Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of...
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Transcript of Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of...
![Page 1: Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649de55503460f94addb68/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 1
Lecture 2
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 2
This lecture
• Concept of Signal Processing• Introduction to Signals• Classification of Signals• Basic elements of SP System• Analog to Digital Conversion
– Sampling – Quantization
• Nyquist Theorem• Applications of Signal Processing
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 3
Signal Processing
• Representation, transformation, manipulation of signals and the information they contain.
• Classification:
Depends upon the type of signal to be processed.
• Analog Signal Processing
• Digital Signal Processing
![Page 4: Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649de55503460f94addb68/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 4
Signal Processing
• Analog SP
Continuous time signals are processed.
• Digital SP
Discrete - time discrete - valued signals processed by digital computers or other data processing machines.
![Page 5: Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649de55503460f94addb68/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 5
Signal??
• Any indication / information
• A change in which some information is residing
![Page 6: Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649de55503460f94addb68/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 6
Classification of Signals
• Continuous-time / Discrete-time Signals
• Continuous-valued / Discrete-valued Signals
• Deterministic / Random Signals
• One-dimensional / Multi-dimensional Signals
![Page 7: Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649de55503460f94addb68/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 7
Fundamental SP system
• Most signals – Analog in nature.
• Analog to Digital Converter is used as an interface between analog signal and Digital Signal Processor.
A/D Converter D/A ConverterDigital Signal
Processor
Analog
Input Signal
Analog
Output Signal
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 8
A-D Conversion
1. Sampling• First step in going from analog to digital.• In signal processing, sampling is the
reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous-time signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).
![Page 9: Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649de55503460f94addb68/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 9
Sampling
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 10
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 11
![Page 12: Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649de55503460f94addb68/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 12
Nyquist Theorem
• In order the samples represent correctly the analog signal, the sampling frequency must be greater than twice the maximum frequency of the analog signal:
• fs≥2FM
• The limiting frequency 2FM is called Nyquist rate.
![Page 13: Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET1 Lecture 2. Signal ProcessingES & BM MUET2 This lecture Concept of Signal Processing Introduction to Signals Classification.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032706/56649de55503460f94addb68/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 13
Aliasing (Time Domain)
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 14
Aliasing (Frequency Domain)
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 15
Methods of avoiding Aliasing
• To avoid aliasing, there are two approaches: One is to raise the sampling frequency to satisfy the sampling theorem.The other is to filter off the unnecessary high-frequency components from the continuous-time signal. We limit the signal frequency by an effective low-pass filter, called anti-aliasing prefilter, so that the highest frequency left in the signal is less than half of the intended sampling rate.
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 16
General DSP System
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 17
Quantization
• Slide 143 CCN module 2• MIT OCW
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Signal Processing ES & BM MUET 18
Applications of SP
• RADAR• SONAR• Medical• Image Processing
– Pattern recognition– Edge detection
• Audio Signal Processing– Speech generation– Speech recognition– Speaker identification
• Telecommunications– Multiplexing– Compression– Echo control