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Transcript of Shortest Paths Text Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications (5 th Edition) Kenneth H. Rosen...
Shortest Paths
Text
Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications (5th Edition)
Kenneth H. Rosen
Chapter 9.6
Based on slides from Chuck Allison, Michael T. Goodrich, and Roberto Tamassia
By Longin Jan Latecki
Weighted Graphs
Graphs that have a number assigned to each edge are called weighted graphs.
SF
LA
DENCHI
ATL
MIA
BOS
NY
Weighted Graphs
SF
LA
DENCHI
ATL
MIA
BOS
NY
MILES
2534
1855
957
834349 2451
908
722
860
606 760
191
1090
595
Weighted Graphs
SF
LA
DENCHI
ATL
MIA
BOS
NY
FARES
$129
$99
$79
$59
$89$69
$129$89$39 $99$7
9
$69
$39
Weighted Graphs
SF
LA
DENCHI
ATL
MIA
BOS
NY
FLIGHT TIMES
4:05
2:55
2:202:10
3:502:001:15
2:10
1:40
1:30
1:55 2:45
0:50
1:50
Weighted Graphs
A weighted graph is a graph in which each edge (u, v) has a weight w(u, v). Each weight is a real number.
Weights can represent distance, cost, time, capacity, etc.
The length of a path in a weighted graph is the sum of the weights on the edges.
Dijkstra’s Algorithm finds the shortest path between two vertices.
Problem: shortest path from a to z
a
b d f
z
c e g
45 5
7
4
21
553
34
a b c d e f g z S
0 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ a
x 4(a) 3(a) ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ c
x x
1
5
7
23
46
20
40
1535
35
10
15
10
50
75
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S
0 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ 1
x 15(1) 35(1) ∞ 20(1) ∞ ∞ 2
x x
Theorems
Dijkstra’s algorithm finds the length of a shortest path between two vertices in a connected simple undirected weighted graph G=(V,E).
The time required by Dijkstra's algorithm is O(|V|2).
It will be reduced to O(|E|log|V|) if heap is used to keep {vV\Si : L(v) < }, where Si is the set S after iteration i.
The Traveling Salesman Problem
The traveling salesman problem is one of the classical problems in computer science.
A traveling salesman wants to visit a number of cities and then return to his starting point. Of course he wants to save time and energy, so he wants to determine the shortest cycle for his trip.
We can represent the cities and the distances between them by a weighted, complete, undirected graph.
The problem then is to find the shortest cycle (of minimum total weight that visits each vertex exactly one).
Finding the shortest cycle is different than Dijkstra’s shortest path.It is much harder too, no polynomial time algorithm exists!
The Traveling Salesman Problem
Importance:• Variety of scheduling application can be solved as a
traveling salesmen problem.
• Examples:
• Ordering drill position on a drill press.
• School bus routing.
• The problem has theoretical importance because it represents a class of difficult problems known as NP-hard problems.
THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
A visit must be made to four local offices of FEMA, going out from and returning to the same main office in Northridge, Southern California.
FEMA - Traveling Salesman
• Solution approaches
– Enumeration of all possible cycles.• This results in (m-1)! cycles to enumerate for a graph with m
nodes. • Only small problems can be solved with this approach.
Possible cyclesCycle Total Cost
1. H-O1-O2-O3-O4-H 210 2. H-O1-O2-O4-O3-H 195 3. H-O1-O3-O2-O3-H 240 4. H-O1-O3-O4-O2-H 200 5. H-O1-O4-O2-O3-H 225 6. H-O1-O4-O3-O2-H 200 7. H-O2-O3-O1-O4-H 265 8. H-O2-O1-O3-O4-H 235 9. H-O2-O4-O1-O3-H 25010. H-O2-O1-O4-O3-H 22011. H-O3-O1-O2-O4-H 26012. H-O3-O1-O2-O4-H 260
Minimum
For this problem we have
(5-1)! / 2 = 12 cycles. Symmetrical problemsneed to enumerate only (m-1)! / 2 cycles.
FEMA – full enumeration
The Traveling Salesman Problem
Unfortunately, no algorithm solving the traveling salesman problem with polynomial worst-case time complexity has been devised yet.
This means that for large numbers of vertices, solving the traveling salesman problem is impractical.
In these cases, we can use efficient approximation algorithms that determine a path whose length may be slightly larger than the traveling salesman’s path, but