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    Maja Schlter

    TIAS Summerschool Integrated Assessment

    Osnabrck, July 2004

    Approaches

    toBiodiversity Management

    Approaches

    toBiodiversity Management

    Fachbereich Mathematik/Informatik

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    Contents

    1. Definitions & Measures of Biodiversity

    2. Threats to biodiversity

    3. Benefits of biodiversity

    4. Scale Issues in Biodiversity Assessment and Conservation

    5. Biodiversity Management

    6. Conclusions

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Definitions

    Convention on Biological Diversity

    variability among living organisms from all sources

    including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystemsand the ecological complexes of which they are part

    including diversity within species, between species and ofecosystems

    the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Biodiversity at Multiple Scales/Levels

    Genetic Diversity

    Species Diversity

    Ecosystem Diversity

    Functional Diversity

    Diversity of ecological structures

    (organisational structures e.g. food webs, spatial structure) Diversity of life history stages

    Organisational levels

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Measures

    About 1.75 million species identified. Best estimate at about 13 millionspecies, though estimates range from 3 to 100 million.

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    Functional Diversity

    Species matter so far as their individual traits and interactions

    contribute to maintain the functioning of ecosystems andbiogeochemical cycles

    -> assess functional types not species richness alone

    Community Ecology: diversity is dependent variable controlledby abiotic conditions and ecosystem level constraints

    Ecosystem Ecology: dominant species are biotic controllers ofecosystem level processes

    -> New approaches: assess biodiversity as modulator ofecosystem processes

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Integration

    (Naeem, 2002)

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Threats to biodiversity

    Is mass extinction under way?

    Causes:

    destruction and fragmentation of habitats overexploitation of resources

    introduced species

    loss of genetic diversity

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Economic aspects of biodiversity

    Needed for manufacture of food, pharmaceutical, andcosmetic products

    Tourism

    Ecosystem services such as e.g. pollination, cleaning of airand water, etc.

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Scale

    Dominant ecosystem processchange with scale -> need for multi-scale biodiversity conservation

    Self organisation: processesproduce patterns and are in turn

    reinforced by those patterns Cross scale interactions

    Holling 1986

    Identification of patterns depends on the spatial scale at whichthey are measured/observed

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    Scale of interactions

    Hypothesized relationship between the scale of speciesinteractions and their membership in a functional group

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Scaling Laws

    Scaling relations indicate that the system is controlled by one ormore first principles or a few rules that propagate across a widerange of scales

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

    4

    3

    0MBB !

    Allometric scaling of metabolic rate (B)

    to body size (M):

    zAS L!

    Species Area relationship

    Number of species S found in a specific area increaseswith the area size A as a power law:

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    Scaling Laws

    Species-area relationship (SAR) foundation for conservationpractice

    SAR is used to scale up field measurements to broader spatial scale

    Species-Time relationship similar?

    -> Spatial and temporal processes are linked

    e.g. time series depend on mechanisms of dispersal

    Spatial structure of population depends on mechanisms of temporalpersistence

    -> metapopulation theory

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Biodiversity at Multiple Scales

    Biodiversity within one patch is different than between patches-> processes caused by interconnectivity influence dynamics

    Interconnectivity (in floodplains): water flow connects in four

    dimensions: longitudinal, lateral, vertical and temporal-> spatial heterogeneity of floodplains

    Diversity is dependent on connectivity but this relationship doesnot show a clear dynamic

    Causes and effects of a phenomenon may occur on levels that are

    above or below the one analyzed

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Biodiversity

    Assessment

    &

    Management

    1976

    1997

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Biodiversity Convention

    Convention on Biological Diversity (1992, Earth Summit in Riode Janeiro)

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

    Main goals:

    conservation of biological diversity

    sustainable use of its components

    fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic

    resources

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    Biodiversity Management

    Conservation often concerned with the protection ofindividual species, not biodiversity in itself

    -> Biodiversity conservation should incorporate higher levels

    of organisation

    Conservation of species or habitats versus conservation of ecosystemprocesses (taxonomic view versus functional view)

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Issues of Scale

    Assessment

    What is the appropriate temporal scale for biodiversityassessment?

    in biodiversity conservation

    Management

    Biodiversity in a habitat depends on the biodiversity of theneighbouring patches

    To what extent do habitats have to be linked in order tosustain a population on the landscape level (throughimmigration after local extinction -> metapopulation viability)

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Scale of intervention

    Progress made on

    analysis of relationship between biodiversity and ecosystemprocesses

    identifying functionally important species

    Revealing underlying processes

    But: uncertainty on how to scale results up to landscape and

    regional level

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Conclusions

    Biodiversity conservation should not solely focus on

    a single taxonomic group

    a single hierarchical level of diversity

    or a single degree of connectivity

    but instead on sustaining or restoring the dynamics of the system inorder to increase spatio-temporal heterogeneity

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions

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    Conclusions

    Restoration strategies should be

    process oriented

    embedded in a framework that takes into account the drivingforces and their interactions

    that operate atdifferent spatial and temporal scales

    Definitions Threats Benefits Scale Management Conclusions