Shortcourse+on+symmetry+and+ crystallography+ Part2 ...engelmm/lectures/ShortCourseSymmetry… ·...

36
Shortcourse on symmetry and crystallography Part 2: La8ces, :lings Michael Engel Ann Arbor, June 2011

Transcript of Shortcourse+on+symmetry+and+ crystallography+ Part2 ...engelmm/lectures/ShortCourseSymmetry… ·...

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Short-­‐course  on  symmetry  and  crystallography  

 Part  2:  

La8ces,  :lings  

Michael  Engel  Ann  Arbor,  June  2011  

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Bravais  la8ce  

b   a  c  

Every  la8ce  point  can  be  wriFen  as:    with  integers  i,  j,  k.  

x = ia + jb + kc

The  group  of  transla:ons  is  isomorph  to            ,  the  3D  integers.  Z3

Ques%on:  How  many  parameters  are  needed  to  specify  a  la8ce?    Defini%on:  Two  Bravais  la8ces  are  equivalent  if  they  have  isomorphic  symmetry  groups.  

Auguste  Bravais  1811-­‐1863  

Bravais  also  studied  magne3sm,  the  northern  lights,  meteorology,  geobotany,  phyllotaxis,  astronomy,  and  

hydrography.  

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Types  of  unit  cells  

Observa%ons:  •  The  unit  cell  of  a  la8ce  is  not  unique.  •  Primi:ve  unit  cells  have  the  smallest  possible  volume  

               of  all  unit  cells.  •  Any  non-­‐primi:ve  unit  cell  has  volume              with  an  integer  n.  •  A  la;ce  reduc3on  minimizes  the  orthogonality  defect:  

   La8ce  reduc:on  is  a  technique  to  find  “nice”  unit  cells.  

Λ = det(a,b, c)nΛ

δ =abc

Λ

Defini%on:  A  unit  cell  is  an  elementary  building  block  of  the  la8ce.  

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Classifica:on  of  Bravais  la8ces  Verify  the  following  steps:  •  Step  1a:  Only  rota:onal  symmetries  of  order  2,  3,  4,  6  can  

appear  in  two  and  three  dimensions.  •  Step  1b  (crystallographic  restric%on):  Point  symmetries  in  

two  and  three  dimensions  have  order  2,  3,  4,  6.  •  Step  2  (inversion):  Inversion  is  always  a  point  symmetry  of  a  

la8ce.  •  Step  3a  (mirrors,  2D):  If  a  two-­‐dimensional  la8ce  has  a  

mirror  axis,  then  there  is  a  perpendicular  direc:on  which  is  also  a  mirror  axis.  

•  Step  3b  (mirrors,  3D):  If  the  la8ce  has  a  two-­‐fold  rota:on  axis,  then  there  is  a  mirror  symmetry  perpendicular  to  this  axis.  If  the  la8ce  has  a  mirror  symmetry,  then  the  axis  perpendicular  to  the  mirror  plane  is  a  two-­‐fold  rota:on  axis.  

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The  five  two  dimensional  Bravais  la8ces  •  Possible  point  symmetry  groups  are:  D1,  D2,  D4,  D6.  •  Only  the  following  five  possibili:es  exist:  

oblique   rectangular   centered  rectangular  

hexagonal   square  

D4  D6  

D1   D2   D2  

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Crystallographic  point  groups  Some  point  groups  are  not  compa:ble  with  periodicity.  They  cannot  by  point  groups  of  crystals.  

ß Generaliza:on  of  the  crystallographic  restric:on  to  three  dimensions.  

 There  are  32  crystallographic  point  groups  (27  “axial”  PGs  and  5  “Platonic”  PGs).  

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Hermann-­‐Mauguin  nota:on  

•  An  n-­‐fold  rota:onal  symmetry  is  denoted  by  the  number  n.  •  A  mirror  is  represented  by  the  leFer  “m”.  •  If  there  is  an  inversion  present,  then  a  bar  is  added  over  a  

number.  •  A  combina:on  of  an  n-­‐fold  rota:onal  symmetry  and  a  

perpendicular  mirror  is  wriFen  as  “n/m”.  •  A  point  group  consists  of  three  

symmetry  symbols,  one  for  each  of  the  axis  (x,  y,  z).  

In  prac%ce:  Use  tables  to  look  up  symmetry  groups.  Understand  only  the  basic  meaning.  

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The  32  crystallographic  point  groups  in  7  crystal  systems  

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Remove  point  groups  without  inversion  symmetry  Some  point  groups  are  always  subgroups  of  others  

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Classifica:on  of  three-­‐dimensional  Bravais  la8ces  The  seven  possible  point  symmetry  groups  of  la8ces  are:  Ci,  C2h,  D2h,  D3d,  D4h,  D6h,  Oh.  

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The  14  three-­‐dimensional  Bravais  la8ces:  

Ci  Point  

Symmetry  

C2h  

D2h  

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D4h  

D3d  

D6h  

Oh  

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Pearson  symbol  

hFp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_symbol  

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Exercise  1:  Rock  salt  (NaCl)  

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Exercise  2:  Zincblende  (ZnS)  

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Exercise  3:  ???  

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Exercise  4:  Wurtzite  ZnS  

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Exercise  5:  Beta-­‐Tin  

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Exercise  6:  alpha-­‐Manganese  

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Exercise  7:  Silicon  

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Exercise  8:  Perovskite  (CaTiO3)  

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Great  online  resource  for  crystal  structures  

hFp://cst-­‐www.nrl.navy.mil/la8ce/  

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Triclinic,  Ci  

Monoclinic,  C2h  

Orthorhombic,  D2h  

Tetragonal,  D4h  

Cubic,  Oh  

Rhombohedral,  D3d   Hexagonal,  D6h  

Subgroup  rela:onship  (no  centering)  

α,  β,  γ  ≠  90°    a  ≠  b  ≠  c  

α  =  β = 90°,  γ  ≠  90°    a  ≠  b  ≠  c  

α  =  β = γ = 90°    a  ≠  b  ≠  c  

α  =  β = γ = 90°  a  =  b  ≠  c  

α  =  β = γ = 90°    a  =  b  =  c  

α  =  β = γ ≠ 90°  a  =  b  =  c  

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Hierarchy  of  the  14  Bravais  la8ces  

M.  Hosoya,  Acta  Crystallographica  A56,  259  (2000).  

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Comparison  of  fcc  and  hcp  •  Fcc  is  a  Bravais  laQce.  

Every  atom  can  be  mapped  onto  every  other  atom  by  a  transla:on  symmetry.  Equivalent:  The  primi:ve  unit  cell  contains  one  atom.  There  are  three  3-­‐fold  axes.  

•  Hcp  is  not  a  Bravais  laQce.  The  Bravais  la8ce  is  hexagonal.  The  primi:ve  unit  cell  contains  two  atoms.  There  is  one  3-­‐fold  axis.  

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hcp   fcc   bcc   other   complex  

Structure  of  the  elements  

J.  Donohue,  The  structure  of  the  elements,  Wiley  (1974)  M.  I.  McMahon,  R.  J.  Nelmes,  Chem.  Soc.  Rev.  35,  943  (2006)  

H  1.0079  

hydrogen  

1  

Li  6.941  

lithium  

3  

Fr  [223]  

francium  

87  

Be  9.0122  

beryllium  

4  

Mg  24.305  

magnesium  

12  

Ca  40.078  

calcium  

20  

Sr  87.62  

stron%um  

38  

Ba  137.33  

barium  

56  

Ra  [226]  

radium  

88  

Sc  44.956  

scandium  

21  

Y  88.906  

y_rium  

39  

Ti  47.867  

%tanium  

22  

Zr  91.224  

zirconium  

40  

Hf  178.49  

hafnium  

72  

Rf  [261]  

rutherfordium  

104  

V  50.942  

vanadium  

23  

Nb  92.906  

niobium  

41  

Ta  180.95  

tantalium  

73  

Db  [262]  

dubnium  

105  

Cr  51.996  

chromium  

24  

Mo  95.94  

molybdenum  

42  

W  183.84  

tungsten  

74  

Sg  [266]  

seaborgium  

106  

Mn  54.938  

manganese  

25  

Tc  [98]  

techne%um  

43  

Re  186.21  

rhenium  

75  

Bh  [264]  

bohrium  

107  

Fe  55.845  

iron  

26  

Ru  101.07  

ruthenium  

44  

Os  190.23  

osmium  

76  

Hs  [277]  

hassium  

108  

Co  58.933  

cobalt  

27  

Rh  102.91  

rhodium  

45  

Ir  192.22  

iridium  

77  

Mt  [268]  

meitnerium  

109  

Ni  58.693  

nickel  

28  

Pd  106.42  

palladium  

46  

Pt  195.08  

pla%nium  

78  

Ds  [271]  

darmstad%um  

110  

Cu  63.546  

copper  

29  

Ag  107.87  

silver  

47  

Au  196.97  

gold  

79  

Rg  [272]  

roentgenium  

111  

Zn  65.39  

zinc  

30  

Cd  112.41  

cadmium  

48  

Hg  200.59  

mercury  

80  

Cn  [285]  

copernicum  

112  

B  10.811  

boron  

5  

Al  26.982  

aluminium  

13  

Ga  69.723  

gallium  

31  

In  114.82  

indium  

49  

Tl  204.38  

thallium  

81  

C  12.011  

carbon  

6  

Si  28.086  

silicon  

14  

Ge  72.61  

germanium  

32  

Sn  118.71  

%n  

50  

Pb  207.2  

lead  

82  

Uuq  [289]  

ununquadium  

114  

N  14.077  

nitrogen  

7  

P  30.974  

phosporus  

15  

As  74.922  

arsenic  

33  

Sb  121.76  

an%mony  

51  

Bi  208.98  

bismuth  

83  

O  15.999  

oxygon  

8  

S  32.065  

sulfur  

16  

Se  78.96  

selenium  

34  

Te  127.60  

tellurium  

52  

Po  [209]  

polonium  

84  

F  18.998  

fluorine  

9  

Cl  35.453  

chlorine  

17  

Br  79.904  

bromine  

35  

I  126.90  

iodine  

53  

At  [210]  

asta%ne  

85  

He  4.0026  

hydrogen  

1  

Ne  20.180  

neon  

10  

Ar  39.948  

argon  

18  

Kr  83.798  

krypton  

36  

Xe  131.29  

xeon  

54  

Rn  [222]  

radon  

86  

Ce  140.12  

cerium    

58  

Th  232.04  

thorium  

90  

Pr  140.91  

praseodymium  

59  

Pa  231.04  

protac%nium  

91  

Nd  144.24  

neodynium  

60  

U  238.03  

uranium  

92  

La  138.91  

lanthanum  

57  

Ac  [227]  

ac%nium  

89  

Pm  [145]  

promethium  

61  

Np  [237]  

neptunium  

93  

Sm  150.36  

samarium  

62  

Pu  [244]  

plutonium  

94  

Eu  151.96  

europium  

63  

Am  [243]  

americium  

95  

Gd  157.25  

gadolinium  

64  

Cm  [247]  

curium  

96  

Tb  158.93  

terbium  

65  

Bk  [247]  

berkelium  

97  

Dy  162.50  

dysprosium  

66  

Cf  [251]  

californium  

98  

Ho  164.93  

holmium  

67  

Es  [252]  

einsteinium  

99  

Er  167.26  

erbium  

68  

Fm  [257]  

fermium  

100  

Tm  168.93  

thulium  

69  

Md  [258]  

mendelevium  

101  

Yb  173.04  

y_erbium  

70  

No  [259]  

nobelium  

102  

Lu  175.97  

Lute%um  

71  

Lr  [262]  

lawrencium  

103  

Uut  [284]  

ununtrium  

113  

Uup  [288]  

ununpen%um  

115  

Uuh  [292]  

ununhexium  

116  

Uus  ununsep%um  

117  

Uuo  [294]  

ununoc%um  

118  

Na  22.990  

sodium  

11  

K  39.098  

potassium  

19  

Rb  85.468  

rubidium  

37  

Cs  132.91  

caesium  

55  

complex  under  high  pressure  

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Tilings  Defini%on:  A  :ling  (or  tessela:on)  is  a  two-­‐dimensional  (or  three-­‐dimensional)  paFern  that  fills  space  with  no  overlaps  and  no  gaps.    

A  :ling  is  a  generaliza:on  of  a  Bravais  la8ce  in  the  sense  that  one  unit  cell  in  one  orienta3on  is  replaced  by  one  unit  cell  in  several  orienta3ons  or  several  unit  cells.  

Wall  pain:ng  in  the  Alhambra  (Spain,  14th  century)  Tessela:on  of  pavement  

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The  three  regular  :lings  

Square  :ling  44  

Triangle  :ling  36  

Honeycomb  :ling  63  

é  Vertex-­‐figure  First  number:        #  of  polygon  edges  Second  number:        #  of  polygons  around              a  vertex  

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Semiregular  or  Archimedean  :lings  

Snub  hexagonal  I,  34.6   Snub  hexagonal  II,  34.6   Trihexagonal  (Kagome),  3.6.3.6  

The  vertex  of  a  regular  n-­‐gon  (polygon  with  n  ver:ces)  corresponds  to  a  frac:on  of        of  the  full  turn.  For  a  space-­‐filling  :ling,  the  following  equality  has  to  hold:    with  integers  >2:    n1, n2, . . .

(n− 2)/(2n)

(n1 − 2)/(2n1) + (n2 − 2)/(2n2) + . . . + (nm − 2)/(2nm)

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Truncated  square,  4.28   Truncated  hexagonal,  3.122   Truncated  Trihexagonal,  4.6.12  

Elongated  triangular,  33.42   Snub  square  (sigma),  32.4.3.4   Rhombitrihexagonal,  3.4.6.4  

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Random  rhomb  :ling  

Blunt et al., Random tiling and topological defects in a 2D molecular network, Science 322, 1077-1081 (2008)

A  random  %ling  is  a  :ling  of  a  finite  number  of  different  3les  (up  to  transla:on  and  rota:on)  and  without  any  long-­‐range  order.  

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Three-­‐dimensional  embedding  of  the  rhomb  :ling  

The  higher-­‐dimensional  embedding  allows  to  study  topological  proper3es  of  3lings  

Three  basis  vectors  are  necessary  to  index  the  :ling  ver:ces.  

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Disloca:ons  in  :lings  

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Embedding  of  quasiperiodic  :lings  

The  minimal  embedding  dimension  of  an  n-­‐fold  symmetry  is  given  by  the  Euler  to:ent  func:on.  

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Islamic  :lings  

Zaouïa  Moulay  Idriss  II  in  Fez,  Morocco  (14th  century)  

[Makavicky2,  App.  Cryst.  June  2011]  

Seljuk  Mama  Hatun    Mausoleum  in  Tercan,  Turkey  (~1200  C.E.)  [Lu,  Steinhardt,  Science  2007]  

Darb-­‐i  Imam  Shrine  Isfahan,  Iran  (1453  AD).  

Persian  carpet    

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Exam  ques:ons  

•  How  many  parameters  are  needed  to  specify  a  Bravais  la8ce?  •  What  symmetries  are  allowed  by  the  crystallographic  

restric:on?  •  How  can  one  proof  the  crystallographic  restric:on?  •  How  many  point  groups  are  there  in  2D  and  3D?  •  What  Bravais  la8ces  exist  in  3D?  •  Determine  the  Bravais  la8ce  of  XXX.