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Transcript of Short Term Games, Long Term Gains
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David Cooke 1
A plan to foster Adelaide’s Urbanity andIdentity through the Commonwealth Games.
Short Term Games,Long Term Gains.
D a v i d C o o k e
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 2
Adelaide
Looking south east over the city centre
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David Cooke 3
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 4
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David Cooke 5
Short Term Games, Long Term Gains.
A plan to foster Adelaide’s Urbanity and Identity through the Commonwealth Games.
by
David Malcolm Cooke
A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the
requirements for the degree of
Master of Urban Design
in the
Graduate Division
of the
University of California, Berkeley
Committee in charge:
Professor Peter Bosselmann
Professor Renee Chow
Mr John Ellis
Mr Alan Billingsley
Fall 2015
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 6
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 8
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Kaurna Acknowledgement
This thesis acknowledges that we are meeting on the traditional Country of
the Kaurna people of the Adelaide Plains and pays respect to Elders past andpresent.
We recognise and respect their cultural heritage, beliefs and relationship
with the land. We acknowledge that they are of continuing importance to the
Kaurna people living today.
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 10
Contents Acknowledgements
Preface
1.0 Executive Summary
2.0 Introduction
3.0 Adelaide’s Urban History
3.1 Adelaide’s 1837 Plan
3.2 Adelaide’s 1880 Plan
3.3 Adelaide’s 1912 Plan
3.4 Adelaide’s 2015 Plan
4.0 Adelaide Today
4.1 Population
4.2 Location of Growth
4.3 Economy
4.4 Transit
5.0 Adelaide’s Challenges
5.1 Issues
5.2 Opportunity
6.0 Commonwealth Games
6.1 What are the Commonwealth Games?
6.2 Australian Commonwealth Games?
6.3 Legacy
7.0 Case Studies
7.1 Adelaide’s Not Alone
7.2 Case Study Methodology
7.3 Why Relevant?
7.4 Spatial Comparison Analysis
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8.0 Strategic Analysis
8.1 Adelaide’s Thinking
8.2 Adelaide’s Catalyst
9.0 Adelaide’s Vision
9.1 The Vision
9.2 The Targets
9.3 Legacy Framework Comparison
10.0 Implementation Strategy
10.1 Implementation Tools
11.0 Site Analysis
11.1 Chacater Analayis
11.2 Demographic Analysis & comparison
11.3 Land Use
11.4 Population Distribution
11.5 Existing Transit Network
11.6 Development Plan Review
11.7 Existing Sports / Events
11.8 Existing Sport / Event Infrastructure
11.9 Existing Sports Facilities
Refurbishment Opportunities
11.10 Hotel Accommodation within
City Centre
11.11 Athletes Village Site Analysis
11.12 South West Precinct Analysis
11.13 Existing buildings Heights
11.14 South West Precinct Figure Ground
11.15 South West Precinct Block Figure
Ground
12.0 Design Proposal
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Inll Housing Design Approach
12.3 Public Infrastructure Design Approach
12.4 Civic Infrastructure Design Approach
12.5 Stage 1 Master Plan
12.6 Stage 2 Master Plan
12.7 Stage 3 Master Plan
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13.0 Stage 1 Specifc Plan
13.1 Stage 1 Detail Master Plan
13.2 Stage 1 Inll Housing: Design
Outcome
13.3 Public Infrastructure: Open Space
(Whitmore Square)
13.4 Public Infrastructure: Street
Typologies & Connections
13.5 Public Infrastructure:
Transit Light’s Loop
13.6 Civic Infrastructure: Parkland Bike
Loop
14.0 Stage 2 Specifc Plan
14.1 Adelaide 2030 Commonwealth Games
14.2 Stage 2 Detail Master Plan
14.3 Stage 2 Inll Housing: Design
Outcome
14.4 Athletes Village Security Overlay
14.5 Dining Hall
14.6 International Broadcast Centre
14.7 Public Infrastructure: Transit
14.8 Public Infrastructure: Street
Typologies & Connections
14.9 Civic Infrastructure: Sports Stadiums
14.10 Civic Infrastructure: Riverbank Arena
14.11 Civic Infrastructure: National Cycling
Centre at Victoria Park
14.12 Civic Infrastructure: South
Parklands Hockey Fields
14.13 Civic Infrastructure: Warm-Up
Athletics Track
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15.0 Stage 3 Specifc Plan
15.1 Stage 3 Detail Master Plan
15.2 Stage 3 Inll Housing: Design
Outcome
15.3 Public Infrastructure: Street
Typologies & Connections
15.4 Public Infrastructure: Transit
15.5 Civic Infrastructure: Parklands Athletics Stadium
15.6 Civic Infrastructure: Community
Health Programs
16.0 Economic
16.1 Cost Analysis
16.2 Economic Value
16.3 Economics Comparisons
17.0 Conclusion
17.1 What was achieved?
References
Appendix
Biographic Note
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AcknowledgementsIn coming to the University of California Berkeley,
from Adelaide in South Australia, I had a clear
focus that I was going to use this intensive 12
month period to focus my research on the issues
and challenges that confront my home city of
Adelaide. This has culminated in this thesis, which
looks at identifying Adelaide’s challenges and
puts forward an appropriate design solution to
address these issues. This has been a signicant
undertaking and has certainly consumed mylife for the past 12 months, as I have not only
researched the issues of Adelaide but I have
also come to grips with comparisons to similar
western developed cities and how Adelaide can
learn from the way in which their challenges have
been addressed and overcome. This signicant
undertaking was not done in isolation and there
are many people who have contributed both large
and small to the delivery of this particular thesis.
Firstly I would to thank my committee chair,Professor Peter Bosselmann, who has guided
my research through the various turns that it has
taken and helped me to achieve an outstanding
urban design outcome for the city. Peter’s passion
towards the urban environment, his unequalled
knowledge, his enthusiasm and his sense of
humor has certainly been injected into me and it
is something that has contributed greatly to this
thesis. Peter has entrusted me with his knowledge
and wisdom and has changed my life for the
better. My professional career will be much richerfrom this point forward after the time that I have
spent with Peter over the last 12 months. For this I
am truly indebted and honoured.
Renee Chow, has always offered her point of view
with a passion and dedication to my research that
really challenged more of the holistic nature of
my thinking, which not only related to the urban
design outcomes of the report but also how the
economic outcomes were presented. I enjoyed
our discussion regarding Light’s plan for Adelaideand how best to reference the the grid within the
design outcome.
John Ellis’ trade mark insight into housing
typologies and compact urban form is certainly
evident in the design proposal of this thesis.
I thoroughly enjoyed collaborating with John
and was inspired by his passion for mid-rise
buildings located around public open space as an
appropriate design solution for Adelaide. John’s
lectures in the Fall Semester and his love for
South Park will be a lasting memory.
Alan Billingsworth was able to offer his alliterative
views in relation to events and delivery of the
design outcome. Have visited Adelaide, his
perceptions of the city offered a great insight to
my local view. His commentary inform the way
my analysis way shaped. His dedication is much
appreciated.
As a separate acknowledgement, I would like
to thank Linda Jewel, who despite not being acommittee member offered her guidance and
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mentorship in the rst few months of this thesis
which certainly helped shape the question andidentify the problem at hand. Her knowledge has
guided me towards the framework of this thesis
and has informed its evolution over the last 12
months. As two ‘southerners’ we shared a special
bond.
I would also like to thank many people who I
would call pitch hitters, who were able offer a
some of their valuable time and their contribution
has certainly made the product stronger.
Such people as Elizabeth Deakin, Nicholas De
Monchaux, Alan Jacobs, Elizabeth MacDonald,
Harrison Fraker, and David Flood.
I would also like the thank the College of
Environmental Design for generously awarding an
traveling scholarship which allowed me to travel
to the United Kingdom and Europe to undertake
extensive case study research. Whilst traveling I
meet with many people involved in mega-sporting
events, to many to mention all, but I would like to
acknowledge the following, Ricky Burdett from
the London School of Economics, Neil Fairlamband Luke Roscoe from the City of Manchester,
Michael Gray from the Glasgow City Council and
Dr. Francesc Muñoz from the Centre for Olympic
Studies in Barcelona.
More recently the input and guidance of Stefan
Pellegrini has been greatly appreciated, the
oversight and direction over this thesis for the
last 3 months has helped to ensure its successful
delivery.
I would like to make a special thank you to Greg
Guglielmo, a recent MBA graduate from theHaas School of Business for his outstanding
effort in assisting in the analysis involved in the
economic section of this thesis. I really enjoyed
working with Greg as took to this task with a
high level of professionalism and dedication as
he demonstrated is approach to understanding
the economic aspects of complex urban design
issues.
Finally I would like to acknowledge my fellow
MUD colleagues Tom Van Pelt, Ken Hiorse, Rohit
Tak and Vincent Cheng and thank them all for
their friendship and camaraderie in the delivery
of this project, which was a huge undertaking
professionally and personally for all of us. A
special mention must go to Justin Kearnan
who I have enjoyed collaborating with. We have
shared intellectual conversations and debates in
terms of our respective thesis topics and more
philosophical projects over the past year. This
nal project is certainly reective of some of those
shared ideas. Your freindship is a lasting outcome.
Thanks mate.
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This thesis is dedicated to the future generations of Adelaide, in particular
Josephine. May you win gold in 2030.
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Preface As a proud Adelaidian, somebody who is born,
raised and lives in Adelaide, I have concern
regarding the urban and economic future that the
city holds. In an Australian capital city context,
Adelaide is a small city, often colloquially referred
to as a ‘big country town’. Adelaide has been a
very progressive city in its history and a nation
leader in many cultural and political initiatives.
This has somewhat slipped over the past few
decades and now we sell ourselves to theworld as a liveable city, offering its residents
a relaxed, comfortable, suburban lifestyle that
when compared to the larger cities such as
Melbourne and Sydney is relatively affordable and
convenient. (City Facts & Figures, 2015)
This comfortable lifestyle however, is under
jeopardy. This thesis is written in the context of
Adelaide having the highest unemployment rate
of all Australian capital cities, (ABS, 2015) which will
only be exacerbated by the closure of states lastremaining car manufacturing plant. The State
capital budgets are being tightened to reect
these economic times.
The city that has the oldest average population
of mainland Australian capital cities, has low
population growth and sees a high percentage
of its young people leave for the bright lights of
larger cities of Australia or beyond. In future this
will put scal pressure on governments to provide
the health care required to the ageing population
from a reducing tax base, let alone provide other
public services and infrastructure.
Adelaide will celebrate its 200th birthday in 2036
and I am concerned that it will not be a happy
celebration. In this context I have examined
Adelaide’s history to explore its urban future and
put forward what I think is a viable path to address
the cities current challenges.
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1.0 Executive SummaryThis thesis has come about by understanding,
identifying and looking for a response to
Adelaide’s current urban challenges. The city
today is faced with six key issues which have
been dened in more detail by this thesis and are
categorised by population growth adding to urban
sprawl, low city centre residential population,
low metropolitan housing density, automobile
dependence, an aging population and low
population growth.
To understad Adelaide’s path to its current
urban position, this thesis explores the history
of the city’s urban fabric from initial settlement
and planning, to the parcelisation of the original
blocks and to its current conguration of built
form and open space. Over the past 179 years
Adelaide’s residents have continued to sprawl into
more suburban areas to seek affordable ways to
realise the Australian dream of home ownership
and private open space. Fuelled by the rise of theautomobile and an extended bus network, this
growth has resulted in a city that spreads 50 miles
(80kms) north to south and a decentralisation of
the city centre.
The opportunity arises to explore a mega-sporting
event as a catalyst to address Adelaide’s current
urban issues and correct the path to secure a
vibrant, sustainable, compact and connected city.
The Commonwealth Games has been proposed
as this catalyst and research and analysis is
presented to set out a staged approach to
achieving the identied vision for Adelaide.
Recognition of years of dedicated work by
many well respected designers and thinkers has
been key to develop a way forward for Adelaide
and this thesis seeks a way to drawn together
this thinking and start doing. By focusing on a
currently depressed corner of the city centre, the
South West Corner, a vision has been proposed
that focuses on six key aims and subsequenttargets to enrich the urban character of this area
and the city as a whole. Housing, health, mobility,
economic, identity and pride are these vision
categories. Targets have been set against each to
create measurable outcomes that can be drawn
from the proposed staging of investment.
The implementation strategy denes in more
detail how each stage over the next 30 years can
deliver inll housing, public infrastructure and civic
infrastructure. The analysis of this city precinctand Adelaide as a whole reviews the merit of three
potential sites for the location of the Athlete’s
village, ultimately the focal area for inll housing.
Existing sports stadiums are reviewed in light of
their age, current capacity and ability to host the
Commonwealth Games requirements.
New infrastructure focused in Adelaide’s parkland
areas is proposed to offer the specialised facilities
for the Games and look to the future for other
event opportunities and provide amenity for new
city residents.
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The three stages of development are explored
with reference to each of the three implementationcategories. The typologies of the proposed inll
housing are designed with the adaptability in
initial stages to house the Commonwealth Games
athletes and then be retrotted for market rate
and affordable housing, post games. Interest and
diversity of the building stock will start to develop
a style for Adelaide that relates to its original
planning and historical context.
The public infrastructure takes into account many
of the existing plans from the State Government
for transit and sets out a hierarchy for those areas
that should be connected in the early stages
of this proposal, those that are linked to the
Games format and connect stadiums and nally
extensions that can be developed over time.
The design proposal for the civic infrastructure
details four new stadiums delivered in Stage 2
and repurposed or relocated in Stage 3 to provide
greatest amenity to the residents of Adelaide.
To conclude an economic analysis has been
undertaken to review the investment and potentialreturn for this urban plan for Adelaide. The results
clearly set against the achieved vision and targets
show the merit and opportunity for such a mega-
sporting event and a manageable strategy for
how this investment can be staged and ultimately
delivered.
This exciting opportunity is critical to shift the
current trajectory of Adelaide and the researchcontinues to show how positive impact can be
seen in so many key areas of the State. The
improvements in the economy, residents well
being, engagement with their city and vibrancy
needed to develop pride in our youth in particular
who will ultimately lead us into the future.
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2.0 IntroductionIn a country as geographically large as Australia
even some of its capital cities struggle to get
noticed. The capital city of the state of South
Australia, Adelaide, is one of these cities that
is often over shadowed by its larger cousins.
Adelaide is a city of 1.29 million people (ABS, 2015),
located within the south central part of Australia.
Adelaide is the smallest mainland capital city
of Australia and has watched over recent years
other capital cities continue to grow in populationand economic diversity. Like many western cities
around the world, Adelaide is confronted by urban
challenges such as urban sprawl, automobile
dependence for transport, low urban density and
an ageing population base. Unlike other cities,
Adelaide is unable to hide these issues under the
rug, as given its context of being a small capital
city within a small country exposes the issues
even more.
In order to determine and ultimately propose away forward for Adelaide, this thesis rst examines
Adelaide’s urban history, its current situation and
clearly identies the key challenges confronting
the city’s leaders. These challenges are used to
create opportunities which in turn targets have
been established against each criteria to assess a
deliverable outcome. The design approaches are
presented as ways to address and work towards
each of these targets. The success of this will be
based upon meeting these challenges.
This thesis proposes a catalyst to start to address
these challenges. A mega-sporting event such as
the Commonwealth Games is nominated as this
catalyst that can address Adelaide challenges
and improve longer term urbanism, connectivity
and city centre vibrancy. The preparation for
such an event can be structured in a way to also
implement key responses to the targets set out to
achieve an agreed vision for Adelaide.
This thesis considers the question:
How can a onetime sporting event, like theCommonwealth Games, be a catalyst thatimproves a mid-sized cities longer termurbanism, connectivity and city centrevibrancy?
The model put forward is based within an
Adelaide context, but is certainly transferable to
other cities that are confronted with the same
challenges.
In the Adelaide context, the Commonwealth
Games becomes a driver to start to address the
challenges and despite the success or otherwise
of the Commonwealth Games bid, this thesis
project demonstrates how a staged investment
within the city centre could address many of
Adelaide’s challenges.
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This has been linked back to the relevant
international case studies from cities that have
used similar mega-sporting events to address
their own city challenges.
In order to demonstrate how the Commonwealth
Games can be used to maximise the investment
this project examines a depressed urban
area of Adelaide and demonstrates how the
Commonwealth Games bid can rejuvenate this
area and also be used as an exemplar for usinga temporary event to foster long term urban
improvements.
This thesis puts forward how a staged design
proposal for the Commonwealth Games bid can
revitalise the city undertakes analysis to support
the economic benets that can be gained from
such an event to set Adelaide on a prosperous
trajectory into the future.
View of Adelaide look ing West
over the city centre.
(Above Photography, 2015)
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Adelaide,1876
One of the rst sketches of Adelaide, looking east over the city
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3.0 Adelaide’s Urban History
3.1 Adelaide’s 1837 PlanIn the late 1700’s and early 1800’s many peoplewho arrived in Australia, did so under duress andnot of their free will. Even the English explorerCaptain James Cook discovered the east coastof Australia by accident as he was exploring
the Pacic Ocean. Australia of that time wasa harsh yet beautiful native land and deemedappropriate by England as the ideal location tosend convicts from the over crowed English penalsystem. Despite the blazing hot sun and unusualnew animals, an English settler’s eyes must havebeen shocked by the sheer vastness of endlessopportunities of the Australian landscape. When itcame to urbanise the landscape and form coloniesand towns that would ultimately become themajor cities of Australia, the typical military designapproaches of the day were used to order key
government, civic and agricultural land uses. Thisis most evident in the original plans of Sydney and
Hobart. (Forster, 2006)
The city of Adelaide in South Australia issomewhat different. The colony of South Australiawas in fact a free settlement. No convicts orpenal colonies were established. In fact it couldbe likened to an 1800’s version of speculativeland development. In 1836 a eet of buddingsettlers and would be land developers led byGovernor Hindmarsh landed in South Australia’s
Holdfast Bay. Like the settlers on the east coast
of Australia before them, they no doubt wouldhave been surprised by the native landscape and
its expansive space. (Pascoe, 1901) After a shortceremony under an ‘Old Gum Tree’ the task tolocate and plan the colony’s new town was givento Colonel William Light. Colonel Light, a militaryman, had travelled to Continental Europe and the
United Kingdom in his military career and was nowacting as surveyor of Adelaide. Light no doubthad experienced the smaller dirty and unsanitarycities of England, as these cities struggled toaccommodate the number of people within them.
With this in mind, Light wanted to create a citythat had the spacious quality of the Australianlandscape yet was ultimately compact for accessand mobility, lled with wide streets and openspaces to counter the current lack of space inEnglish cities at the time. Not to forget, Light was
also working for property developers, the South Australian Land Company, whose brief was thereneeded to be 1,000 one acre parcels within theCity of Adelaide and a further 1,000 eighty acreslots of rural land adjacent to the city. The city’splan also needed to have that 1836 ‘wow factor’ toentice more new settlers from cramped conditionsof England to the urban paradise of Adelaide.
In designing the city, Light considered 3 keyaspects, access to fresh water, proximity to theharbor and enough relatively at land to lay out
1,000 one acre parcels. As surveyors were and
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Light’s drawing of the City of Adelaide, with the arcre allotments
numbers and marginal reference to the names of the orginal purchasers.
(Adeladia, 2015)
Light’s Original 1837 Plan
Colonel Light’s original 1837 Plan for Adelaide.
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are still educated to do, he stood upon the tallesthill within the area, in this instance what wouldbecome known as Monteore Hill and with hissurveyors chain for measurement started theprocess to layout the city of Adelaide.
Light’s 1837 plan of the City of Adelaide locatesthe city around a central water supply, the RiverTorrens and divides the required number of oneacre parcels north and south of the river. The planis ordered by a strong east-west grid and legible
street hierarchy of alternating wider and narrowerstreets. The city is designed using the chain unitof measurement, where 1 chain equals 66 feet,20.1 metres and 22 yards, which is the length of acricket pitch. In terms of street typologies, the fourmain terraces of Adelaide, North, South, East andWest Terrace are 2 chains wide, as is the centralnorth-south street, King William Street. In thesouthern part of Adelaide, the 3 other north-southstreets, Morphett, Pulteney and Hutt are designedat 1 1/2 chain widths. The alternating east-westgrid streets were designed at 1 1/2 and 1 chain
wide streets. The resulting street layout createscity blocks of 1,820 feet (555 meters) by 508 feet(155 metres) that are accessed primarily from theeast-west streets. A 3.2 x 3.2 chain parcel gridwas overlayed on to these blocks to achieve the
required one acre parcels. (Cheesman, 1986)
Light planned the city of Adelaide to be compactyet linked with nature; the nal overlay of the planwas to insert public open space at key locationswithin the city in order to provide the residentswith equitable access to landscape. The result
was to designate 38 one acre parcels in sixlocations within the city and dene the parcels
as public squares. The images on pages 30 and31 explain further. Five of the squares are madefrom six one acre parcels, with the central square,Victoria Square being formed from eight one acreparcels. Including road widths the ve squareshave a dened total area of 8.3 acres in Light’soriginal plan. Surrounding the entire city, Northand South is 1,700 acres of parkland space, whichis on average 2,000 feet wide. In Light’s planthis parkland open space serves the functionalpurposes of separating the compact city from the
rural land parcels beyond, while also being thelocation of civic infrastructure, such as hospitals,Government House, the military barracks, schoolsand a store house.
Light’s resulting 1837 plan of Adelaide, the gridof streets and inter-spliced open space is oftenlinked to the Oglethorpe plan of Savannah inGeorgia. Despite minimal evidence, it is plausibleto assume that Colonel Light was inuencedby Oglethorpe’s 1733 plan of Savannah andassociated thinking of how cities should be
planned with connections to open space and landuse mixed within these blocks between residentialand civic. Despite parallels that can be drawnbetween the two plans, a major difference is the
scale. (Siksna, 1996) The Savannah blocks are 360feet (110 meters) by 259 feet (79 meters). Despitepossibly referencing Oglethorpe’s thinking inplanning Adelaide, the dramatic difference in scaleof the blocks and the street network results in avery different urban experience, one that perhapsat the time was linked more to the context of
seemingly endless open expanse of the Australianlandscape.
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The key features of Light’s orgina l plan are identifed in this plan as the
squares, parklands, the acre parcels seperated by the river.
(Adeladia, 2015)
1837 Plan
Planned as a compact urban city, linked with
green spaces and dened hierarchy.
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The 1 acre parce ls cleraly identifed.
1837 Plan Parcel Overlay
One acre parcel grid overlay. Parcels are 3.2
chains by 3.2 chains in dimension.
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The six open spaces created from the removal of 6 or 8 one arce parcels
from the grid.
1837 Plan Squares Overlay
Six opens spaces dened in the city by removing
six or eight one acre parcels from the parcel
overlay grid.
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The 1996 paper ‘The effects of block size andform in North American and Australian CityCentres’ compares block sizes of twelve citiesand looks at how the initial grid layout of cities candetermine eventual evolution and developmentpatterns within the city. The study puts forwarda comparative gure that clearly highlights scaledifferences between Adelaide’s initial grid layout
when compared to other similar cities. (Siksna, 1996)
This initial grid, with access primarily from east-west frontage streets has driven the resultingurbanization of the city for the last 170 years.When comparing the dates these cities whereplanned is plausible to assume that the JeffersonNorth American Grid of 1785 inuneces thesecities, particularly the newer cities within Australia.
The map demonstrtaes the planning approach of Light’s Plan.
(Cooke, 2015)
- Access from east-weststreets
- Blocks 1690 ft x 422 ft- Parcelss 211 ft x 211 ft- 1 acre parcls (3.2 x 3.2
chains)- Area dened in plan
for six open spaces- Each is 6 x 1 acre
blocks plus roadwidths
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Comparison map prepared by Siksna comparing Australian and North
American city gr ids. Adelaide’s grid scale is the largest in both directions.
(Siksna, 1996)
Comparison of original gridlayouts
Savannah, 1733
Grid Size: 365ft x 160ft
Toronto, 1793Grid Size: 650ft x 500ft
Brisbane, 1825Grid Size: 735ft x 370ft
Melbourne, 1837Grid Size: 770ft x 370ft
Portland, 1845
Grid Size: 240ft x 240ft
Indianapolis, 1821Grid Size: 510ft x 510ft
Perth, 1832Grid Size: 750ft x 410ft
Adelaide, 1837Grid Size: 1820ft x 508ft
Seattle, 1855
Grid Size: 315ft x 300ft
Chicago, 1833Grid Size: 410ft x 470ft
Hobart, 1804Grid Size: 550ft x 376ft
Sydney, 1788Grid Size: 210ft x 575ft
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3.2 Adelaide’s 1880 PlanThe next major recorded plan of the City of
Adelaide was in 1880, forty years after the initialsettlement. This plan was undertaken by CityEngineer Charles Smith and is referred to as
the ‘Book Plan of South Adelaide’. (Adeladia, 2015)
The survey was undertaken as preparation forthe installation of the city’s rst comprehensivesewerage removal treatment system. As part ofthis public infrastructure work, Smith and his team
recorded and plotted every building, laneway,cottage, outhouse and backyard washing area.
The resulting map clearly depicts how initial landowners of Light’s one acre parcels had startedto urbanise the city and evolve Light’s grid. Thedeciency of Light’s initial grid was north-southconnectors. Over the rst 40 years, land ownershad started to create laneways and roads,primarily running north-south to gain access
through their one acre parcels. (Gehl, 2013)
There appears to be no real strategy for this extralayer of the city grid. The laneways and roads arelocated in a haphazard fashion within the parcels.Some lanes are located adjacent the boundaryline of the parcel, some are located in the centre.Common ownership of adjoining parcels also sawsome lanes straddle over the original parcel lotlines.
The overall size of the lanes varies also. There isno hierarchy or uniform lane size present as therewas in Light’s intial street grid.
It is plausible to assume that many of the lanesare simply designed to allow access for a horseand cart, fundamentally to clean cess pits, removewaste, horse stables and the storage of buildingmaterials for the developing city.
The open space squares remain in this surveybut it is noted they become smaller in size andmore dened by streets passing around them andparcel access linking the open space.
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Chales Smith’s Block Plan of South Adelaide. Now refered to as the city
centre.
(Adeladia, 2015)
1880 Plan
Detail survey plan of buildings, streets and
laneways in Adelaide in 1880.
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Overlaying Light’s orginal parcel grid over the Book Plan.
1880 Plan Parcel Overlay
Comparison of Book Plan back with the original
parcel overlay.
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Highlight where the lanes and news streets had been created in relation
to Light’s parcel grid.
1880 Plan Parcels / LanesOverlay
Highlights how landowners urbanized their parcels
and started to create north-south coonections
that where lacking in the orginal Light Plan.
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This image highlights how the new lanes accessed the squares.
1880 Plan Squares / LanesOverlay
The open space squares are reshaped and being
dened by parcel access. Looking at the pattern
that has been generated its plausible to assume
that of the one acre parcels size, the 211ft depth
was more usable for urbanisation than the 211ft
frontage size. Land owners divided parcels
predominantly north-south to maximise the depth
of their parcels.
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These historic photos show the urbaniz ing city. The squares and
parklands are easily found within the photos. Note the width of the
streets in relation to the horse trac they are carrying.
(Adeladia, 2015)
1865 Panorama PhotosThese 1865 photos taken from the scaffolding ofthe under construction Town Hall by TownsendDuryea, demonstrate the building types anduses that were occurring within the parcels. Ofparticular note is the large scale of the streets inrelation to the buildings and the use of the open
space squares and surrounding parklands. (Adeladia,
2015)
Looking East to the Adelaide Hills
Looking South with Victoria Square in the foreground
Looking North towards the River Torrens
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3.3 Adelaide’s 1912 Plan
By 1912, thirty years later, the city had expandedbeyond the parklands. The once dened rural lotsadjoining the city had started to be suburbanizedand in doing so Adelaide was beginning to sprawlfrom Light’s original idea of a compact city.
(Freeston, 2009)
A tram network has been established over
this time and it links the variety of grids andneighbourhoods on the city’s edge, while alsoconnecting the major commercial, retail, civic andresidential precincts within the city centre. In thisconnecting tram network, the routes did not payrespect to Light’s original open space squares, astram rail lines cut through the squares along whatwas presumably the most efcient travel route forthe tram. This resulted in fragmented squares.
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Adelaide Metropoli tan Tramways route map from 1912. This highlights
the ‘star’ system being created with transit being focused into the city as
an interchange.
(MTT Tram Route Map, 1912)
1912 Plan
Highlights the expanding metropolitan city,
connected by a Tram network.
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The image identies the tram routes within the city centre in 1912.
1912 Plan Tram Overlay
Tram network connects the main precincts within
the city centre.
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The image identies the tram routes within the city centre and how they
interact with the existing squares.
1912 Plan Tram / Square Overlay
The tram network didn’t respect the squares and
dived them with their routes.
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3.4 Adelaide’s 2015 Plan
Today the current conguration of the squaresremain divided in terms of their access andlegibility as civic open space. What was oncethe right of way of the tram route, has now beenreplaced with roads. The squares are now nothing
more than trafc islands. (Collis, 2007) The currentplan of Adelaide also clearly still references Light’sinitial plan of a predominantly east-west streetgrid and hierarchy and the elongated almost superblocks that this created. These squares drawinsperation from squares in London like RussellSqaure.
In overlaying the one acre parcel gird it stillremains in tact but there is little structure in termsof urbanization of these parcels. The haphazardapproach we identied in the 1880 Book Planhas continued with individual owners and citygovernments inuencing and controlling this
evolution of the grid on a project by projectbasis. The result is an illegible and confusingstreet pattern of laneways with none of the orderand hierarchy of the original street layout Lightplanned.
This once planned compact urban city nowsprawls over 50 miles (80 kilometres) northand south. The question must be asked whathappened to Colonel Light’s compact city visionand how can we restore and evolve the vision in acontemporary setting?
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Current map of the city centre.
2015 Plan Square Overlay
Highlights how the squares have been fragmented
due to transport right of ways.
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Overlaying Light’s orginal parcels highlights the hapazarad urbanization
that has occured within the cit y centre.
2015 Plan Parcel Overlay
Highlights how the parcels have been urbanized.
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This Image demonstrates the relationship between the ci ty centre and
now metropolitan Adelaide.
2015 Plan
Highlights the scale of metropolitan Adelaide
over the landscape with Light’s original plan
highlighted.
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Adelaide,Circa 1900s
View along King William Street.City centre of Adelaide.
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4.0 Adelaide Today4.1 PopulationToday Adelaide is a city that is struggling to gainrecognition, both nationally and internationally.Once the third largest city in Australia in the earlypart of the 20th Century, boasting a strong culturalidentity of arts, festivals and education, whilebeing considered politically and socially innovativewith respect to public policy, the city is now oftenused as the punch line for jokes.
In the world today the size of something is anattribute that many people are keen to measure,compare and spruik. This is also the case for acity’s population. Adelaide population of 1.29million sounds impressive on the size scaleand it most certainly is an achievement. Whencompared to a global scale, there 255 cities
around the world of a similar population size. (World
Atlas, 2015) No matter how they have reached thislevel of population, either by growth or decline,
they all have one thing in common. They are allcompeting against each other and larger citiesin their respective countries and throughout theworld to attract people, investment, recognitionand opportunities to elevate their city’s positionand ranking. Adelaide is right in the middle of thislog-jam.
It is now worth considering Adelaide’s populationsize within an Australian Context. In 2010 theGovernment of South Australia released a majorplanning policy document, the Plan for Greater
Adelaide. In the document Adelaide’s forecastannual growth rate was 18,000 people per annum,
which over 30 years would see an additional540,000 residents of metropolitan Adelaide and
total population of 1.83 million by 2040. (30 Year
Plan for Adelaide, 2010) The reality over the past fewyears has been under these forecast, with thepopulation growth closer to 12,000 per annum or
an average of 1.3%. (ABS, 2015) Its important at thisstage to acknowledge that this is still a positivenumber and the city is still growing. Despite being
under the forecasts, Adelaide is still growing inpopulation size. Some North America cities likeCleveland, Buffalo, Pittsburgh and Detroit wouldlike to have Adelaide’s positive growth number,than the declining population numbers they have
experienced over the last decade. (ULI, 2014)
In an Australian context, however, Adelaide isbecoming somewhat of a only child city. TheFederal Governments Intergenerational 2015report on the state of Australia forecasts that
Adelaide’s population will grow to 2.2 million by
2055. This growth can be considered modestwhen compared to the other Australian capitalcities. The report forecasts that by 2055,
Australia’s national population will almost double
up to 39 million. (2015 Intergenerational Report, 2015)
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Of that, the areas that will see the most growth are
Melbourne and Sydney, which will grow from theircurrent populations of over 4 million people tocities of 9 million people. Perth and Brisbane willmaintain their current growth trajectory and resultin cities of the size of almost 5 million people.While Hobart, Darwin and Canberra continue togrow, these cities are coming off such a low base,their percentage of Australia’s population within2055 remains relatively small.
The graph below highlights how Adelaide will
remain separate from the larger and smaller citieswithin Australia. If Adelaide has desires to be alarger city over the coming years, it need to beon that growth accelerated trajectory already, likeBrisbane or Perth. Adelaide is not on that path andtherefore has likely missed that growth opportunityover the upcoming years. That said, Adelaidepotentially holds a unique position within the
Australian city context in terms of population size,which needs to be considered and acted upon asa positive opportunity.
2001 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 2041 2046 2051 20550
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
9000000
10000000
Year
Australian Capital City Population 2001 to 2055
Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Brisbane
Perth Hobart Darwin Canberra
The graph comapres the capital ci ties of Australia and predidicats that
Adelaide’s growth pattern will resul t in the ci ty sit ting alone from larger
cities and smaller cities.
(2015 Intergenerational Report, 2015)
Australian Capital CityPopulation 2001 to 2055
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Currently Adelaide’s population average age is 39years old, compared to a national average of 37years old. According to the Intergenerational 2015report, this trend is expected to continue with
Adelaide forecasted to have an average age of 47years old in 2055, compared to a national forecastaverage of 44 years old.
South Australia has an annual average interstatemigration loss of 3,300 people. This a worryingnumber, however what makes this somewhat
worse and adds to the average age issues isthat according the ABS, 50% of this interstatemigration consists of people aged between 20 to
34 years old of age. (ABS, 2015)
4.2 Location of Growth As we have established in the last section, Adelaide has been growing modestly over thepast decade on average by 1.3% annually. During2008 to 2013, metropolitan Adelaide increased inpopulation by 68,000 people. What is of interestis where these new residents chose to live inmetropolitan Adelaide. The map adjacent indicatesthat 70% of the new residents chose to live inouter metropolitan areas, north of Grand JunctionRoad and south of Cross Roads, which in turncontributes to metropolitan Adelaide’s urban
sprawl. (Government SA Population Chage, 2013) So whydid these residents chose to live in these areas?The Australian Bureau of Statistics data indicatethat house prices are more affordable in theseouter metropolitan suburbs than closer to the city
centre. It is plausible to assume that this wouldhave been a key contributing factor in many of thenew resident’s decision making.
According to the Australian Urban ResearchInfrastructure Network’s VAMPIRE Index, whichis an acronym for Vulnerability Assessmentfor Mortgage, Petrol and Ination Risks andExpenditure, these new residents along withall residents in the outer metropolitan suburbsare under higher risks to uctuations in oil (gas
/ petrol) prices, ination and interest rates.
(VAMPIRE, 2014) The level of risk residents of outermetropolitan suburbs face was dramaticallyexposed in the United State during the 2008 to
2009 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). During theGFC it was the housing stock located in theouter metropolitan areas of North American citiesthat seriously suffered, as houses lost capitalvalue, residents could no longer meet paymentsnor could they sell their properties to pay downdebts, resulting in foreclosure and even personalbankruptcy. This situation was also exacerbatedby the reliance of many residents in these outermetropolitan areas on private automobile fortransportation, as residents did not have the
option to reduce daily transport costs. (Reid, 2014) Metropolitan Adelaide’s housing stock consistsof 77% single family detached houses, which isabove the national average of 70%. The densityof metropolitan Adelaide is 4.2 units per acre.The work by Professor Peter Newman fromCurtin University in Western Australia highlightsthe hidden costs differences between urban andsuburban developments. He states that a ‘1000houses built on the fringe of Australian citiescost $300 million more than a 1000 houses built
within existing city growth boundaries.’ (Newman,2008) Such data is highly relevant in Adelaide’scase as the city continues to grow in the outermetropolitan areas.
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The map shows the areas of population growth within metropo litan
Adelaide between 2008 - 2013.
(Government SA Population Chage, 2013)
Population Growth Distribution
Highlights the location of Adelaide’s population
growth between 2008 to 2013.
Adelaide’s VAMPIRE Map
The VAMPIRE map of Adelaide highlights the
suburbs in the outer metropolitan areas are most
at risk to pries in oil, ination and interest rates.
VAMPIRE Index Map highlights areas in red and orange are the most
vulnerable residents to ination, oil and interest rate increase.
(VAMPIRE, 2014)
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4.3 Economy Historically the South Australian economyhas consisted of seven main industry sectors.Since the 1950’s the state economy has beenunderpinned by car manufacturing. The GeneralMotors Holden plant once employed 6,000workers at its peak and was the employmentanchor for the new urban sprawl suburb ofElizabeth, which was planned in 1950 toaccommodate the car factory’s work force.
The car manufacturing industry since the1970’s has been heavily subsided by Stateand Federal Governments. In 2013, a report byHolden, indicated that the car manufacturer had
received AUD$2.18 billion in Federal Governmentassistance since 2001. In 2014, General Motorsannounced that it would close its Elizabeth factoryin 2017, affecting 2,000 direct and up to 13,200indirect manufacturing jobs, potentially resultingin AUD$1.24 billion loss in gross state revenue forSouth Australia. This has a major impact on theSouth Australian economy. The chart below fromthe Government of South Australia highlights thetrend that the manufacturing sector in general has
been in decline the past decade. (Economic Statment,
2013)
Graph shows the changing economic prole over nine years.
(Economic Statment, 2013)
South Australian GDP by Sector
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Over the same time period, the mining sectorhas been steadily growing its share of the Stateeconomy. The mining sector is predicted tomaintain its trend as people transition from themanufacturing sector and seek new employmentopportunities and as South Australia continuesto mine its natural resources of gas, iron ore andin the future uranium. The professional servicessector also has the opportunity to expand into alarger role within the South Australian economy,supported by the states strong tertiary education
institutions.
The Government of South Australia hashighlighted a desire to increase this sector of theeconomy as a way to assist in retaining Adelaide’s
youth population from interstate migration. (Roos,
2014) The City of Adelaide Gross Value Addedeconomic breakdown by sector higlighst thedominate industry is proffesional services or
tradiational white colar empoyment. (City Facts &
Figures, 2015)
City of Adelaide Gross Value Added by Industry
The table highlights the trend s ince 1996 of the Ci ty of Adelaide
economic sector breakdown.
(City Facts & Figures, 2015)
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4.4 Transit
Adelaide’s current transit system is a combinationof metro rail, light rail (trams), O-Bahn bus (trackedbus) and bus. The system predominately is ahub and spoke approach, where transit routesoriginate from the city centre and spread to outermetropolitan Adelaide. There are some outermetropolitan multimodal interchange nodes withinthe network.
As the previous section highlighted, Adelaideonce had an extensive tram network that linkedthe suburbs to the city centre. As the metropolitanarea of Adelaide expanded post 1950, the tramnetwork was replaced with the current busnetwork.
Many citizens of Adelaide colloquially lament thisdecision of the time and look longingly over theboarder to Melbourne’s extensive tram network asto what might have been for Adelaide. The currentpublic transit routes potentially contribute to
Adelaide’s urban sprawl, as they ultimately enablepeople to live in the outer metropolitan suburbs,while working within the city centre.
Adelaide’s transit system has many of the usuallycomplaints from the city’s citizens that are often
directed towards public transit systems, such asnot being reliable, late, irregular timetabling, full orovercrowded and expensive. Given these issues,many residents of Adelaide chose to drive as theirpreferred method of transport than use publictransit.
Graph comparing car ownership per 100 people based on state. South
Australia has the highest percentage at 62%.
(Allianz, 2011)
Passenger cars per 100 population
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Adelaide’s public transit authority, AdelaideMetro states that their average daily ridership isapproximately 33,000 riders, which equates to2.5% of the population. Of that ridership, 80% ofpassengers are using bus, 15% use train and 5%
use tram. (Adelaide Metro, 2013)
Without a large ridership on the transit systemit becomes hard for the government to afford ordecide to invest in improving or extending thenetwork. The government would be aware that the
majority of citizens, and voters, would most likelyprefer improved road networks. In 2015 StateBudget, the Government committed to spending
AUD$332.8m on seven road projects comparedto $16 million on two rail upgrade projects.Furthermore, the budget indicated that public
transit tickets will increase by 2.5%. (Government SA
2015 Budget Papers, 2015)
This trend in government spending towards roadinfrastructure is not uncommon. A report bySustainable Prosperity from Canada highlighted
the allocation of all government spending on roadinfrastructure in Canada was CAD$28.96 billioncompared to $7.5 billion invested in Transit. Withover $13 billion of that allocation funded by nonroad users, such as public transit passengers.
(Thompson, 2013)
The result for metropolitan Adelaide is that carownership in Adelaide is above the nationalaverage, with 62% of passenger cars ownedper 100 population in Adelaide compared to thenational average of 57% passenger cars per 100
population. The graph to the left highlights thisdata. This equates to 0.76 cars person in South
Australia, compared to the national average of
0.72 cars person. Adelaide households have1.7 cars per household compared to 1.5 carsper household nationally. Adelaide is followingthe national trend of automobile dependence fortransportation, albeit slightly above.
There is an opportunity to break from the pack andset a new trend for the direction of transportation
in Adelaide. (Allianz, 2011)
Trac congenstion in
city centre of Adelaide.
(AdelaideNow, 2013)
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Adelaide,Circa 1930s
View along King William Street.City centre of Adelaide.
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5.0 Adelaide Challenges5.1 Issues
Within the outlined context of Adelaide’s urbanhistory and the current demographics, populationand the economy, Adelaide’s future challenges canbe dened in six main categories.
Population
growth adding
to Urban Sprawl
70% of population
growth located in ‘sprawl’
developments at the edge
of metropolitan area(Government SA Population Chage, 2013)
Low City Centre
Residential
Population
12,962 residents in the city
centre.
1% of the metropolitan
population(ABS, 2015)
Low
metropolitan
housing density
4.2 units / acre
77% single detached
housing(ABS, 2015)
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Automobile
dependence
1.7 cars per household
and 0.72 cars per person.
Above the national average(ABS, 2015)
Aging
Population
Average age of 39 years
old. Above the national
average(ABS, 2015)
Low population
growth
1.3% annual growth. Below
the national average
High rate of youth interstate
migration(City Facts and Figures, 2015)
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5.2 The Opportunity As has been identied in the previous section,the challenges that confront the City of Adelaiderequire addressing. The city needs a to correctthe urban development trajectory that it iscurrently, as this path is unsustainable into thefuture. In considering approaches to addressthese challenges there is no quick x or silverbullet. There requires a long term, well plannedapproach that has citywide community and
political ownership and has a deadline or cleargoal associated with the approach to focusattention and required decision making. Thisthesis proposes that a mega-event, in conjunctionwith smaller events is the approach that Adelaideshould take.
A recent Urban Land Institute (ULI) report from2013 considered the impact of mega-events oncities throughout the world. The report comparedeight event types from sports, music, politics,economic and cultural and then analysed eachevent in relation to city and state wide impacts onvisitors, transport, urban infrastructure, culture,sports infrastructure, identity, business condence
and visible legacy. (Clark, 2013)The table belowhighlights the results of this report.
The report highlights that mega-sporting events,like the Olympic Games or Commonwealth Gameshas the greatest impact, across the board, toa city. Further analysis by ULI considered thespatial impact of the event on the host city andnation. The table below (or adjacent) demonstrates
Table shows the benets of hosting certain types of events.
(Clark, 2013)
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that mega-sporting events impact the host cityboth at a citywide and beyond the city scale.
The report also recommends cities bid for a seriesof events to offset their costs more effectivelyand reduce the risk of focusing on one eventfor success. This was certainly the approachfor Manchester, UK that focused on a series ofbids for sporting events, that included the 1992,1996 and 2000 Olympic Games, before beingawarded the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The
city also built key infrastructure early, such as theVelodrome in 1994, as a way to demonstrate their
commitment. (Najeeb, 2012)
This thesis proposes that as a way to address Adelaide’s current challenges, that Adelaideshould bid for a mega-sporting event, theCommonwealth Games, and use this event as acatalyst.
Table highlighst teh spatia l impact of benets by event.
(Clark, 2013)
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Question:
How can a one time sportinCommonwealth Games, be amid-sized cities longer term ucity centre vibrancy ?
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vent, like thetalyst that improves aanity , connectivity and
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Adelaide,Circa 1960s
View along King William Street.City centre of Adelaide.
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6.0 Commonwealth Games6.1 What are the CommonwealthGames?
The Commonwealth Games, colloquially known
as the ‘friendly games’ is an international mega-
sporting event that is held every four years in
different cities and countries who are currently
part of the British Commonwealth. The Games
where known originally as the British Empire &Commonwealth Games until a name change in
1974 saw the event known as the Commonwealth
Games. At the most recent Commonwealth
Games in Glasgow 2014, 71 nations participated,
despite there only being 53 members of the
Commonwealth. Some nations use the Games
as an opportunity to compete on the international
sporting stage under their own ag. For example,
the nations that form the United Kingdom,
England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
participate in the Commonwealth Games asindividual nations and not the United Kingdom as
they would at the Olympic Games.
The games are managed by the Commonwealth
Games Federation (CGF), which also controls the
sporting programme and selects the host cities.
Cities bid for the right to host the games seven
years before the event is staged. The competition
to host the event is not as erce as similar mega-
sporting events like the Olympic Games or World
Cup Soccer. The current process is for the CGF
to invite two cities, who have lodged a high level
expression of interest document, to put forward
detailed bid proposals. The successful bid is
selected based upon criteria such as existing
sporting infrastructure, public infrastructure
and transit, legacy of the games to the city and
level of nancial underwriting from city and state
governments. (CGF, 2015)
The Games program consists of 10 core sports
and 7 elective sports. Within these sports thereare 261 gold medal events that approximately
6,000 athletes compete to win. Another unique
quality of the Commonwealth Games is that all
athletes, including those with disabilities compete
at the same time during the events programme,
unlike the separation of the Paralympics events.
The table on the adjacent the page outlines the
approved core sports and elective sports for the
Commonwealth Games.
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Commonwealth Games Approved Sports
Icons of core and elective Commonwealth Games sports.
(Cooke, 2015)
Commonwealth Games Core Sports
Aquatics
Athletics ( Track & Field )
Badminton
Lawn Bowls
Netball
Hockey
Weightlifting
Squash
Boxing
Rugby 7’s
Commonwealth Games Elective Sports
Table Tennis
Triathlon
Beach Volleyball
Diving Sailing
Boxing
Basketball
Cycling
Gymnastics Archery
Canoeing Judo Wrestling
Rowing Shooting Softball
Tennis Tenpin Bowling Taekwondo
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6.2 Australian CommonwealthGames?
From an Australian perspective, the
Commonwealth Games are certainly the ‘feel
good’ games. Australia over the past 30 years has
had great success at the Games, often nishing
within the top three on the medal winners tally
board. Australia has hosted the Commonwealth
Games four times, Sydney 1938, Perth 1962,
Brisbane 1982, Melbourne 2006 and will host theevent again in the Gold Coast games in 2018.
Every mainland Australian state capital has hosted
the Commonwealth Games, with the exception of
Adelaide. (ACGA, 2015)
Adelaide has bid for the Commonwealth Games
on three separate occasions, in 1962, 1998
and 2006, failing to achieve success on each
occasion. Interestingly in 1962, Adelaide had
secured the rights to host the Games, but through
a lack of public infrastructure delivery leading upto the Games, lost the rights to host the event
to Perth. There is a 12 year difference between
the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games and
the upcoming Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth
Games. This is considered the minimum duration
between one country hosting the event again.
Given this, the earliest Adelaide could bid for
the Commonwealth Games would be 2030. If
Adelaide was to bid for the 2030 Commonwealth
Games it would be notied of the bid results in
2023, seven years prior to the event. (Bartlett, 1999)
6.3 Legacy
By denition, legacy is ‘anything handed
down from the past, as from an ancestor
or predecessor’. (Oxford, 2015) In the world of
international mega-sporting events, the term
‘legacy’ is the new buzz word. The governing
bodies of mega events discuss and present how
their event can leave a lasting positive impact to
the host city, while cynics of mega sporting events
often link the word legacy with a way to justify thenancial cost to governments to host the event.
In respect to mega-sporting events legacy
outcomes predominately t within four main
categories, cultural and social, environmental,
sporting and urban. (IOC, 2014)
Cultural & Social Legacy
Cultural and Social Legacy outcomes are in the
main focused on the positive benets to the
community, through increased funding for healthand well being programs, increased employment
opportunities or a greater sense of city or state
pride directly related to hosting a mega-sporting
event. Since the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games,
volunteerism at mega-sporting events has been
used as a way for the community to be involved in
an event and also learn skills that can be applied
after the event in possible future employment or
within the community. (Gold & Gold, 2010) The 2016
Rio De Janeiro Olympic Games recently sought
applications for the 70,000 volunteer positions,with over 240,000 people applying for the roles.
(Rio2016, 2015)
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Another social benet is increased participation
within recreation and community sport. A study
undertaken by the University of Glasgow over a
3 year period from 2012 to 2015 indicated that
after the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games
there has been a 14% increase in recreational
sport participation of the city’s residents. This has
benets in terms of increasing the health and well
being of a community. This is no doubt seen as
a positive cultural and social legacy to Glasgow
from the hosting the Commonwealth Games.(Legacy2014, 2015)
Environmental Legacy
Environmental legacies focus on how a mega-
sporting event can have a positive impact
on issues such as environmental sustainable
design of venues or housing, water and energy
conservation and community education
programs. The 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics
Games used the games as catalyst to create a
demonstrator eco-district housing project for theSouth False Creek athlete’s village. The village
incorporated a major investment in district wide
energy and water treatment. Such an investment
would not normally be possible in a conventional
housing development, but the games was a
catalyst for such an environmental initiative which
is now providing long lasting environmental legacy
outcomes for the expanding community of South
False Creek.
Sporting Legacy
By their very nature mega sporting events impact
host cities by facilitating the promotion and
development of sport, with new or refurbished
sports facilities and by the city developing event
management skills. This was denitely the case
following the 2002 Manchester Commonwealth
Games which used the games to develop a new
sports precinct in East Manchester. This precinct
is used by the community and also used by
professional athletes, such as Manchester City
Football Club and UK Cycling. (Najeeb, 2012)
Urban Legacy
Urban Legacies are often associated with public
transit improvements and the urban regeneration
of an under developed area of the host city.
This was certainly the case with the 2012
London Olympic Games that used the games to
remediate and regenerate the former industrial
site surrounding Stratford in East London into thesports precinct and athletes village for the Games.
Associated with this was new public transit and
new street connections to the surrounding city
grid. The legacy outcomes of London 2012 in
terms of increased affordable housing and the
repair of part of the city is now considered the
current model of urban legacy associated with
mega-sporting events. (Hopkins & Neal, 2013)
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Adelaide,2013
View looking at the under construction Adelaide Oval Redevlopment
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7.0 Case Studies7.1 Adelaide’s not alone
Adelaide is certainly not alone in using a mega
sporting event as a catalyst for city wide urban
and economic improvements. Many cities
throughout the world have used mega sporting
events such as the Olympic and Commonwealth
Games as ways to invest in sports infrastructure,
transit, urban housing and public space. Some
with more success than others. The size of thesecity’s investments often add greater scrutiny to
the investments success and the legacy outcome.
As was introduced in an earlier chapter, the
legacy aims that are identied before the event
are used to justify the spending but are also how
a mega-sporting event’s success or otherwise is
determined.
With so many recent mega-sporting events and
more planned for the immediate future, what
lessons can Adelaide learn from other cities thathave hosted such events?
In order to answer this question, this thesis has
compared nine case study projects that span from
1992 to future planned events in 2024.
These case studies include:
o 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games
o 2000 Sydney Olympic Games
o 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games
o 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games
o 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games
o 2012 London Olympic Games
o 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games
o 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games
o 2024 Boston Olympic Games (former US
bid city)
These nine case studies are a combination of
Olympic and Commonwealth Games. All these
case studies have addressed the impacts of
a mega-sporting event within their own city
context. The case studies also include the
mega-sporting events recently held in Australia,
the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, the 2006
Melbourne Commonwealth Games, as well as the
planned 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.
The thesis considers it important to compare
these Australian examples to each other and to
Adelaide.
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7.2 Case Study Methodology
In order to undertake comparative analysis of the
nine case study projects this Professional Report
has compared the sites initially based upon
quantitative information such as number of sports,
venues, length of event, visitors, athletes and total
investment. Broadly these nine cities are located
within western developed nations that are dealing
with some of the challenges confronting Adelaide.
The next comparison made between the
case study projects is based upon qualitative
analysis in regards to the success of the megasporting events in delivering their legacy agenda.
Specic analysis was undertaken relating to the
comparative spatial information of the mega
sporting event in the city fabric.
Further analysis then compared the case study
projects against the Framework of outlined
legacy aims of Adelaide 2030. In order to have
a standardised qualitative comparison of the
case study projects, each were analysed within
the Framework of Adelaide 2030 legacy targets,including mobility, nursing, awareness, health,
economic and community pride. Comparative
conclusions were then made from this analysis.
6.3 Why Relevant?
Firstly, let’s consider why these nine case studies
were selected and how their own mega-sporting
legacy agenda is relevant to Adelaide.
Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games
The oldest case study, Barcelona remains
relevant today and is still often held as a
successful example of a mega sporting event
that had a positive impact on the city. Barcelona
prior to 1992 was a second tier city within Europe
and at the time ranked 17th on the European
City Signicant List. Since the 1992 Olympic
Games, Barcelona has ranked within the top 5
on the same list for the past 23 years. The gameswere used as a way to increase awareness of
the city and region to the broader audience.
This resulted in an increase in tourism which
became a US$1million boost to the economy.
The housing required for the games was also
used to reinstate part of original Barcelona’s city
grid, while new infrastructure for sporting venues,
transit and public spaces was also provided. The
regeneration of former industrial parts, mainly the
waterfront area helped link the original city centre
to a larger part of the waterfront. (Gratton & Preuss,
2008)
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Sydney was the rst Games to incorporate at
the bid stage, a planned post games legacy
approach, documenting the intended repurposing
of games infrastructure after the event. Homebush
Bay was the location of the main stadium,
Athlete’s village and several other sporting venues
and a new spur transit line with connections
between Sydney city centre and the satellite
city of Parramatta. The legacy plan has not beadopted as intended and the site is primarily used
as a business park or for sporting events. In 2014
a new legacy master plan was been prepared for
the precinct which redened many of the original
legacy outcomes such as mixed use, education
and employment uses.(Kassens-Noor, 2012)
Manchester is a secondary city of the UK and
has a current population of inner city population
was 439,000. Over the past 15 years this has
increased by 17% to 514,000. This increase in city
centre population is a trend Adelaide is aiming to
achieve. Manchester used the Commonwealth
Games to address issues such as urban
regeneration of old industrial sites, initially for the
Athlete’s Village housing, then used as affordable,student and free market housing. This housing
was connected by new transit. Manchester also
invested in sports infrastructure, building a new
stadium for the games, now used weekly for
English Premier League soccer matches and
community focused sporting infrastructure now
used by the existing community after the games.
(Gratton, et al, 2005)
Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Manchester 2002 CommonwealthGames
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Already well facilitated with much of the sporting
infrastructure required to host the Commonwealth
Games, Melbourne was able to simply overlay
temporary infrastructure and fast tracked planned
upgrades that were required to the existing stadia.
Melbourne used the Commonwealth Games to
re-assert the city as Australia’s sports capital. The
Athlete’s Village was located 4km north west of
the city, near the Melbourne Zoo. A new Light Railtransit line was constructed to connect this village.
After the games this village was handed over as a
new suburb to the local council and the properties
sold to the private market. The Melbourne
Commonwealth Games also fast tracked State
Government expenditure on new rolling stock for
the transit system and upgrade of key public open
spaces and street improvements within the city.
Vancouver set signicant goals when approaching
the bid process for the 2010 Winter Olympic
Games. Having not hosted a major international
event of this scale since Expo ’86, the committee
aimed to undertake the required infrastructure
upgrades and additions in the most sustainable
way possible. Many existing facilities were
refurbished for the event however the Olympic
Athletes Village was designed as a mixed usecommunity to address environmental, economic,
and social issues. The success of the Canadian
team at the games was in part attributed for the
increased involvement of young people in sport.
These opportunities were created through the
2010 Legacies Now, a not for prot organisation
who have developed a series of recreational and
high performance sports programmes for young
people in Vancouver. (Kassens-Noor, 2012)
Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games
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Somewhat similar to the Sydney 2000 model,
the London 2012 Olympic Games focused on
creating a sporting precinct on former industrial
land at Stratford, in the east of London. The site
was the location of 8 Olympic Game sporting
venues and also the entertainment centre and
non Olympic tennis venue. The Athlete’s Village
was located within the sporting precinct. Unlike
Sydney, where Homebush was essentially a blankslate, the Stratford area regeneration has been
incremental, with a underground line and new
station constructed in the late 1990’s, some inll
housing and major shopping centre constructed
in mid 2000’s. The Olympic Game investment was
seen as a way to fast track the urban regeneration
of the area. (Hopkins & Neal, 2013)
Similar to Manchester, Glasgow could be classed
a second tier city within the UK. The Glasgow
Commonwealth Games focused on showcasing
the city to the broader UK and the Commonwealth
while also having a legacy agenda that connected
the games to all of Scotland, not just the one city.
This was achieved with some Commonwealth
Games venues being located outside Glasgow
and by health and community programs thatlinked a broader audience to be part of the games
experience. Glasgow also used a combination of
existing sporting facilities with some temporary
overlays and new purpose built facilities. The
Athlete’s Village was located in a former industrial
site near The Clyde. The site was partially built
out for the games requirements and is now
being further developed for the private market.
(Legacy2014, 2015)
London 2012 Olympic Games Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games
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As Adelaide considers the 2030 Commonwealth
Games, the next games will also be held in
Australia, in Gold Coast, a secondary city in the
state of Queensland, located 83 km south of the
state capital of Brisbane. The Gold Coast games
will use the recently refurbished Carrara Sports
Stadium (Metricon Stadium) and upgrade a series
of existing facilities, some located close to the
Carrara Sports Stadium area and others within theGold Coast city centre. Some more specialised
venues for the games will be utilised in Brisbane.
The Athlete’s Village is located on the local
University Campus and will be used primarily as
student housing after the games. A new LR transit
system has already been constructed that links the
city centre to some sports venues and hotels to
the north and south. (ACGA, 2015)
Boston was selected by the US Olympic
Committee as the United States bid city for
the 2024 Olympic Games. In mid-2015 the City
of Boston withdraw their bid. Boston 2024 is
a relevant example as it can be considered a
secondary city to its larger neighbour to the
south, New York. Boston’s strategy was to openly
acknowledge this under dog status and lean
heavily on the legacy agenda that the games wouldbring to the city in terms of urban regeneration.
This was to include redevelopment of the current
industrial south water front area within the city,
location of the new Athlete’s Village near this area
and the largest investment in transit infrastructure
including new Light Rail network. The Boston
approach used key new infrastructure in strategic
city locations and existing venues within the city
centre or neighbouring Cambridge. Boston’s
overall aim was to achieve a walkable urban games
experience. (Boston2024, 2015)
Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Boston 2024 Olympic Games Bid City
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7.4 Spatial Comparison Analysis
The comparative analysis of the case study sites
compares the spatial relationships between the
city centre, the main stadium and the Athlete’s
Village. It is the hypothesis of this thesis that the
mega sporting events that have an overlay of
these three attributes are more successful events
and also provide greater urban legacy outcomes.
The case study sites have all been compared
using the same criteria and looking at the site
within a 280km2 mapping frame. Within this
frame the three key attributes were identied
and highlighted with an icon. Two travel circles
were then drawn, an 800m radius circle which is
a typical 10min walk and a 3.5km radius circle
which is typical of an 8-10 minute commute via
transit or vehicle. The secondary sports venues
used for the event are highlighted, along with rail
and Light Rail transit routes identied within themapping frame.
Boston
Vancouver
Barcelona
Manchester Glasgow
Gold CoastSydney
Melbourne
London
Case Study Locations
Map shows the location of the nine case study cities throughout the
world.
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
Athletes Village800 m radius (10 min walk)
3500 m radius (10 min transit)
City Centre800 m radius (10 min walk)
3500 m radius (10 min transit)
Main S tadium800 m radius (10 min walk)
3500 m radius (10 min transit)
S econdary Venue
The graphical spatial criteri a to compare the case studies.
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1992 Barcelona Olympic Games
In looking at the spatial analysis of Barcelona
it is clear to see how there is a close proximity
between the city centre, the Athlete’s Village and
the main stadium. The travel circles overlap each
other and reinforce the development that occurred
on the waterfront as part of the event. Most of the
stadia are connected by a transit network. 8 of the
secondary sports venues are located within the
travel circles, with another cluster of 4 secondaryvenues located towards the main sports stadium
precinct. This cluster is around the existing Camp
Nou Football Stadium and is also serviced by
transit. According to the spatial analysis criteria,
Barcelona is rated ‘highly successful’ in terms of
the urban outcome of the event.
Rating: Highly Successful
From top, photos of the Barcelona Olympic Waterfront,
sports precinct and former athletes housing.
(Cooke, 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
0 400m 1,200m 2,800m
0 1,300ft 4,000ft 9,000ft
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2000 Sydney Olympic Games
The Sydney spatial analysis highlights the
separation between the sports precincts and the
Athlete’s Village and the city centre. The sports
precinct of Homebush is connected via rail as
the map indicates but this rail line is a spur line
from the existing western metro rail line. Due to
its spur nature, rail services area less frequent
than compared to the main metro rail. There
are 7 secondary games sporting venues withinthe sports precinct travel circle, although not
all are connected to the rail line. The analysis
emphasises where the investment for the Olympic
Games was directed, however under the analysis
criteria this has been moderately successful due
to the lack of transit choice within the sporting
precinct and lack of connection to the city centre.
Rating: Moderately Successful
From top, photos of the main stadium, the sports precinct
at Homebush and public plazza from the rail station.
(City of Sydney, 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
0 400m 1,200m 2,800m
0 1,300ft 4,000ft 9,000ft
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2002 ManchesterCommonwealth Games
The analysis identies the close spatial
relationships of the city centre and the main
stadium precinct, which are separated by 2km.
Within the sports precinct and the city centre
there are 6 secondary games sports venues, new
venues located around the sports precinct and
existing venues with an event overlay located
around the city centre. A new light rail was builtto connect the city centre to the sports precinct.
The Athlete’s Village is slightly removed from this
compact relationship and is located towards the
south east part of the city. The Athlete’s Village
is serviced by light rail and is adjacent to a
University who has taken over part of the original
village for student housing. The mapping frame
highlights the transit connectivity of venues and
the city centre which is a ‘successful’ outcome.
Rating: Successful
From top, photos of the Manchester veldrome, new
housing at East Manchester and main stadium within the
sports precinct.
(Cooke, 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
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2006 Melbourne CommonwealthGames
The exiting sporting facilities within Melbourne
are located close to the city centre and it is for
this reason that the spatial analysis highlights
the close relationship between the city centre
and the sports precinct. Melbourne is a sport
infrastructure rich city with secondary games
sports venues located either within the main
sports precinct or adjacent to the city centre. The Athlete’s Village is located adjacent some new
sports venues, towards the north of the city centre
to create another sporting precinct. The spatial
analysis highlights that the location of the Athlete’s
Village is somewhat removed from the city centre,
although it is serviced by Melbourne’s extensive
light rail network. The analysis would suggest this
is a ‘successful’ spatial result, despite not having
many new urban additions.
Rating: Successful
From top, photos of the MCG used as the main stadium,
athletes hosuing at Parkville and temporary event specic
infrastructure.
(ACGA 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
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2010 Vancouver Winter OlympicGames
The Winter Olympics is somewhat different to
compare as many of the venues are located in
remote outdoor areas in mountains and away from
the urban areas. There remains a requirements
for an athlete’s village, a main stadium for
ceremonies and indoor venues. Vancouver took
this opportunity to separate the locations, with
outdoor venues located at Whistler and thesecondary indoor venues, the athlete’s village
and the main stadium located in the downtown
area. The Excising BC Place stadium, which
was already located adjacent to downtown was
refurbished, and a former industrial site fronting
the harbour, South False Creek was regeneration
into a sustainable district to house the athlete’s
village. The site was also linked by an extension to
the transit rail line, which also services the airport.
The result is a very highly successful spatialoutcome that sees close proximity between the
downtown, the stadium and athlete’s village. The
village has now evolved post games into a vibrant
part of the Vancouver with more mid-rise urban
inll housing under construction.
Rating: Highly Successful
From top, photos of the former athletes housing, the new
inll housing within South False Creek and BC Place
stadium.
(Cooke, 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
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2012 London Olympic Games
In analysing London there is a concentration
of the sports precinct and Athlete’s Village
located towards the east of the city centre. Given
London’s size and density compared to some of
the other case studies, it is difcult for the city
centre of London to have a close proximity to the
sports precinct. In the assessment this criteria is
not enforced as signicantly as in other case study
cities. The sports precinct and Athlete’s Villagehave 6 secondary games sports venues within the
precinct. The precinct is well connected to other
parts of London by the underground network.
Based upon the spatial analysis this would be
considered a ‘successful’ outcome.
Rating: Successful
From top, photos of the athletes housing, the main
stadium and the Veldrome.
(Cooke, 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
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2014 Glasgow CommonwealthGames
The spatial analysis of Glasgow shows three
distinct precincts all in close proximity to each
other, either within the 3.5km travel circle or just
slightly outside. In a different approach when
compared to other case study cities, the main
stadium is isolated and not the anchor of the
sports precinct. The main stadium is an existing
football stadium that was tted with a temporaryoverlay in order to meet the requirements for the
games. The main stadium is serviced by transit.
The Athlete’s Village has 4 secondary sports
venues located in close proximity. These venues
are also located on a transit line. The spatial
analysis demonstrates the transit connectivity
between 9 venues within the mapping frame and
the city centre, which results in a ‘successful’
outcome.
Rating: Successful
From top, photos of the athletes housing in detail and at
aerial from one of the seven level buildings and the new
Velodrome & Indoor track fac ility.
(Cooke, 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
0 400m 1,200m 2,800m
0 1,300ft 4,000ft 9,000ft
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2018 Gold Coast CommonwealthGames
The spatial analysis of the upcoming Gold Coast
Commonwealth Games initially highlights the
lack of integration between the main stadium,
the Athlete’s Village and the city centre and
how the only connection between these three
main attributes is road infrastructure. Within the
mapping frame there are two transit lines, the
intercity rail towards the west which connects theGold Coast to Brisbane and the new light rail that
connects the city centre to a games venue being
the existing Convention Centre and the broader
entertainment precinct. When Gold Coast is
compared against the criteria of this analysis this
is an ‘unsuccessful’ outcome.
Rating: Unsuccessful
From top, photos of the new Light Rail, an image of the
proposed athletes housing and new Gold Coast Aquatic
Centre.
(Gold Coast 2018, 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
0 400m 1,200m 2,800m
0 1,300ft 4,000ft 9,000ft
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2024 Boston OlympicGames Bid
The proposed Boson plan showed a high degree
of inter connection between the existing city
centre, the proposed main stadium and the
Athlete’s Village. Within the overlay there are 3
secondary games venues. The venues are well
connected via existing transit and the proposed
new transit will only assist in adding to the
connectivity. Based upon the criteria of this spatialassessment this is likely to be a ‘successful’
result.
Rating: Successful
From top, images of the main stadium, the proposed
Olympic Boulevard and secondatry stadium at Har vard
University.
(Boston2024, 2015)
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Spatial Comparison Analysis
0 400m 1,200m 2,800m
0 1,300ft 4,000ft 9,000ft
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The Adela ide Oval in the foreground looking south with
the city centre behind.
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7.5 Spatial Comparison Findings
When considering the initial frame of comparison
for this analysis, this thesis examined the
proximity of a city’s downtown, sporting
infrastructure and athletes village locations when
hosting a mega-sporting event. Events that
located these three attributes in closer proximity
to each other where rated as highly successful.
Under the criteria the most successful outcome
was the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games
which was able to overlay many of the required
infrastructure within close proximity to the city
centre. Two less successful sites under the criteria
are both within Australia, Sydney Olympic Games
and the upcoming Gold Coast Commonwealth
Games in 2018. The analysis highlighted that both
offered a fragmented urban spatial solution. At
a different scale, Glasgow and Manchester also
achieved successful outcomes of integration of
venues, the Athlete’s Village and the city centre for
the Commonwealth Games. The spatial analysis of
these two cities are particularly valuable lessons
for Adelaide to learn.
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Adelaide
View looking north west
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8.0 Strategic Analysis8.1 Adelaide’s Thinking
Since 2002 there have been over twenty reports
commissioned by various levels of government,
independent advocacy groups and industry
associations examining many of the same
challenges this thesis has identied that confront
Adelaide. The rst major report was the 2002
Jan Gehl report Public Spaces and Public Life.
(Gehl, 2002) At the time this was a ground breakingreport which focused on the city centre of
Adelaide and analysed the city based upon Gehl’s
research of looking at how people interact with
and navigate their way through city urban space.
This report put forward a series of broad and
detailed recommendations and was the start
of a series of reports. The next major milestone
along the timeline was the Integrated Design
Strategy for South Australia report, prepared by
then Thinker in Residence Professor Laura Lee.
This document established a framework and an
approach to concentrate South Australia’s creative
discipline by focusing towards an inter-disciple
model and to elevate the design conversation
within governments, education, the city and the
general public. (Lee, 2009) The key recommendation
was the establishment of the Integrated Design
Commission (IDC) and for South Australia to have
the role of a commissioner of design.
Under the IDC a series of workshops, charrettes,
presentations and exhibitions where conducted
with national and international design leaders
which resulted in a collection of reports that
considered the city centre and metropolitan
Adelaide, its future and its current urban form
development trajectory. Many acclaimed thinkers
put their thoughts, opinions and reputations
forward with recommendations to address
Adelaide’s challenges within these various reports.
In 2011 Jan Gehl was invited back to Adelaide
to undertake a second version of his original
study. (Gehl, 2012) This report prepared a series of
recommendations, some which were similar to the
original 2002 document and along a similar theme
to the recommendations prepared by the IDC.
Since this latest Gehl undertaking, the IDC and
the Thinkers in Residence program have had their
government nding cut and subsequently closed
in 2012. Despite this the reports and consultationshave not stopped, the Adelaide City Council has
launched a Place Making Strategy, delivered
a new Strategic Plan, an Integrated Movement
Strategy and a Residential Growth Strategy. The
Government of South Australia over this time
has released their Seven Strategic Priorities for
South Australia, an update to the 30 Year Plan for
Greater Adelaide and commissioned an Expert
Panel on Planning Reform. (30 Year Plan for Greater
Adelaide, 2010)
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The time line above shows the number of reports that have been
prepaired over a 12 year period.
Closure analysis of these numerous
reports notices that the reports have many
recommendations that are similar and overlap
each other. There are seven consistent themes
within the recommendations. These can be
paraphrased as:
o Increase city centre population
o Heterogeneity of uses within city centreo People focus
o Integrated transit with greater density in
city centre.
o Improve quality of life style and wellbeing
o Increase economic prosperity
o Improve city / state pride & moral
Despite the consistency throughout the reports
there has been little on the ground implementation
of the recommendations within the city centre
of Adelaide. Many of the reports have different
ownership, even within governments, which
seems to result in the reports competing for
priority and implementation funding. The result is
many of the recommendations remain good ideas
that ultimately sit on the shelf. Adelaide needs a
catalyst to implement these recommendations.
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People attract People. Adelaide streets during festival
events.
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8.2 Adelaide’s Catalyst
This thesis proposes that such a catalyst, to
draw together the intellectual thinking and
recommendations within the reports and to
coordinate the differing ownership towards
a common implementation goal, is the 2030
Commonwealth Games. Instead of a linear
approach, the thesis proposes a spoke and hub
method, where the hub is the Adelaide 2030
Commonwealth Games and the spokes arethe individual reports. The consistent themes
of recommendations identied throughout the
reports can form the basis for an agreed future
vision for Adelaide and then used to dene targets
to measure the success of the implementation
of the vision. Such an approach is ultimately
to action the recommendations and achieve
city centre change that would go to address
Adelaide’s stated challenges.
This timeline shows how the Commonwealth Games can link to the
many reports and act as a catalysts for implemntation.
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Adelaide
View looking south east
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Housing
Higher density and greater
diversity of housing in the
city centre.
Health
Increase participation
in sports & recreation
activities.
Mobility
Walking & cycling as a
rst choice of transport.
Supported by an ecientand reliable tram network.
9.0 Adelaide’s Vision9.1 The Vision
Within this context of Adelaide’s urban history,previous critical thinking and the city’s currentsituation this thesis identies six key vision aimsfor the City of Adelaide.
While these aims take reference from the pastreports and analysis of Adelaide, they arestandalone and focused on addressing Adelaide’surban challenges and demonstrates how the 2030Commonwealth Games can act as catalyst forimplementation.
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Economic
Greater employment
opportunities and a increase
diversity in economicsectors.
Identity
Increase awareness of
Adelaide throughout the
world.
Pride
Reinstate State and City
pride.
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9.2 The Targets
In order to measure the success of the visions thisthesis has dened measurable targets. Once againthese targets reference in part, existing StateGovernment or Adelaide City Council targets, butcollectively address the individual themes withinthe context of the 2030 Commonwealth Games.
Housing
- 35,000 new residents
in City Centre by 2045
(30 Year Plan for Adelaide, 2010)
- More housing
opportunities for
families (Residential Growth Strategy, 2012)
- 30% aordable
housing
Health
- Recreation amenities
located to population
centres.- Public Health
programs. (State Strategic Plan, 2008)
- Availability to local
produce.
Mobility
- Safe & highly
accessible pedestrian
& cycle network withincity centre.
- Extension of tram
network (Smart Movement Transport &
Movement Strategy 2012)
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Economic
- Transition to
knowledge economy,
supported byeducation sector.
(Seven Strategic Priorities, 2012)
- Increase employment
diversity and
opportunities within
the city centre.
Identity
- Increase tourism
numbers to Adelaide.
- Dene an Adelaidedesign identity.
Pride
- Increase condence
and optimism for
Adelaide & South Australia.
(Seven Strategic Priorities, 2012)
- Reverse trend of
youth interstate
migration
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9.3 Legacy FrameworkComparison
As outlined in the previous chapter, this
professional report is proposing Adelaide’s
Commonwealth Games Legacy agenda should
include, mobility, housing, awareness, health,
economic and community pride. Broadly speaking
these aims are not different to many of the legacy
aims that the nine case study cities aimed to
achieve within their own context. Let’s now look ateach legacy framework and compare the agenda
to the case studies.
Mobility
As noted earlier in this thesis Adelaide’s
residents have a high dependency on automobile
transportation. Although a wide transit network is
available there are challenges within the existing
system that see low usage, coupled with high
fairs, accounts for an under utilised system.
Adelaide’s target for increased mobility would
aim to offer people comparable alternatives to
their daily commute with an affordable, reliable,
extensive network of transit options. The success
of such a mobility target could be dened by
increased ridership on the current and expanded
transit networks, reduction in cars on the road and
more positive consumer feedback relating to the
transit choice and inter-connectivity across the
networks.
Almost all case studies have transit included in
some capacity to deal with the event demand. A
common approach to cater for this increase in
demand is to upgrade existing transit or increase
the network for the games duration.
The most successful case study examples
relating to mobility were seen in Manchester
and Glasgow. These cities took a holistic look
at their existing network and saw opportunities
to utilise and expand to cater for access to the
event infrastructure and also to residential and
commercial precincts throughout the greater city
area.
The least successful example is Sydney with the
creation of a spur line from the existing network.
The service was only increased for the duration
of the event and then reduced post event. Gold
Coast’s proposed mobility legacy outcome is the
Gold Coast Light Rail link. The light rail that has
been constructed 3 years before the event and
is positioned in parts adjacent an 8 lane freewayand inland canal meaning the light rail does not
provide the benets of ground level connectivity
and simply links one end of city to other.. With
some venues not connected by public transit
there will be a reliance on chartered buses,
temporary services or personal vehicles to access
these events, which was highlighted as risk item
by the Commonwealth Games Federation in their
assessment of the Gold Coast 2018 bid. (CGF Gold
Coast Evaluation Report, 2011)
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Housing
Current targets exist and have been referenced
in an earlier section of this report, to increase
housing density in the city centre. To measure the
success of such a legacy it could be determined
if the residential population of the city centre
increased to meet or exceed the target of 45,000
people set by Adelaide City Council. (30 Year Plan for
Adelaide, 2010)
Housing is a key element of any mega sportingevent as it includes not only the athletes housing
but also short stay accommodation for visitors to
the event.
The common approach to accommodate an
Athletes Villages is to take a former brown-eld
industrial site and develop housing that can be
then used after the games as student housing,
affordable housing or sold to the free market.
The most successful example of this approach
was Barcelona, where the existing city gridwas extended to develop a Barcelona housing
typology to be used for the event and then
integrated into the city after the event to increase
housing supply. Despite being early in the legacy
phase, Glasgow is certainly moving along the
right path as only 12 months after the Games,
40% of the housing stock has been leased as
affordable housing, while the reaming athletes
housing stock is being refurbished and sold to
market. Interest has been high and the price point
for the market units affordable. Vancouver was
also very successful in delivering the East False
Creek development as a demonstrator sustainable
neighbourhood.
Melbourne tried a similar approach with Parkville
new suburban village. After the event the housing
was sold to the free market and the village given
to the local council for maintenance. Despite
assisting with housing supply in this area, the
development has been criticised for not being
linked to the surrounding neighbourhood. The
strategy used in London, located mid-rise housing
near the sports precinct. This housing typology is
considered atypical for London and the integration
with the surrounding neighbourhood is lacking.
Community acceptance of this method has been
limited. (Ellis, 2015)
Identity
Raising local, national and international awareness
of what Adelaide has to offer for potential
residents, students, businesses and tourist is thetarget of many marketing and branding programs
initiated by the State Government. Current yearly
migration and tourism numbers could benchmark
the success of the Commonwealth Games as
a tool to increase awareness of Adelaide. An
increase in external investment within South
Australia would also demonstrate success of this
legacy item.
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The size of mega-sporting event certainly
commands the attention of the world and attracts
a focus towards the host city for their two week
duration. The question is always asked ‘How do
cites capitalise on this intensive period of focus?’
over the longer term.
Both Barcelona and Manchester increased their
tourism numbers after their respective mega-
sporting events and attributed this increase to
adding millions of dollars to their economies. Both
cities have also improved their standing within
international and European based city ranking
lists.
After the initial impact of the games themselves
bringing increased tourists to the city, the
ongoing legacy of awareness created by the
games is a slow burner. With Glasgow hosting
the Commonwealth Games in 2014 a slight bump
was seen in tourism statistics directly after the
games were held however this is too early in the
post legacy phase to determine if this will continueas a future trend. Glasgow was also able to
increase local awareness and identity by hosting
a series of local events to increase internal cultural
awareness. (Legacy2014, 2015)
Gold Coast proposes to use the games as an
opportunity to leverage and re-brand its city
as an alternative destination within the state of
Queensland and use this global stage to increase
awareness nationally and internationally.
Health
Adelaide’s target for health focused on an
increased participation in sports of recreation.
With Adelaide’s rapidly ageing population this
becomes a key target as improved community
health has the added benet of reducing the
pressure on the South Australian Health system.
The lead up to a mega-sporting event can
capitalise on increased public awareness and
focus on sports over this period of time, providing
a link to community health participation programs.
Throughout the United Kingdom over the past
15 years government policy has focused on
increasing community sports and recreation and
the population’s general health. This focus has
resulted and equally been helped by having three
mega sporting events within the United Kingdom
in a 12 year period.
The Manchester, London and Glasgow games
have delivered health and wellbeing programsand used funding from the event to help schools
and community groups encourage children to
participate in sporting activities. Manchester
has compelling data that demonstrates how the
city has been able to implement a health and
wellbeing community program and improve the
poor health statistics their residents portrayed at
the start of the 21st century. This has also seen
life expectancy rates in poorer areas of East
Manchester increase up to the national average.
(Najeeb, 2012)
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Glasgow has also used the games as a catalyst
to promote healthier, more active lifestyle
pursuits for Scottish public. Quick Wins for
Glasgow is a community sports program that is
linked to professional sports venues and teams,
like Celtic Park, which was used for the 2014
Commonwealth Games. Middle-aged men who
are more accustomed to drinking a pint at the
stadium on a Saturday afternoon now attend the
stadium regularly to use the same facilities as
their sporting idols. The novelty factor of gainingaccess to a professional sports venue has seen
this program be highly successful in improving
health habits within the area.
Economic
The Adelaide and South Australian economy
faces many pressures including the reduction
in major manufacturing and industry sectors,
stagnant tourism investment and increased
local unemployment. The games target an
increase across many sectors and aim to spreadopportunity in an equitable fashion to share
economic benet. Success will be measured on
the short-term economic return of investment of
the games and how this event can be linked into
the larger economic reform of SA as the state
moves away from car manufacturing to other
economic sectors.
The most successful case studies were Barcelona
and Manchester. These cities were able to deliver
a return on investment for the games itself over a
short period and then able to use the investment
for the games to help transition their economies
from industrial backgrounds to new economies.
(Gratton, et al, 2005)
Community Pride
The nal legacy item focuses on Adelaide’s aim to
reinstate community pride. Inter connected withmany of the other legacy outcomes it is important
for Adelaide’s residents to feel proud of the city
and state and for that condence to be carried
into other purist’s such as business condence,
younger people feeling they have a future in the
state and entrepreneurship.
Manchester was successful in re-branding itself
from its industrial history to a city of culture and
is now able to attract younger people to live and
work within the city. There has also been anincrease in business development with companies
choosing to set up in Manchester instead of
London due to increased accessibility and more
affordable lease rates. (Najeeb, 2012)
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Adelaide
Adelaide Festival Opening Night, 2013
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10.0 Implementation Strategy
10.1 Implementation Tools
In order to implement the agreed visions
outlined in this thesis there needs to be a clear
and systematic implementation strategy. This
implementation strategy will ultimately be
developed with an approach that sees the public
and private sectors working together in order toachieve and realize longer standing urban change,
that will lead to increased economic value. There
are three key implementation tools that have been
identied to deliver the vision for Adelaide.
These are inll housing, civic infrastructure and
public infrastructure.
To focus rst on inll housing, this will
predominantly be the creation of housing in the
city centre, this will initially link directly to the 2030 Adelaide Commonwealth Games requirements as
this housing will primarily be used for the athletes
village. The housing is proposed to be located
within the South West Corner of the city centre.
The inll housing will be delivered in collaboration
between the public and the private sectors and
this thesis demonstrates a design proposal that
goes some way to show how inll housing can
start to address some of Adelaide’s current
challenges.
Public infrastructure is the second tool and is
focused on street improvements, parks and
open spaces and the connections between open
spaces and the city centre, in particular the
surrounding parklands which are a key element of
Light’s original plan. Public infrastructure will also
focus on a new public transit network proposed to
integrate with the existing transit network.
Civic infrastructure primarily relates to the
infrastructure and the amenity needed for this
increase of population within the city centre.
Infrastructure such as sporting stadiums,
temporary and permanent, parkland amenity and
recreation amenity which will also address part
of the vision for health and well being within the
community.
These three tools of the implementation strategyare being separated into the three key stages
of delivery outlined in this document. The rst
stage is the Pre-Legacy phase, which is from
2015 to 2028. This phase focuses on what can
Adelaide do now to start to implement this vision
and essentially put Adelaide on the right urban
development trajectory for the future.
In 2023 Adelaide would be notied of their
2030 Commonwealth Games bid success and
at this point Stage 2 would start to overlap
Stage 1 and roll out from 2023 to 2030 for the
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Inll Housing
- Housing in the city
centre
- Athletes Village
Housing
Civic
Infrastructure
- Sporting infrastructure
- Stadiums (temporary& permanent)
- Public amenity
Public
Infrastructure
- Street upgrades
- Parks / Squaresupgrades
- Connections to open
space
- Public Transit
Adelaide Commonwealth Games in 2030. In
this phase there is more of an emphasis on
the civic infrastructure, particularly relating to
sports stadiums but also focusing on how that
civic infrastructure can relate to the increase
in population and the amenity provided to the
residents of the south west corner of the city.
The post legacy phase is for the 15 year period
after the Commonwealth Games, from 2030
to 2045 and focuses on how the infrastructure
used for the Commonwealth Games can be
repurposed and demonstrates the impact of how
a greater level of inll housing can start to address
Adelaide’s challenges in the city centre.
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The imgae above identi fes Urban In ll housing.
(Ergo Apar tments, 2014)
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The time line above identies the three key stages of the implementat ion
strategy.
Implementation Timeline
The chart below highlights the delivery timeline
and stages of the implementation strategy.
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Adelaide
View looking north along North Terrace
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11.0 Site Analysis11.1 Character Analysis
The following images and existing citywide
demonstrates the location of key existing features
within the city such as the retail area, education
facilities, the commercial downtown and
residential areas. This character site analysis is
provided to help a reader who is not familiar with
the city centre of Adelaide understand the site
area that this thesis is covering.
The above photo is of Rundle Mal l. The cit ies main retail
precinct.
The following photos f rom the top inc lude Festival Plaza, The cit y looking
towards the south and Victoria Square, which is located in the centre of
Light’s Plan of Adelaide.
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Existing Citywide Plan
CentralBusinessDistrct118,216 work with
City Centre
Rundle MallRetail Precinct400,000 customers every week
Rundle StreetPrecinct
University of
AdelaideNorth Terrace Campus20,779 students
University ofSouth AustraliaCity West Campus36,248 students
HealthPrecinct7,000 workers withinPrecinct
Adelaide Oval
Sports Precinct55,000 seat multupurpose stadium
Hutt Street
Precinct
CentralProduce
Markets80 Market Stalls
ConvertionCentre
CentralTrain Station33,000 riders daily
Gouger StreetPrecinctCentre of China Street
South West Corner1,459 residents
City Centre250,000 visitors to City Centre
daily
Central Business District (CBD)
Retail / Mixed Use
Recreation / Enterainment /
Mixed Use
Education
Civic Uses
KEY
The above plan is an existing plan of Ade laide that demonstrates where
many of the key areas and population attractions are located.Existing Citywide Plan
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Existing
Citywide Axonometric
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11.2 Demographic Analysis &comparison
The following analysis compares key demographic
data, such as population, number of dwellings,
commute patterns, income and education levels
of metropolitan Adelaide and the city centre. The
results highlight that the city centre comprises of
only 1% of the entire population of metropolitan
Adelaide. However this small population
primarily is highly educated and works within the
professional sector. Given the higher proportion of
professional employment in the city it make sense
to see that many city centre residents travel to
their place of work by walking. The average age of
the city centre is also 10 years younger than the
average age of metropolitan Adelaide. (ABS, 2015)
625,225
51%
Total Population:
1,225,235
600,010
49%
Families:
300,405
Ave # of vehicles / house :
1.7
Median weekly Income: $1,106Median month mortgage:$1,545
Median weekly Rent: $250
Number of Dwellings:
553,511
Ave. People / household:
2.4
Employment:
21.6% Professional
Education: 17% Tertiary Level
Travel to work:
69% Car
Metropolitan
Adelaide
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6,051
47%
Total Population:
12,962
6,911
53%
Families:
2,050
Ave # of vehicles / house :
0.8
Median weekly Income: $949Median month mortgage:$1,842
Median weekly Rent: $321
Number of Dwellings:
7,318
Ave. People / household:
1.8
Employment:
38.2% Professional
Education: 56% Tertiary Level
Travel to work:
34.2% Walk
Adelaide
City Centre
What this data also highlights is that the income
levels of city residents is below the metropolitan
average, yet cost of living in terms of rents or
mortgage payments is above the metropolitan
average.
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11.3 Land Use
The following map highlights current land use
patterns within the city centre. The majority of
retail, commercial and education land uses are
located in the northern part of the city, while
residential land use is predominately located
towards the southern part of the city.
Key
Land Use:
Vacant
Education
Residential
Retail
Commercial
Key
LandUse:
Retail
Key
LandUse:
Commercial
Key
LandUse:
Residential
Key
LandUse:
Education
Key
LandUse:
Vacant
Land use plans for the City Centre of Adelaide
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11.4 Population Distribution
The city is separated into ve main residential
precincts. Despite all precincts have low numbers
when compared to metropolitan Adelaide, the
South West Corner of the city centre has the
lowest residential population.
West Precinct
Pop. 3,992
East Precinct
Pop. 3,082
South Precinct
Pop. 2,899
South East Corner
Pop. 3,839
South West
Corner
Pop. 1,459
Population distribution over the city centre.
(City Facts & Figures, 2015)
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11.5 Existing Transit Network
The following map identies existing metro
rail, tram and O-Bahn transit routes within
metropolitan Adelaide. Network hubs and
interchanges have been identied within the
network.
Transit map focuses on Metro Rail, Tram and O-Bahn.
Key
Metro Rail Routes:
Goodwood Interchange
Belair Line
Noarlunga Line
Outer Harbour Line / Grange Line
Gawler Line
O-Bahn Route:
Tea Tree Plaza Interchange
Tram Routes:
Glenelg / Entertainment Centre Line
Network Hub
Interchange / Terminus
Existing Transit Map (2015)
(Metro Rail, Tram, O-Bahn)
Adelaide International Aiport
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City Centre Transit Map
Within the city centre the main transit network
interchange is the Adelaide Central Railway
Station. At this point both metro rail and Tram
meet.
City Centre focus. Note the key interchange being the Adelaide Central
Railway Station located towards the north of the city.
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City Centre Transit WalkzoneMap
The following map shows a ve minute walk zone
from the tram route. This highlights the amount of
transit coverage within the city centre.
The 5 minute walkzone f rom the exist ing Light Rail.
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City Centre Landuse & ExistingTransit
The overlay of existing transit and land uses
highlights that the commercial and retail
predominately directly front the route.
Key
Land Use:
Vacant
Education
Residential
Retail
Commercial
Overlay of existing transit and land uses.
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11.6 Development Plan Review
A review of the current Development Plan for the
City of Adelaide indicates where current planning
policy is situated in terms of heights of buildings
and how the city will interact with the Parklands
and the open spaces squares.
NORTH TCE.
P O R T R D .
G L O V E R AV E .
S I R D O NA L D
A N Z A
C H W
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S I R
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P E A C O
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G L E N O S M
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H U T T
R D
WAKEFIELD RD
BARTELS RD
RUNDLE RD
K I N
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W I L L I A M
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F R O M E R D .
M O N T E F I O R E
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W A R
M E M
O R I A L
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B E A U M O N T
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BA R T O N T C
E. W E S T
H I L L
S T .
L E F E V R E T C E .
K I N G
S T O N
T C E.
M E L B
O U R N
E S T
.
F I N N I
S S S T.
WA R D S T.
M I L L S T C E .
SOUTH TCE.
W E S T
T
C E .
E A S T T C E .
B RA D MA N
DR.
OUTERHORIZONTAL
153.5
OUTER
HORIZONTAL
153.5
INNER
HORIZONTAL
48.5
1 5 3 . 5 1
5 0 1
4 0
4 8
. 5
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 0 0
1 1
0
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1 5 3 . 5
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40m 44m
ADELAIDE (CITY)AIRPORT BUILDING HEIGHTS
MAP Adel/1 (Overlay 5)
Development Plan Boundary
OLS Values in Australian Height Datum (AHD)
Indicative ground level in AHD. Note: Ground level variesthroughout the Council area and accurate ground levelin AHD would need to be confirmed
OLS Contour Boundary
10000metres 500
Scale 1:26,000
100
Referral to the Department of Transport and Regional Services through Adelaide Airport Limited
is required where a development would exceed the Obstacle Limitation Surface (OLS) contours on this map.
Note: Approval is required under the Commonwealth Airports Act 1996for structures and the like that penetrate prescribed air space(as defined in the Airports Act 1996)
40m
Building Height Limits Future Landscape Character
The following maps are f rom the Development Plan for the Cit y of Adelaide.
The above plan highlights that bui lding heights with in the cit y are in part
determined by the Airport ight patterns.
(Development Plan, 2015)
This plan indicates the current and intended use of the park lands.
(Development Plan, 2015)
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Special Event Parks Proposed Sport Consolidation
This plan indicates the location and capac ity of special event space with in
the city centre.
(Development Plan, 2015)
This plan indicates the location of spor ts uses within the cit y centre.
(Development Plan, 2015)
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11.7 Existing Sports / Events
Like many States of Australia, South Australia
has a very proud and parochial attitude towards
sport and a long history of sporting heroes and
achievements that are celebrated by a wide
section of the state’s population.
South Australian has produced 426 Olympic
Athletes and in the most recent 2014 Glasgow
Commonwealth Games of the 400 members of
the team representing Australia, 36 of those were
South Australian’s.
From the local community sporting clubs, the
teams representing the city, through to those
playing at State level and competing in National
leagues, South Australia has representation in
all the major sporting sectors. This includes 2
teams in the Australian Football League, soccer,
basketball, netball and the state cricket team.
The state has a long and successful history ofhosting major sporting events having held the rst
Australian Formula 1 Grand Prix Motorsport event
from 1986 through to 1995 with the city street
circuit track encompassing parts of Victoria Park,
the Parklands and city streets. The V8 Motorsport
event the Clipsal 500 now uses aspects of this
road circuit for their annual event.
Currently South Australia hosts the only UCI
ProTour Cycling event in Australia, the Tour Down
Under. The tour is now in its 17th year and attracts
on average 750,000 spectators over the 6 stage
event through Adelaide and the surrounding
metropolitan and rural locations. The tour now has
an economic impact of $43 million annually to the
State economy. Recreational cycle participation
is also positively impacted by the event as 8,000
recreational riders participate in a community ride
each year.
Other notable events hosted by Adelaide include
the International Horse Trials, International Cricket
annually, World Cup Cricket, Australian Swimming
Championships, Southern University Games,
Australian Masters Games, Seniors Games and
World Police & Fire Games are among the other
events South Australia hosts or has held in the
past.
Andre Greipel winning a
stage at the Tour Down Under
(AdelaideNow, 2013)
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11.8 Existing Sport / EventInfrastructure
The city’s current sports infrastructure lends itself
to the adaptability required to be able to host
these event. Such events often require temporary
facilities, such as extra seating, concessions,
media facilities or security. Some events use
parts of the Parklands and the city squares for
temporary facilities.
Key
Existing Sport / Event Infrastructure
Adelaide Oval
Memorial Drive Tennis Centre
State Athletics Stadium
Netball Stadium
Hindmarsh Stadium
SA Aquatic Centre
Adelaide Super Drome (Velodrome)
Wayville Showgrounds
Adelaide Entertainment Centre
The Pines Hockey Stadium
Adelaide Convention Centre
Adelaide Arena Basketball Stadium
Existing Sport / Event Infrastructure(Transit Overlay)
The above map locates the existing sporting in frastructure that would be
likely required for Adelaide to host the Commonwealth Games.
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Adelaide Oval Memorial Drive Tennis Centre
Function:Sporting venue Australian Football, training facilities,state & International cricket, corporate facilities
Location:War Memorial Dr, North Adelaide
Distance from City Centre:12.1km (1.3 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2014
Capacity:55,000
Size (Land):197,800sqm (2,129,101sqft)
Size (Building):63,450sqm (682,970sqft)
Function:Tennis courts and training facilities
Location:War Memorial Dr, North Adelaide
Distance from City Centre:2.0km (1.2 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:1996
Capacity:5,000
Size (Land):25,281sqm (272,122sqft)
Size (Building):7,644sqm (82,279sqft)
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State Athletics Stadium Netball Stadium
Function: Administration headquarters of Athletics SA, used fornational, state and school athletics carnivals.
Location:145 Railway Terrace, Mile End
Distance from City Centre:3.6km (2.2 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2011
Capacity:8,000
Size (Land):96,250sqm (1,036,026sqft)
Size (Building):29,088sqm (313,100sqft)
Function:State Netball Stadium & Administration Centre
Location:155 Railway Terrace, Mile End
Distance from City Centre:4.4km (2.7 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2001
Capacity:3,200
Size (Land):39,990sqm (430,448sqft)
Size (Building):5,358sqm (57,673sqft)
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Hindmarsh Stadium SA Aquatic Centre
Function:Soccer stadium and used for entrainment events
Location:Holden Street, Hindmarsh
Distance from City Centre:5.3km (3.3 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2000
Capacity:17,000
Size (Land):33,792sqm (363,734sqft)
Size (Building):25,620sqm (275,771sqft)
Function:State Aquatic Centre, 50 x 10 lane pool, diving,recreation pool, ofces
Location:Morphett Road, Oaklands Park
Distance from City Centre:123.4km (8.3 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2011
Capacity:3,460
Size (Land):27,072sqm (291,400sqft)
Size (Building):11,857sqm (127,627sqft)
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The Pines Hockey Stadium Adelaide Super Drome (Velodrome)
Function:Hockey eld, seating and ofces
Location:State Sports Park, Main North Road, Gepps Cross
Distance from City Centre:11.0km (6.8 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:1991
Capacity:10,000
Size (Land):58,280sqm (627,320sqft)
Size (Building):19,140sqm (206,021sqft)
Function:Cycling Velodrome, ofces, grandstanding
Location:State Sports Park, Main North Road, Gepps Cross
Distance from City Centre:12.2km (7.5 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:1993
Capacity:3,000
Size (Land):41,535sqm (447,079sqft)
Size (Building):13,824sqm (148,800sqft)
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Adelaide Arena Basketball Stadium Adelaide Convention Centre
Function:Basketball stadium and ofces
Location:44 Crittenden Road, Findon
Distance from City Centre:7.5km (4.6 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2000
Capacity:8,000
Size (Land):22,500sqm (242,187sqft)
Size (Building):8,585sqm (92,408sqft)
Function:Venue for conferences, trade show, functions
Location:North Terrace, Adelaide
Distance from City Centre:1.2km (0.7 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2015
Capacity:23,000
Size (Land):23,595sqm (253,974sqft)
Size (Building):21,450sqm (230,885sqft)
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Wayville Showgrounds Adelaide Enterainment Centre
Function:Venue for conferences, trade show, functions
Location:Goodwood Road, Wayville
Distance from City Centre:3.1km (1.9 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2008
Capacity:14,000
Size (Land):252,252sqm (2,715,217sqft)
Function:Venue for concerts, conferences, trade show, functions
Location:98 Port Road, Hindmarsh
Distance from City Centre:4.5km (2.8 miles)
Latest refurbishment of facility:2010
Capacity:12,000
Size (Land):52,704sqm (567,301sqft)
Size (Building):20,240sqm (217,861sqft)
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11.9 Existing Sports FacilitiesRefurbishment Opportunities
By analysing the existing sporting infrastructure it
highlights that some of this infrastructure has not
had a major refurbishment since the early 1990’s.
Even the city’s new world class Adelaide Oval
Redevelopment which was completed in 2014,
would be 16 years old by the time Adelaide would
host the 2030 Commonwealth Games. Therefore,
sporting infrastructure such as the Pines Hockey
Stadium (last refurbished 1991) The Superdrome
(1993), Memorial Drive Tennis Centre (1996),
Adelaide Arena Basketball Stadium (2000), Netball
Stadium (2001) and the State Athletics Stadium
(2011) would range from 40 to 30 year old facilities.
This thesis considers this as an opportunity to
invest the money required to bring these six
sports facilities up to Games standard into new
multipurpose exible facilities that are located
within or in close proximity to the city centre.
The above chart indicates the existing spor ts infrastructure latest
refurbishment dates.
Existing Sports Infrastructure latest refurbishment date
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11.10 Hotel Accommodationwithin City Centre
Identies the location of existing and approved
hotels. There are 3000 hotel rooms in the city
centre. This is not a primary focus of the proposal
but worth considering existing location and how
the private sector could respond to cater for the
increased demand during the Games.
Key
Proposed Hotel
Accomodation(with Planning Approval)
Existing Hotel
Accomodation
This map indenites the location of existing and proposed hotel
accommodation within the city centre.
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 150
11.11 Athletes Village Site Analysis
The possible location of the athlete’s village has
been discussed publically over recent times, with
the Minister of Sports & Recreation Mr. Leon
Bignell announcing in February 2015 that the
Government is considering the current Women’s
& Children’s Hospital site (Site Option 1) in North
Adelaide as a possible location. (AdelaideNow, 2014)
Another potential site that has risen as an optionfor a village is the current Coca-Cola Amatil
bottling plant site (Site Option 2), located on the
western edge of the Parklands in the suburb of
Thebarton. Both sites have current uses that
would need to be relocated.
In terms of ownership the State Government owns
the Women’s and Children’s Hospital site, while
the Coca-Cola Amatil site is privately owned.
Both sites are located out of the city centre,
however have benets, with Site 1 located 750
meters (2,500 ft) to the existing Adelaide Oval
and Site 2 being located adjacent to the recentGlenelg Line tram route extension to the Adelaide
Entrainment Centre.
This map locates the three site options.
Site Option 3
Site Option 2
Site Option 1
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Site Option 1:
Women’s and Children’sHospital Site
Function:Currently used as Hospital. Theuse could be moved to new Royal
Adelaide Hospital.
Location:72 King William Rd, North Adelaide
Distance from City Centre:2.6km (1.6 miles)
Size (Land):21,582sqm (232,309sqft)2.15 ha (5.3 acres)
Transit connections:Bus
Site Option 2:
Coca-Cola AmatilBottling Plant Site
Function:Currently used as bottling plant byCoca-Cola Amatil.
Location:33-43 Port Rd, Thebarton
Distance from City Centre:3.5km (2.2 miles)
Size (Land):36,577sqm (393,715sqft)3.65 ha (9.0 acres)
Transit connections:Bus, Tram
Site Option 3:
South-West City Corner
Function: An existing part of the city centre,consists of some residential, lightindustry, commercial & vacant sites.
Location:Whitmore Square area
Distance from City Centre:1.2km (0.7 miles)
Size (Land):421,894sqm (4,541,232sqft)42.1 ha (104.3 acres)
Transit connections:Bus
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 152
These sites are relatively small in terms of the area
required to accommodate approximately 6,000
athletes in 3, 250 housing units. When comparing
the Athlete’s Village site area of the 2012 London
Olympics Games, the site was a total of 15.4
ha (38.1 acres). Similarly the 2014 Glasgow
Commonwealth Games village site area was 37.2
ha (92.1 acres). In comparison the Women’s and
Children’s Hospital is a site of 2.15 ha (5.3 acres)
and the Coca-Cola Amatil site is 3.65 ha (9.0
acres). The use of these sites would result in a
higher density tower building typology. There are
only a handful of developers in Adelaide or even
in Australia who could actually joint venture with
the State Government to deliver this particular
building typology. Such an accommodation model
would be a single or two stage development
given the construction restrictions in constructing
multiple towers on these sites. The sketches
adjacent indicate the proposed building typologies
for Site 1 and 2.
This thesis proposes to focuses on spreading thehousing throughout a much larger precinct by
separating the housing requirement over many
sites. This will have a much larger impact, by
using the Commonwealth Games athlete’s village
to address Adelaide’s challenges and deliver
the agreed vision. Such an approach would take
the tower buildings required on Site 1 or 2 and
expand that number to potentially over 80 mid-
scale buildings throughout an underdeveloped
part of the city centre that is in need of urban
regeneration. The economic value alone for this
is immense to the City of Adelaide and the State
as this means there are potentially 80 developers,
80 architects and 80 construction companies all
working in a collaborative partnership with the
state government to deliver the housing required
for the games. This equitable distribution of
opportunity and wealth is exactly what Adelaide
and South Australia needs to generate jobs and
long term economic value.
At a rst glance, one such site that is under-developed and in need of urban regeneration is
the South West Corner of the city centre. Dened
by South Terrace, King William Street, Sturt Street,
Russell Street, Wright Street and West Terrace,
this 42 ha (104 acre) site could accommodate the
proposed approach of many mid-rise inll housing
buildings over multiple sites in order to deliver the
requirements of the athletes village.
Glasgow 2014 Athletes Villiage
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Site Option Building Typology
Site Option 1:
Design Approach:Podium & Towers
Size (Buildings):247,550sqm (2,664,606sqft)
Floor Area Ratio (FAR):11.5
Density1,534 units / hectare (gross)622 units / acre (gross)
Number of Buildings2
Heights:12 - 24 oors
Staging:Single or 2 stages
Site Option 2:
Design Approach:Podium & Towers
Size (Buildings):247,550sqm (2,664,606sqft)
Floor Area Ratio (FAR):6.8
Density904 units / hectare (gross)366 units / acre (gross)
Number of Buildings3
Heights:11 - 17 oors
Staging:Single or 2 stages
Site Option 3:
Design Approach:Mid-rise inll housing
Size (Buildings):288,336sqm (3,103,626sqft)
Floor Area Ratio (FAR):0.68
Density78 units / hectare (gross)32 units / acre (gross)
Number of Buildings146
Heights:2 - 10 oors
Staging:15 + stages
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 154
Site Comparison
The location that will have the biggest impact in
addressing Adelaide’s challenges and delivering
the vision is Site Option 3. This by no means the
‘easiest’ site in terms of delivering an Athlete’s
Village for the Commonwealth Games but legacy
outcomes of this site out-way the challenges.
Size: 210 m x 190 m
Area: 756,300 sqm
FAR: 0.25
Height: 3 - 6 floors
# of Bldgs: 76
Staging: 10+
SITE 3
Size: 150 x 160 m
Area: 25,000 sqm
FAR: 7.5
Height: 10 - 24 floors
# of Bldgs: 3
Staging: Single or 2
Units / bldg: 400-650
SITE 2
Size: 210 m x 190 m
Area: 39,000 sqm
FAR: 4.7
Height: 11 - 17 floors
# of Bldgs: 4
Staging: Single or 2
Units / bldg: 400-600
SITE 1
This map identies the preferred si te for the Athletes Village.
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Proposed Site
An aerial photo of the current condition of the
proposed Athlete’s Village site.
Current aerial photo of the South West Corner.
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 156
11.12 South West Precinct Analysis
The following map shows key vacant sites or
under developed sites within the South West
Corner. Overlayed with this is key Government or
NGO owned sites within the area.
Land ownership and key vacant sites within the South West Corner.
Key
Government / NGO
Owned Sites
Vacant Stes Underdevloped Sites
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11.13 Existing buildings Heights
The map below demonstrates the current heights
of buildings within the South West Corner and
highlight that much of the area comprises one or
two storey development. The current zoning under
the Development Plan supports heights ranging
from 18 levels to the eastern part of the precinct to
10 levels towards the western part of the precinct.
Existing building heights within the South West Corner.
Key
1 Level 2 Levels 3 Levels 4+ Levels
Existing Building Heights
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 158
11.14 South West PrecinctFigure Ground
Figure Ground plan of existing buildings within the South West Corner.
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11.15 South West Precinct BlockFigure Ground
Block plan highlighting existing streets and lanes within the South West
Corner.
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 160
Adelaide
View looking north over the city centre
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12.0 Design Proposal12.1 Introduction
The design proposal becomes a demonstration
project that provides a design solution to achieve
the established future vision of Adelaide while in
doing so addressing the city’s challenges.
The solution is presented in a three stage
approach which relates to the implementation
strategy. The three design stages are:
Stage 1: Pre-Legacy
Stage 2: Event
Stage 3: Post-Legacy
Within each stage, three key design tools have
be used to achieve the design outcome. These
implementation tools are:
Infll Housing
Public Infrastructure
Civic Infrastructure
The following section of this thesis introduces the
design approaches used and then demonstrates
their impact over the stages at a broader city
scale.
12.2 Infll Housing Design Approach
The design approach throughout all stages of the
proposal is inuenced by a single overarching
design principal, a series of precinct specic
design rules and overall precinct targets.
Overarching Design Principal:
One block (site) does not equal onedevelopment parcel.
A block is required to be parcelized in accordance
with the subsequent design rules. The only
exception is if a block is under 150 sqm (1,650
sqft) in gross area size.
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Precinct Specifc Design Rules:
Access to Natural Light & Ventilation
All units require direct visual access to natural
light and ventilation and must not interrupt an
adjoining parcel’s access to light.
o Single Orientation units require an
uninterrupted 45 degree angle to the sky,
from 1 meter (3 ft) above nished oorlevel of the ground oor.
o Dual orientation units must have auxiliary
orientation of a 25 degree angle to the
sky from 1 meter (3 ft) above nished
oor level of the ground oor.
o The bottom six oors of a building are
allowed 25 degrees access to light on
both orientations if the publically oriented
window is a bay window.
This design rule provides buildings with a greater
level of aemneity and removes the need for height
limits as a design rule. Such a rule could t within
the existing Development Plan for the area.
Parcel Size
Parcels cannot exceed a street frontage of 30
meters (100 ft).
Such a design rule provides two key urban design
outcomes, with smaller building frontages to the
street providing a ner grain street quality and
opportunities for greater activation, as well as
greater building exibility in terms of typology and
then delivery.
Height Lmits
Deliberately there is no rule on building heights.
The design rules, particularly the requirement tonatural light limits the heights of buildings within
the precinct as taller buildings adjacent to smaller
buildings would result in overshadowing and thus
does not meet the design rule.
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Open Space
A parcel is required to have a minimum useable
open space of:
o 6.5sqm (70 sqft) per bedroom for Studio /
1 Bedroom units
o 5.1 sqm (55sqft) per bedroom for 2
Bedroom units
o 4.1 sqm (45sqft) per bedroom for 3+
Bedroom units
As an alternative, open space may be
accommodated in each unit at 100% or
communally at 150%.
Overall Precinct Targets:
Dwelling unit diversity
Delivering a mix of units: 10% studio, 20% 1
bedroom, 35% 2 bedroom, 35% 3+ bedroom
This diversity will respond to the current building
typology within the South West Corner which is
predominately consists of smaller units, while
providing housing accommodation for families
within the area.
Housing Aordability
30% affordable housing requirement for all
development parcels within the precinct. Under
the current State Government Afforbale Homes
program this means that people who have
an annual income less that $75,000 (singles)
or $95,000 (couples, familes) are eldgiable to
purchase subisded afforbavle housing. Housing
prices are requied to be under $350,000.
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Parking Requirements
Maximum parking ratio of 0.3 car parks per unit.
Parking to be located in basement or under-croft
parking garages
12.3 Public InfrastructureDesign Approach
Key Public Infrastructure projects are used within
this design proposal to achieve greater precinct
wide benets and to encourage the private sector
and private land owners to respond and improve
their own assets within the area. This incentivized
approach that could be used by Governments
in order to achieve city vision. The publicinfrastructure improvements are categorised into
three sections:
Street Improvements
o Designating pedestrian and cycle priority
streets which are part of a network
o Prioritizing mobility streets for vehicles
o Connections through blocks and
improved connections between blocks,
open space squares and the parklands
o Creating livable neighbourhood streets
with a design identity through uniform
streetlights and pavement design
o Enhance pedestrian realm through street
furniture, street trees and sidewalks
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Repair of Whitmore Square (Open SpaceCreation)
o Redene Whitmore Square as the central
community public open space within the
area.
o Increased pedestrian permeability to
Whitmore Square
o Removal of vehicles through the square
and the road barrier around the edge of
the square.
o Create the open space as a exible
public space for active and passive
recreation and community events.
o Connect Whitmore Square with
commercial and retail frontages that face
onto the square.
Public Transit
o Increased public transit
connectivity between the four major
retail, commercial, civic and residential
precincts within the city centre.
o Improved connections to key
infrastructure within the metropolitan
area
o Increased transit routes that are plannedwithin the existing network and city
wide
12.4 Civic Infrastructure Design Approach
Key Civic Infrastructure design projects are
proposed to ultimately provide amenity to new
residents within the city centre, with a particular
emphasis in the South West Corner. These
civic projects focus primarily on activating theParklands for recreation and event uses and
assist in reinstating Light’s original vision of the
parklands for such uses.
A pivotal component of the civic infrastructure
is the sports stadiums that come online in Stage
2 of the proposal in order to host the 2030
Commonwealth Games.
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These stadiums are located within key parts
of the parklands and are connected to the city
grid via pedestrian streets or new and existing
public transit. After the event, in Stage 3 some of
these sports facilities are relocated or downsized
to become community assets and ultimately
provide recreation amenity for the increased city
population. This approach also contributes to the
vision of an increased focus on healthier and more
active community.
Design Flexibility
An overarching design principal of the civic
infrastructure projects is exibility. Any major
nancial investment within civic infrastructure,
particularly sports infrastructure must have
multiple benets. This design principle has been
carried through the location of the infrastructure,
how it connects to the city grid and how the
architecture can be recongured to house multiple
events.
The civic infrastructure design approach consists
of the following proposals:
Cycle Focus
o Parkland City Loop
o Recreation Cycle Park
o National Cycling Centre at Victoria Park
Events focus
o A new multipurpose arena suitable
for basketball, netball, tennis and events.
The Riverbank Arena will contribute to
the sports precinct adjacent Adelaide
Oval.
Community Focus
o Commonwealth Games specic venues
such as Hockey and a warm up Athletics
track to become community focused
facilities after the Games and contribute
to the recreational amenity of the city
centre and the South West Corner.
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12.5 Stage 1 Master Plan
Stage 1: Pre Legacy Phase (2015 – 2028)
Stage 1 looks at addressing and changing thepath that Adelaide is currently on, with particularemphasis on the low city centre population and
automobile dependence for transportation.Stage 1 deliberately focuses on modestimprovements including inll housing, civic and
public infrastructure to demonstrate that suchsmall improvements can have a major eect on
the city centre and the underdeveloped South
West Corner.
Key Design Outcomes:
Infll Housing
o 81 buildings
o 1,323 dwelling units
o 3,175 increase in city centre population
Public Infrastructure
o Upgrade of Whitmore Square and
surrounding streets
o Improved pedestrian priority streets
o Increased street connections to
Parklands
o New Light’s Loop Tram route
Civic Infrastructure
o Parkland City loop bike and recreation
path
o Reaction Cycle Path at Victoria Park
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Stage 1 Citywide Plan
Parkland
Loop
Light’s
Loop
Redened
Square
New
Whitmore
Square
Inll
Housing
BMX &
recrea
bike p
Rede
Square
Rede
Square
Stage 1 Citywide Plan
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Stage 1
Citywide Axonometric
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12.6 Stage 2 Master Plan
Stage 2: Event Phase 2030 Commonwealth
Games (2028 – 2030)
Stage 2 focuses on the specic requirements
for Adelaide to host the 2030 Commonwealth
Games. The design proposal does not address
the entire event overlay, but rather addresses
requirements for the Athletes Village and key
sports infrastructure and proposes how these canbe integrated within the city centre to be a catalyst
to achieve Adelaide’s city vison. In doing this it
continues on from what was achieved in Stage 1
to accelerate the delivery of inll housing in the
city centre and public and civic infrastructure.
Key Design Outcomes:
Infll Housing
o 146 buildings
o Stage 2 total 2,112 dwelling units (plus
Stage 1 total 1,323)
o 280 accessible units
o Accommodation for 6,000 athletes
(2 bed /room), accommodation for 500
accessible athletes and accommodation
for 100 ofcials (1 bed / room)
o Village Food Hall
Public Infrastructure
o Continue improved pedestrian priority
streets
o Continue increased street connections to
Parklands
o Airport Tram Line (Route from airport to
National Cycling Centre at Victoria Park)
o Adelaide Oval Tram Line extensionCivic Infrastructure
o Hockey Stadium in South Parklands with
warm up eld and temporary seating
o Establishment of National Cycling Centre
at Victoria Park. Includes Velodrome,
BMX and outdoor Criterion Track
facilities
o Riverbank Arena multi-purpose centre.
Includes provision for basketball, netball,
tennis
o Temporary Athletics track used for warm
up during Commonwealth Games located
on University of Adelaide sports eld
o Broadcast Centre
o Athlete’s Village Health Centre
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Stage 2 Citywide Plan
Stage 2 Citywide Plan
South
Parklands
Hockey Filed
Broadcast
Centre
Riverbank
Arena
Athletes
Dining Hall
Airport
Tram Line
Athletes
Villiage
Nation
Cyclin
Centre
Tram L
extensnorth t
Adelai
Oval
Warm-
Athleti
Track
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Stage 2
Citywide Axonometric
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12.7 Stage 3 Master Plan
Stage 3: Post- Legacy Phase (2031 – 2045)
Stage 3 aims to continue the momentum from the
successful delivery of the Commonwealth Games
and demonstrates how post games legacy can
deliver Adelaide’s city vision. The inll housing
used in for the Athletes Village is now refurbished
for market, affordable and student housing. The
event specic requirements such as broadcast
centre, food hall and accessible athletes housing
are now repurposed into the University of SAMedia School and aged care housing respectively.
The temporary Athletes warm up track is now
relocated in the South Parklands adjacent the
existing Glenelg Tram Line to provide residents
of the South West Corner recreation amenity.
Stage 3 continues the inll housing approach
established in stage 1 and puts forward a
metropolitan wide transit network.
Key Design Outcomes:
Infll Housing
o 220 buildings
o Stage 3 total 3,766 dwelling units
o Food Hall converted to 192 aged care
units, while accessible athletes
accommodation converted to 250 aged
care units.
o 7,620 increase in city centre population
Public Infrastructure
o Continue Iimproved pedestrian priority
streets
o Continue increased street connections to
Parklands
o Metropolitan Tram Line Extension to
existing Main Streets and population
centres within greater Adelaide
Civic Infrastructure
o Removal of warm up eld and temporary
seating for Hockey Stadium creating
community recreation asset, used as
Hockey SA Administration ofces
o National Cycling Centre the nation’s
centre for elite cycling. Used as
a community asset. Grandstanding
incorporated into annual Clipsal 500
motor race event
o Riverbank Arena state centre of
excellence for basketball, netball, tennis.
Used for non sports events
o Temporary Athletics track moved to
South Parklands to become permanent
home of Athletics SA
o Broadcast Centre repurposed to
University of SA Media School.
o Athlete Village Health Centre repurposed
to a community health and wellbeing
cente for South West Corner.
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Stage 3 Citywide Plan
Stage 3 Citywide Plan
Removal of
temporary
grand standing
UniSA
Media
School
Tram Line
extension
north
Former Atheltes
villiage
continued
with inll
housing Reloca
Athleti
track t
perma
locatio
Tram L
extens
east
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Stage 3
Citywide Axonometric
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Existing
Stage 1
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Stage 2
Stage 3
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Adelaide
River Torrens Bike Path
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13.0 Stage 1 Specic Plan13.1 Stage 1 Detail Master Plan
The Specic Plan for Stage 1 focuses on the
South West Corner of the City Centre and
demonstrates how the implementation tools can
start to deliver design outcomes that can achieve
the established vision.
13.2 Stage 1 Infll Housing:Design Outcome
In order to provide inll housing within the South
West Corner, key Government or NGO owned
sites can be used as the primary development
sites for stage 1. The advantage of using public
owned sites is that the government can control the
delivery of this inll housing, without needing to
purchase or use compulsory acquisition to source
land from the private sector. As the map in section
10.11 indicates many of these sites are located inclose proximity to Whitmore Square. These sites
currently are used for housing, commercial and
infrastructure. The buildings located on these
sites are in general 20 to 30 years old and are
considered underdeveloped in relation to the
current Development Plan within the area.
In Stage 1, there are 16 blocks (sites) with a total
of 22,942 sqm (246,948 sqft) of land.
In applying the principle and design rules this
would result in:
16 Blocks
29 Parcels
81 BuildingsStage 1 Design Outcomes:
1323 dwelling units
3,175 new residents
In Stage 1 there is a greater percentage ofsmaller housing stock as much of this housing
will be converted to athletes housing for the 2030
Commonwealth Games.
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New
Whitmore
Sqaure
Existing
Church in aplaza
New square
conguration
dened by
buildings
Whitmore
Square
Tram stop
Light’s Loop
Tram Line
Parkland
Loop
Inll
Housing
New street
connection
to park-
lands
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Stage 1 Specic Plan(South - West Corner)
Retail
fronting
Whitmore
Sqaure
Existing
heritage
building in a
plaza
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Specifc Section
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Existing Section(South - West Corner
Stage 1 Section(South - West Corner
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Stage 1 Infll Housing:Housing Typologies
There are four main housing typologies that
have been used to deliver the inll housing. The
typologies are exible in their designs so they can
respond to the changing uses and requirements
over the stages. In the Stage 1, one delivery
approach is the for Governemnt to act as master
devloper, under this approcah it is anticipated
the resulting housing would then be owned bythe government or NGO. The units could then
be leased in total or in part to a University or an
Affordable housing provider and then sub-leased
to the market for short term leases for students
or the general public. Such a delivery approach
would result in the housing still be available for
use as the Athletes Village in Stage 2 but also
increase the population within the area.
Another delivery option for the housing in
Stage 1 would be for the Government to seekdevelopment partners from the private sector,
such as equity investors, superannuation funds,
institutions or local property developers. These
properties could then be used for the Games in
2030. A requirement for 30% affordable units, a
mandatory very low parking ratio and backing of
government in terms of the future games helps
drives investment and delivery of housing within
the South West Corner.
Building heights range from 2 – 10 stories. 10
stories are often located on key corners at point
towers.
Skip Stop
The Skip Stop building typology is made up
of through-units that have an upper and lower
oor. Every unit has a dual orientation, offering
the more public functions such as the kitchen
and living room towards to public or street side,
and the more private functions such as the bed-
room towards the private or rear yard side. This
condition encourages all demographics, including
and especially families of 3 or more persons perhousehold. These are typically 3 bedroom units.
(Kearnan, 2015)
This type is very efcient for many reasons. The
rst is because it is a through-unit, and allows
the building depth to be greater. This gives
approximately 20 ft to - 30 ft of light on both sides
on the unit, and the functions that require less
natural light such as the bathrooms, closets, or
corridors are placed in the centre of the unit where
light is not as prevalent.
It is also very efcient because of its building
circulation system, where the corridor to access
every unit only occurs every-other, or every-third
oor. This greatly increases density, and overall
efciency.
It is also a very exible building type. The height
can vary as it does not rely on an independent
core, the depth can vary, making units longer and
thinner or shorter and wider.
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The sketch above demonstrates the conguration and plan layout of the
skip stop unit typlogy.
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Walk Up Flats
The Walk-Up Flat building typology is made up of
through-units that are wider, but stay on a single
oor. Every unit also has dual orientation, offering
the more public functions such as the kitchen and
living room towards to public or street side, and
the more private functions such as the bedroom
towards the private or rear yard side. This
condition en- courages all demographics, includ-
ing and especially families of 2 or more personsper household. These are typically 2 bedroom
units.
This type is efcient, and the most cost effective
for many reasons. The rst is because it is a
through-unit, it allows the building depth to
be greater. Similar to Skip Stop, this gives
approximately 20’-30’ of light on both sides of the
unit, and the function that require less light such
as bathrooms, are placed in the cen- ter where
light is less prevalent.
It is also exible in some ways, and rigid in others.
It is exible in the fact that the building depth
and width can change depending on the parcel
conditions. The through unit enables this exibility
to conform more specically to parcelization.
However, because the building cir- culation is a
core condition, without a corridor and specically
an elevator, it is really limited to four oors, with an
absolute maximum of ve.
The trade off with this rigidity is that these units
are incredibly affordable because of the cost
reduction of minimal circulation, no elevator, and
the construction type cost is the lower available.
This makes for the more affordable units possible
in an urban condition.
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The sketch above and to the right demonstrates the congurat ion and
plan layout of the walk-up at unit typlogy.
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Stacked Townhouse
The Stacked Townhouse building typology is
made up of two story through-units, one stacked
on top of the other. Every unit has dual orientation,
and its own front door at the street level. This type
also offers the more public functions such as the
kitchen and living room to- wards to public or
street side, and the more private functions such as
the bedroom towards the private or rear yard side.
This condition en- courages all demographics,including and especially families of 3 or more
persons per household. These are typically 3-4
bedroom units.
The type is least efcient in terms of building
types proposed thus far, but still remains four
to eight times as dense as that of a single-
family detached home building typology. These
units are certainly the most rigid, as there is
no common circulation in these building types,
allowing a maximum of four stories. However, this
type adds the most interest on the street with
entrances occurring at minimum every 20’, and is
an extremely compatible building type near the
existing fabric of sin- gle family detached homes.
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The sketch above and to the right demonstrates the congurat ion and
plan layout of the stacked townhouse unit typlogy.
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Single Loaded
The Single Loaded building typology provides
units that have orientation either to the street or
an internal courtyard. These buildings are used
to often provide for smaller unit types, such as
studios, one and two bedroom units.
The building typology is most effective on narrow
parcels which cannot accommodate the width of
the Skip Stop typology. This building typology is
most useful for the athletes village requirements
as they provide density without compromising
amenity.
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The sketch above and to the right demonstrates the congurat ion and
plan layout of the single loaded unit typlogy.
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13.3 Public Infrastructure:Open Space (Whitmore Square)
When Colonel Light design Whitmore Square it
was designed as the public open space for the
community he planned would live within this area.
As has been demonstrated, history has not been
kind to any of Adelaide’s open space squares,
with the squares acting as gloried trafc islands.
Whitmore Square is not as badly fragmented as
others, but the space is still surrounded by carsand a 21 meter (66 ft) two lane road, which acts as
a major barrier for buildings fronting the square.
The open space component of Whitmore
Square is currently 22,600 sqm (243,308 sqft)
with dimensions of 120 m (400 ft) by 215 m
(700 ft). This is a large open space. The below
comparison analysis compares Whitmore Square
against internationally relevant examples. The
results demonstrate that Whitmore Square
is proportionally almost too large to be aneffective community focused open space. This
is exacerbated by many of the buildings fronting
the square being of a modest scale, single storey
cottages. Many of these buildings are listed on the
local Heritage Register so there is a reluctance to
alter their character.
The design proposal for Whitmore Square has
addressed these issues by rstly reducing the size
of the road right of way from 21 meters (66ft) to
a 10 meters (33 ft) single lane shared road. This
gained area has be given back to the square. This
removes the road as a barrier for properties that
front Whitmore Square. The second move was
to address the three-dimensional proportions
of the square by proposing buildings ranging in
height from 6 to 8 stories on the corners of the
square which assists to proportionally enclosure
the square. Admittedly this is a controversial
design move, however what is of interest to note
is that the area of open space within the proposal
remains the same, 22,600 sqm (243,308 sqft).
These buildings take up the same area that the
double lane road once took. Another advantage
is that these buildings provide activated edges to
the square, while preserving the existing heritage
buildings.
Dimensions: 120 m x 215 m
400 ft x 710 ftExisting size and conguration of Whitmore Sqaure.
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Jamesion Square, Portland Russell Square, London
Rittenhouse Square,Piazza San Marco, Venice
South Park, San Francisco
Size Comparison
Copley Square, Boston A comparison of six squares sizes and congurations based against
Whitmore Square.
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 200
The landscape design of the square draws
reference from the original oval conguration Light
proposed for the square, while creating pockets of
landscaped areas that could be used for passive
recreation functions such as community vegetable
gardens and playgrounds, while providing
exibility for larger community focused events,
such as markets. The design pays respect to the
St Luke’s Church that fronts the square, one of
the rst buildings built in this area of the city in the
1800’s, while also incorporating permeability interms of paths and cycle routes within the square
and connection to the adjoin new street network.
The design proposal reects Light’s original
vision and by reconguring the space, is able to
achieve a contemporary community square and
development parcels without compromising the
open space area.
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Whitmore Square SizeConfguration since 1836
1836
Light’s orginal plandened an oval.
Size: 4.8 acres
1880
Space dened by
street access.
Size: 5.4 acres
1912
Square altered byTram route.
Size: 5.2 acres
2015
Current space ofsqaure.
Size: 5.6 acres
Proposed
Proposed openspace outline.
Size: 5.6 acres
Whitmore Square conguration and area of open space from the orginal
Light’s Plan to proposed design outcome.
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Whitmore Square Proposed Design
The plan demonstrates the proposed conguration and design outcome
of the new Whitmore Sqaure.Whitmore Square
Plan
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13.4 Public Infrastructure:Street Typologies &Connections
When Light planned the city in 1836 he surveyed
using the chain unit of measurement. Adelaide’s
streets are still in most part reective of this unit
of measurement. The unit converts from 1 chain
equals 20.1 meters (66 ft). Many of Adelaide’s
streets are either 2, 1 ½ or 1 chain in width
depending of their hierarchy within the street
network.
The design proposal takes reference from this
and proposes 4 new street types for use as public
infrastructure.
Stage 1 Street Hierarchy Map without key lines.
1 1/2 Chain Street
Boulevard
1 Chain StreetNeighbourhood Street
1/2 Chain Street
Shared Street
1/4 Chain Street
Pedestrian Lanes
KEY
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Stage 1 Street Connections
Stage 1 Street Hierarchy Map
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1 ½ Chain Width Street -Boulevard
30 meters (99 ft) wide
Wide sidewalks provide more space for
pedestrians and more green space to the street
which acts as visual protection to the vehicle
trafc. A dened street tree canopy reduces the
scale to a comfortable human scale. Separate
bike lanes are located on the streets and somebuildings have commercial or retail uses that spill
out onto the widened sidewalks.
Street view photo of current Morphett Street.
Example of proposed Boulevard Street
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Existing
Proposed
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1 Chain Width Street –Neighbourhood Street
20.1 meters (66 ft) wide
Neighbourhood streets have exibility to
accommodate retail and residential frontages.
There is often parking located on one side of
street and a landscape buffer between the road
corridor and the sidewalk. The tram is sometimes
located on the Neighbourhood street andoccupies one side of the street, with sidewalk bulb
outs for stations.
Street view photo of current Wright Street.
Example of roposed Neighbourhood steet.
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Existing
Proposed
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½ Chain Width Street – SharedStreet
10 meters (33 ft) wide
Shared Streets are designed to slow down
trafc by having one lane of trafc with some
on-street parking. Parking is used with street
trees in-between parking spaces to provide more
landscape opportunities within the right of way.
Sidewalk widths are exible depending on streetgrid. In parts the sidewalk and road corridor are
on the same grade.
Street view photo of current Whitmore Sqaure
Example of proposed shared street
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¼ Chain Width Street –Pedestrian Lanes
5.5 meters (16.5 ft) wide
The residential alleys perform the functions of
minor streets, providing a pedestrian scaled
environment for both residential units facing the
mid-block lane. Some lanes provide a trafc-
calmed environment for vehicle access to garages
and service areas, while others are pedestrianonly. Street view photo of current George Street.
Example of proposed pedestrian lane.
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Sketch of proposed street type.
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Metropolitan wide Stage 1 Transit Plan
KeyMetro Rail Routes:
Goodwood Interchange
Belair Line
Noarlunga Line
Outer Harbour Line / Grange Line
Gawler Line
O-Bahn Route:
Tea Tree Plaza Interchange
Tram Routes:
Glenelg / Entertainment Centre Line
Network Hub
Interchange / Terminus
Light’s Loop
Stage 1 Transit Plan (Pre-Legacy 2015 - 2029)(Metro Rail, Tram, O-Bahn)
Adelaide International Aiport
Stage 1 Metropolitan TransitPlan
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Light’s Loop City Centre Focus
0.7 miles
1.1 km
0.7 miles
1.1 km
City centre focus Stage 1 Transit Plan. The plan to the right shows the
dimensions of the tram line.
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Light’s Loop Walkzone Map
City centre focus Stage 1 Transit Plan with 5 minute walkzones. This
shows that Light’s Loop provides great coverage to the city centre. The
map to the right shows how the walkzones overlays with the existing
tram line.
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The route of Light’s Loop connet ing the square’s and the four key
precincts of the city centre.
Light’s Loop City Route
Light’s Loop
Tram Line
Light’s Loop Detail Plan
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13.6 Civic Infrastructure:Parkland Bike Loop
Light’s original plan for Adelaide highlighted
how the parklands would be used for civic
infrastructure that beneted the entire city. The
existing condition of the parklands is still reective
of this civic quality in general but there are many
parts of the Parklands that do not feel that inviting
to be in or are fenced off from the public.
The proposed Parkland City Loop is a bike and
pedestrian path that has been congured to take
a relatively direct route looping the city through
the parklands while linking many of the civic
attractions within the parklands. The loop links
Victoria Park, the Botanical Gardens, Adelaide
Zoo, the River Torrens and the Adelaide Oval. The
Loop is also future proofed to accommodate the
future Stage 2 and 3 design proposals such as
street connections to the parklands and new civic
infrastructure.
The dedicated path provides a recreational
amenity to city residents as well as safe commute
path.
As part of this, a recreational cycle park is
established at Victoria Park. This is the precursor
to the more elite facility that comes online in Stage
2, but it helps maintain Victoria Park as a cycle
focus precinct within the city, while providing safe
cycling amenity to recreational riders.
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Parkland Loop Plan
Parkland Loop
Parkland Loop
Parkland
Loop
Parkland Loop
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Adelaide 2030 CommonwealthGames City Centre Event Plan
The above map focuses at a ci ty centre scale the proposed locat ions
of the events for Adelaide 2030 Commonwealth Games. Tweleve of the
sports venues are loacted within the city centre with others adjacent to
public tranist routes.
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In Stage 2, there are 16 blocks (sites) with a total
of 54,156 sqm (582,941 sqft) of land.
In applying the principle and design rules this
would result in:
96 Blocks
121 Parcels
146 BuildingsStage 2 Design Outcomes:
2,112 dwelling units *
6,000 athletes
100 ocials
500 accessible athletes
In Stage 2 housing stock is predominantly focusedon 2 bedroom and 1 bedroom units to deliver the
greater housing efciency for the athletes village.
* Some built in contingency for larger athlete numbers
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Stage 2 Specic Plan(South - West Corner)
Athletes
Dining Hall
Accessible
Athletes
housing
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Specifc Section
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Existing Section(South - West Corner
Stage 1 Section(South - West Corner
Stage 2 Section(South - West Corner
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Stage 2 Infll Housing:Housing Typologies
In Stage 2, the design proposal considers
some of the key requirements of providing a
Commonwealth Games Athlete’s Village. These
include:
o No more than two athletes per bedroom
o Bathrooms on each oor of a unit /
townhouse
o No kitchen facilities provided within the
unit
The exible nature of the housing typologies used
within the design proposal enables the housing
units to meet these Games specic requirements
with minor modications.
Example of proposed
housing typlogies.
(David Baker Architects, 2014)
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Single Loaded
The sketches below show how the buildingtypologies are able to be re-purposed formaximum efciency to accommodate theathletes. Kitchens are covered up and living areasare turned into bed rooms.
Stage 2Stage 1
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Stage 2
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14.4 Athletes Village SecurityOverlay
Security is an important consideration with any
international event. The security requirements for
the Commonwealth Games seeks a single point of
entry and perimeter fence with separation zone,
along with the appropriate police checks of all
people that enter the village.
The South West Corner is not a conventionalsite for an Athletes Village and this needs to be
considered in terms of the security response. The
map adjacent shows that the village is enclosed
with a perimeter security line, with the village
separated into two main areas, North Village and
South Village, connected by Morphett Street and
with Whitmore Square the athlete’s community
open space. The primary athlete’s access will
be from the north of the site. Truck deliveries to
service the food hall are from a designated truck
access from Sturt Street.
For existing retail business, like coffee shops that
are in the Village security line, could operate to
serve the athletes, provided appropriate police
check approvals.
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Security
Line
Security Plan
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14.7 Public Infrastructure:TransitWith the Commonwealth Game’s in mind, the
transit links proposed in Stage 2 specically
address the required mobility of visitors to the
city and between sports venues. The Adelaide
International Airport is relatively close to the
city a distance of 5.7 km (3.5 miles). The Airport
is currently serviced by an airport shuttle bus
service from the city. Anecdotal opinion wouldsuggest that by the lack of free parking spaces
within the newly constructed multilevel parking
garage at the airport, most people drive to the
airport. The Airport is the rst experience of
Adelaide that visitors for the games will have. The
design quality of the new terminal is very high, this
quality should be reected in the transit options
provided for the airport. The proposed Airport
Tram Line is 8 linear km (5 linear miles) that runs
from the airport plaza, along Sir Donald Bradman
Drive to Victoria Square in the city centre alongGrote Street. The line then extends east along
Wakeeld Street to the new National Cycling
Centre at Victoria Park. The proposed tram line
acts as light rail outside of the city centre, with
stops approximately every 1,000 meters (3,280
ft) and traveling within a designated tram right of
way. This is a similar street conguration to the
recent tram line extension along Port Road to the
Adelaide Entertainment Centre. Once the tram
route reaches West Terrace, the tram performs
more like a street car, with stops approximatelyevery 400 meters (1,300 ft). These stops are
located to be integrated with the existing Glenelg
Tram Line stop at Victoria Square and the
proposed Light’s Loop stops at Morphett Street
and Pulteney Street.
This tram line will provide efcient transit service
linking the airport to the city centre while also
adding to the city centre transit network. The
design proposal has considered use of the current
Adelaide Metro owned Alstom Citadis 302 tram
rolling stock to services the Airport Line as this
tram has a carrying capacity of 180 people per
carriage and is the largest occupancy tram of the Adelaide Metro eet.
The Adelaide Oval Line extension is the rst stage
of a route that would ultimately service North
Adelaide and beyond. This line extension spurs
from the existing Glenelg Tram Line at the King
William Street / North Terrace intersection and
travels along King William Street over the River
Torrens to a new station at the eastern gates of
the Adelaide Oval. The line extension is 0.8 linear
km (0.5 linear miles) and the design proposal
considers this station will be situated within a
recongured eastern plaza thus improving the
pedestrian amenity and quality when accessing
the Adelaide Oval. The Adelaide Oval Line also
services the new Riverbank Arena located
towards the west of the oval. As the Adelaide
Oval is proposed to be the main stadium for
the Commonwealth Games, having dedicated
transit linking the city centre to the oval is a major
requirement to increase spectator access and
mobility for the event. After the games, the tram
will in part replace the current temporary bus
transit for events at the Adelaide Oval.
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KeyMetro Rail Routes:
Goodwood Interchange
Belair Line
Noarlunga Line
Outer Harbour Line / Grange Line
Gawler Line
O-Bahn Route:
Tea Tree Plaza Interchange
Tram Routes:
Glenelg / Entertainment Centre Line
Network Hub
Interchange / Terminus
Airport / City Line
Adelaide Oval Line
Light’s Loop
Stage 2 Transit Plan (2030 Commonwealth Games)(Metro Rail, Tram, O-Bahn)
Adelaide International Aiport
Stage 2 Metropolitan TransitPlan
Metropolitan wide Stage 2 Transit Plan
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Stage 2 Street Connections
Stage 2 Street Hierarchy Map
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Riverbank Arena
Concept Plan
Concept Section
Plaza
Memorial Drive
Tennis Centre
Adelaide Oval
Riverbank Arena
Inside /Outside
Connection
Retractable roof over Arena and Tennis Centre
Open
Part Close
Memorial Drive
Tennis Centre
Adelaide OvalRiverbank Arena
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National Cycling Centre
Concept Section A-A
Concept Section B-B
Grandstand Seating
fronting Track
Velodrome
Velodrome
Earth roof
BMX
Criterion
Track
Earth roof
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National Cycling Centre
The above a perspective views of the National Cycl ing Centre.
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14.12 Civic Infrastructure:South Parklands Hockey Fields
The South Parklands Hockey Fields replaces what
will also be a 40 year old facility, the existing Pines
Hockey Centre located in the northern Adelaide
Suburb of Gepps Cross. The elds are located
in the south west section of the Parklands and
are serviced by public transit in the form of the
existing Glenelg Line and the proposed Light’s
Loop tram route as well as the proposed Stage
1 Parklands Bike Loop. The site is also well
connected by proposed new pedestrian lanes and
neighbourhood streets that link the South West
Corner to the Parklands and these elds. Key
north-south pedestrian’s lanes feed directly into
an entry forecourt to the proposed facility.
The facility has two permanent hockey elds, a
grandstand that has 500 permanent seats, players
change rooms, administration ofces and clubrooms. The multi-use facility is designed as a new
home base for Hockey SA and as a community
facility for organised amateur sport and general
recreation. Such a facility provides greater
community amenity to the expanding South West
Corner population.
During the 2030 Commonwealth Games,
the facility would have temporary overlay of
grandstand seating up to 5,000 seats, the required
media facilities and security.
There is also capacity for a temporary third
hockey eld to the west of the permanent elds.
The design is low in prole and takes conceptual
references from the eucalyptus trees within this
section of the parklands to derive an architectural
roof form and structure.
The above a perspective views of the South Parklands Hockey Field
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South Parklands Hockey Fields
Concept Plan
Concept Section
Primary
Hockey Field
Temporary
Seating
Temporary
Field for Games
Plaza
Grandsanding /
Change Rooms
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14.13 Civic Infrastructure:Warm-Up Athletics Track
The Commonwealth Games require that a full
size warm-up athletics track is provided in close
proximity to the main athletics stadium. In the
proposal for Adelaide 2030 Commonwealth
Games, Adelaide Oval has been nominated as
the main athletics stadium. This then requires a
warm up track in close proximity to Adelaide Oval.
The current secondary cricket oval, Adelaide Oval
Number 2 is too small in area to accommodate
the warm-up track facility. The current Athletics
Stadium in the western Adelaide suburb of Mile
End is too far away from Adelaide Oval. Therefore,
a temporary warm-up track has been located
within the University of Adelaide sports elds for
the duration of the Games. Stage 3 of the design
proposal presents a permanent location for to the
athletics warm-up track.
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Warm- Up Athletics Track
Track
Plaza
Concept Plan
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Adelaide
Rundle Mall. Main Retail Precinct within Adelaide
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15.0 Stage 3 Specic Plan15.1 Stage 3 Detail Master Plan
Following the 2030 Commonwealth Games,
there are now two stages of housing stock on
the ground within the South West Corner. Before
we consider a design proposal for Stage 3, it is
worthwhile to explain how Stage 1 and 2 will be
integrated back within the city after their games
use.
15.2 Stage 3 Infll Housing:Design Outcome
The Stage 1 housing units used by athletes can be
refurbished and existing leases with Universities,
student accommodation agencies and affordable
housing providers can now be reactivated and
the units again as student accommodation or
affordable housing. This stage 1 housing could
be up to 10 years old now. By linking mandatoryrefurbishment as part of the Games post-legacy
stage ensures that the housing units re-entering
the market post games are of a high standard.
The Government also has the option to sell this
housing stock at this stage.
The Stage 2 housing units for the athletes that
were delivered in partnership with the private
sector can now be offered to the market for
sale or lease. These housing units will also need
refurbishment before the units enter the market.
As a part of the original agreement between
the Government and the private land owner /
developer there would be an agreed release time
period for these units to market which will stagger
their release over 24 months. This staggered
approach means that market is not ooded
with all Stage 2 units at the same time and also
removes the private sector competition to be the
rst post Games housing stock on the market.
Such a released time period plan would be
prepared in more detail following the successful
bid outcome in 2023 and has been seen as a
model used in Glasgow.
The Stage 3 inll housing continues the
established design approaches by using the
design principles and rules and focuses this
approach on under developed and vacant
sites within the area. The result in Stage 3
demonstrates how private land owners and
developers can respond to the increased
investment within public and civic infrastructurewithin the area and start to deliver greater
numbers of inll housing within the South West
Corner and achieve the agreed targets.
During Stage 3, the 250 accessible units required
for the games along with the adjoining Dining Hall
structure are now repurposed to a 400 room aged
care facility. Such a use is not only needed within
the city but also broadens the demographic prole
of residents within the South West Corner.
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Stage 3 has demonstrated that there are 131
blocks (sites) with a total of 104,110 sqm
(1,120,641 sqft) that could be suitable for
development.
In applying the principle and design rules this
would result in:
131 Blocks
184 Parcels
220 BuildingsStage 3 Design Outcomes:
3,766 dwelling units
9,038 new residents
In Stage 3 there is a greater percentage of larger
units as to accommodate for families to move into
the South West Corner.
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South
Parklands
Hockey Filed
now used by
community
Existing
Mosque lo-
cated within
plaza
New Retail
Inll housing
Removal of
temporary
grand standing
Former
Atheltes
villiage
continued with
inll housing
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Stage 3 Specic Plan(South - West Corner)
Formerdining hall
repurposed
as aged
housing
Housing
repurposed
as aged
housing
Athletics warm-up
moved to parklands and
used as Athletics SA
base & as community
amenity
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Specifc Section
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Existing Section(South - West Corner
Stage 1 Section(South - West Corner
Stage 2 Section(South - West Corner
Stage 3 Section(South - West Corner
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Stage 3 Infll Housing:Housing Typologies
In Stage 3 the design proposal focuses on a
greater family population within the South West
Corner. The housing typologies now reect how
they can respond to this use by accommodating
larger units of 2 bedrooms and 3 plus bedrooms.
The changes that where made to the units in
Stage 2 to accommodate the athletes village arenow reversed.
Stage 2Stage 3
Stage 2Stage 13
Walk Up Flats
Stacked Townhouses
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Stage 2Stage 3
Stage 2Stage 3
Skip Stops
Single Load
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Infll Housing
Using the key design rule of access to light in
conjunction with the building typologies allows
for taller buildings to front onto the wider streets
and smaller buildings to front the narrow street
types. The resulting urban form for the South West
Corner can be seen in the section below and the
axonometric drawing to the left.
Concept SectionSection showing the realtionship between buildings and their access to
natural light as required by design rules.
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Axonometric(South - West Corner
Pedestrian
Lane fronted
by townhouse
and walk up
ats
Taller building
front the wide
streets.
Axonometric sketch showing building volume in realation to street types.
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15.3 Public Infrastructure:Street Typologies &Connections
The street typologies and design approach
established in Stage 1 and 2 are continued in
Stage 3 by providing more connections within
the South West Corner. In Stage 3 mid-block
pedestrian lanes and neighbourhood streets
are able to be completed through entire blocks,
both in a north-south and an east-west direction.
Such a move demonstrates how Light’s original
plan can be completed to offer greater access to
parcels and improved permeability through the
blocks and the city as a whole.
This becomes an exemplar model of how such an
approach could be used in other parts of the city
centre.
1 1/2 Chain Street
Boulevard
1 Chain StreetNeighbourhood Street
1/2 Chain Street
Shared Street
1/4 Chain Street
Pedestrian Lanes
KEY
Stage 2 Street Hierarchy Map without key lines.
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Street ConnectionsStreet Connections
Stage 2 Street Hierarchy Map
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15.4 Public Infrastructure:Transit
The design proposal in Stage 3 puts forward a
metropolitan wide public transit plan that builds
upon the city centre focused tram line network
established in Stage 1 and 2 by proposing four
new tramline extensions to existing retail and
residential precincts with routes along established
main streets.
The proposed Stage 2 Airport Line is extendedwest from the airport along Henley Beach Road
and Military Road to the Henley Square. The same
line is extended east from the Stage 2 terminus
of the National Cycling Centre along Fullarton
Road and The Parade to the eastern suburbs
of Norwood and Magill. The route terminates at
the Norwood Morialata High School Campus.
This new tram line, now referred to as the Henley
Square / Airport / City / Norwood Line offers an
efcient connection between two of Adelaide’s
most popular suburban destinations, Henley
Square and The Parade, Norwood and links
them with the city centre. The eastern tramline
extension from the National Cycling Centre is 6
linear kms (3.6 linear miles). The western tramline
extension from the airport is 5.5 linear kms (3.4
linear miles).
The design proposal recommends in Stage 3 to
spur the existing Glenelg Line at King William
Road and run a new tram line route along King
William Road and then Unley Road to the Mitchammetro rail station. Such a proposal would link
two of metropolitan Adelaide’s popular retail
high streets via transit as well as providing a
multimodal transit hub in the southern part of
metropolitan Adelaide. The overall tramline length
from King William Road is 4.4 linear kms (2.7 linear
miles).
The proposed Stage 2 Adelaide Oval Line is
extended in Stage 3 to connect North Adelaide
and in the inner suburb of Prospect. The tram
route travels along O’Connell Street and Prospect
Road. The overall tramline length from the Adelaide Oval is 3.6 linear kms (2.2 linear miles).
Also in Stage 3 the existing Glenelg Line tram
is extended from its terminus at the Adelaide
Entertainment Centre to the Port Adelaide
Waterfront along Port Road. The overall tramline
length from the Adelaide Entertainment Centre
is 10 linear kms (6.2 linear miles). These two
proposed tram line extensions currently form part
of the State Governments Integrated Transport
Strategy. The design proposal supports the
Governments proposal and has demonstratedthat the delivery timeframe of these two tramline
extensions should be after the high priority transit
investment within the city centre.
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KeyMetro Rail Routes:
Goodwood Interchange
Belair Line
Noarlunga Line
Outer Harbour Line / Grange Line
Gawler Line
O-Bahn Route:
Tea Tree Plaza Interchange
Tram Routes:
Glenelg / Entertainment Centre Line
Network Hub
Interchange / Terminus
Mitcham Intercange Line
Adelaide Oval / Prospect Line
Henley Square / Airport / City / Norwood Line
Light’s Loop
Stage 3 Transit Plan (Post-Legacy 2031 - 2045)(Metro Rail, Tram, O-Bahn)
Adelaide International Aiport
Stage 3 Metropolitan TransitPlan
Metropolitan wide Stage 3 Transit Plan
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Transit City Centre Focus
City centre focus Stage 3 Transit Plan.
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Transit Walkzone Map
City centre focus Stage 3 Transit Plan with 5 minute walkzones. This
shows that connectivity and networks now created within the city centre
and now in stage 3 linking to metropolitan Adelaide.
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15.5 Civic Infrastructure:Parklands Athletics Stadium
The opportunity exists after the games for the
Stage 2 proposed temporary warm-up track
located on the University of Adelaide sports elds
to be moved to a permanent location. Such a
reloation could also be used to provide a city
centre Athletics Stadium at Mile End, that could
replace the current Athletics Stadium which is
in need of a major refurbishment. Following the
Games, it is proposed to relocate the athletics
warm-up track to the south Parklands and
establish a new Athletics Stadium to be become
the new home of Athletics SA. The location of
the new permanent Parklands Athletics Stadium
is connected by public transit in the form of the
existing Glenelg Line tram route as well as the
proposed Stage 1 Parklands Bike Loop. The
site also well connected by a proposed new
pedestrian lane along Symonds Place that linksthe existing residential community of the southern
part of the city to the Parklands. The proposed
stadium is also located adjacent to a school,
Pulteney Grammar.
The facility consist of an athletics track, a
grandstanding of 1,500 permeant seats, players
change rooms, administration ofces and club
rooms. A similar architectural design language
has been used for this facility as was used for the
proposed South Parklands Hockey Field.
The multi-use facility is designed also as a
community facility for organised amateur sport,
school sports and general recreation. Such a
facility provides greater community amenity to the
residential population within the south of the city.
The above a perspective views of the Parklands Athlet ics Stadium
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Parklands Athletics Stadium
Concept Plan
Concept Section
Grandsanding /
Change RoomsSmall
grandstand
Track
Plaza
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15.6 Civic Infrastructure:Community Health Programs
As with any developed city the variety of health
issues that have arisen from our current sedentary
lifestyle are affecting many residents of Adelaide.
One of the challenges identied by this thesis was
use the Commonwealth Games as an catalyst to
address citywide health issues. Healthy eating,
maintaining an active life and all too often an
association of sport with an unhealthy drinking
culture. A more positive focus can become
a signicant target of a mega-sporting event
and place the spot light on ways to address a
community’s health issues. A campaign can start
well before the bid process, be aligned with the
selection period to engage the community, be
celebrated as part of the event and have a long
lasting legacy after the Games.
Many of the case studies explored earlier inthis thesis have had similar targets and positive
results of community participation in the local
sporting infrastructure made available to them.
By highlighting athlete’s achievements within a
sporting arena and then having the opportunity
to go out and ride your bike where your hero won
gold has an inspiring appeal. This was seen in
Manchester and Glasgow where the elite cyclists
practice in the same facility used by a local
amateur group for a time trial meet.
Outside of having additional sporting facilities for
the every day athlete to embrace, there are other
legacy opportunities that can be explored. In
London, for example, a sports medicine clinic has
been established as part of the Olympic Legacy
Funding, to offer access for NHS patients to
physicians in the same standard of health facility
and care offered to high level sports players. This
facility opened 1 year after the Games and now
caters for over 100 patients per day with state of
the art imagining and treatment equipment. In thewaiting room of the facility on any given day could
a be a professional athlete sitting next to a school
aged child.
On site for the event stage of the design proposal,
medical provisions have been allocated to a
temporary facility located at Whitmore Square.
It is envisaged that this Wellbeing Centre would
be used by the public after the games as a
community asset.
Another opportunity to be embraced is the local
support required for the medical professionals
that travel with the team. Adelaide physicians
would pair with international sports doctors to
offer licensed oversight while in the Australian
jurisdiction.
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A possible amalgamation of several targets set
out in the vision for Adelaide, is to celebrate our
access to high quality local produce. Another
goal for the event could be to ensure the SA
Brand is on full display and have all food and
beverages associated with the Commonwealth
Games be provided by exclusively local producers
and manufacturers. This could be by setting
up a link to the international sponsors of the
Games to source a percentage content of South
Australian product or by focusing all provisionswithin the Games event zone to a SA brand. It
was noted that the Commonwealth Games unlike
the Olympic Games does not have multinational
sponsorship deals and many of the major sponsor
at the recent Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth
Games were local Scottish companies.
Adelaide has an opportunity to embrace our
deep sporting culture and erce competitive spirit
and focus on the healthy positive outcomes of
community involvement, participation and fun thatcan come with the Commonwealth Games and its
legacy.
Example of sports tness
programs following London 2012.
(Institute of Sport Exercises & Health, 2015)
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Adelaide
Victoria Sqaure looking South
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16.0 Economic Impact16.1 Cost Analysis
One of the key challenges this thesis is aiming
to address as part of the design proposal is the
opportunity to improve the economic situation
within Adelaide. An economic vision was set
for ‘greater employment opportunities and an
increase in economic sectors’. This vision was to
be measured by the targets of transitioning to a
knowledge economy supported by the educationsector and by increasing employment diversity
and opportunities within the city centre.
In order to determine the economic results of
design proposal rst we will consider the capital
cost of the proposal with a focus on stage 1 and
2, from there we can propose an economic impact
study for the proposal.
In order to determine the capital costs associated
with the design proposal this thesis has usedcapital comparisons from recent sporting events,
such as Glasgow 2014 and London 2012 and
quantity surveyor data both from Australia and
cross checked with relevant data from the United
States, to determine the likely estimated rates
and capital costs for each component of the plan.
International currencies have been convereted
using August 2015 exchange rates.
Chris Hoy Velodrome
constructed for the Glasgow 2014
Commonwealth Games.
(Cooke, 2015)
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Stage 1 Capital Cost
The following costs for stage 1 are in real
Australian dollars and are based on today’s prices.
No escallation has been taken into account
The following table shows the capital expenduture
for Stage 1. The largets item is the 1,323 units of
inll housing. The tram cost has been compared
to recent projects in the Gold Coast, Adelaide’s
own tram line extension and US based projects in
Los Angelese and Cincinnatti.
Project Capital Cost (AUD$) Capital Cost %
Light’s Loop Tram Line(2.8 miles)
$150,000,000 26%
Inll Housing(1,323 units)
$350,000,000 60%
Whitmore Sqaure, new roads, sidewalk uogrades $75,000,000 13%
Parkland Loop, BMX track, recreation bike path $5,000,000 1%
TOTAL $580,000,000100%
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Project Capital Cost (AUD$) Capital Cost %
National Cycling Centre $125,000,000 6%
South Parklands Hockey Field $15,000,000 0.5%
Riverbank Arena $300,000,000 15%
Athletics Warm Up Track (Temporary) $1,500,000 0.5%
Tram Line extension to Adelaide Oval(0.5 miles)
$40,000,000 2%
Tram Line extension to Airport(5.0 miles)
$650,000,000 33%
Housing: Athletes Village(2,112 units) $650,000,000 33%
Housing: Accessible housing $100,000,000 5%
International Broadcast Centre (Warm Shell) $50,000,000 2.5%
Athletes Dining Hall (Warm Shell) $10,000,000 0.5%
Re-purpose Stage 1 Housing(1,323 units from stage 1)
$35,000,000 1%
Additional road, park and sidewalk upgrades $23,500,000 1%
TOTAL $2,000,000,000 100%
Stage 2 Capital Cost
The following table shows the capital expenduture
for Stage 2. This is not the entire delivery cost
for Adelaide to host the Commonwealth Games
but is more focused the civic infrastructure as
outlined within this thesis. Costs such as security,
temporary overlay of stadiums, etc have not be
taken into to consideration. As outlined previously,
the Atheltes housing could be delivered in
partnership with the privaite sector.
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Project Capital Cost (AUD$) Capital Cost %
Parklands Athletics Stadium $13,500,000 0.5%
Tram Line Extensions(18.1 miles)
$3,000,000,000 70%
Housing: South West Corner(3,766 units)
$1,100,000,000 26%
Re-purpose Stage 1& 2 Housing after Games(3,766 units)
$90,000,000 2%
Re-purpose Accessible housing into 280 Aged Units $15,000,000 0.5%
Re-purpose Dining Shell into 192 Aged units $30,000,000 1%
TOTAL $4,248,500,000 100%
Stage 3 Capital Cost
The following table shows the capital expenditure
for Stage 3. The bulk of the cost associated with
this stage are the extension on the Tram Lines to
metropolitan Adelaide and the continuation of inll
housing within the South West Corner of Adelaide.
There has been an allowance made within the
estimate for re-purposing the units used for the
athletes village before they enter or re-enter the
market.
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16.2 Economic Value
A similar comparison analysis has been
undertaken to determine the economic value of
the design proposal to Adelaide and the state.
The gures put forward are conservative and are
based on real today numbers. Its an important
point to note that this project needs to be
considered as a holistic project. Each aspect of
this project relies upon on each other to deliver
the economic value to the city. Just undertakingone of the projects or locating the project within
a different part of the city centre or metropolitan
Adelaide will adversely effect the economic value.
The economic value undertake as part of thesis
focus on Stage 1 and 2 of the design proposal
and consider the projected economic benet in
terms of Dollars and jobs created. Comparison
to determine these ratios have been based upon
recent United States and European projects. The
methodology was to scale these projects to acomparable scale to Adelaide in order to deliver
an accurate comparison and ratio.
Media Centre UK in
Manchester.
(Cooke, 2015)
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Project Capital Cost(AUD$)
ProjectedEconomicBeneft to
Capital CostRatio
ProjectedEconomic Beneft
(AUD$)
Jobs perMillion
(AUD$) ofCapital Cost
Expense
ProjectedJobs
Created
Transit $150,000,000 3.64 $546,572,339 24 3,553
Stadia $5,000,000 1.68 $8,410,978 13 64
Housing $350,000,000 1.80 $630,000,000 18 6,193
Other $75,000,000 2.59 $194,134,826 18 1,327
TOTAL $580,000,000 2.38 $1,379,118,143 19 11,137
Stage 1 Economic Value
The table below outlines the Stage 1 economic
value of the design proposal.
Project Capital Cost(AUD$)
ProjectedEconomicBeneft to
Capital CostRatio
ProjectedEconomic Beneft
(AUD$)
Jobs perMillion
(AUD$) ofCapital Cost
Expense
ProjectedJobs
Created
Transit $690,000,000 3.00 $2,070,000,00 13 8,882
Stadia $441,500,000 1.68 $742,689,364 13 5,670
Housing $785,000,000 1.80 $1,413,000,000 18 13,890Other $83,500,000 2.59 $216,136,773 18 1,477
TOTAL $2,000,000,000 2.22 $4,441,826,137 15 29,919
Stage 2 Economic Value
The table below outlines the Stage 1 economicvalue of the design proposal.
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Project Capital Cost
(AUD$)
Projected
EconomicBeneft to
Capital CostRatio
ProjectedEconomic Beneft
(AUD$)
Jobs per
Million(AUD$) of
Capital CostExpense
Projected
JobsCreated
Transit $840,000,000 3.11 $2,616,572,339 15 12,434
Stadia $446,500,000 1.68 $751,100,342 13 5,734
Housing $1,135,000,000 1.80 $2,043,000,000 18 20,083
Other $158,500,000 2.59 $410,271,599 18 2,805
TOTAL $2,580,000,000 2.26 $4,441,826,137 16 41,056
Stage 1 & 2 Economic Value
The following table combines the results of Stage
1 and 2 and demonstrates the total economic
value up to 2030 of the design proposal.
It is important to note that this does not take
into consideration the economic value of the
Commonwealth Games as an event itself. This
thesis has assumed that as an event this will be a
separate feasibility and economic impact study. To
that end, revenue streams from the games, such
as tickets and sponsorship ha snot be included
within these numbers.
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This thesis projects a:
Economic benet to capital cost ratio of 2.26with 41,000 jobs created.
These benet to cost ration numbers sit with the
middle of conservative and aggressive. Based
upon research of similar types of projects an
estimated economic benet to capital cost ratio of
1.75 to 2.50 with estimated job creation of 30,000
to 50,000 full-time equivalent job-years would be
an acceptable range.
These gures and the corresponding ratios
represent estimated capital costs and estimated
economic benets of core amenity and
infrastructure across stages one and two of the
proposed development. Estimated operational
costs are not included, nor are estimated costs
and benets specically associated with hosting
the Commonwealth Games, such as those that
would commonly be accounted for in a separate
Commonwealth Games budget, such as security,temporary overlay of stadia, events, etc.
These gures are presented in 2015 Australian
dollars, with forward economic projections shown
in present value terms.
Note that the benet-to-cost ratio is slightly higher
in stage one than in stage two. This is due to the
fact that the underlying mix of projects in each
stage is different and each type of project carries
with it a different ratio. For example, stadia are
less economically benecial relative to their coststhan are the transit projects, which is reected
in the lower stage 2 ratio. It is also due to the
fact that the transit projects in stage 2 are more
expensive and less central than in stage 1, thus
carrying a reduced benet-to-cost ratio.
It is important to remember that this is a holistic
project and despite stadia’s having a lower cost
to benet ratio they become a key amenity to the
new residents that will ultimately live in the city
centre and the South West Corner. Removing or
relocating this amenity will ultimately reduce the
projects overall economic vale.
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16.3 Economic Comparisons
Two cities that have held mega-sporting events
to drive urban regeneration legacy items and
capitalise on economic stimulus from this legacy
are the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and 2002
Manchester Commonwealth Games.
1992 Barcelona Olympic Games
The 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games are probably
the best example of the role that a mega-sporting event as a catalyst for urban renewal
and change. The city’s traditional economic
base was manufacturing and engineering, which
suffered declines and increased pressure from
globalization in the 1970’s and 80’s. Barcelona
needed to reinvent itself with a new image,
brand and a competitive economy able to take
advantage of the economic deregulation with in
Europe.
Barcelona used the 1992 Olympic Games to fasttrack major urban improvement programmes,
with particular focus around the Olympic village
site at Parc de Mar. The 130ha site before the
games was occupied by declining industries and
was isolated from the rest of the city and from the
coast by 2 railway lines. The Olympics provided
the catalyst to redevelop the site by restructuring
the rail network, building a coastal ring road,
the creation of a new marina, restructuring of
the sewer system and the regeneration of the
coastline. This development opened up the city tothe sea by improving access to 5.2km of coastline
for the inhabitants of the metropolitan areas. (Valera
and Guardia 2002 ) This investment in infrastructure has
transformed this part of the city and has enabled
future growth to occur over the subsequent years
after the event was staged, to the point that
almost 6,000 people reside in the area in 2008.
A less visible but nonetheless signicant effect
of the games was the upgrading of the urban
technology and telecommunications system
necessary to hold the world’s media. The fast
tracking of infrastructure has assisted further
commercial development of the city as an
administrative centre.
R. Sanahya analysed the benets to Barcelona
in 2002, 10 years after hosting the games. His
research showed, highlighted in Table 2, there was
almost 100% increase in hotel capacity, number
of tourists and number of overnight stays in 2001
compared to the pre-games position in 1990.
Average room occupancy had also increased
from 71% to 84% while the average length of stay
had increased from 2.84 days to 3.17 days. More
tourists visited in Barcelona from Europe andoversees than before the games. These gures
have tangible legacy on local economy.
Barcelona was perhaps a ‘hidden’ city of Europe
that needed a catalyst like the Olympic Games
to break out. Barcelona spent $7.5billion to host
the games, with the majority going towards
infrastructure.
Only 13 sporting venues where constructed for the
games, with 10 being refurbished and another 43
existing facilities used in their existing condition.
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The Olympic Games in Barcelona was the most
expensive ever staged prior to Beijing, however
the city’s use of the games as a marketing factor
is generally regarded as a huge success. This is
evidenced by Barcelona’s rise in the ranking in the
European Cities Monitor from 11th in 1996 to 6th
in 2002. This level of investment has left a huge
legacy.
Manchester Commonwealth Games 2002
The Commonwealth Games are not the scale ofthe Olympic Games but they are a multi-sports
event that requires similar capital investment in
sporting facilities and associated infrastructure
in order to stage the Games. Over 5000 athletes
attend the Commonwealth Games and with
almost 700,000 average visitors attending
(690,000 visitors to 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth
Games). The Games held in Manchester involved
an investment of £200million in sporting facilities
and a further £470million investment in transport
and other infrastructure. This was the largestinvestment related to a specic sports event
ever to be undertaken in Britain prior to the
2012 London Olympics. It was also the rst
time in Britain, when the planning to host the
mega-sporting event was integrated with the
strategic framework for the regeneration of
the city, particularly in East Manchester. One
of the key strategic initiatives the Manchester
Commonwealth Games committee undertook
to maximise the economic return of the Games
occurred three years before the event, with theestablishment of the Commonwealth Games
Opportunities and Legacy Partnership Board. This
Board’s charter was too ensure that the benets
of hosting the event would not disappear once the
event was over but rather that there would be a
long term, permanent boost to the local economy
of East Manchester (Gratton, Shibli and Coleman, 2005).
Post-game economic studies reveal that between
1999 and 2002, employment in East Manchester
increased by 1,450 FTE jobs or a 4% increase
over 1999 levels. The distribution of this increase
was in construction (23% increase), hotels and
restaurants (14% increase) and other services,
such as recreational, cultural or sporting (24%
increase). (Gratton, Shibli and Coleman, 2005) Such an
increase in employment distribution is consistent
with the Commonwealth Games event.
Like Barcelona, Greater Manchester also noticed
improved tourist numbers in 2002 compared to
2000. The report indicates that there was a 7.2%
increase in overseas visitors, while interestingly
there was a 6.4% decrease in UK resident visitors
to Manchester. This is consistent with a ‘crowdingout’ effect during the event. That said, since the
event, Manchester’s tourism has risen steadily and
is now close to 45% higher when compared to
2000 numbers. According to the British Tourism
agency, Visit Britain’s latest data from 2012,
Manchester is the 3rd most visited city in the UK
after London and Edinburgh, attracting just under
8 million total visitors per year, which is 15% more
than 2011 alone. (Rehman, 2012)
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 302
Much of the infrastructure expenditure for
the games went towards the 2,000ha of East
Manchester which was characterised by post-
war council ats and project housing, resulting
in many social problems for residents and the
community. This part of the city was targeted
to have new housing, transport connections
to downtown and employment and education
opportunities within the area itself. A target in
2000 was set for 12,000 new dwellings to be built
in the area. As of 2012, only 5,000 dwellings hadbeen built. Despite not meeting the targets the
project is still moving on, albeit at a slower pace
given the current depressed economy in the UK
and the fact that much of the legacy funding has
now been exhausted.
Despite this, the outcomes of the infrastructure
investment remain successful, given that there
has been a 35% fall in episodes of criminal activity
within the area and a 51% reduction in residents
who feel that the area is un-safe compared to
2000. The percentage of residents dissatised
in their area has also dropped from 43% to 17%
from 1999 to 2012. It would appear that the
urban regeneration is trending towards being an
economic and social success. (Rehman, 2012)
Despite the apparent success of this urban
regeneration, some have criticised this approach
by labelling it as gentrication. Andrew Smith
comments that communities have simply been
relocated to other parts of the city to make way
for the amount of infrastructure required to deliverthe event. Smith is also critical of the legacy
funding approach which he claims does not run
long enough after the event or is under political
pressure to be reallocated. The Manchester
Commonwealth Games Legacy fund was
operational for 4 years after the event. (Menzi, 2010)
This same trend can be seen in Manchester’s
international prole which has increased following
the Commonwealth Games. Manchester moved
up the ‘European Cities Monitor’ ranking from
19th in 2002 to 13th in 2003. This list compiled
by Cushman and Wakeeld focuses on the best
European cities to locate a business. The report
analyses access to workers, quality of available
staff, ofce accommodation value for money and
other factors that affect business. Despite the
depressed national UK economy, Manchester
has been able to maintain competitive ranking
of 12th on this list in 2011. The correlation to the
infrastructure investment spent on the games
has helped Manchester remain relevant and
competitive in Europe.
A comparison could be drawn to Glasgow, whichin 1990 was ranked 10th on this list, while in
2011 had dropped to 30th. It is with interest to
note that Glasgow has recently held the 2014
Commonwealth Games following a similar model
to Manchester. Time will tell if they receive the
same economic benets.
It is these long lasting city wide legacy outcomes
achieved for Barcelona and Manchester that I’m
sure is driving Adelaide’s political leaders in their
consideration to bid for the 2030 CommonwealthGames.
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The photos above show key urban and economic legacy items that
remain within Manchester (top row) and Barcelona (bottom row).
(Cooke, 2015)
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 304
Adelaide
Adelaide looking east towards the Adelaide Hills
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17.0 Conclusion17.1 What was achieved?
At the start of this thesis a series of challenges
currently confronting Adelaide were identied,
such as urban sprawl, low city centre population,
automobile dependency and a lack of population
growth. In order to address these challenges a
vision was established in set out to answer the
thesis question.
The vision combined and structured into broad
headings many of the recommendations that
others have thoughtfully considered for Adelaide
over the last 12 years. These visions include
housing, health, mobility, economic, identity and
pride and each had targets set against them. As
this thesis concludes it is worthwhile to see if
those targets have been met.
The housing target was set directly from the Plan
for Greater Adelaide which has been supportedby the Adelaide City Council and set a goal
to build for and attract 35,000 new residents
across the city centre by 2045. This particular
proposal has been able to achieve close to
17,500 new residents in only around 10% of the
city centre’s land, by 2045. This is obviously a
highly successful outcome and demonstrates
that a project of this nature can not only complete
Light’s grid but also provide a diversity of housing
typologies that offer amenity and a medium rise
density to achieve these targets. If this designmethod was to spread out over the remaining
quadrants of the city, with a similar typology of
housing stock over 170,000 people would be
residing in the city centre. In this scenario the
city centre population would have the largest city
centre population of all Australian capital cities.
Housing affordability is another target that is
achieved with this design proposal through
the building typologies being used, such as
townhouses and walk-up ats from 2-4 stories,single loaded multi-family and skip-stop units
provide the amenity and exibility of unit size to
accommodate families. Given the overall size
of the buildings, they are are also construction
cost efciencies that than aids to the housing
affordability generated from the building
typologies.
An important legacy for the proposal is a focused
target around the health of Adelaide’s population.
The thesis proposes that the Adelaide 2030Commonwealth Games promote a similar health
program as those that have been demonstrated
from the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games
and the London 2012 Olympic Games. Health
also has an impact in terms of opportunities for
recreational amenity. With more amenities located
in the city centre, people are able to access
these facilities by foot more readily, which in turn
improves the health of the city residents.
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The target set for mobility within Adelaide was to
provide a highly accessible and safe, cycling and
pedestrian network within the city and for that to
be a priority choice for residents and visitors alike.
Through the introduction of the pedestrian lane
street typology and the new transit infrastructure,
with extension of the tram lines and the creation of
Light’s Loop in the city centre it was demonstrated
that now close to 90% of the city is within a 5 min
walk of transit line and is well connected by safe
streets and pedestrian lanes.
The economic benet of any major event is highly
important. This thesis determines there is an
enormous cost benet and opportunity to turn
the economic fortunes of the city and the state
around. Acknowledging that the initial expenditure
of the capital value in each stage is signicant, this
thesis proposes the economic return is 2.26 times
the capital investment. This major economic
boost to the city and the overall state, starts to
achieve not only the targets that have been set
out for this design proposal but also to address
some of the broader employment issues that are
currently being confronted by South Australia.
The thesis proposes 50,000 new jobs would
be created in the Stage 1 and 2 of the design
proposal. This particular project may not only
become a catalyst for urban identity of Adelaide
but also a catalyst for economic rejuvenation of
the entire state.
To determine ways in which to improve the identity
of Adelaide, a focus has been taken to embrace
the elements that dene South Australia and this
was drawn directly from history, Colonel Light’s
Plan for Adelaide. Almost every South Australian
is aware of Light’s Plan and it is certainly a major
historical reference point for the city of Adelaide,
which is comparable to some of the most well
known international examples of successful
urban design. This design proposal recognises
the fact that the full potential of this urban formhas not been realised and throughout the city’s
development over the last 179 years the city
has lost sight of the original plan and vision and
muddied the formality and intent behind Light’s
design. The approach taken is to celebrate history,
work with and not against Light’s Plan and seek to
complete Light’s Plan. An urban framework that is
often seen as a hindrance to development, should
be and is proposed to be the positive design
theory that will start to highlight Adelaide’s unique
identity and present this identity to position Adelaide highly in Australia and world wide,
showing that Adelaide is the compact urban city
that Light always intended it to be.
Although pride and condence are areas that are
a very difcult to measure tangibly, analysis shows
that if there is a greater opportunity for economic
prosperity, greater city centre vibrancy and
amenity, increased city centre population and an
overall heightened sense of well being, then there
would be a direct effect on city residents and a
sense of pride to the place in which they reside.
The future target for this increased identity and
pride is to work towards slowing and over time
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reversing the trend of youth interstate migration
that is currently happening from South Australia to
other Australian states.
In conclusion this design thesis has set out some
lofty targets but by working with and respecting
the history of our city, identifying the challenges
that history has presented and working with the
steadfast vision of what we are trying to create,
we have indeed proven that the Commonwealth
Games could be the catalyst for Adelaide to turn
around its urban and economic fortunes. Adelaide
can become the vibrant, relevant and identiable
city for generations to come through hosting the
Games. It now requires all levels of government,
industry and the community’s support to achieve
this vision.
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AppendixFinal Review
The following pages consist of the photos from
the Final Revew held on 24th August 2015 at
Wurster Hall as well as the the nal presentation
boards used to grpahically represenat this thesis
for the presentation.
The above are photos from the Master of Urban Des ign nal review held
on 24th August 2015.
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Short Term Games,Long Term Gains. 1836
Settlement ofcolony of
South Australia
1837 Col. Lightsurveyed City
of Adelaide
1839 Col. Light
passes
away
Existing
Citywide Plan1’=400’
Existing
Section1’=30’
Existing
Axonometric
Central
BusinessDistrct118,216 work withCity Centre
Rundle MallRetail Precinct400,000 customersevery week
Rundle StreetPrecinct
University of
AdelaideNorthTerrace Campus20,779 students
University of
South AustraliaCity WestCampus36,248 students
Health
Precinct7,000 workerswithinPrecinct
Adelaide Oval
Sports Precinct55,000 seatmultupurpose stadium
Hutt Street
Precinct
Central
Produce
Markets80 MarketStalls
ConvertionCentre
Central
Train Station33,000 ridersdaily
Gouger Street
PrecinctCentre ofChina Street
South West
Corner1,459 residents
City Centre250,000 visitors to City Centre
daily
Central Business District (CBD)
Retail /Mixed Use
Recreation/Enterainment /
Mixed Use
Education
Civic Uses
KEY
City Centre
dwelling units:
7,318 residents:
12,962
Infll Housing: Building TyplogyStacked Townhouses Skip-Stop
Stage 2 Stage 2Stage 1 & 3 Stage 1 & 3 Stage 1 & 3
TheStackedTownhousebuildingtypology is madeupof twostory through-units, onestackedon topoftheother. Every unithas dualorientation, anditsown frontdoor atthe streetlevel.
TheWalk-UpFlatbuildingtypology is madeupofthrough-unitsthatarewider, butstay on asingleoor. Everyunit alsohas dualorientation.
TheSkipStopbuilding typology is madeupofthrough-units thathavean upper andlower oor.Every unithas adualorientation.
Unit Conversion for Athletes Housing
Unit Conversion for Athletes Housing
Walk Up Flats
South Terrace
View ofSouth WestCornerincludingWhitmoreSqaure
Sou t h Terrace
Nor t h Terrace
K i n g
W i l l i a
m S t r e
e t
W e s t
T e r r a c e
E a s t T e r r a
c e
6,051
47%
TotalPopulation:
12,962 AverageAge29
6,911
53%
Families:
2,050 AverageChild/ family 1.8
Ave# ofvehicles / house:
0.8
Median weeklyIncome: $949Median month mortgage:$1,842
Median weeklyRent: $321
Number ofDwellings:
7,318
Ave. People/ household:
1.8
Employment:
38.2% Professional
Education: 56% Tertiary Level
Traveltowork:
34.2% Walk33% Car
Adelaide City Centre Data
625,225
51%
TotalPopulation:
1,225,235 AverageAge39
600,010
49%
Families:
300,405 AverageChild/ family 1.8
Ave# ofvehicles / house:
1.7
Median weeklyIncome: $1,106Median month mortgage:$1,545
Median weeklyRent: $250
Number ofDwellings:
553,511
Ave. People/ household:
2.4
Employment:
21.6% Professional
Education: 17% TertiaryLevel
Traveltowork:
69% Car2.5%Walk
Metropolitan Adelaide Data
Question:
How can a one time sporting event, like the CommonwealthGames, be a catalyst that improves a mid-sized cities longerterm urbanity, connectivity and city centre vibrancy ?
Growth adding
to Urban Sprawl
Low City Centre
Population
Low metropolitan
housing density
Automobile
dependence
Aging
Population
Low p
growt
Challenges
1909 Electric Tram
Service
1873First cricket
match played at
Adelaide Oval
Public Infrastructure: Street HSingle Loaded 1 1/2 Chain Dimension
Boulevard Street
Stage 2 Stage 2Stage 1 & 3
TheSingleLoadedbuilding typology providesunits thathaveorientation either tothestreetor aninternalcourtyard.
Unit Conversion for Athletes Housing
Unit Conversion for Athletes Housing
Existing
Proposed
Gilbert Street Whitmore SqaureSouth
Whitmore SqaureSturt Street
HousingHigher density
& greater diversity
HealthIncrease participation
MobilityWalking & cycling
as a frst choice
EconomicGreater employment
opportunities
IdentityIncrease awareness
of Adelaide
PrideReinstate
& City pr
Vision
Infll
Housing
Housing for Atheltes &
residents
Complete
Grid
Unifed
Squares
Parkland
Priority
Civic
Infrastructure
Stadia & Community
amenity
Public
Infrastructure
Street Hierarchy,
Connections & Transit
Design Approach: Completing Light’s Plan
SaintLuke’s ChurfrontingWhitmorSqaure
Design Rules
View ofthe citycentrelookingsouth
The above are the nal presentation boards for the Master of Urban
Design nal review held on 24th August 2015.
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David Cooke 317
tage 1Legacy 2015 - 2028
2018 Australia regains
The Ashes
2016Berkeley MUD graduate
convinces State to bid forCommonwealth Games
2019 First infll housingproject completed
in SW Corner
2020Work start’s on
Light’s Loop Tram Line
2015South AustralianUnemployment
Rate 8.2%
1
de Plan
Stage 1
Axonometric
1
on
n Dimensionbourhood Street
1/2 Chain DimensionShared Street
Existing
d Proposed
Loop
Light’sLoop
Unifedquare
Newtmorequare
Infllousing
BMX &recreationbike path
UnifedSquare
UnifedSquare
tage 1 welling units: ,323ew residents:
,175
South Terrace
Parkland Loop
Pedestrian& Bike Path
Sou t h Terrace
Nor t h Terrace
K i n
g W i l l i a
m S t r e
e t
W e s t
T e r r a c e
E a s t T e r r a
c e
2017 Government
announces
Games Bid
2021Parkland Loop& BMX track
Completed
2023 Adelaide annouced to
host 2030 Commowealthgames
Start the Conversation!
2022 Adelaide submitsproposal for
Games
2028 All stage 1unitscompleted in
SW Corner
2027 Adelaide hosts
University Games
2024 Light Loop completed
and celebrated with‘Festival of Sqaures’
Stage 1
South West
Corner Plan
1/4 Chain DimensionPedestrian Lane
Street Connections
Existing Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Proposed
1 1/2 ChainStreet
Boulevard
1 ChainStreet
Neighbourhood Street
1/2 ChainStreet
Shared Street
1/4 ChainStreet
PedestrianLanes
Key
When Lightplannedthecity in 1836hesurveyedusingthechain unitofmeasurement. Adelaide’s streetsarestill in mostpartreectiveofthis unitofmeasurement. Theunitconverts from 1 chainequals 20.1 meters (66ft). Many ofAdelaide’sstreets areeither 2, 1
½ or 1 chain in widthdependingoftheirhierarchy within thestreetnetwork.
Thestreettypologiesanddesign approachestablishedin Stage1is continuedin Stage2 by providingmoreconnections within theSouth WestCorner.Thereis aparticularfocus on providinggreater pedestrianamenity andaccesswithin this precinct,which results in more
pedestrian lanes andsharedstreets beingproposed, which inturn starts toprovidecontinuousconnectionsbetween WhitmoreSquareandthesurroundParklands.
In Stage3 mid-blockpedestrian lanesandneighbourhoodstreets areable tobecompletedthroughentireblocks, bothin anorth-southandan east-westdirection. Such amovedemonstrates howLight’s originalplancan becompletedtooffer greater access to
parcels andimprovedpermeabilitythroughtheblocks andthecityas awhole.
NewWhitmoreSqaure
Existing Churchin a plaza
New squareconfguration
defned bybuildings
WhitmoreSquare Tram
stop
Light’s Loop Tram Line
Parkland Loop
InfllHousing
Retail Use
New street con-nection toparklands
Gilbert Street Whitmore SqaureSouth
Whitmore Sqaure Wright StreetSturt Street
WhitmoreSqaureProposedDesign framingthesquare asan urban room
Light’s LoopalongWrightStreetatWhitmoreSquarestation
1836
Light’s orginal plan
dened an oval.
Size: 4.8 acres
1880
Space dened by
street access.
Size: 5.4 acres
1912
Square altered by
Tram route.
Size: 5.2 acres
2015
Current space of
sqaure.
Size: 5.6 acres
Proposed
Proposed open
space outline.
Size: 5.6 acres
Whitmore Square Confguration
#AdelaideCG2030
2025 Adelaide hostsWorld BMX
Championships
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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 318
Stage 2vent 2028 - 2030
2028Preparation
commences for
Games
2029 New StadiaInfrastructure
completed
2029 Adelaide 36ers winNBA Championship
in Riverbank Arena
2029 Athletes
Village
Completed
2029 Tour Down Under
Final Stage held at
Victoria Park Track
age 2
ywide Plan0’
Stage 2
Axonometric
age 2
ction
ublic Infrastructure: Transitge 1 Stage 2
outes:
GoodwoodInterchange
BelairLine
Noarlunga Line
OuterHarbourLine / Grange Line
GawlerLine
te:
Tea Tree Plaza Interchange
es:
Glenelg / EntertainmentCentre Line
b
Interchange / Terminus
Light’sLoop
( r L cy )
i l , ,
Adelaide International Aiport
Centre Transit City Centre TransitCity Centre 5 minute Walkzones City Centre 5 minute Walkzones
Key
Metro Rail Routes:
GoodwoodInterchange
BelairLine
Noarlunga Line
OuterHarbourLine / Grange Line
GawlerLine
O-BahnRoute:
Tea Tree Plaza Interchange
Tram Routes:
Glenelg / EntertainmentCentre Line
Network Hub
Interchange / Terminus
Airport/ City Line
Adelaide Oval Line
Light’sLoop
( C n l th G )
t i l , ,
Adelaide International Aiport
tropolitan Transit Plan Metropolitan Transit Plan
SouthParklands
ockey Filed
BroadcastCentre
Riverbank Arena
AthletesDining Hall
AirportTram Line
Athletes Villiage
NationalCycling
Centre
Tram Lineextensionnorth to Adelaide Oval
Warm-up Athletics Track
Stage 2
dwelling units:
2,112 athletes:
6,500
South Terrace
South Parklands Hockey Fieldwillhost Commonwealth GamesHockey matches
Sou t h Terrace
Nor t h Terrace
K i n
g W i l l i a
m S t r e
e t
W e s t
T e r r a c e
E a s t T e r r a
c e
2030 Adelaide Games declared the‘Best Ever’ Commonwealth
Games by CGF
2029 Airport & Adelaide Oval
Tram Line complete
202950,000 Volunteers appointedto work at the Commonwealth
Games
2030 City & State confdence
on a high after the games
Stage 2
South West
Corner Plan1’=100’
Civic Infrastructure: Stadia
South Parklands Hockey FieldStage 3
City Centre Transit City Centre 5 minute Walkzones
Metropolitan Transit Plan
Key
Metro Rail Routes:
GoodwoodInterchange
BelairLine
Noarlunga Line
OuterHarbourLine / Grange Line
GawlerLine
O-BahnRoute:
Tea Tree Plaza Interchange
Tram Routes:
Glenelg / EntertainmentCentre Line
NetworkHub
Interchange / Terminus
Mitcham Intercange Line
Adelaide Oval / ProspectLine
Henley Square / Airport/ City / Norwood Line
Light’sLoop
( t L cy )
t i l , ,
Adelaide International Aiport
Concept Plan
Concept Section
Primary
Hockey Field
Temporary
Seating
Temporary
FieldforGames
Plaza
Grandsanding /
Change Rooms
AthletesWellbeing
Centre
WhitmoreSqaure used
as athletesplaza
SouthParklands
Hockey Filed
Athletes Villiage
Athletes Villiage
New streetconnection to
parklands
AthletesDiningHall
Gilbert Street Whitmore SqaureSouth
Whitmore Sqaure Wright StreetSturt Street
Pedestrian Lanes withtownhouses &walk upatsfrontingthelane
, ,
,
l
Proposed Venue Plan
Perspective
Perspective
2030 Adelaide hosts 2030
Commonwealth Games
The above are the nal presentation boards for the Master of Urban
Design nal review held on 24th August 2015.
SP
S
C1
S
S1’=
N
M
ex
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David Cooke 319
045
2034 The success of Adelaide2030 helps Austrlia secure
the 2034 World Cup
2032Health Programs as part ofGames account for reduced
public health spending
2031 Former Athletes
Villiage housing
released to market
Stage 3
Axonometric
Concept Plan
CriterionTrack
BMX
Victoria Park
Grandstand
Earthmound
formsroof
A
B
Concept Section A-A
Concept Section B-B
GrandstandSeating
fronting Track
Velodrome
Earthroof
BMX
CriterionTrack
Earthroof
Relocated Athletics trackto permanentlocation
Tram Line
extensioneast
South Terrace
Stage3 continues with infllhousingaroundcourtyardsandnew streets
Sou t h Terrace
Nor t h Terrace
K i n g
W i l l i a
m S t r e
e t
E a s t T e r r a
c e
Perspective Perspective Perspective
2042 Adelaide venues used as partof the 2042 Australian Olympic
Games
The frst time a country hoststhe Olympic Games
2035 An Australian who trained atNational Cycling Centre wins
Tour de France
2035 Adelaide reversedyouth migration
2040Metropolitan Tram Lineextensions Completed
2036 Adelaide Celebrates its
200th Birthday.
Stage 3
South West
Corner Plan1’=100’
Riverbank Arena Parklands Athletic Stadium
Concept Plan
Concept Section
Plaza
Memorial Drive
TennisCentre
Adelaide Oval
Riverbank Arena
Inside /Outside
Connection
Retractable roofoverArena andTennisCentre
Open
PartClose
Memorial Drive
TennisCentre
Adelaide OvalRiverbank Arena
Concept Plan
Concept Section
Grandsanding /
Change RoomsSmall
grandstand
Track
Plaza
SouthParklands
Hockey Filed
NewRetail
Infllhousing
Former Atheltes
villiagecontinued with
infll housing
Formerdining hallrepurposed asaged housing
Gilbert Street Whitmore SqaureSouth
Whitmore Sqaure Wright StreetSturt Street
Lower scalebuildings arelocatedfrontingnarrower streets, whilemid-risebuildings frontwider streets
Street Section with Light Access
Perspective
Perspective
2045Final Economic Impact reports
concludes the Games highlysuccesful
Athletics Wtrack moveParklands permanent
Total
dwelling units7,201new resident17,282
Perspective
Perspective
$$
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Biographic Note
David Cooke
David Cooke is a practicing architect with 15
years experience, working on architectural, urban
design and interior projects throughout Australia.
It is through collaborating with integrated design
teams professionally that David’s interest and
ethusiam for urban design and cities was sparked.
In 2013, David started to undertake study at the
University of Adelaide in their Masters of Planning
(Urban Design) program, as a way to use the
architectural knowledge that he has acquired
professionally to start transitioning this experience
for the pursuit of more integrated holistic design
outcomes. After 18 months of part time study at
the University of Adelaide, David was offered a
position at the University of California, Berkeley to
participate in their intensive, 12 month, Masters ofUrban Design program. This has been a fantastic
opportunity for David as he has combined his
architectural experience with some of the world’s
best urban design thinkers, which has lead to the
outcomes and thinking behind this thesis.
David has been described as a passionate urban
designer and through his time at Berkeley has
compared and researched how North American
cities have addressed many of the similar urban
design challenges that confront Australian cities,with particular focus on his home city of Adelaide.
Professionally, David has over 10 years directorial
and board position experience in architecture
and design companies and sits on the board of
the Rundle Mall Management Authority, which is
Adelaide’s premier retail precinct, he is also the
Chair of Mainstreet SA, an advocacy group for
the promotion of high streets and main streets
throughout metropolitan Adelaide and regional
South Australia and he is also the Presiding Chair
for the City of Prospect, Development Assessment
Panel, a suburb on the northern fringe of the city.
The knowledge that he has gained at Berkeley
will ultimately inuence the next stage of David’s
career and he plans to ensure it will impact the
urban future of Adelaide and other Australian
cities.
David Cooke
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Comments & Questions
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David Cooke 323