!ana% d \W22civil\#ocie$/W22\W22#ecuri$/\#ec$orW22\al!aniaX)l[en+ (cce##ed Me!ruar/ 2010

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re#en$ in a varie$/ o #ecuri$/ cri#e# occurring in (l!ania Hi%e%$)e di#order# o 1 7+ $)e oli$ical unre#$ $)a$ accom anied $)e 1 8a##a##ina$ion o $)e ormero o#i$ion de u$/ ("em *a dari or $)e 1 re ugee cri#i# ')enre ugee# 'ereviolen$l/ de or$ed rom $)e con ic$ in ,o#ovo I and $)u# 'ere#ee-ing a clear#$ra$egic rame'or- $)a$ 'ould deDne $)e role#+ re#ource# and

$ool# $o en#ure#ecuri$/ in $)ecoun$r/%

=egarding $)e role o media in $)i# roce##+ i$ )a# !een mar-ed !/marginali"a< $ion+ regardle## o i$# ormal 'eig)$ a# $)e our$)

o'er 'i$)in a democra$ic #o< cie$/% .uc) media a a$)/ 'a#rela$ed $o $)e ac$ $)a$ $)e dra $ing and a roval o $)e#edocumen$# no$ onl/ $urned over $)e 'all# o #$a$e #ecuri$/in#$i$u$ion# oNce#+ !u$ al#o !ecau#e $)e media )a# no$ /e$genera$ed genuine anal/#$# and ournali#$ on #ecuri$/ and de en#ei##ue#% (lmo#$ all #$ra$egic documen$# ado $ed and revie'ed rom2000 $o 2007 'ere no$ #u! ec$ o an/ #igniDcan$ anal/#i# in $)e

rin$ or elec$ronic media !u$ 'ere #im l/ con#idered a# rou$inene'# a$ $)e $ime o $)eir a roval in $)e arliamen$%

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n general+ $)e roce## o dra $ing $)e#e documen$# remained ane>erci#e o #$a$e #ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion#+ 'i$)ou$ inclu#ion and

ar$ici a$ion o non<mili$ar/ #$a-e< )older# in$ere#$ed in #ecuri$/and de en#e #$ra$egic i##ue#%

20 nl/ in Me!ruar/ 2006+ !egan u!li#)ing a @uar$erl/ maga"ine or #ecuri$/i##ue# called .ecuri$/ ##ue#% $ i# u!li#)ed !/ $)e C and i# $)e onl/ eriodical

u!lica$ion o a $)in-<$an- $)a$ addre##e# in ar$icular i##ue# rela$ed $o rac$icala# ec$# o #ecuri$/ and de ence #$ra$egie# no$ onl/ or (l!ania !u$ !e/ond i$%Mormore de$ail#+ #ee:)$$ :55'''%idmal!ania5#ecuri$/Yi##ue#

17



*es&onsibilities in the &rocess o% &re&aration and&assing strategic documents

$ #)ould !e no$ed $)a$ in $)e a $erma$) o $)e #o<called Dr#$$ran#i$ion9 H1 2<F 7I (l!ania con$inued $o main$ain i$# reviou#in#$i$u$ional #ecuri$/ #$ruc$ure# #uc) a# $)e Ce en#e ouncil+ ')ic)'a# #eriou#l/ c)allenged !/ $)e uncommon #i$u< a$ion o civilunre#$# $)a$ accom anied $)e colla #e o /ramid #c)eme#% Pac-o a genuine and cro##cu$$ing conce $ o na$ional #ecuri$/ a# 'ell

a# $)e lac- o e>< erience+ $)e 'ea-ne## and e>i#$ingoli$ici"a$ion o #ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion# !roug)$ a!ou$ a #ecuri$/vacuum ')ic) 'a# #igniDcan$ during $)e rio$# o 1 7% 21 ( $er $)ene' (l!anian on#$i$u$ion en$ered in$o orce in 1 8+ $)ein#$i$u$ional #$ruc< $ure o na$ional #ecuri$/ olic/ 'a# !a#ed on$)e #o<called three pillars2 approach 9+ including $)e ommi$$ee onAa$ional .ecuri$/ olic/ H)eaded !/ and under $)e con$rol o $)e(l!anian Governmen$I+ $)e Aa$ional .ecuri$/ ouncil H)eaded !/and under $)e con$rol o $)e (l!anian re#iden$I+ and $)earliamen$ar/ ommi$< $ee o .ecuri$/ H arliamen$I% T)e#e are $)e-e/ in$ernal ac$or# ')ic) ini$ia$e and im lemen$ $)e #$ra$egicdoc$rinaire rame'or- o (l!ania%

n accordance 'i$) $)e legal rame'or- ado $ed !/ $)e (l!anianarliamen$+ $)e re# on#i!ili$/ or a##ing #ecuri$/ and de en#e

#$ra$egic documen$# #)all !e er< ormed in $)e ollo'ing



10+ 1 8+ age 3K I;on#$i$u$ional our$ deci#ion Ao% 77 da$ed 31%12%1 89 T)e o! ec$ o $)e re@ue#$

!/ $)e re#iden$ o $)e =e u!lic: n$er re$a$ion (r$icle 178+ aragra ) 1 o $)e on#$i$u$ion regarding$)e im lemen$a$iono Pa' Ao% 7K28+ da$ed 11%12%1 1 n $)e unc$ion# o $)e ouncil o Ce enceand $)e General om<mander o (rmed Morce# H Ncial Qournal Ao% 3+ Lear1 + age 4 I22 Pa' Ao% 8671 da$ed 26%10%2000 n $)e o'er# and au$)ori$ie# o commanding and $)e #$ra$e<gic direc$ion o $)e (rmed Morce# o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania H Ncial Qournal Ao%37+Lear 2000+ age1786I;Pa' Ao% 1 4+ da$ed 1 50252004 Mor #ome addi$ion# and amendmen$# $oPa' Ao% 8671 da$ed26%10%2000 n $)e o'er# o au$)ori$ie# o commanding and $)e #$ra$egicdirec$ion o (rmed Morce#HGa"e$$e Ao% 16+ Lear 2004+

age 78KI

18




(no$)er im or$an$ in#$i$u$ional #$a-e)older+ 'i$) #igniDcan$ role inmoni$oring and im lemen$ing $)e #$ra$egic doc$rinaire rame'or-+i# $)e re#iden$% ur#uan$ $o $)e (l!aniaF# on#$i$u$ion and la'#+$)e re#iden$ i# $)e (rmed Morce# om< mander General% n

eace$ime $)e re#iden$ e>erci#e# $)e leader#)i o (rmed Morce#$)roug) rime ini#$er and $)e ini#$er o Ce en#e+ ')ile in'ar$ime #5 )e lead# $)em direc$l/ or $)roug) $)e (rmed Morce#

ommander%23 T)e re#iden$ a# ommander General o (rmedMorce# )a# ull au$)ori$/ and con$rol over $)e direc$ion o (rmed

Morce# a# 'ell a# give# a roval# or $a#-# and re# on#i!ili$ie#: aI$)e ro o#al rom $)e ini#$er o Ce en#e on $)e organi"a$ional#$ruc$ure o $)e (rmed Morce#; !I $)e ac$ion lan o $)e (rmedMorce# in eace$ime and e#$a!< li#)ing mea#ure# in ca#e o emergenc/ cI $)e di#$ri!u$ion o $)e (rmed Morce# in eace$imeand or mo!ili"a$ion; dI #e$ !enc)mar-# o readine## on re#ervemili< $ar/ uni$#%

n $)e o$)er )and+ $)e Aa$ional .ecuri$/ ouncil con#$i$u$e# anim or$an$ #$ruc< $ure a$$ac)ed $o $)e re#iden$ o =e u!lic% $rovide# )im 'i$) $)e a##i#$ance re< garding i##ue# on #ecuri$/

and #$ra$egic doc$rinaire rame'or-% T)e Aa$ional .e< curi$/ouncil i# an advi#or/ !od/ $o $)e re#iden$ and i$ a##i#$# )im in:

aI ma$$er# o #ecuri$/ and de en#e o $)e coun$r/; !I di#cu##e# andgive# o inion# on #ecuri$/ and de en#e olic/% 24 T)e mem!er# o $)e Aa$ional ecuri$/ ouncil are a# ollo'#: T)e ea er o $)e

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23 Pa' Ao% 8467 da$ed 31%03%1 n $)e o'er# o $)e re#iden$ a# ommander General o$)e

(rmed Morce# and Aa$ional .ecuri$/ ouncil H Ncial Qournal Ao% 10+ 1 + age 311I%24 Pa' Ao% 8671 da$ed 26%10%2000 n $)e o'er# and au$)ori$ie# o commandingand $)e #$ra$egic direc$ion o $)e (rmed Morce# o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania H Ncial

Qournal Ao% 37+Lear 2000+ age 1786I%

19



T)e Ce en#e olic/ ouncil )a# !een e#$a!li#)ed a# an advi#or/!od/ under $)e um!rella o $)e ini#$r/ o Ce en#e% $# mem!er#are: Ce u$/ ini#$er o Ce en#e+ )ie o General .$a + Ce u$/

)ie o General .$a + commander# o land+ nav/ and air orce+commander o Training and Coc$rine+ commander o Pogi#$ic# .u <

or$+ $)e Cirec$or o Pegal Ce ar$men$+ and o$)er er#on# invi$ed!/ $)e ini#< $er%25

T)e mili$ar/ #$ruc$ure# direc$l/ engaged in $)e im lemen$a$ion o

$)e #$ra$egic doc$rinaire rame'or- !ecame increa#ingl/ im or$an$given $)eir ne' du$ie# and re# on#i!ili$ie# re#cri!ed !/ $)e la'% T)ere ore+ $)e General .$af con#$i$u$e# $)e )ig)e#$ mili$ar/#$ruc$ure 'i$) uni@ue command in $)e (rmed Morce#% $ i# re# on<#i!le or crea$ing a oin$ and uniDed mili$ar/ land+ #ea and air

orce ')ic) #)ould !e a!le $o ulDll i$# con#$i$u$ional mi##ion% 26

General .$af ac$# a# $)e )ead@uar$er# o $)e uniDed land+ nav/and air orce# and i# re# on#i!le or: aI oin$ re ara$ion and$raining o all $)ree #ervice# ; !I acing $)rea$# or ri#-# $)a$ mig)$endanger #ecuri$/ in $)e coun$r/; cI lanning and rogramming o de en#e ; dI under$a-ing #$ra$egic a##e##men$ o $)rea$# or ri#-#and $a-ing mea#ure# $o $ac-le $)em% 27

(n im or$an$ role i# al#o la/ed !/ $)e )ie o General .$a % *ei# accoun$a!le $o $)e re#iden$+ rime ini#$er and ini#$er o Ce en#e or mili$ar/ $raining and readine## o $)e (rmed Morce# a#'ell a# managemen$ and organi"a$ion o mili< $ar/ and non



rovide $)e coun$r/F# inde endence and $erri$orial in$egri$/ and ro$ec$ i$#on#$i$u$ional order9 H Ncial Qournal Ao% 20 + 2001+ age 62 I

27!id%28 &)ile $)e e or$ $o c)ange $)e con$en$ o $)e conce $ o #ecuri$/ 'a# al#o

re ec$ed in $)e renaming o $)e ouncil o Ce ence in $)e Aa$ional .ecuri$/ ounciland i$# unc$ion# %(l#o #ee $)e Pa' Ao% 8467+ da$ed 31%03%1 n $)e o'er# o $)e re#iden$ $)e =e u!lic+ a# General ommander o $)e (rmed Morce# andAa$ional .ecuri$/ ouncil H Ncial Qournal Ao% 10+ 1 + age 311I

20




for its implementation % T)e ac$ $)a$ $)e rime ini#$er ini$ia$e#ever/ our /ear $)e revie' roce## o A.. HAa$ional .ecuri$/.$ra$eg/I im lie# #ome)o' a grea$er role o $)e e>ecu$ive !ranc)%

n $)i# con$e>$+ $)e mo#$ im or$an$ i##ue $)e#e documen$# mu#$rovide+ a ar$ rom $)e mean# and 'a/# o #ecuring $)e na$ion+ i#

a clear and de$ailed re# on#e $o $)e divi#ion o role# 'i$)in $)e)ierarc)/ o $)e coun$r/F# #ecuri$/ aradigm%

)nternal coherence and soundness o% theStrategic "rame#ork

T)e #e$ o documen$# ')ic) !elong# $o $)e #$ra$egic olicie#concerning #ecuri$/+ de en#e and mili$ar/ are+ among o$)er#+ oneo $)e indica$or# on )o' #ecuri$/ #ec$or aim# $o coordina$e $)eirac$ivi$ie# in $)e u$ure% Given $)e ac$ $)a$ (l!ania i# !/ i$#

on#$i$u$ion a arliamen$ar/ re u!lic+ $)e $a#-# andre# on#i!ili$ie# o $)e (l!anian arliamen$ in $)e area o #ecuri$/and de en#e are re ec$ed in $)e democra$ic over#ig)$ andaccoun$a!ili$/% n $)e o$)er )and+ $a-ing in$o accoun$ $)e)ierarc)ical #$ruc$ure o #ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion#+ $)e governmen$ )a#du$/ $o im lemen$ $)e #$ra$egic doc$rinaire rame'or- $)roug)relevan$ mini#$rie# and agencie#%29

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#ervice# o (l!ania% 30

2 Pa' Ao% 8417 da$ed 10%21%1 8 Mor $)e ado $ion o $)e on#$i$u$ion o $)e =e u!lic o

(l!ania H <Dce Qournal Ao% 28+ 1 8+ age 1073I30 .ee+ or more+ (l!anian ne'# a er# during Me!ruar/<( ril+ 2010%

21



n $)e o$)er )and+ de# i$e $)e ac$ $)a$ $)e curren$ la' clearl/deDne# $)e advi< #or/ role o $)e Aa$ional .ecuri$/ ouncila$$ac)ed $o $)e re#iden$ o =e u!lic+ $)e e>i#$ence o an n$er<ini#$erial ommi$$ee or .ecuri$/ (fair# a# an advi#or/ !od/clo#e $o $)e rime ini#$er ra$)er crea$e# a hidden institutionalri#alr( 9+ $)an )el # !e$$er coordina$ion o $)e ac$ivi$ie# o #$a$e#ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion#% Mor $)i# rea#on+ $)e overall coordina$ion andcoo era$ion o #ecuri$/ in#$i$u$ion# $o en< #ure a com re)en#ive#$ra$egic doc$rinaire rame'or- remain# one o $)e rimar/ $a#-#

o $)e #$a$e% T)e re ara$ion o $)e#e #$ra$egic documen$# need$o a## $)roug) a ro e##ional a##e##men$ o =T roce##H )allenge#+ =i#-# and T)rea$#I ')ic) en#ure# a# muc) a#

o##i!le a 'ider ar$ici a$ion acro## $)e in#$i$u$ion# and#$a-e)older# a##igned $o im lemen$ i$ in rac$ice%

$ 'ould !e a #ign o co)erence i + in $)e roce## o re aring andim lemen$ing $)e#e #$ra$egie#+ involvemen$ rom a range o e> er$# rom variou# in#$i$u$ional ac$or# !ecome# grea$er% $ i#eviden$ $)a$ $)ere i# a cer$ain degree o #oundne## in $)e#$ruc$ure# o democra$ic #ecuri$/ and de en#e orce# over#ig)$Hmainl/ in arliamen$ar/ and governmen$al #$ruc$ure#I 'ell a#cer$ain involvemen$ o $)e civil #ocie$/ in $)e roce##e# o dra $ingand im lemen$ing $)e#e #$ra$egie#% T)i# involvemen$ i# /e$ $o !eim roved and 'ill !e di#cu##ed !elo'%



31 .ee Pa' Ao% 322+ da$ed 2K%11%2004 n a roval o $)e Aa$ional .ecuri$/.$ra$eg/ o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania9 H Ncial Qournal Ao% 8+Lear 2004+ age 66 7Iand Pa' Ao% 8K8+ a$ 2751252007 T)e ado < $ion o $)e ili$ar/ .$ra$eg/ o $)e=e u!lic o (l!ania9H Ncial Qournal Ao% 184+ Lear 2007+ age K802I

22




global lac-ing a clear riori$i"a$ion and di eren$ia$ion%32 T)ere ore+in $)e ca#e o A.. i$ 'a# $)e cri$eria rela$ed $o $)e local level')ic) 'a# ur#ued ra$)er $)an a com re)en#ive a roac) ')ic)'ould #ee- $o !uild on a de$ailed cla##iDca$ion o $)e#e%

.ecuri$/ #$ra$egie# and doc$rinaire rame'or- a$ local leveliden$i / our ca$ego< rie# a# $)rea$# and ri#-# or (l!ania:organi&ed crime terrorism disasters and prob- lems of transition %

n $)e ca#e o organi"ed crime+ $)e $erm re er# $o variou# orm# o illegal $raNc-ing+ rimaril/ drug#+ )uman !eing#+ conven$ional'ea on+ e$c% n $)e ca#e o (l!ania+ # ecial em )a#i# )a# !een

u$ on in$ernal #ecuri$/+ illegal migra$ion+ #uc) a# (l!anianimmigran$# in o$)er coun$rie# or uncon$rolled #e$$le< men$ o

o ula$ion 'i$)in $)e coun$r/% Bu$ one can al#o Dnd in $)e A..vague and in#uNcien$l/ ela!ora$ed no$ion# erceived a# ri#-# $erm# #uc) a# public opinion misinformation 9 or insu4cient de#elopment of education science and culture 9%

&i$) re# ec$ $o $)e $)rea$# and c)allenge# in regional #ecuri$/+ i$!ear# men$ion< ing $)a$ na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$eg/ and mili$ar/#$ra$eg/ )ave !een in uenced !/ $)e )i#$orical )eri$age and geo<#$ra$egic im or$ance o $)e coun$r/ a# -e/ ac< $or# in de$ermining$)e #ecuri$/ environmen$% n $)i# con$e>$+ na$ional #ecuri$/documen$ )a# clearl/ deDned $)a$ $)e destabili&ation of theregion through re#i#al of desire for ful3llment of e5aggerated

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Oie' rom (l!ania < .$ud/ on a##e##men$ o regional #ecuri$/ $)rea$# andc)allenge# in $)e &e#$ern Bal-an#+ in .$ud/ on $)e (##e##men$ $)rea$# o =egional.ecuri$/ and )allenge# in $)e &e#$ern Bal-an#+ Car-o #$vam G/arma$i X .$ancicHed#%I+ C (M HGeneva en$er or $)e Cemocra$ic on$rol o (rmed Morce#I+ 2007+ %K7%33 ,a#$rio$ #lami H ormer (l!anian Moreign ini#$er 2003<200KI Aa$ional .ecuri$/a$ $)e con$e>$ o regional ri#-# and $)rea$# H roceeding# o $)e n$erna$ionalon erence: n $)e develo men$ o $)e na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$eg/9+ Tirana 21.e $em!er 2007+ organi"ed !/ C X C (MI+ u!li#)ing *oue#e+ Toena+ Tirana+2007+ age 26

23



H4%4I; ailure o democra$ic re orm# H3% 1I; and organi"ed crimeH3%64I%34 T)e#e our elemen$# 'ere con#idered even moredangerou# or na$ional #ecuri$/ $)an e>$er< nal ac$or#+ li-e$errori#m+ regional con ic$#+ and #o on%

n $)i# 'a/+ a clear deDni$ion o =T a$ na$ional+ regional andglo!al level remain# an incom le$e #$ruc$ure+ ar$icularl/ 'i$)in$)e na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$egie# docu< men$#% nl/ a map of risksand threats 9+ !a#ed on clear cri$eria+ can )el de$er< mining $)emo#$ )oli#$ic !a#ic conce $ on na$ional #ecuri$/ and de en#e#$ra$e< gie#% Ci eren$ia$ion and riori$i"a$ion o =T #)ouldnece##ar/ !e a##ocia$ed 'i$) o$)er a# ec$# ra$)er $)an $radi$ional#ecuri$/ conce $# #uc) a# #$a$e #overeign$/+ $erri$orial in$egri$/+e$c% (d)ering $o $)e#e conce $#+ $)e na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$< eg/)a# lo#$ $)e o or$uni$/ $o !e de#igned in $)e )uman #ecuri$/

rame'or- de ending on $)e im or$ance $)a$ )uman #ecuri$/re#en$# in cer$ain area# Hi%e% ood #a e$/+ environmen$al+ #ocial+

and oli$ical+ road e$c%I%35

Mrom $)e vie' oin$ o =T cla##iDca$ion+ $)e !o$) #ecuri$/documen$# #im l/ ol< lo' an order o geogra )ical di#$ri!u$ion o ri#-# Hglo!al+ regional or localI+ )o'< ever+ eac) o $)em lac-# adeDni$ion o $)e #cale and in$en#i$/ o $)e#e in #)or$+ mediumand long $erm%



3K Mor $)e involvemen$ o )uman #ecuri$/ conce $ in a documen$ o na$ional#ecuri$/ #$ra$eg/ #ee ro % =e>)e e dani H ormer re#iden$ o $)e =e u!lic o

(l!ania 1 7<2002I in: .ome $)oug)$# on revi#ing $)e documen$ on na$ional#ecuri$/ #$ra$eg/ u!lica$ion: n $)e develo men$ o #$ra$eg/ na$ional #e< curi$/H.ummar/ o roceeding# o $)e n$erna$ional on erence: n $)e develo men$ o$)e na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$eg/9+ Tirana 21 .e $em!er 2007+ organi"ed !/ C XC (MI+ u!li#)ing *oue#e% Toena+ Tirana+ 2007+ age 26I; .ee al#o: Bac-grounderon )uman #ecuri$/ in (l!ania+ C + Tirana 200 + % 60+ ')ic) i# $)e Dr#$ a erdra $ed !/ a grou o e> er$# a$ $)e C H n#$i$u$e or Cemocrac/ and edia< $ionIin $erm# o )uman #ecuri$/ conce $

24




')ic) mu#$ corre# ond $o $)e reci#e rovi#ion# on )o' $o co e'i$) $)em% 36 T)e ')ole conce $ o #ecuri$/ revailing in $)edocumen$ o na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$< eg/ o (l!ania #eem# $o !e$r/ing $o ge$ clearl/ deDned )ori"on$all/+ !u$ 'i$)ou$ a concre$eac$ion model% n $)i# 'a/+ ar$ and O o A.. remain# a$ $)elevel o ri#- a##e##men$ !u$ $)e general rame'or- o ac$ion#Haccom anied 'i$) $)e nece##ar/ $ool# and re#ource# needed $oac)ieve $)e o! ec$ive#I i# overloo-ed% T)i# could !e con#idered acommon ea$ure o na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$egie# o $)e &e#$ernBal-an #$a$e#+ ')ic) a $er a rolonged oli$ical and economic$ran#i$ion+ are c)anging $)eir a roac) $o #ecuri$/ #ec$or re orm%(# Pa#"lo ol$i )ig)lig)$# as regards their essential issue meetingthe securit( perceptions with the e5ception of modernterminolog( and length the le#el of these documents being

processed is at the initial stage 9%37

n $)e ca#e o (l!ania+ $)e roce## o de#ign and im lemen$a$ion

o na$ional #ecuri$/ and de en#e #$ra$egie# i# generall/ develo edin accordance 'i$) # e< ciDc a##e##men$# o $)e coun$r/F#'eig)$9 in $)e #$ruc$ure o regional and glo!al #ecuri$/% T)i#

#ome)o' )a# led $o prede3ned instruments 9 $)a$ can !e u#ed$o ac)ieve #u#$aina!le #ecuri$/ in $)e coun$r/ and a!road and')ic) are nece##ar< il/ a$$ac)ed $o $)e #ecuri$/ rovider#+ #uc) a#A(T % (ccording $o $)e deDni$ion made in !o$) documen$#+ a #e$o elemen$# la!eled a# instruments of national power 9 'ill

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66 6I%37 Pa#"lo + o$i (##e##men$ o $)e #ecuri$/ o $)e &e#$ern Bal-an# and acom ara$ive anal/#i# o $)e $)rea$ erce $ion in $)e coun$rie# o $)e region Car-o

#$vam G/arma$i X .$ancic Hed#%I+ C (M HGeneva en$er or $)e Cemocra$icon$rol o (rmed Morce#I+ 2007+ % <K0I

38Pa' Ao% 322+ da$ed 2K%11%2004 n a roval o $)e Aa$ional .ecuri$/ .$ra$eg/o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania9 H Ncial Qournal Ao% 8+ Lear 2004+ age 66 7I and Pa'

Ao% 8K8+ a$ 2751252007 T)e ado < $ion o $)e ili$ar/ .$ra$eg/ o $)e =e u!lic o(l!ania9 H Ncial Qournal Ao% 184+ Lear 2007+ age K802I

25



operation with whom %39 T)roug) $)i# deDni$ion+ $)e documen$ o na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$eg/ i# a$$ac)ed $o $)e conce $ ocu#ed moreon $)e roducer# ra$)er $)an con#umer# o #ecuri$/ #ec$or%

Strategies (s StrategicDe%ense *e(ie#

Mor $)e main oli$ical and in#$i$u$ional ac$or# o $)e coun$r/+eriodical revie' o $)e undamen$al #ecuri$/ documen$ o $)e

=e u!lic o (l!ania+ -no'n a# Aa< $ional .ecuri$/ .$ra$eg/9 i#nece##ar/ and legall/ o!liga$or/ 40 % T)i# revie' rai#e# a lo$ o concern# mainl/ due $o $)e d/namic# o $)e #ecuri$/ environmen$devel< o men$# ei$)er a$ $)e local+ regional or even glo!al level%.ince 2007+ (l!aniaF# #$ra$egic documen$# )ave no$ c)anged%

ore re@uen$ revie' o mili$ar/ #$ra$< eg/ H2002+ 200K+ and 2007I'a# accelera$ed due $o ro# ec$ive mem!er#)i in A(T % T)e la#$

revie' o de en#e #$ra$eg/ documen$ 'a# conduc$ed nearl/ $'o/ear# !e ore (l!ania !ecame a ull< edged mem!er o A(T H3( ril 200 I% T)i# documen$ remain# in e ec$ and )a# no$ /e$ !een#u! ec$ $o an/ revie'# #ince i$ al#o re er# $o $)e mini#$r/ o de en#e #$ra$eg/ or $)e eriod rom 2007 $o 2013% $ !ecame anim or$an$ guiding documen$ $o $)e armed orce# in an e or$ $omee$ o! ec$ive# ore#een in $)e #$ra$egic doc$rinaire rame'or-%T)i# la$er acili$a$ed $)e invi$a$ion e>$ended+ a$ $)e Buc)are#$



1 4+ $)ere 'a# al#o a need $o ada $ $)e goal or !ecoming a ullA(T mem!er#)i !/ revie'ing mili$ar/ and

39 Ibid p.240 Ba#ed on Pa' 322+ (r% 84+ Aovem!er+ 2004%

26




de en#e#$ra$egie#%41

Jnder $)e Aa$ional Ce en#e .$ra$eg/ in ( ril 2002+ $)e (l!aniangovernmen$ a < roved $)e im lemen$a$ion o ar$ner#)i Goal

ac-age ')ic) 'a# ar$ o a ne' lan called ((M .$ruc$ure andm lemen$a$ion lan or $)e eriod 2002<2010% A(T ? em!er#)i

(c$ion lan H ( mec)ani#mI e#$a!li#)ed a rogram $)a$#u or$ed a##i#$ance in re orming and re#$ruc$uring $)e (l!anianarmed orce#+ including: aI a##i#$ance in e#$a!li#)ing conce $ual

rame'or- o $)e armed orc< e#; !I !eginning o a #$ruc$uralreorgani"a$ion o $)e arm/; cI managemen$ o # eciDc ro!lem#a# ammuni$ion e$c)%42 (lmo#$ all c)ange# and re orm# 'i$)in $)e((M 'ere $)e re#ul$ o $)e goal $o o!$ain A(T mem!er#)i +')ic) 'a# #e$ a# $)e rimar/ o! ec$ive in $)e area o #ecuri$/ or$)e =e u!lic o (l!ania in A.. H2000+ 2004I and AC. H2000+ 2002;200K; 2007I%

T)e ')ole roce## o re orm# 'i$)in ((M 'a# Dnali"ed 'i$)(l!ania !ecoming ull< edged mem!er o A(T (lliance during$)e Buc)are#$ .ummi$ on 3<4 ( ril2008%43 T)e #ecuri$/ #ec$or re orm 'i$)in $)e (rmed Morce#+#$emming rom $)e #$ra$egic and doc$rinaire rame'or- o (l!ania+ o#$ered $)e !elie of Albania being de facto member o A(T and )ad $)u# #$reng$)ened (l!aniaF# o#i$ion a# #e< curi$/

AL

*er"egovina $o $a e



*er egovina $o $a-ear$ in EJ era$ion9 (PT*E( H Ncial Qournal Ao% K+ Lear 2004+ age 6K6KI;

Pa' Ao% 27+ da$ed0 50652008 T)e ado $ion o $)e norma$ive ac$ 'i$) $)e o'er o $)e Pa' Ao% 3+a$ 2850K520089 T)ede lo/men$ in $)e =e u!lic o )ad and en$ral ( rican =e u!lic o armed orce#

com an/ o =e u!lico (l!ania $o ar$ici a$e in era$ion EJM = 5 T *(C 5 = ( EJ H Ncial QournalAo102Lear 2008+ age44 3I4K Pa' Ao% 8640+ da$ed 13%07%2000 n ra$iDca$ion o $)e9 .econd (ddi$ional

ro$ocol o (greemen$or $)e e#$a!li#)men$ ul$ina$ional eace Morce o $)e .ou$)ea#$ Euro e H M.EEI

H Ncial Qournal Ao%22+ Lear 2000+ age 1080I; Pa' Ao% 8816+ da$ed 2050 52001 or $)e ra$iDca$ion o $)e T)ird (ddi$ional

ro$ocol o $)e (greemen$ o ul$ina$ional eace-ee ing Morce o .ou$)ea#$Euro e H M.EEIH Ncial Qournal Ao% 47+ Lear 2001+

age 1483I

27



o $)e JA+ $)e . E or o$)er in$erna$ional !odie#% .ince Me!ruar/2007 .EEB= G ar$ici a$ed or 6 mon$)# in $)e A(T <led o era$ionin ( g)ani#$an ')ic) 'a# an o era$ional $e#$ o i$# credi!ili$/%

46

(ll $)e#e ini$ia$ive# re#en$ an evidence o a #$ronger commi$men$o (l!aniaF# #e< curi$/ orce# $o !ecome in$egra$ed and o era$ional'i$)in $)e #$ruc$ure# o collec< $ive de ence+ no$ onl/ glo!all/ !u$al#o a$ $)e regional level%47 *o'ever+ (l!aniaF# ar$ici a$ion a$ $)eBuc)are#$ .ummi$ on 3<4 ( ril 2008+ A(T u$# i$ in ron$ o $)eo$)er condi$ion# o dee ening $)e in$egra$ion roce## o $)e armed

orce# and #ecuri$/ #$ruc$ure# $o a collec$ive de ence organi"a$ion% T)e ne' role o a coun$r/+ a# a mem!er o A(T + re@uire#@uan$i$a$ive and @uali$a$ive c)ange# in $erm# o in$ernal ande>$ernal #ecuri$/ c)allenge#% T)i# #)all #erve a# an incen$ive $o(l!ania in ur$)er #$age# o ada $a$ion o i$# #$ra$egic anddoc$rinaire rame'or-%

($ $)e #ame $ime+ na$ional #ecuri$/ #$ra$eg/ de$ermine# $)ero$ec$ion o u!lic order and )uman #a e$/ a# main in#$rumen$or ac)ieving $)e #ecuri$/% (# a re#ul$+ $)i# rom $ed a re orm+ar$icularl/ $)e re orm 'i$)in $)e .$a$e olice a# i$ i# one o $)e

main ac$or# in $)e #ecuri$/ #ec$or% .ince $)e 1 7 rio$#+ $)ere orm# o #$a$e olice )ave !een im lemen$ed under $)e EJ

olice a##i#$ance mi##ion#%48 n $)i# rame'or-+ $)e 1 .$a$eolice Pa' laid do'n $)e ounda$ion or $ran# orma< $ion o #$a$e



Governmen$ o $)e =e u!lic o (l!ania and $)e Euro ean ommuni$/ on $)e .$a$u#o $)e olice (##i#$ance i##ion o $)e Euro ean ommuni$/ in (l!ania H ( E (IH Ncial Qournal Ao% 100+ Lear 2003+ age 4301 I4 Pa' Ao% 8KK3+ da$ed 11%11%1 n .$a$e olice H Ncial Qournal Ao% 33+

Lear 1 + age 1280I% &)en rig)$ 'ing colla$ion came in o'er in Qul/ 200K i$ini$ia$ed a ne' one a# Pa' Ao% 74 + da$ed04%06%2007 n .$a$e olice H Ncial Qournal Ao% 73+ Lear 2007+ age 2171I% $rai#ed a lo$ o concern# among cer$ain e> er$# !ecau#e $)ere 'ere allega$ion#$)a$ i$ 'a# u#ed $o remove cer$ain )ig) ran- olice oNcer# rom $)eir o!

o#i$ion#% *o'ever !o$) la'# 'ere dra $ed and a##i#$ed !/ EJ olice (#< #i#$ancei##ion

28

i$/ li i # i $) & #$ B l #




lic #a e$/% =egarding #ecuri$/ a# ec$# in $)e ield o u!lic orderand com!a$ing organi"ed crime+ $)e #$ra$egic and doc$rinaire

rame'or- o (l!ania )a# !een re< cen$l/ e@ui ed 'i$) a #e$ o #$ra$egie# ado $ed !/ $)e (l!anian governmen$% 50

Conclusions

n conclu#ion 'e can no$e $)a$ #$ra$egic rame'or- on #ecuri$/and de en#e+ rel/< ing u on an a ro ria$e a##e##men$ o )umanand Dnancial ca aci$ie#+ con#$i$u$e# $)e rig)$ #$e $o'ard#en#uring a #a e environmen$ in $)e coun$r/ and !e/ond% ($ $)i#ver/ )i#$orical momen$+ an/ #$ra$egic anal/#i# ma/ go $)roug)$radi$ional Hor #emi<$radi$ional9I a# ec$#+ ar$icularl/ $)o#e o $)egeo<economic Deld+ #)o'< ing o$en$iall/ )ig) level o #$a!ili$/ andgrea$er o or$uni$ie# or cro##<!order coo era$ion and oreign

inve#$men$#% $ i# or $)i# rea#on our di lomac/+ !a#ed on $)eundamen$al documen$ o our oreign olic/ Hu coming #$ra$eg/ o na$ional #ecuri$/I+ #)ould !e even more orien$ed $o'ard# $)eeconomic and ragma$ic realm% $ #)ould iden$i / concre$ealliance#+ ro erl/ cla##i / riori$ie# H$a-ing in$o accoun$ $)ereali$/I+ iden$i / geo<economic and geo<#$ra$egic o#i$ion inaccord< ance 'i$) our na$ional goal# de$ermined !/ $)e #$ra$egicdoc$rinaire rame'or %

AL

Ceci#ion Ao% 14+ a$ 0 50152008 n a roval o $)e u!lic rder .ec$or .$ra$eg/ and lan



$ $) $ $ $ gEn orcemen$(c$ion .$ra$eg/ 2007<2013 .$a$e olice H Ncial Bulle$in Ao% K+ Lear 2008+ age I; Ceci#ionAo% K22+ a$2350452008 n a roval o $)e Aa$ional (c$ion lan or $)e Mig)$ again#$ $raNc-ing in ve)icle#mo$or

H Ncial Bulle$in Ao% 72+ Lear 2008+ age 31K6I; Ceci#ion Ao% 1083+ a$ 2350752008 To a rove$)e Aa<$ional .$ra$eg/ $o Mig)$ again#$ TraNc-ing in *uman Being# 2008<2010 and .u lemen$ar/Cocumen$

Aa$ional .$ra$eg/ or om!a$ing TraNc-ing )ildren and $)e ro$ec$ion o )ildren Oic$im# o Tra <Dc-ing H Ncial Bulle$in Ao% 131+ Lear 2008+ age K77KI; Ceci#ion Ao% 1140+ 3050752008 Mora rovala$ in$er<#ec$or .$ra$eg/ $o Mig)$ again#$ organi"ed crime+ $raNc-ing and $errori#m H NcialBulle$in Ao%138+ Lear 2008+ age 6124I

29



CeDning a #$ra$egic conce $ o de ence and #ecuri$/ H!a#ed ono'er and 'eig)$9 (l!ania )a# a# a regional and glo!al ac$orI+

remain# a riori$/ $a#- or an/ #$ra$egic doc$rinaire rame'or-%Cue $o (l!aniaF# mem!er#)i in a collec$ive de en#e or< gani"a$ion+#uc) i# A(T + i$ i# more $)an im or$an$ $o a##e## all #ecuri$/im ac$#+ ri#-# and !eneD$# #$emming rom #uc) engagemen$%

Cue $o $)e a!ovemen$ioned rea#on#+ $)e roce## o ormula$ion+de#ign and im< lemen$a$ion o $)e conce $ o na$ional #ecuri$/#$ra$eg/ #)ould !e develo ed in accordance 'i$) # eciDca##e##men$# o $)e coun$r/F# 'eig)$ in $)e glo!al #$ruc$ure o regional #ecuri$/% (l!aniaF# mem!er#)i in A(T + o!$ained a$ $)eBu< c)are#$ .ummi$ on 3<4 ( ril 200 + !roug)$ ne' condi$ion# in$)e roce## o a#< #e##men$ o #ecuri$/ $)rea$#% (# a A(Tmem!er coun$r/+ (l!ania i# no' re@uired $o conduc$ @uan$i$a$iveand @uali$a$ive c)ange# a# regard# #ecuri$/ c)allenge# in#ide andou$#ide $)e coun$r/% T)i# i# !ecau#e A(T mem!er#)i u$#

(l!ania in $)e ne' o#i$ion o #$ruc$ural ad u#$men$# in $)e#ecuri$/ #ec$or%

Mrom $)e ri#- cla##iDca$ion er# ec$ive+ $)e na$ional #ecuri$/#$ra$eg/ #)ould no$ #im l/ ollo' geogra )ic di#$ri!u$ion Hglo!al+regional or localI+ !u$ 'i$)in eac) o $)em i$ #)ould de$ermine $)edegree o in$en#i$/ and $)e 'a/# $o ace $)em in #)or$+ mediumand long $erm#% Ci eren$ia$ion and riori$i"a$ion o $)e#e ri# #



de en#e #)ould a/ a grea$er a$$en$ion $o cri$ical in ra#$ruc$ure% T)i# in ra#$ruc$ure i# gro'ing ra idl/+ including+ no$ onl/ $radi$ional

in ra#$ruc$ure Hroad $unnel#+ !ridge#+ oil i eline#+ dam#I !u$ al#one$'or-# o elec$ronic da$a!a#e#+ im or$an$ or )uman #ecuri$/HDnger rin$+

K1 .ee al#o: Backgrounder on human securit( in Albania + C + Tirana 200 + %60+ ')ic) i# $)e Dr#$ a er dra $ed !/ a grou o e> er$# a$ $)e C H n#$i$u$e orCemocrac/ and edia$ionI in $erm# o )uman #ecuri$/ conce $

30

ecuri$/ olicie# in $)e &e#$ern Bal-an#




!lood grou #+ D#cal or !an-ingin orma$ionI%

Minall/+ $a-ing in$o con#idera$ion $)e #i"e+ re#ource# and ro!lem#in)eri$ed rom $)e a#$ communi#$ regime+ a# 'ell a# $)e long$ran#i$ion eriod+ i$ i# im or$an$ $)a$ (l!ania no' move# $o'ard#crea$ion o a genuine conce $ and #$ra$egic doc$rinaire rame'or-o na$ional #ecuri$/ ocu#ing more on )uman #ecuri$/%

Bibliogra&hy

(r!ana+ P% H2003I ?,nderstanding +efence and Securit( n!orrelation to !i#il Societ( and Media2 + Tirana: (l!anian n#$i$u$e

or n$erna$ional .$udie#%

Backgrounder on human securit( in Albania %H200 I Tirana: C %

Ba-a+ B% H200 I ?(l!ania: T)rea$# and erce $ion# o #ecuri$/F+!8sht6e t8 Siguris89 Securit( ssues + vol% 11+ % 74< 0%

a arini+ % H2004I ivil ocie$/ and Cemocra$ic ver#ig)$

AL

!8sht6e t8 Siguris89 Securit( ssues + vol% 7+ g 2K<3K%



g

Oic-er#+ % and e$$i er+ Q% H1 7I ? Albania: rom Anarch( to aBalkan dentit(2 + Pondon: *ur#$ X om an/%

&a$-in#+ (% H2007I ?A(T and Bal-an#: odel or a &idern$egra$ionF !8sht6e t8

Siguris89Securit( ssues + vol% K+ C H n#$i$u$e or Cemocrac/and edia$ionI+ %41<K1%

31

+o$itle

Category WidthCh * $h G *+ P+ P

Source Sector Protecting *emark

1 Pocal andregional cri#i#

\ Jn#$a!leneig)!our)ood oli$ical(l!ania A ili$ar/



2 Glo!ali"a$ion

3 & Croli era$ion

4 rgani"edcrime Hall $raNc-ingand mone/ laundr/I

K E$)nicalcla#)e#

6 Terrori#m

7 =egional cri#i#

8 . read o lig)$arm# in o ula$ion)and#

(l!ania A.. ili$ar /\ \ Geo oli$ic#

oli$ical (l!ania A..\ Glo!al econom/

Econom/(l!ania

.cienc\ \ \ Terrori#$ grou #

oli$ical (l!aniaA..

gani"ed crime riminal=egion

A . and AC.n$erna$ional

communi$/\ \ rgani"ed crime

riminal (l!aniaA.. =egion

\ Jn#$a!leneig)!our)ood oli$ical( l!ania AC. ili$ar/\ Terrori#$ grou # oli$ical(l!aniaA.. and AC. deological=egion

=eligi#

n$eronalcommi$/

\ Jn#$a!le neig)!our)oodoli$ical (l!ania A . and A..ili$ar/ (l!ania

\ \ \ \ &ea- #$a$eu!lic rder (l!ania

(ll

Come#$ic $ran#i$ion

101

\\\C

(l!ania

\

e #$a$ein#$i$u$ion#

u!lic

\ \

\ \ \ *eal$) care.ocial (l!aniaA.. =egion

1K ine# \



11

ome#$icin#$a!ili$/

oli$ical(l!ania

\\\\Come#$icre orm

roce##e#

oli$ical

\\\Jn#$a!l

u!licorder(l!ania

A..

12 Aa$ural di#a#$er#

\ \ \\ \ Aa$ure.ocial(l!aniaA..

\\\\*uman(l!aniaAC.

13

Tec)nologicalacciden$#Hammuni$ion# <e> lo#ion#I

14

E idemic#and

in ec$ion#

1K ine# \\ \ *eal$) care .ocial(l!ania

($$ac-# on in orma$ion and communica$ion ne$'or-#ri$ical n ra#$ruc$ure H$unnel#+ dam #+ e$c%I \

\\\

ommunica$ion# .ocial(l!aniaA .

!hallenges risks andthreats as de3ned b(strategic documents of

Albania

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Sigurnosna Politika Na Balkanu Albanija

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