Short Term Games, Long Term Gains

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Transcript of Short Term Games, Long Term Gains

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 A plan to foster Adelaide’s Urbanity andIdentity through the Commonwealth Games.

Short Term Games,Long Term Gains.

D a v  i  d   C o o k  e 

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 Adelaide

Looking south east over the city centre

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains.

 A plan to foster Adelaide’s Urbanity and Identity through the Commonwealth Games.

by

David Malcolm Cooke

 A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the

requirements for the degree of

Master of Urban Design

in the

Graduate Division

of the

University of California, Berkeley

Committee in charge:

Professor Peter Bosselmann

Professor Renee Chow

Mr John Ellis

Mr Alan Billingsley

Fall 2015

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Kaurna Acknowledgement

This thesis acknowledges that we are meeting on the traditional Country of

the Kaurna people of the Adelaide Plains and pays respect to Elders past andpresent.

We recognise and respect their cultural heritage, beliefs and relationship

with the land. We acknowledge that they are of continuing importance to the

Kaurna people living today.

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Contents Acknowledgements

Preface

1.0 Executive Summary 

2.0 Introduction

3.0 Adelaide’s Urban History 

  3.1 Adelaide’s 1837 Plan

  3.2 Adelaide’s 1880 Plan

  3.3 Adelaide’s 1912 Plan

  3.4 Adelaide’s 2015 Plan

4.0 Adelaide Today 

  4.1 Population

  4.2 Location of Growth

  4.3 Economy

  4.4 Transit

5.0 Adelaide’s Challenges

  5.1 Issues

  5.2 Opportunity

6.0 Commonwealth Games

  6.1 What are the Commonwealth Games?

  6.2 Australian Commonwealth Games?

  6.3 Legacy

7.0 Case Studies

  7.1 Adelaide’s Not Alone

  7.2 Case Study Methodology

  7.3 Why Relevant?

  7.4 Spatial Comparison Analysis

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8.0 Strategic Analysis

  8.1 Adelaide’s Thinking

  8.2 Adelaide’s Catalyst

9.0 Adelaide’s Vision

  9.1 The Vision

  9.2 The Targets

  9.3 Legacy Framework Comparison

10.0 Implementation Strategy 

  10.1 Implementation Tools

11.0 Site Analysis

  11.1 Chacater Analayis

11.2 Demographic Analysis & comparison

11.3 Land Use

  11.4 Population Distribution

  11.5 Existing Transit Network

  11.6 Development Plan Review

  11.7 Existing Sports / Events

  11.8 Existing Sport / Event Infrastructure

11.9 Existing Sports Facilities

Refurbishment Opportunities

11.10 Hotel Accommodation within

City Centre

  11.11 Athletes Village Site Analysis

11.12 South West Precinct Analysis

11.13 Existing buildings Heights

  11.14 South West Precinct Figure Ground

  11.15 South West Precinct Block Figure

Ground

12.0 Design Proposal

  12.1 Introduction

  12.2 Inll Housing Design Approach

  12.3 Public Infrastructure Design Approach

  12.4 Civic Infrastructure Design Approach

  12.5 Stage 1 Master Plan

  12.6 Stage 2 Master Plan

  12.7 Stage 3 Master Plan

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13.0 Stage 1 Specifc Plan

  13.1 Stage 1 Detail Master Plan

  13.2 Stage 1 Inll Housing: Design

Outcome

  13.3 Public Infrastructure: Open Space

(Whitmore Square)

  13.4 Public Infrastructure: Street

Typologies & Connections

  13.5 Public Infrastructure:

Transit Light’s Loop

  13.6 Civic Infrastructure: Parkland Bike

Loop

14.0 Stage 2 Specifc Plan

  14.1 Adelaide 2030 Commonwealth Games

14.2 Stage 2 Detail Master Plan

  14.3 Stage 2 Inll Housing: Design

Outcome

  14.4 Athletes Village Security Overlay

  14.5 Dining Hall

  14.6 International Broadcast Centre

  14.7 Public Infrastructure: Transit

14.8 Public Infrastructure: Street

Typologies & Connections

  14.9 Civic Infrastructure: Sports Stadiums

  14.10 Civic Infrastructure: Riverbank Arena

  14.11 Civic Infrastructure: National Cycling

Centre at Victoria Park

  14.12 Civic Infrastructure: South

Parklands Hockey Fields

  14.13 Civic Infrastructure: Warm-Up

 Athletics Track

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15.0 Stage 3 Specifc Plan

  15.1 Stage 3 Detail Master Plan

  15.2 Stage 3 Inll Housing: Design

Outcome

  15.3 Public Infrastructure: Street

Typologies & Connections

  15.4 Public Infrastructure: Transit

15.5 Civic Infrastructure: Parklands Athletics Stadium

  15.6 Civic Infrastructure: Community

Health Programs

16.0 Economic

  16.1 Cost Analysis

  16.2 Economic Value

  16.3 Economics Comparisons

17.0 Conclusion

  17.1 What was achieved?

References

 Appendix

Biographic Note

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 AcknowledgementsIn coming to the University of California Berkeley,

from Adelaide in South Australia, I had a clear

focus that I was going to use this intensive 12

month period to focus my research on the issues

and challenges that confront my home city of

 Adelaide. This has culminated in this thesis, which

looks at identifying Adelaide’s challenges and

puts forward an appropriate design solution to

address these issues. This has been a signicant

undertaking and has certainly consumed mylife for the past 12 months, as I have not only

researched the issues of Adelaide but I have

also come to grips with comparisons to similar

western developed cities and how Adelaide can

learn from the way in which their challenges have

been addressed and overcome. This signicant

undertaking was not done in isolation and there

are many people who have contributed both large

and small to the delivery of this particular thesis.

Firstly I would to thank my committee chair,Professor Peter Bosselmann, who has guided

my research through the various turns that it has

taken and helped me to achieve an outstanding

urban design outcome for the city. Peter’s passion

towards the urban environment, his unequalled

knowledge, his enthusiasm and his sense of

humor has certainly been injected into me and it

is something that has contributed greatly to this

thesis. Peter has entrusted me with his knowledge

and wisdom and has changed my life for the

better. My professional career will be much richerfrom this point forward after the time that I have

spent with Peter over the last 12 months. For this I

am truly indebted and honoured.

Renee Chow, has always offered her point of view

with a passion and dedication to my research that

really challenged more of the holistic nature of

my thinking, which not only related to the urban

design outcomes of the report but also how the

economic outcomes were presented. I enjoyed

our discussion regarding Light’s plan for Adelaideand how best to reference the the grid within the

design outcome.

John Ellis’ trade mark insight into housing

typologies and compact urban form is certainly

evident in the design proposal of this thesis.

I thoroughly enjoyed collaborating with John

and was inspired by his passion for mid-rise

buildings located around public open space as an

appropriate design solution for Adelaide. John’s

lectures in the Fall Semester and his love for

South Park will be a lasting memory.

 Alan Billingsworth was able to offer his alliterative

views in relation to events and delivery of the

design outcome. Have visited Adelaide, his

perceptions of the city offered a great insight to

my local view. His commentary inform the way

my analysis way shaped. His dedication is much

appreciated.

 As a separate acknowledgement, I would like

to thank Linda Jewel, who despite not being acommittee member offered her guidance and

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mentorship in the rst few months of this thesis

which certainly helped shape the question andidentify the problem at hand. Her knowledge has

guided me towards the framework of this thesis

and has informed its evolution over the last 12

months. As two ‘southerners’ we shared a special

bond.

I would also like to thank many people who I

would call pitch hitters, who were able offer a

some of their valuable time and their contribution

has certainly made the product stronger.

Such people as Elizabeth Deakin, Nicholas De

Monchaux, Alan Jacobs, Elizabeth MacDonald,

Harrison Fraker, and David Flood.

I would also like the thank the College of

Environmental Design for generously awarding an

traveling scholarship which allowed me to travel

to the United Kingdom and Europe to undertake

extensive case study research. Whilst traveling I

meet with many people involved in mega-sporting

events, to many to mention all, but I would like to

acknowledge the following, Ricky Burdett from

the London School of Economics, Neil Fairlamband Luke Roscoe from the City of Manchester,

Michael Gray from the Glasgow City Council and

Dr. Francesc Muñoz from the Centre for Olympic

Studies in Barcelona.

More recently the input and guidance of Stefan

Pellegrini has been greatly appreciated, the

oversight and direction over this thesis for the

last 3 months has helped to ensure its successful

delivery.

I would like to make a special thank you to Greg

Guglielmo, a recent MBA graduate from theHaas School of Business for his outstanding

effort in assisting in the analysis involved in the

economic section of this thesis. I really enjoyed

working with Greg as took to this task with a

high level of professionalism and dedication as

he demonstrated is approach to understanding

the economic aspects of complex urban design

issues.

Finally I would like to acknowledge my fellow

MUD colleagues Tom Van Pelt, Ken Hiorse, Rohit

Tak and Vincent Cheng and thank them all for

their friendship and camaraderie in the delivery

of this project, which was a huge undertaking

professionally and personally for all of us. A

special mention must go to Justin Kearnan

who I have enjoyed collaborating with. We have

shared intellectual conversations and debates in

terms of our respective thesis topics and more

philosophical projects over the past year. This

nal project is certainly reective of some of those

shared ideas. Your freindship is a lasting outcome.

Thanks mate.

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This thesis is dedicated to the future generations of Adelaide, in particular

Josephine. May you win gold in 2030.

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Preface As a proud Adelaidian, somebody who is born,

raised and lives in Adelaide, I have concern

regarding the urban and economic future that the

city holds. In an Australian capital city context,

 Adelaide is a small city, often colloquially referred

to as a ‘big country town’. Adelaide has been a

very progressive city in its history and a nation

leader in many cultural and political initiatives.

This has somewhat slipped over the past few

decades and now we sell ourselves to theworld as a liveable city, offering its residents

a relaxed, comfortable, suburban lifestyle that

when compared to the larger cities such as

Melbourne and Sydney is relatively affordable and

convenient. (City Facts & Figures, 2015)

This comfortable lifestyle however, is under

 jeopardy. This thesis is written in the context of

 Adelaide having the highest unemployment rate

of all Australian capital cities, (ABS, 2015) which will

only be exacerbated by the closure of states lastremaining car manufacturing plant. The State

capital budgets are being tightened to reect

these economic times.

The city that has the oldest average population

of mainland Australian capital cities, has low

population growth and sees a high percentage

of its young people leave for the bright lights of

larger cities of Australia or beyond. In future this

will put scal pressure on governments to provide

the health care required to the ageing population

from a reducing tax base, let alone provide other

public services and infrastructure.

 Adelaide will celebrate its 200th birthday in 2036

and I am concerned that it will not be a happy

celebration. In this context I have examined

 Adelaide’s history to explore its urban future and

put forward what I think is a viable path to address

the cities current challenges.

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1.0 Executive SummaryThis thesis has come about by understanding,

identifying and looking for a response to

 Adelaide’s current urban challenges. The city

today is faced with six key issues which have

been dened in more detail by this thesis and are

categorised by population growth adding to urban

sprawl, low city centre residential population,

low metropolitan housing density, automobile

dependence, an aging population and low

population growth.

To understad Adelaide’s path to its current

urban position, this thesis explores the history

of the city’s urban fabric from initial settlement

and planning, to the parcelisation of the original

blocks and to its current conguration of built

form and open space. Over the past 179 years

 Adelaide’s residents have continued to sprawl into

more suburban areas to seek affordable ways to

realise the Australian dream of home ownership

and private open space. Fuelled by the rise of theautomobile and an extended bus network, this

growth has resulted in a city that spreads 50 miles

(80kms) north to south and a decentralisation of

the city centre.

The opportunity arises to explore a mega-sporting

event as a catalyst to address Adelaide’s current

urban issues and correct the path to secure a

vibrant, sustainable, compact and connected city.

The Commonwealth Games has been proposed

as this catalyst and research and analysis is

presented to set out a staged approach to

achieving the identied vision for Adelaide.

Recognition of years of dedicated work by

many well respected designers and thinkers has

been key to develop a way forward for Adelaide

and this thesis seeks a way to drawn together

this thinking and start doing. By focusing on a

currently depressed corner of the city centre, the

South West Corner, a vision has been proposed

that focuses on six key aims and subsequenttargets to enrich the urban character of this area

and the city as a whole. Housing, health, mobility,

economic, identity and pride are these vision

categories. Targets have been set against each to

create measurable outcomes that can be drawn

from the proposed staging of investment.

The implementation strategy denes in more

detail how each stage over the next 30 years can

deliver inll housing, public infrastructure and civic

infrastructure. The analysis of this city precinctand Adelaide as a whole reviews the merit of three

potential sites for the location of the Athlete’s

village, ultimately the focal area for inll housing.

Existing sports stadiums are reviewed in light of

their age, current capacity and ability to host the

Commonwealth Games requirements.

New infrastructure focused in Adelaide’s parkland

areas is proposed to offer the specialised facilities

for the Games and look to the future for other

event opportunities and provide amenity for new

city residents.

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The three stages of development are explored

with reference to each of the three implementationcategories. The typologies of the proposed inll

housing are designed with the adaptability in

initial stages to house the Commonwealth Games

athletes and then be retrotted for market rate

and affordable housing, post games. Interest and

diversity of the building stock will start to develop

a style for Adelaide that relates to its original

planning and historical context.

The public infrastructure takes into account many

of the existing plans from the State Government

for transit and sets out a hierarchy for those areas

that should be connected in the early stages

of this proposal, those that are linked to the

Games format and connect stadiums and nally

extensions that can be developed over time.

The design proposal for the civic infrastructure

details four new stadiums delivered in Stage 2

and repurposed or relocated in Stage 3 to provide

greatest amenity to the residents of Adelaide.

To conclude an economic analysis has been

undertaken to review the investment and potentialreturn for this urban plan for Adelaide. The results

clearly set against the achieved vision and targets

show the merit and opportunity for such a mega-

sporting event and a manageable strategy for

how this investment can be staged and ultimately

delivered.

This exciting opportunity is critical to shift the

current trajectory of Adelaide and the researchcontinues to show how positive impact can be

seen in so many key areas of the State. The

improvements in the economy, residents well

being, engagement with their city and vibrancy

needed to develop pride in our youth in particular

who will ultimately lead us into the future.

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2.0 IntroductionIn a country as geographically large as Australia

even some of its capital cities struggle to get

noticed. The capital city of the state of South

 Australia, Adelaide, is one of these cities that

is often over shadowed by its larger cousins.

 Adelaide is a city of 1.29 million people (ABS, 2015),

located within the south central part of Australia.

 Adelaide is the smallest mainland capital city

of Australia and has watched over recent years

other capital cities continue to grow in populationand economic diversity. Like many western cities

around the world, Adelaide is confronted by urban

challenges such as urban sprawl, automobile

dependence for transport, low urban density and

an ageing population base. Unlike other cities,

 Adelaide is unable to hide these issues under the

rug, as given its context of being a small capital

city within a small country exposes the issues

even more.

In order to determine and ultimately propose away forward for Adelaide, this thesis rst examines

 Adelaide’s urban history, its current situation and

clearly identies the key challenges confronting

the city’s leaders. These challenges are used to

create opportunities which in turn targets have

been established against each criteria to assess a

deliverable outcome. The design approaches are

presented as ways to address and work towards

each of these targets. The success of this will be

based upon meeting these challenges.

This thesis proposes a catalyst to start to address

these challenges. A mega-sporting event such as

the Commonwealth Games is nominated as this

catalyst that can address Adelaide challenges

and improve longer term urbanism, connectivity

and city centre vibrancy. The preparation for

such an event can be structured in a way to also

implement key responses to the targets set out to

achieve an agreed vision for Adelaide.

This thesis considers the question:

How can a onetime sporting event, like theCommonwealth Games, be a catalyst thatimproves a mid-sized cities longer termurbanism, connectivity and city centrevibrancy?

The model put forward is based within an

 Adelaide context, but is certainly transferable to

other cities that are confronted with the same

challenges.

In the Adelaide context, the Commonwealth

Games becomes a driver to start to address the

challenges and despite the success or otherwise

of the Commonwealth Games bid, this thesis

project demonstrates how a staged investment

within the city centre could address many of

 Adelaide’s challenges.

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This has been linked back to the relevant

international case studies from cities that have

used similar mega-sporting events to address

their own city challenges.

In order to demonstrate how the Commonwealth

Games can be used to maximise the investment

this project examines a depressed urban

area of Adelaide and demonstrates how the

Commonwealth Games bid can rejuvenate this

area and also be used as an exemplar for usinga temporary event to foster long term urban

improvements.

This thesis puts forward how a staged design

proposal for the Commonwealth Games bid can

revitalise the city undertakes analysis to support

the economic benets that can be gained from

such an event to set Adelaide on a prosperous

trajectory into the future.

 View of Adelaide look ing West

over the city centre.

(Above Photography, 2015)

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 Adelaide,1876

One of the rst sketches of Adelaide, looking east over the city

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3.0 Adelaide’s Urban History

3.1 Adelaide’s 1837 PlanIn the late 1700’s and early 1800’s many peoplewho arrived in Australia, did so under duress andnot of their free will. Even the English explorerCaptain James Cook discovered the east coastof Australia by accident as he was exploring

the Pacic Ocean. Australia of that time wasa harsh yet beautiful native land and deemedappropriate by England as the ideal location tosend convicts from the over crowed English penalsystem. Despite the blazing hot sun and unusualnew animals, an English settler’s eyes must havebeen shocked by the sheer vastness of endlessopportunities of the Australian landscape. When itcame to urbanise the landscape and form coloniesand towns that would ultimately become themajor cities of Australia, the typical military designapproaches of the day were used to order key

government, civic and agricultural land uses. Thisis most evident in the original plans of Sydney and

Hobart. (Forster, 2006)

The city of Adelaide in South Australia issomewhat different. The colony of South Australiawas in fact a free settlement. No convicts orpenal colonies were established. In fact it couldbe likened to an 1800’s version of speculativeland development. In 1836 a eet of buddingsettlers and would be land developers led byGovernor Hindmarsh landed in South Australia’s

Holdfast Bay. Like the settlers on the east coast

of Australia before them, they no doubt wouldhave been surprised by the native landscape and

its expansive space. (Pascoe, 1901) After a shortceremony under an ‘Old Gum Tree’ the task tolocate and plan the colony’s new town was givento Colonel William Light. Colonel Light, a militaryman, had travelled to Continental Europe and the

United Kingdom in his military career and was nowacting as surveyor of Adelaide. Light no doubthad experienced the smaller dirty and unsanitarycities of England, as these cities struggled toaccommodate the number of people within them.

With this in mind, Light wanted to create a citythat had the spacious quality of the Australianlandscape yet was ultimately compact for accessand mobility, lled with wide streets and openspaces to counter the current lack of space inEnglish cities at the time. Not to forget, Light was

also working for property developers, the South Australian Land Company, whose brief was thereneeded to be 1,000 one acre parcels within theCity of Adelaide and a further 1,000 eighty acreslots of rural land adjacent to the city. The city’splan also needed to have that 1836 ‘wow factor’ toentice more new settlers from cramped conditionsof England to the urban paradise of Adelaide.

In designing the city, Light considered 3 keyaspects, access to fresh water, proximity to theharbor and enough relatively at land to lay out

1,000 one acre parcels. As surveyors were and

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Light’s drawing of the City of Adelaide, with the arcre allotments

numbers and marginal reference to the names of the orginal purchasers.

(Adeladia, 2015)

Light’s Original 1837 Plan

Colonel Light’s original 1837 Plan for Adelaide.

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are still educated to do, he stood upon the tallesthill within the area, in this instance what wouldbecome known as Monteore Hill and with hissurveyors chain for measurement started theprocess to layout the city of Adelaide.

Light’s 1837 plan of the City of Adelaide locatesthe city around a central water supply, the RiverTorrens and divides the required number of oneacre parcels north and south of the river. The planis ordered by a strong east-west grid and legible

street hierarchy of alternating wider and narrowerstreets. The city is designed using the chain unitof measurement, where 1 chain equals 66 feet,20.1 metres and 22 yards, which is the length of acricket pitch. In terms of street typologies, the fourmain terraces of Adelaide, North, South, East andWest Terrace are 2 chains wide, as is the centralnorth-south street, King William Street. In thesouthern part of Adelaide, the 3 other north-southstreets, Morphett, Pulteney and Hutt are designedat 1 1/2 chain widths. The alternating east-westgrid streets were designed at 1 1/2 and 1 chain

wide streets. The resulting street layout createscity blocks of 1,820 feet (555 meters) by 508 feet(155 metres) that are accessed primarily from theeast-west streets. A 3.2 x 3.2 chain parcel gridwas overlayed on to these blocks to achieve the

required one acre parcels. (Cheesman, 1986)

Light planned the city of Adelaide to be compactyet linked with nature; the nal overlay of the planwas to insert public open space at key locationswithin the city in order to provide the residentswith equitable access to landscape. The result

was to designate 38 one acre parcels in sixlocations within the city and dene the parcels

as public squares. The images on pages 30 and31 explain further. Five of the squares are madefrom six one acre parcels, with the central square,Victoria Square being formed from eight one acreparcels. Including road widths the ve squareshave a dened total area of 8.3 acres in Light’soriginal plan. Surrounding the entire city, Northand South is 1,700 acres of parkland space, whichis on average 2,000 feet wide. In Light’s planthis parkland open space serves the functionalpurposes of separating the compact city from the

rural land parcels beyond, while also being thelocation of civic infrastructure, such as hospitals,Government House, the military barracks, schoolsand a store house.

Light’s resulting 1837 plan of Adelaide, the gridof streets and inter-spliced open space is oftenlinked to the Oglethorpe plan of Savannah inGeorgia. Despite minimal evidence, it is plausibleto assume that Colonel Light was inuencedby Oglethorpe’s 1733 plan of Savannah andassociated thinking of how cities should be

planned with connections to open space and landuse mixed within these blocks between residentialand civic. Despite parallels that can be drawnbetween the two plans, a major difference is the

scale. (Siksna, 1996) The Savannah blocks are 360feet (110 meters) by 259 feet (79 meters). Despitepossibly referencing Oglethorpe’s thinking inplanning Adelaide, the dramatic difference in scaleof the blocks and the street network results in avery different urban experience, one that perhapsat the time was linked more to the context of

seemingly endless open expanse of the Australianlandscape.

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 The key features of Light’s orgina l plan are identifed in this plan as the

squares, parklands, the acre parcels seperated by the river.

(Adeladia, 2015)

1837 Plan

Planned as a compact urban city, linked with

green spaces and dened hierarchy.

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 The 1 acre parce ls cleraly identifed.

1837 Plan Parcel Overlay 

One acre parcel grid overlay. Parcels are 3.2

chains by 3.2 chains in dimension.

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 The six open spaces created from the removal of 6 or 8 one arce parcels

from the grid.

1837 Plan Squares Overlay 

Six opens spaces dened in the city by removing

six or eight one acre parcels from the parcel

overlay grid.

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The 1996 paper ‘The effects of block size andform in North American and Australian CityCentres’ compares block sizes of twelve citiesand looks at how the initial grid layout of cities candetermine eventual evolution and developmentpatterns within the city. The study puts forwarda comparative gure that clearly highlights scaledifferences between Adelaide’s initial grid layout

when compared to other similar cities. (Siksna, 1996)

This initial grid, with access primarily from east-west frontage streets has driven the resultingurbanization of the city for the last 170 years.When comparing the dates these cities whereplanned is plausible to assume that the JeffersonNorth American Grid of 1785 inuneces thesecities, particularly the newer cities within Australia.

 The map demonstrtaes the planning approach of Light’s Plan.

(Cooke, 2015)

- Access from east-weststreets

- Blocks 1690 ft x 422 ft- Parcelss 211 ft x 211 ft- 1 acre parcls (3.2 x 3.2

chains)- Area dened in plan

for six open spaces- Each is 6 x 1 acre

blocks plus roadwidths

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Comparison map prepared by Siksna comparing Australian and North

 American city gr ids. Adelaide’s grid scale is the largest in both directions.

(Siksna, 1996)

Comparison of original gridlayouts

 

Savannah, 1733

Grid Size: 365ft x 160ft

Toronto, 1793Grid Size: 650ft x 500ft

Brisbane, 1825Grid Size: 735ft x 370ft

Melbourne, 1837Grid Size: 770ft x 370ft

Portland, 1845

Grid Size: 240ft x 240ft

Indianapolis, 1821Grid Size: 510ft x 510ft

Perth, 1832Grid Size: 750ft x 410ft

 Adelaide, 1837Grid Size: 1820ft x 508ft

Seattle, 1855

Grid Size: 315ft x 300ft

Chicago, 1833Grid Size: 410ft x 470ft

Hobart, 1804Grid Size: 550ft x 376ft

Sydney, 1788Grid Size: 210ft x 575ft

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3.2 Adelaide’s 1880 PlanThe next major recorded plan of the City of

 Adelaide was in 1880, forty years after the initialsettlement. This plan was undertaken by CityEngineer Charles Smith and is referred to as

the ‘Book Plan of South Adelaide’. (Adeladia, 2015)

The survey was undertaken as preparation forthe installation of the city’s rst comprehensivesewerage removal treatment system. As part ofthis public infrastructure work, Smith and his team

recorded and plotted every building, laneway,cottage, outhouse and backyard washing area.

The resulting map clearly depicts how initial landowners of Light’s one acre parcels had startedto urbanise the city and evolve Light’s grid. Thedeciency of Light’s initial grid was north-southconnectors. Over the rst 40 years, land ownershad started to create laneways and roads,primarily running north-south to gain access

through their one acre parcels. (Gehl, 2013)

There appears to be no real strategy for this extralayer of the city grid. The laneways and roads arelocated in a haphazard fashion within the parcels.Some lanes are located adjacent the boundaryline of the parcel, some are located in the centre.Common ownership of adjoining parcels also sawsome lanes straddle over the original parcel lotlines.

The overall size of the lanes varies also. There isno hierarchy or uniform lane size present as therewas in Light’s intial street grid.

It is plausible to assume that many of the lanesare simply designed to allow access for a horseand cart, fundamentally to clean cess pits, removewaste, horse stables and the storage of buildingmaterials for the developing city.

The open space squares remain in this surveybut it is noted they become smaller in size andmore dened by streets passing around them andparcel access linking the open space.

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Chales Smith’s Block Plan of South Adelaide. Now refered to as the city

centre.

(Adeladia, 2015)

1880 Plan

Detail survey plan of buildings, streets and

laneways in Adelaide in 1880.

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Overlaying Light’s orginal parcel grid over the Book Plan.

1880 Plan Parcel Overlay 

Comparison of Book Plan back with the original

parcel overlay.

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Highlight where the lanes and news streets had been created in relation

to Light’s parcel grid.

1880 Plan Parcels / LanesOverlay 

Highlights how landowners urbanized their parcels

and started to create north-south coonections

that where lacking in the orginal Light Plan.

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 This image highlights how the new lanes accessed the squares.

1880 Plan Squares / LanesOverlay 

The open space squares are reshaped and being

dened by parcel access. Looking at the pattern

that has been generated its plausible to assume

that of the one acre parcels size, the 211ft depth

was more usable for urbanisation than the 211ft

frontage size. Land owners divided parcels

predominantly north-south to maximise the depth

of their parcels.

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 These historic photos show the urbaniz ing city. The squares and

parklands are easily found within the photos. Note the width of the

streets in relation to the horse trac they are carrying.

(Adeladia, 2015)

1865 Panorama PhotosThese 1865 photos taken from the scaffolding ofthe under construction Town Hall by TownsendDuryea, demonstrate the building types anduses that were occurring within the parcels. Ofparticular note is the large scale of the streets inrelation to the buildings and the use of the open

space squares and surrounding parklands. (Adeladia,

2015)

Looking East to the Adelaide Hills

Looking South with Victoria Square in the foreground

Looking North towards the River Torrens

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3.3 Adelaide’s 1912 Plan

By 1912, thirty years later, the city had expandedbeyond the parklands. The once dened rural lotsadjoining the city had started to be suburbanizedand in doing so Adelaide was beginning to sprawlfrom Light’s original idea of a compact city.

(Freeston, 2009)

 A tram network has been established over

this time and it links the variety of grids andneighbourhoods on the city’s edge, while alsoconnecting the major commercial, retail, civic andresidential precincts within the city centre. In thisconnecting tram network, the routes did not payrespect to Light’s original open space squares, astram rail lines cut through the squares along whatwas presumably the most efcient travel route forthe tram. This resulted in fragmented squares.

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 Adelaide Metropoli tan Tramways route map from 1912. This highlights

the ‘star’ system being created with transit being focused into the city as

an interchange.

(MTT Tram Route Map, 1912)

1912 Plan

Highlights the expanding metropolitan city,

connected by a Tram network. 

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 The image identies the tram routes within the city centre in 1912.

1912 Plan Tram Overlay 

Tram network connects the main precincts within

the city centre.

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 The image identies the tram routes within the city centre and how they

interact with the existing squares.

1912 Plan Tram / Square Overlay

The tram network didn’t respect the squares and

dived them with their routes.

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3.4 Adelaide’s 2015 Plan

Today the current conguration of the squaresremain divided in terms of their access andlegibility as civic open space. What was oncethe right of way of the tram route, has now beenreplaced with roads. The squares are now nothing

more than trafc islands. (Collis, 2007) The currentplan of Adelaide also clearly still references Light’sinitial plan of a predominantly east-west streetgrid and hierarchy and the elongated almost superblocks that this created. These squares drawinsperation from squares in London like RussellSqaure.

In overlaying the one acre parcel gird it stillremains in tact but there is little structure in termsof urbanization of these parcels. The haphazardapproach we identied in the 1880 Book Planhas continued with individual owners and citygovernments inuencing and controlling this

evolution of the grid on a project by projectbasis. The result is an illegible and confusingstreet pattern of laneways with none of the orderand hierarchy of the original street layout Lightplanned.

This once planned compact urban city nowsprawls over 50 miles (80 kilometres) northand south. The question must be asked whathappened to Colonel Light’s compact city visionand how can we restore and evolve the vision in acontemporary setting?

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Current map of the city centre.

2015 Plan Square Overlay 

Highlights how the squares have been fragmented

due to transport right of ways.

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Overlaying Light’s orginal parcels highlights the hapazarad urbanization

that has occured within the cit y centre.

2015 Plan Parcel Overlay 

Highlights how the parcels have been urbanized.

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 This Image demonstrates the relationship between the ci ty centre and

now metropolitan Adelaide.

2015 Plan

Highlights the scale of metropolitan Adelaide

over the landscape with Light’s original plan

highlighted.

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 Adelaide,Circa 1900s

 View along King William Street.City centre of Adelaide.

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4.0 Adelaide Today4.1 PopulationToday Adelaide is a city that is struggling to gainrecognition, both nationally and internationally.Once the third largest city in Australia in the earlypart of the 20th Century, boasting a strong culturalidentity of arts, festivals and education, whilebeing considered politically and socially innovativewith respect to public policy, the city is now oftenused as the punch line for jokes.

In the world today the size of something is anattribute that many people are keen to measure,compare and spruik. This is also the case for acity’s population. Adelaide population of 1.29million sounds impressive on the size scaleand it most certainly is an achievement. Whencompared to a global scale, there 255 cities

around the world of a similar population size. (World

 Atlas, 2015) No matter how they have reached thislevel of population, either by growth or decline,

they all have one thing in common. They are allcompeting against each other and larger citiesin their respective countries and throughout theworld to attract people, investment, recognitionand opportunities to elevate their city’s positionand ranking. Adelaide is right in the middle of thislog-jam.

It is now worth considering Adelaide’s populationsize within an Australian Context. In 2010 theGovernment of South Australia released a majorplanning policy document, the Plan for Greater

 Adelaide. In the document Adelaide’s forecastannual growth rate was 18,000 people per annum,

which over 30 years would see an additional540,000 residents of metropolitan Adelaide and

total population of 1.83 million by 2040. (30 Year

Plan for Adelaide, 2010) The reality over the past fewyears has been under these forecast, with thepopulation growth closer to 12,000 per annum or

an average of 1.3%. (ABS, 2015) Its important at thisstage to acknowledge that this is still a positivenumber and the city is still growing. Despite being

under the forecasts, Adelaide is still growing inpopulation size. Some North America cities likeCleveland, Buffalo, Pittsburgh and Detroit wouldlike to have Adelaide’s positive growth number,than the declining population numbers they have

experienced over the last decade. (ULI, 2014)

In an Australian context, however, Adelaide isbecoming somewhat of a only child city. TheFederal Governments Intergenerational 2015report on the state of Australia forecasts that

 Adelaide’s population will grow to 2.2 million by

2055. This growth can be considered modestwhen compared to the other Australian capitalcities. The report forecasts that by 2055,

 Australia’s national population will almost double

up to 39 million. (2015 Intergenerational Report, 2015)

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Of that, the areas that will see the most growth are

Melbourne and Sydney, which will grow from theircurrent populations of over 4 million people tocities of 9 million people. Perth and Brisbane willmaintain their current growth trajectory and resultin cities of the size of almost 5 million people.While Hobart, Darwin and Canberra continue togrow, these cities are coming off such a low base,their percentage of Australia’s population within2055 remains relatively small.

The graph below highlights how Adelaide will

remain separate from the larger and smaller citieswithin Australia. If Adelaide has desires to be alarger city over the coming years, it need to beon that growth accelerated trajectory already, likeBrisbane or Perth. Adelaide is not on that path andtherefore has likely missed that growth opportunityover the upcoming years. That said, Adelaidepotentially holds a unique position within the

 Australian city context in terms of population size,which needs to be considered and acted upon asa positive opportunity.

2001 2006   2011   2016   2021   2026   2031   2036   2041   2046 2051 20550

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

9000000

10000000

Year

Australian Capital City Population 2001 to 2055

Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Brisbane

Perth Hobart Darwin Canberra

 The graph comapres the capital ci ties of Australia and predidicats that

 Adelaide’s growth pattern will resul t in the ci ty sit ting alone from larger

cities and smaller cities.

(2015 Intergenerational Report, 2015)

 Australian Capital CityPopulation 2001 to 2055

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Currently Adelaide’s population average age is 39years old, compared to a national average of 37years old. According to the Intergenerational 2015report, this trend is expected to continue with

 Adelaide forecasted to have an average age of 47years old in 2055, compared to a national forecastaverage of 44 years old.

South Australia has an annual average interstatemigration loss of 3,300 people. This a worryingnumber, however what makes this somewhat

worse and adds to the average age issues isthat according the ABS, 50% of this interstatemigration consists of people aged between 20 to

34 years old of age. (ABS, 2015)

4.2 Location of Growth As we have established in the last section, Adelaide has been growing modestly over thepast decade on average by 1.3% annually. During2008 to 2013, metropolitan Adelaide increased inpopulation by 68,000 people. What is of interestis where these new residents chose to live inmetropolitan Adelaide. The map adjacent indicatesthat 70% of the new residents chose to live inouter metropolitan areas, north of Grand JunctionRoad and south of Cross Roads, which in turncontributes to metropolitan Adelaide’s urban

sprawl. (Government SA Population Chage, 2013) So whydid these residents chose to live in these areas?The Australian Bureau of Statistics data indicatethat house prices are more affordable in theseouter metropolitan suburbs than closer to the city

centre. It is plausible to assume that this wouldhave been a key contributing factor in many of thenew resident’s decision making.

 According to the Australian Urban ResearchInfrastructure Network’s VAMPIRE Index, whichis an acronym for Vulnerability Assessmentfor Mortgage, Petrol and Ination Risks andExpenditure, these new residents along withall residents in the outer metropolitan suburbsare under higher risks to uctuations in oil (gas

 / petrol) prices, ination and interest rates.

(VAMPIRE, 2014) The level of risk residents of outermetropolitan suburbs face was dramaticallyexposed in the United State during the 2008 to

2009 Global Financial Crisis (GFC). During theGFC it was the housing stock located in theouter metropolitan areas of North American citiesthat seriously suffered, as houses lost capitalvalue, residents could no longer meet paymentsnor could they sell their properties to pay downdebts, resulting in foreclosure and even personalbankruptcy. This situation was also exacerbatedby the reliance of many residents in these outermetropolitan areas on private automobile fortransportation, as residents did not have the

option to reduce daily transport costs. (Reid, 2014) Metropolitan Adelaide’s housing stock consistsof 77% single family detached houses, which isabove the national average of 70%. The densityof metropolitan Adelaide is 4.2 units per acre.The work by Professor Peter Newman fromCurtin University in Western Australia highlightsthe hidden costs differences between urban andsuburban developments. He states that a ‘1000houses built on the fringe of Australian citiescost $300 million more than a 1000 houses built

within existing city growth boundaries.’ (Newman,2008) Such data is highly relevant in Adelaide’scase as the city continues to grow in the outermetropolitan areas.

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 The map shows the areas of population growth within metropo litan

 Adelaide between 2008 - 2013.

(Government SA Population Chage, 2013)

Population Growth Distribution

Highlights the location of Adelaide’s population

growth between 2008 to 2013.

 Adelaide’s VAMPIRE Map

The VAMPIRE map of Adelaide highlights the

suburbs in the outer metropolitan areas are most

at risk to pries in oil, ination and interest rates.

 VAMPIRE Index Map highlights areas in red and orange are the most

vulnerable residents to ination, oil and interest rate increase.

(VAMPIRE, 2014)

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4.3 Economy Historically the South Australian economyhas consisted of seven main industry sectors.Since the 1950’s the state economy has beenunderpinned by car manufacturing. The GeneralMotors Holden plant once employed 6,000workers at its peak and was the employmentanchor for the new urban sprawl suburb ofElizabeth, which was planned in 1950 toaccommodate the car factory’s work force.

The car manufacturing industry since the1970’s has been heavily subsided by Stateand Federal Governments. In 2013, a report byHolden, indicated that the car manufacturer had

received AUD$2.18 billion in Federal Governmentassistance since 2001. In 2014, General Motorsannounced that it would close its Elizabeth factoryin 2017, affecting 2,000 direct and up to 13,200indirect manufacturing jobs, potentially resultingin AUD$1.24 billion loss in gross state revenue forSouth Australia. This has a major impact on theSouth Australian economy. The chart below fromthe Government of South Australia highlights thetrend that the manufacturing sector in general has

been in decline the past decade. (Economic Statment,

2013)

Graph shows the changing economic prole over nine years.

(Economic Statment, 2013)

South Australian GDP by Sector

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Over the same time period, the mining sectorhas been steadily growing its share of the Stateeconomy. The mining sector is predicted tomaintain its trend as people transition from themanufacturing sector and seek new employmentopportunities and as South Australia continuesto mine its natural resources of gas, iron ore andin the future uranium. The professional servicessector also has the opportunity to expand into alarger role within the South Australian economy,supported by the states strong tertiary education

institutions.

The Government of South Australia hashighlighted a desire to increase this sector of theeconomy as a way to assist in retaining Adelaide’s

youth population from interstate migration. (Roos,

2014) The City of Adelaide Gross Value Addedeconomic breakdown by sector higlighst thedominate industry is proffesional services or

tradiational white colar empoyment. (City Facts &

Figures, 2015)

City of Adelaide Gross Value Added by Industry

 The table highlights the trend s ince 1996 of the Ci ty of Adelaide

economic sector breakdown.

(City Facts & Figures, 2015)

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4.4 Transit

 Adelaide’s current transit system is a combinationof metro rail, light rail (trams), O-Bahn bus (trackedbus) and bus. The system predominately is ahub and spoke approach, where transit routesoriginate from the city centre and spread to outermetropolitan Adelaide. There are some outermetropolitan multimodal interchange nodes withinthe network.

 As the previous section highlighted, Adelaideonce had an extensive tram network that linkedthe suburbs to the city centre. As the metropolitanarea of Adelaide expanded post 1950, the tramnetwork was replaced with the current busnetwork.

Many citizens of Adelaide colloquially lament thisdecision of the time and look longingly over theboarder to Melbourne’s extensive tram network asto what might have been for Adelaide. The currentpublic transit routes potentially contribute to

 Adelaide’s urban sprawl, as they ultimately enablepeople to live in the outer metropolitan suburbs,while working within the city centre.

 Adelaide’s transit system has many of the usuallycomplaints from the city’s citizens that are often

directed towards public transit systems, such asnot being reliable, late, irregular timetabling, full orovercrowded and expensive. Given these issues,many residents of Adelaide chose to drive as theirpreferred method of transport than use publictransit.

Graph comparing car ownership per 100 people based on state. South

 Australia has the highest percentage at 62%.

(Allianz, 2011)

Passenger cars per 100 population

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 Adelaide’s public transit authority, AdelaideMetro states that their average daily ridership isapproximately 33,000 riders, which equates to2.5% of the population. Of that ridership, 80% ofpassengers are using bus, 15% use train and 5%

use tram. (Adelaide Metro, 2013)

Without a large ridership on the transit systemit becomes hard for the government to afford ordecide to invest in improving or extending thenetwork. The government would be aware that the

majority of citizens, and voters, would most likelyprefer improved road networks. In 2015 StateBudget, the Government committed to spending

 AUD$332.8m on seven road projects comparedto $16 million on two rail upgrade projects.Furthermore, the budget indicated that public

transit tickets will increase by 2.5%. (Government SA

2015 Budget Papers, 2015)

This trend in government spending towards roadinfrastructure is not uncommon. A report bySustainable Prosperity from Canada highlighted

the allocation of all government spending on roadinfrastructure in Canada was CAD$28.96 billioncompared to $7.5 billion invested in Transit. Withover $13 billion of that allocation funded by nonroad users, such as public transit passengers.

(Thompson, 2013)

The result for metropolitan Adelaide is that carownership in Adelaide is above the nationalaverage, with 62% of passenger cars ownedper 100 population in Adelaide compared to thenational average of 57% passenger cars per 100

population. The graph to the left highlights thisdata. This equates to 0.76 cars person in South

 Australia, compared to the national average of

0.72 cars person. Adelaide households have1.7 cars per household compared to 1.5 carsper household nationally. Adelaide is followingthe national trend of automobile dependence fortransportation, albeit slightly above.

There is an opportunity to break from the pack andset a new trend for the direction of transportation

in Adelaide. (Allianz, 2011)

 Trac congenstion in

city centre of Adelaide.

(AdelaideNow, 2013)

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 Adelaide,Circa 1930s

 View along King William Street.City centre of Adelaide.

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5.0 Adelaide Challenges5.1 Issues

Within the outlined context of Adelaide’s urbanhistory and the current demographics, populationand the economy, Adelaide’s future challenges canbe dened in six main categories.

Population

growth adding

to Urban Sprawl

70% of population

growth located in ‘sprawl’

developments at the edge

of metropolitan area(Government SA Population Chage, 2013)

Low City Centre

Residential

Population

12,962 residents in the city

centre.

1% of the metropolitan

population(ABS, 2015)

Low

metropolitan

housing density

4.2 units / acre

77% single detached

housing(ABS, 2015)

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 Automobile

dependence

1.7 cars per household

and 0.72 cars per person.

 Above the national average(ABS, 2015)

 Aging

Population

 Average age of 39 years

old. Above the national

average(ABS, 2015)

Low population

growth

1.3% annual growth. Below

the national average

High rate of youth interstate

migration(City Facts and Figures, 2015)

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5.2 The Opportunity As has been identied in the previous section,the challenges that confront the City of Adelaiderequire addressing. The city needs a to correctthe urban development trajectory that it iscurrently, as this path is unsustainable into thefuture. In considering approaches to addressthese challenges there is no quick x or silverbullet. There requires a long term, well plannedapproach that has citywide community and

political ownership and has a deadline or cleargoal associated with the approach to focusattention and required decision making. Thisthesis proposes that a mega-event, in conjunctionwith smaller events is the approach that Adelaideshould take.

 A recent Urban Land Institute (ULI) report from2013 considered the impact of mega-events oncities throughout the world. The report comparedeight event types from sports, music, politics,economic and cultural and then analysed eachevent in relation to city and state wide impacts onvisitors, transport, urban infrastructure, culture,sports infrastructure, identity, business condence

and visible legacy. (Clark, 2013)The table belowhighlights the results of this report.

The report highlights that mega-sporting events,like the Olympic Games or Commonwealth Gameshas the greatest impact, across the board, toa city. Further analysis by ULI considered thespatial impact of the event on the host city andnation. The table below (or adjacent) demonstrates

 Table shows the benets of hosting certain types of events.

(Clark, 2013)

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that mega-sporting events impact the host cityboth at a citywide and beyond the city scale.

The report also recommends cities bid for a seriesof events to offset their costs more effectivelyand reduce the risk of focusing on one eventfor success. This was certainly the approachfor Manchester, UK that focused on a series ofbids for sporting events, that included the 1992,1996 and 2000 Olympic Games, before beingawarded the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The

city also built key infrastructure early, such as theVelodrome in 1994, as a way to demonstrate their

commitment. (Najeeb, 2012)

This thesis proposes that as a way to address Adelaide’s current challenges, that Adelaideshould bid for a mega-sporting event, theCommonwealth Games, and use this event as acatalyst.

 Table highlighst teh spatia l impact of benets by event.

(Clark, 2013)

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Question:

How can a one time sportinCommonwealth Games, be amid-sized cities longer term ucity centre vibrancy ?

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vent, like thetalyst that improves aanity , connectivity  and

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 Adelaide,Circa 1960s

 View along King William Street.City centre of Adelaide.

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6.0 Commonwealth Games6.1 What are the CommonwealthGames?

The Commonwealth Games, colloquially known

as the ‘friendly games’ is an international mega-

sporting event that is held every four years in

different cities and countries who are currently

part of the British Commonwealth. The Games

where known originally as the British Empire &Commonwealth Games until a name change in

1974 saw the event known as the Commonwealth

Games. At the most recent Commonwealth

Games in Glasgow 2014, 71 nations participated,

despite there only being 53 members of the

Commonwealth. Some nations use the Games

as an opportunity to compete on the international

sporting stage under their own ag. For example,

the nations that form the United Kingdom,

England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland

participate in the Commonwealth Games asindividual nations and not the United Kingdom as

they would at the Olympic Games.

The games are managed by the Commonwealth

Games Federation (CGF), which also controls the

sporting programme and selects the host cities.

Cities bid for the right to host the games seven

years before the event is staged. The competition

to host the event is not as erce as similar mega-

sporting events like the Olympic Games or World

Cup Soccer. The current process is for the CGF

to invite two cities, who have lodged a high level

expression of interest document, to put forward

detailed bid proposals. The successful bid is

selected based upon criteria such as existing

sporting infrastructure, public infrastructure

and transit, legacy of the games to the city and

level of nancial underwriting from city and state

governments. (CGF, 2015)

The Games program consists of 10 core sports

and 7 elective sports. Within these sports thereare 261 gold medal events that approximately

6,000 athletes compete to win. Another unique

quality of the Commonwealth Games is that all

athletes, including those with disabilities compete

at the same time during the events programme,

unlike the separation of the Paralympics events.

The table on the adjacent the page outlines the

approved core sports and elective sports for the

Commonwealth Games.

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Commonwealth Games Approved Sports

Icons of core and elective Commonwealth Games sports.

(Cooke, 2015)

Commonwealth Games Core Sports 

 Aquatics

 Athletics ( Track & Field )

Badminton

Lawn Bowls

Netball

Hockey

Weightlifting

Squash

Boxing

Rugby 7’s

Commonwealth Games Elective Sports 

 Table Tennis

 Triathlon

Beach Volleyball

Diving Sailing

Boxing

Basketball

Cycling

Gymnastics   Archery

Canoeing   Judo   Wrestling

Rowing   Shooting Softball

 Tennis   Tenpin Bowling   Taekwondo

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6.2 Australian CommonwealthGames?

From an Australian perspective, the

Commonwealth Games are certainly the ‘feel

good’ games. Australia over the past 30 years has

had great success at the Games, often nishing

within the top three on the medal winners tally

board. Australia has hosted the Commonwealth

Games four times, Sydney 1938, Perth 1962,

Brisbane 1982, Melbourne 2006 and will host theevent again in the Gold Coast games in 2018.

Every mainland Australian state capital has hosted

the Commonwealth Games, with the exception of

 Adelaide. (ACGA, 2015)

 Adelaide has bid for the Commonwealth Games

on three separate occasions, in 1962, 1998

and 2006, failing to achieve success on each

occasion. Interestingly in 1962, Adelaide had

secured the rights to host the Games, but through

a lack of public infrastructure delivery leading upto the Games, lost the rights to host the event

to Perth. There is a 12 year difference between

the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games and

the upcoming Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth

Games. This is considered the minimum duration

between one country hosting the event again.

Given this, the earliest Adelaide could bid for

the Commonwealth Games would be 2030. If

 Adelaide was to bid for the 2030 Commonwealth

Games it would be notied of the bid results in

2023, seven years prior to the event. (Bartlett, 1999)

6.3 Legacy 

By denition, legacy is ‘anything handed

down from the past, as from an ancestor

or predecessor’. (Oxford, 2015) In the world of

international mega-sporting events, the term

‘legacy’ is the new buzz word. The governing

bodies of mega events discuss and present how

their event can leave a lasting positive impact to

the host city, while cynics of mega sporting events

often link the word legacy with a way to justify thenancial cost to governments to host the event.

In respect to mega-sporting events legacy

outcomes predominately t within four main

categories, cultural and social, environmental,

sporting and urban. (IOC, 2014)

Cultural & Social Legacy 

Cultural and Social Legacy outcomes are in the

main focused on the positive benets to the

community, through increased funding for healthand well being programs, increased employment

opportunities or a greater sense of city or state

pride directly related to hosting a mega-sporting

event. Since the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games,

volunteerism at mega-sporting events has been

used as a way for the community to be involved in

an event and also learn skills that can be applied

after the event in possible future employment or

within the community. (Gold & Gold, 2010) The 2016

Rio De Janeiro Olympic Games recently sought

applications for the 70,000 volunteer positions,with over 240,000 people applying for the roles.

(Rio2016, 2015) 

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 Another social benet is increased participation

within recreation and community sport. A study

undertaken by the University of Glasgow over a

3 year period from 2012 to 2015 indicated that

after the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games

there has been a 14% increase in recreational

sport participation of the city’s residents. This has

benets in terms of increasing the health and well

being of a community. This is no doubt seen as

a positive cultural and social legacy to Glasgow

from the hosting the Commonwealth Games.(Legacy2014, 2015)

Environmental Legacy 

Environmental legacies focus on how a mega-

sporting event can have a positive impact

on issues such as environmental sustainable

design of venues or housing, water and energy

conservation and community education

programs. The 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics

Games used the games as catalyst to create a

demonstrator eco-district housing project for theSouth False Creek athlete’s village. The village

incorporated a major investment in district wide

energy and water treatment. Such an investment

would not normally be possible in a conventional

housing development, but the games was a

catalyst for such an environmental initiative which

is now providing long lasting environmental legacy

outcomes for the expanding community of South

False Creek. 

Sporting Legacy 

By their very nature mega sporting events impact

host cities by facilitating the promotion and

development of sport, with new or refurbished

sports facilities and by the city developing event

management skills. This was denitely the case

following the 2002 Manchester Commonwealth

Games which used the games to develop a new

sports precinct in East Manchester. This precinct

is used by the community and also used by

professional athletes, such as Manchester City

Football Club and UK Cycling. (Najeeb, 2012)

Urban Legacy 

Urban Legacies are often associated with public

transit improvements and the urban regeneration

of an under developed area of the host city.

This was certainly the case with the 2012

London Olympic Games that used the games to

remediate and regenerate the former industrial

site surrounding Stratford in East London into thesports precinct and athletes village for the Games.

 Associated with this was new public transit and

new street connections to the surrounding city

grid. The legacy outcomes of London 2012 in

terms of increased affordable housing and the

repair of part of the city is now considered the

current model of urban legacy associated with

mega-sporting events. (Hopkins & Neal, 2013)

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 Adelaide,2013

 View looking at the under construction Adelaide Oval Redevlopment

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7.0 Case Studies7.1 Adelaide’s not alone

 Adelaide is certainly not alone in using a mega

sporting event as a catalyst for city wide urban

and economic improvements. Many cities

throughout the world have used mega sporting

events such as the Olympic and Commonwealth

Games as ways to invest in sports infrastructure,

transit, urban housing and public space. Some

with more success than others. The size of thesecity’s investments often add greater scrutiny to

the investments success and the legacy outcome.

 As was introduced in an earlier chapter, the

legacy aims that are identied before the event

are used to justify the spending but are also how

a mega-sporting event’s success or otherwise is

determined.

With so many recent mega-sporting events and

more planned for the immediate future, what

lessons can Adelaide learn from other cities thathave hosted such events?

In order to answer this question, this thesis has

compared nine case study projects that span from

1992 to future planned events in 2024.

These case studies include:

o 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games

o 2000 Sydney Olympic Games

o 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games

o 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games

o 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games

o 2012 London Olympic Games

o 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games

o 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games

o 2024 Boston Olympic Games (former US

bid city)

These nine case studies are a combination of

Olympic and Commonwealth Games. All these

case studies have addressed the impacts of

a mega-sporting event within their own city

context. The case studies also include the

mega-sporting events recently held in Australia,

the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, the 2006

Melbourne Commonwealth Games, as well as the

planned 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games.

The thesis considers it important to compare

these Australian examples to each other and to

 Adelaide.

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7.2 Case Study Methodology 

In order to undertake comparative analysis of the

nine case study projects this Professional Report

has compared the sites initially based upon

quantitative information such as number of sports,

venues, length of event, visitors, athletes and total

investment. Broadly these nine cities are located

within western developed nations that are dealing

with some of the challenges confronting Adelaide.

The next comparison made between the

case study projects is based upon qualitative

analysis in regards to the success of the megasporting events in delivering their legacy agenda.

Specic analysis was undertaken relating to the

comparative spatial information of the mega

sporting event in the city fabric.

Further analysis then compared the case study

projects against the Framework of outlined

legacy aims of Adelaide 2030. In order to have

a standardised qualitative comparison of the

case study projects, each were analysed within

the Framework of Adelaide 2030 legacy targets,including mobility, nursing, awareness, health,

economic and community pride. Comparative

conclusions were then made from this analysis.

6.3 Why Relevant?

Firstly, let’s consider why these nine case studies

were selected and how their own mega-sporting

legacy agenda is relevant to Adelaide.

Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games

The oldest case study, Barcelona remains

relevant today and is still often held as a

successful example of a mega sporting event

that had a positive impact on the city. Barcelona

prior to 1992 was a second tier city within Europe

and at the time ranked 17th on the European

City Signicant List. Since the 1992 Olympic

Games, Barcelona has ranked within the top 5

on the same list for the past 23 years. The gameswere used as a way to increase awareness of

the city and region to the broader audience.

This resulted in an increase in tourism which

became a US$1million boost to the economy.

The housing required for the games was also

used to reinstate part of original Barcelona’s city

grid, while new infrastructure for sporting venues,

transit and public spaces was also provided. The

regeneration of former industrial parts, mainly the

waterfront area helped link the original city centre

to a larger part of the waterfront. (Gratton & Preuss,

2008)

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Sydney was the rst Games to incorporate at

the bid stage, a planned post games legacy

approach, documenting the intended repurposing

of games infrastructure after the event. Homebush

Bay was the location of the main stadium,

 Athlete’s village and several other sporting venues

and a new spur transit line with connections

between Sydney city centre and the satellite

city of Parramatta. The legacy plan has not beadopted as intended and the site is primarily used

as a business park or for sporting events. In 2014

a new legacy master plan was been prepared for

the precinct which redened many of the original

legacy outcomes such as mixed use, education

and employment uses.(Kassens-Noor, 2012)

Manchester is a secondary city of the UK and

has a current population of inner city population

was 439,000. Over the past 15 years this has

increased by 17% to 514,000. This increase in city

centre population is a trend Adelaide is aiming to

achieve. Manchester used the Commonwealth

Games to address issues such as urban

regeneration of old industrial sites, initially for the

 Athlete’s Village housing, then used as affordable,student and free market housing. This housing

was connected by new transit. Manchester also

invested in sports infrastructure, building a new

stadium for the games, now used weekly for

English Premier League soccer matches and

community focused sporting infrastructure now

used by the existing community after the games.

(Gratton, et al, 2005)

Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Manchester 2002 CommonwealthGames

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 Already well facilitated with much of the sporting

infrastructure required to host the Commonwealth

Games, Melbourne was able to simply overlay

temporary infrastructure and fast tracked planned

upgrades that were required to the existing stadia.

Melbourne used the Commonwealth Games to

re-assert the city as Australia’s sports capital. The

 Athlete’s Village was located 4km north west of

the city, near the Melbourne Zoo. A new Light Railtransit line was constructed to connect this village.

 After the games this village was handed over as a

new suburb to the local council and the properties

sold to the private market. The Melbourne

Commonwealth Games also fast tracked State

Government expenditure on new rolling stock for

the transit system and upgrade of key public open

spaces and street improvements within the city.

Vancouver set signicant goals when approaching

the bid process for the 2010 Winter Olympic

Games. Having not hosted a major international

event of this scale since Expo ’86, the committee

aimed to undertake the required infrastructure

upgrades and additions in the most sustainable

way possible. Many existing facilities were

refurbished for the event however the Olympic

 Athletes Village was designed as a mixed usecommunity to address environmental, economic,

and social issues. The success of the Canadian

team at the games was in part attributed for the

increased involvement of young people in sport.

These opportunities were created through the

2010 Legacies Now, a not for prot organisation

who have developed a series of recreational and

high performance sports programmes for young

people in Vancouver. (Kassens-Noor, 2012)

Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games

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Somewhat similar to the Sydney 2000 model,

the London 2012 Olympic Games focused on

creating a sporting precinct on former industrial

land at Stratford, in the east of London. The site

was the location of 8 Olympic Game sporting

venues and also the entertainment centre and

non Olympic tennis venue. The Athlete’s Village

was located within the sporting precinct. Unlike

Sydney, where Homebush was essentially a blankslate, the Stratford area regeneration has been

incremental, with a underground line and new

station constructed in the late 1990’s, some inll

housing and major shopping centre constructed

in mid 2000’s. The Olympic Game investment was

seen as a way to fast track the urban regeneration

of the area. (Hopkins & Neal, 2013)

Similar to Manchester, Glasgow could be classed

a second tier city within the UK. The Glasgow

Commonwealth Games focused on showcasing

the city to the broader UK and the Commonwealth

while also having a legacy agenda that connected

the games to all of Scotland, not just the one city.

This was achieved with some Commonwealth

Games venues being located outside Glasgow

and by health and community programs thatlinked a broader audience to be part of the games

experience. Glasgow also used a combination of

existing sporting facilities with some temporary

overlays and new purpose built facilities. The

 Athlete’s Village was located in a former industrial

site near The Clyde. The site was partially built

out for the games requirements and is now

being further developed for the private market.

(Legacy2014, 2015)

London 2012 Olympic Games Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games

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 As Adelaide considers the 2030 Commonwealth

Games, the next games will also be held in

 Australia, in Gold Coast, a secondary city in the

state of Queensland, located 83 km south of the

state capital of Brisbane. The Gold Coast games

will use the recently refurbished Carrara Sports

Stadium (Metricon Stadium) and upgrade a series

of existing facilities, some located close to the

Carrara Sports Stadium area and others within theGold Coast city centre. Some more specialised

venues for the games will be utilised in Brisbane.

The Athlete’s Village is located on the local

University Campus and will be used primarily as

student housing after the games. A new LR transit

system has already been constructed that links the

city centre to some sports venues and hotels to

the north and south. (ACGA, 2015)

Boston was selected by the US Olympic

Committee as the United States bid city for

the 2024 Olympic Games. In mid-2015 the City

of Boston withdraw their bid. Boston 2024 is

a relevant example as it can be considered a

secondary city to its larger neighbour to the

south, New York. Boston’s strategy was to openly

acknowledge this under dog status and lean

heavily on the legacy agenda that the games wouldbring to the city in terms of urban regeneration.

This was to include redevelopment of the current

industrial south water front area within the city,

location of the new Athlete’s Village near this area

and the largest investment in transit infrastructure

including new Light Rail network. The Boston

approach used key new infrastructure in strategic

city locations and existing venues within the city

centre or neighbouring Cambridge. Boston’s

overall aim was to achieve a walkable urban games

experience. (Boston2024, 2015)

Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Boston 2024 Olympic Games Bid City

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7.4 Spatial Comparison Analysis

The comparative analysis of the case study sites

compares the spatial relationships between the

city centre, the main stadium and the Athlete’s

Village. It is the hypothesis of this thesis that the

mega sporting events that have an overlay of

these three attributes are more successful events

and also provide greater urban legacy outcomes.

The case study sites have all been compared

using the same criteria and looking at the site

within a 280km2 mapping frame. Within this

frame the three key attributes were identied

and highlighted with an icon. Two travel circles

were then drawn, an 800m radius circle which is

a typical 10min walk and a 3.5km radius circle

which is typical of an 8-10 minute commute via

transit or vehicle. The secondary sports venues

used for the event are highlighted, along with rail

and Light Rail transit routes identied within themapping frame.

Boston

 Vancouver 

Barcelona

Manchester Glasgow

Gold CoastSydney

Melbourne

London

Case Study Locations

Map shows the location of the nine case study cities throughout the

world.

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Spatial Comparison Analysis

Athletes Village800 m radius (10 min walk)

3500 m radius (10 min transit)

City Centre800 m radius (10 min walk)

3500 m radius (10 min transit)

Main S tadium800 m radius (10 min walk)

3500 m radius (10 min transit)

S econdary Venue

 The graphical spatial criteri a to compare the case studies.

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1992 Barcelona Olympic Games

In looking at the spatial analysis of Barcelona

it is clear to see how there is a close proximity

between the city centre, the Athlete’s Village and

the main stadium. The travel circles overlap each

other and reinforce the development that occurred

on the waterfront as part of the event. Most of the

stadia are connected by a transit network. 8 of the

secondary sports venues are located within the

travel circles, with another cluster of 4 secondaryvenues located towards the main sports stadium

precinct. This cluster is around the existing Camp

Nou Football Stadium and is also serviced by

transit. According to the spatial analysis criteria,

Barcelona is rated ‘highly successful’ in terms of

the urban outcome of the event.

Rating: Highly Successful

From top, photos of the Barcelona Olympic Waterfront,

sports precinct and former athletes housing.

(Cooke, 2015)

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Spatial Comparison Analysis

0  400m 1,200m 2,800m

0  1,300ft 4,000ft 9,000ft

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2000 Sydney Olympic Games

The Sydney spatial analysis highlights the

separation between the sports precincts and the

 Athlete’s Village and the city centre. The sports

precinct of Homebush is connected via rail as

the map indicates but this rail line is a spur line

from the existing western metro rail line. Due to

its spur nature, rail services area less frequent

than compared to the main metro rail. There

are 7 secondary games sporting venues withinthe sports precinct travel circle, although not

all are connected to the rail line. The analysis

emphasises where the investment for the Olympic

Games was directed, however under the analysis

criteria this has been moderately successful due

to the lack of transit choice within the sporting

precinct and lack of connection to the city centre.

Rating: Moderately Successful

From top, photos of the main stadium, the sports precinct

at Homebush and public plazza from the rail station.

(City of Sydney, 2015)

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Spatial Comparison Analysis

0  400m 1,200m 2,800m

0  1,300ft 4,000ft 9,000ft

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2002 ManchesterCommonwealth Games

The analysis identies the close spatial

relationships of the city centre and the main

stadium precinct, which are separated by 2km.

Within the sports precinct and the city centre

there are 6 secondary games sports venues, new

venues located around the sports precinct and

existing venues with an event overlay located

around the city centre. A new light rail was builtto connect the city centre to the sports precinct.

The Athlete’s Village is slightly removed from this

compact relationship and is located towards the

south east part of the city. The Athlete’s Village

is serviced by light rail and is adjacent to a

University who has taken over part of the original

village for student housing. The mapping frame

highlights the transit connectivity of venues and

the city centre which is a ‘successful’ outcome.

Rating: Successful 

From top, photos of the Manchester veldrome, new

housing at East Manchester and main stadium within the

sports precinct.

(Cooke, 2015)

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0  400m 1,200m 2,800m

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2006 Melbourne CommonwealthGames

The exiting sporting facilities within Melbourne

are located close to the city centre and it is for

this reason that the spatial analysis highlights

the close relationship between the city centre

and the sports precinct. Melbourne is a sport

infrastructure rich city with secondary games

sports venues located either within the main

sports precinct or adjacent to the city centre. The Athlete’s Village is located adjacent some new

sports venues, towards the north of the city centre

to create another sporting precinct. The spatial

analysis highlights that the location of the Athlete’s

Village is somewhat removed from the city centre,

although it is serviced by Melbourne’s extensive

light rail network. The analysis would suggest this

is a ‘successful’ spatial result, despite not having

many new urban additions.

Rating: Successful 

From top, photos of the MCG used as the main stadium,

athletes hosuing at Parkville and temporary event specic

infrastructure.

(ACGA 2015)

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2010 Vancouver Winter OlympicGames

The Winter Olympics is somewhat different to

compare as many of the venues are located in

remote outdoor areas in mountains and away from

the urban areas. There remains a requirements

for an athlete’s village, a main stadium for

ceremonies and indoor venues. Vancouver took

this opportunity to separate the locations, with

outdoor venues located at Whistler and thesecondary indoor venues, the athlete’s village

and the main stadium located in the downtown

area. The Excising BC Place stadium, which

was already located adjacent to downtown was

refurbished, and a former industrial site fronting

the harbour, South False Creek was regeneration

into a sustainable district to house the athlete’s

village. The site was also linked by an extension to

the transit rail line, which also services the airport.

The result is a very highly successful spatialoutcome that sees close proximity between the

downtown, the stadium and athlete’s village. The

village has now evolved post games into a vibrant

part of the Vancouver with more mid-rise urban

inll housing under construction.

Rating: Highly Successful

From top, photos of the former athletes housing, the new

inll housing within South False Creek and BC Place

stadium.

(Cooke, 2015)

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2012 London Olympic Games

In analysing London there is a concentration

of the sports precinct and Athlete’s Village

located towards the east of the city centre. Given

London’s size and density compared to some of

the other case studies, it is difcult for the city

centre of London to have a close proximity to the

sports precinct. In the assessment this criteria is

not enforced as signicantly as in other case study

cities. The sports precinct and Athlete’s Villagehave 6 secondary games sports venues within the

precinct. The precinct is well connected to other

parts of London by the underground network.

Based upon the spatial analysis this would be

considered a ‘successful’ outcome.

Rating: Successful

From top, photos of the athletes housing, the main

stadium and the Veldrome.

(Cooke, 2015)

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2014 Glasgow CommonwealthGames

The spatial analysis of Glasgow shows three

distinct precincts all in close proximity to each

other, either within the 3.5km travel circle or just

slightly outside. In a different approach when

compared to other case study cities, the main

stadium is isolated and not the anchor of the

sports precinct. The main stadium is an existing

football stadium that was tted with a temporaryoverlay in order to meet the requirements for the

games. The main stadium is serviced by transit.

The Athlete’s Village has 4 secondary sports

venues located in close proximity. These venues

are also located on a transit line. The spatial

analysis demonstrates the transit connectivity

between 9 venues within the mapping frame and

the city centre, which results in a ‘successful’

outcome.

Rating: Successful

From top, photos of the athletes housing in detail and at

aerial from one of the seven level buildings and the new

 Velodrome & Indoor track fac ility.

(Cooke, 2015)

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2018 Gold Coast CommonwealthGames

The spatial analysis of the upcoming Gold Coast

Commonwealth Games initially highlights the

lack of integration between the main stadium,

the Athlete’s Village and the city centre and

how the only connection between these three

main attributes is road infrastructure. Within the

mapping frame there are two transit lines, the

intercity rail towards the west which connects theGold Coast to Brisbane and the new light rail that

connects the city centre to a games venue being

the existing Convention Centre and the broader

entertainment precinct. When Gold Coast is

compared against the criteria of this analysis this

is an ‘unsuccessful’ outcome.

Rating: Unsuccessful

From top, photos of the new Light Rail, an image of the

proposed athletes housing and new Gold Coast Aquatic

Centre.

(Gold Coast 2018, 2015)

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2024 Boston OlympicGames Bid

The proposed Boson plan showed a high degree

of inter connection between the existing city

centre, the proposed main stadium and the

 Athlete’s Village. Within the overlay there are 3

secondary games venues. The venues are well

connected via existing transit and the proposed

new transit will only assist in adding to the

connectivity. Based upon the criteria of this spatialassessment this is likely to be a ‘successful’

result.

Rating: Successful 

From top, images of the main stadium, the proposed

Olympic Boulevard and secondatry stadium at Har vard

University.

(Boston2024, 2015)

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 The Adela ide Oval in the foreground looking south with

the city centre behind.

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7.5 Spatial Comparison Findings

When considering the initial frame of comparison

for this analysis, this thesis examined the

proximity of a city’s downtown, sporting

infrastructure and athletes village locations when

hosting a mega-sporting event. Events that

located these three attributes in closer proximity

to each other where rated as highly successful.

Under the criteria the most successful outcome

was the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games

which was able to overlay many of the required

infrastructure within close proximity to the city

centre. Two less successful sites under the criteria

are both within Australia, Sydney Olympic Games

and the upcoming Gold Coast Commonwealth

Games in 2018. The analysis highlighted that both

offered a fragmented urban spatial solution. At

a different scale, Glasgow and Manchester also

achieved successful outcomes of integration of

venues, the Athlete’s Village and the city centre for

the Commonwealth Games. The spatial analysis of

these two cities are particularly valuable lessons

for Adelaide to learn.

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 Adelaide

 View looking north west

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8.0 Strategic Analysis8.1 Adelaide’s Thinking

Since 2002 there have been over twenty reports

commissioned by various levels of government,

independent advocacy groups and industry

associations examining many of the same

challenges this thesis has identied that confront

 Adelaide. The rst major report was the 2002

Jan Gehl report Public Spaces and Public Life.

(Gehl, 2002) At the time this was a ground breakingreport which focused on the city centre of

 Adelaide and analysed the city based upon Gehl’s

research of looking at how people interact with

and navigate their way through city urban space.

This report put forward a series of broad and

detailed recommendations and was the start

of a series of reports. The next major milestone

along the timeline was the Integrated Design

Strategy for South Australia report, prepared by

then Thinker in Residence Professor Laura Lee.

This document established a framework and an

approach to concentrate South Australia’s creative

discipline by focusing towards an inter-disciple

model and to elevate the design conversation

within governments, education, the city and the

general public. (Lee, 2009) The key recommendation

was the establishment of the Integrated Design

Commission (IDC) and for South Australia to have

the role of a commissioner of design.

Under the IDC a series of workshops, charrettes,

presentations and exhibitions where conducted

with national and international design leaders

which resulted in a collection of reports that

considered the city centre and metropolitan

 Adelaide, its future and its current urban form

development trajectory. Many acclaimed thinkers

put their thoughts, opinions and reputations

forward with recommendations to address

 Adelaide’s challenges within these various reports.

In 2011 Jan Gehl was invited back to Adelaide

to undertake a second version of his original

study. (Gehl, 2012) This report prepared a series of

recommendations, some which were similar to the

original 2002 document and along a similar theme

to the recommendations prepared by the IDC.

Since this latest Gehl undertaking, the IDC and

the Thinkers in Residence program have had their

government nding cut and subsequently closed

in 2012. Despite this the reports and consultationshave not stopped, the Adelaide City Council has

launched a Place Making Strategy, delivered

a new Strategic Plan, an Integrated Movement

Strategy and a Residential Growth Strategy. The

Government of South Australia over this time

has released their Seven Strategic Priorities for

South Australia, an update to the 30 Year Plan for

Greater Adelaide and commissioned an Expert

Panel on Planning Reform. (30 Year Plan for Greater

 Adelaide, 2010)

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 The time line above shows the number of reports that have been

prepaired over a 12 year period.

Closure analysis of these numerous

reports notices that the reports have many

recommendations that are similar and overlap

each other. There are seven consistent themes

within the recommendations. These can be

paraphrased as:

o Increase city centre population

o Heterogeneity of uses within city centreo People focus

o Integrated transit with greater density in

city centre.

o Improve quality of life style and wellbeing

o Increase economic prosperity

o Improve city / state pride & moral

Despite the consistency throughout the reports

there has been little on the ground implementation

of the recommendations within the city centre

of Adelaide. Many of the reports have different

ownership, even within governments, which

seems to result in the reports competing for

priority and implementation funding. The result is

many of the recommendations remain good ideas

that ultimately sit on the shelf. Adelaide needs a

catalyst to implement these recommendations.

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People attract People. Adelaide streets during festival

events.

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8.2 Adelaide’s Catalyst

This thesis proposes that such a catalyst, to

draw together the intellectual thinking and

recommendations within the reports and to

coordinate the differing ownership towards

a common implementation goal, is the 2030

Commonwealth Games. Instead of a linear

approach, the thesis proposes a spoke and hub

method, where the hub is the Adelaide 2030

Commonwealth Games and the spokes arethe individual reports. The consistent themes

of recommendations identied throughout the

reports can form the basis for an agreed future

vision for Adelaide and then used to dene targets

to measure the success of the implementation

of the vision. Such an approach is ultimately

to action the recommendations and achieve

city centre change that would go to address

 Adelaide’s stated challenges.

 This timeline shows how the Commonwealth Games can link to the

many reports and act as a catalysts for implemntation.

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 Adelaide

 View looking south east

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Housing

Higher density and greater

diversity of housing in the

city centre.

Health

Increase participation

in sports & recreation

activities.

Mobility

Walking & cycling as a

rst choice of transport.

Supported by an ecientand reliable tram network.

9.0 Adelaide’s Vision9.1 The Vision

Within this context of Adelaide’s urban history,previous critical thinking and the city’s currentsituation this thesis identies six key vision aimsfor the City of Adelaide.

While these aims take reference from the pastreports and analysis of Adelaide, they arestandalone and focused on addressing Adelaide’surban challenges and demonstrates how the 2030Commonwealth Games can act as catalyst forimplementation.

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Economic

Greater employment

opportunities and a increase

diversity in economicsectors.

Identity

Increase awareness of

 Adelaide throughout the

world.

Pride

Reinstate State and City

pride.

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9.2 The Targets

In order to measure the success of the visions thisthesis has dened measurable targets. Once againthese targets reference in part, existing StateGovernment or Adelaide City Council targets, butcollectively address the individual themes withinthe context of the 2030 Commonwealth Games.

Housing

- 35,000 new residents

in City Centre by 2045 

(30 Year Plan for Adelaide, 2010)

- More housing

opportunities for

families  (Residential Growth Strategy, 2012)

- 30% aordable

housing

Health

- Recreation amenities

located to population

centres.- Public Health

programs.  (State Strategic Plan, 2008)

- Availability to local

produce.

Mobility

- Safe & highly

accessible pedestrian

& cycle network withincity centre.

- Extension of tram

network   (Smart Movement Transport &

Movement Strategy 2012)

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Economic

- Transition to

knowledge economy,

supported byeducation sector.

  (Seven Strategic Priorities, 2012)

- Increase employment

diversity and

opportunities within

the city centre.

Identity

- Increase tourism

numbers to Adelaide.

- Dene an Adelaidedesign identity.

Pride

- Increase condence

and optimism for

 Adelaide & South Australia.

(Seven Strategic Priorities, 2012)

- Reverse trend of

youth interstate

migration

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9.3 Legacy FrameworkComparison

 As outlined in the previous chapter, this

professional report is proposing Adelaide’s

Commonwealth Games Legacy agenda should

include, mobility, housing, awareness, health,

economic and community pride. Broadly speaking

these aims are not different to many of the legacy

aims that the nine case study cities aimed to

achieve within their own context. Let’s now look ateach legacy framework and compare the agenda

to the case studies.

Mobility 

 As noted earlier in this thesis Adelaide’s

residents have a high dependency on automobile

transportation. Although a wide transit network is

available there are challenges within the existing

system that see low usage, coupled with high

fairs, accounts for an under utilised system.

 Adelaide’s target for increased mobility would

aim to offer people comparable alternatives to

their daily commute with an affordable, reliable,

extensive network of transit options. The success

of such a mobility target could be dened by

increased ridership on the current and expanded

transit networks, reduction in cars on the road and

more positive consumer feedback relating to the

transit choice and inter-connectivity across the

networks.

 Almost all case studies have transit included in

some capacity to deal with the event demand. A

common approach to cater for this increase in

demand is to upgrade existing transit or increase

the network for the games duration.

The most successful case study examples

relating to mobility were seen in Manchester

and Glasgow. These cities took a holistic look

at their existing network and saw opportunities

to utilise and expand to cater for access to the

event infrastructure and also to residential and

commercial precincts throughout the greater city

area.

The least successful example is Sydney with the

creation of a spur line from the existing network.

The service was only increased for the duration

of the event and then reduced post event. Gold

Coast’s proposed mobility legacy outcome is the

Gold Coast Light Rail link. The light rail that has

been constructed 3 years before the event and

is positioned in parts adjacent an 8 lane freewayand inland canal meaning the light rail does not

provide the benets of ground level connectivity

and simply links one end of city to other.. With

some venues not connected by public transit

there will be a reliance on chartered buses,

temporary services or personal vehicles to access

these events, which was highlighted as risk item

by the Commonwealth Games Federation in their

assessment of the Gold Coast 2018 bid. (CGF Gold

Coast Evaluation Report, 2011)

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Housing

Current targets exist and have been referenced

in an earlier section of this report, to increase

housing density in the city centre. To measure the

success of such a legacy it could be determined

if the residential population of the city centre

increased to meet or exceed the target of 45,000

people set by Adelaide City Council. (30 Year Plan for

 Adelaide, 2010)

Housing is a key element of any mega sportingevent as it includes not only the athletes housing

but also short stay accommodation for visitors to

the event.

The common approach to accommodate an

 Athletes Villages is to take a former brown-eld

industrial site and develop housing that can be

then used after the games as student housing,

affordable housing or sold to the free market.

The most successful example of this approach

was Barcelona, where the existing city gridwas extended to develop a Barcelona housing

typology to be used for the event and then

integrated into the city after the event to increase

housing supply. Despite being early in the legacy

phase, Glasgow is certainly moving along the

right path as only 12 months after the Games,

40% of the housing stock has been leased as

affordable housing, while the reaming athletes

housing stock is being refurbished and sold to

market. Interest has been high and the price point

for the market units affordable. Vancouver was

also very successful in delivering the East False

Creek development as a demonstrator sustainable

neighbourhood.

Melbourne tried a similar approach with Parkville

new suburban village. After the event the housing

was sold to the free market and the village given

to the local council for maintenance. Despite

assisting with housing supply in this area, the

development has been criticised for not being

linked to the surrounding neighbourhood. The

strategy used in London, located mid-rise housing

near the sports precinct. This housing typology is

considered atypical for London and the integration

with the surrounding neighbourhood is lacking.

Community acceptance of this method has been

limited. (Ellis, 2015)

Identity 

Raising local, national and international awareness

of what Adelaide has to offer for potential

residents, students, businesses and tourist is thetarget of many marketing and branding programs

initiated by the State Government. Current yearly

migration and tourism numbers could benchmark

the success of the Commonwealth Games as

a tool to increase awareness of Adelaide. An

increase in external investment within South

 Australia would also demonstrate success of this

legacy item.

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The size of mega-sporting event certainly

commands the attention of the world and attracts

a focus towards the host city for their two week

duration. The question is always asked ‘How do

cites capitalise on this intensive period of focus?’

over the longer term.

Both Barcelona and Manchester increased their

tourism numbers after their respective mega-

sporting events and attributed this increase to

adding millions of dollars to their economies. Both

cities have also improved their standing within

international and European based city ranking

lists.

 After the initial impact of the games themselves

bringing increased tourists to the city, the

ongoing legacy of awareness created by the

games is a slow burner. With Glasgow hosting

the Commonwealth Games in 2014 a slight bump

was seen in tourism statistics directly after the

games were held however this is too early in the

post legacy phase to determine if this will continueas a future trend. Glasgow was also able to

increase local awareness and identity by hosting

a series of local events to increase internal cultural

awareness. (Legacy2014, 2015)

Gold Coast proposes to use the games as an

opportunity to leverage and re-brand its city

as an alternative destination within the state of

Queensland and use this global stage to increase

awareness nationally and internationally.

Health

 Adelaide’s target for health focused on an

increased participation in sports of recreation.

With Adelaide’s rapidly ageing population this

becomes a key target as improved community

health has the added benet of reducing the

pressure on the South Australian Health system.

The lead up to a mega-sporting event can

capitalise on increased public awareness and

focus on sports over this period of time, providing

a link to community health participation programs.

Throughout the United Kingdom over the past

15 years government policy has focused on

increasing community sports and recreation and

the population’s general health. This focus has

resulted and equally been helped by having three

mega sporting events within the United Kingdom

in a 12 year period.

The Manchester, London and Glasgow games

have delivered health and wellbeing programsand used funding from the event to help schools

and community groups encourage children to

participate in sporting activities. Manchester

has compelling data that demonstrates how the

city has been able to implement a health and

wellbeing community program and improve the

poor health statistics their residents portrayed at

the start of the 21st century. This has also seen

life expectancy rates in poorer areas of East

Manchester increase up to the national average.

(Najeeb, 2012)

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Glasgow has also used the games as a catalyst

to promote healthier, more active lifestyle

pursuits for Scottish public. Quick Wins for

Glasgow is a community sports program that is

linked to professional sports venues and teams,

like Celtic Park, which was used for the 2014

Commonwealth Games. Middle-aged men who

are more accustomed to drinking a pint at the

stadium on a Saturday afternoon now attend the

stadium regularly to use the same facilities as

their sporting idols. The novelty factor of gainingaccess to a professional sports venue has seen

this program be highly successful in improving

health habits within the area.

Economic

The Adelaide and South Australian economy

faces many pressures including the reduction

in major manufacturing and industry sectors,

stagnant tourism investment and increased

local unemployment. The games target an

increase across many sectors and aim to spreadopportunity in an equitable fashion to share

economic benet. Success will be measured on

the short-term economic return of investment of

the games and how this event can be linked into

the larger economic reform of SA as the state

moves away from car manufacturing to other

economic sectors.

The most successful case studies were Barcelona

and Manchester. These cities were able to deliver

a return on investment for the games itself over a

short period and then able to use the investment

for the games to help transition their economies

from industrial backgrounds to new economies.

(Gratton, et al, 2005)

Community Pride

The nal legacy item focuses on Adelaide’s aim to

reinstate community pride. Inter connected withmany of the other legacy outcomes it is important

for Adelaide’s residents to feel proud of the city

and state and for that condence to be carried

into other purist’s such as business condence,

younger people feeling they have a future in the

state and entrepreneurship.

Manchester was successful in re-branding itself

from its industrial history to a city of culture and

is now able to attract younger people to live and

work within the city. There has also been anincrease in business development with companies

choosing to set up in Manchester instead of

London due to increased accessibility and more

affordable lease rates. (Najeeb, 2012)

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 Adelaide

 Adelaide Festival Opening Night, 2013

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10.0 Implementation Strategy

10.1 Implementation Tools

In order to implement the agreed visions

outlined in this thesis there needs to be a clear

and systematic implementation strategy. This

implementation strategy will ultimately be

developed with an approach that sees the public

and private sectors working together in order toachieve and realize longer standing urban change,

that will lead to increased economic value. There

are three key implementation tools that have been

identied to deliver the vision for Adelaide.

These are inll housing, civic infrastructure and

public infrastructure.

To focus rst on inll housing, this will

predominantly be the creation of housing in the

city centre, this will initially link directly to the 2030 Adelaide Commonwealth Games requirements as

this housing will primarily be used for the athletes

village. The housing is proposed to be located

within the South West Corner of the city centre.

The inll housing will be delivered in collaboration

between the public and the private sectors and

this thesis demonstrates a design proposal that

goes some way to show how inll housing can

start to address some of Adelaide’s current

challenges.

Public infrastructure is the second tool and is

focused on street improvements, parks and

open spaces and the connections between open

spaces and the city centre, in particular the

surrounding parklands which are a key element of

Light’s original plan. Public infrastructure will also

focus on a new public transit network proposed to

integrate with the existing transit network.

Civic infrastructure primarily relates to the

infrastructure and the amenity needed for this

increase of population within the city centre.

Infrastructure such as sporting stadiums,

temporary and permanent, parkland amenity and

recreation amenity which will also address part

of the vision for health and well being within the

community.

These three tools of the implementation strategyare being separated into the three key stages

of delivery outlined in this document. The rst

stage is the Pre-Legacy phase, which is from

2015 to 2028. This phase focuses on what can

 Adelaide do now to start to implement this vision

and essentially put Adelaide on the right urban

development trajectory for the future.

In 2023 Adelaide would be notied of their

2030 Commonwealth Games bid success and

at this point Stage 2 would start to overlap

Stage 1 and roll out from 2023 to 2030 for the

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Inll Housing

- Housing in the city

centre

- Athletes Village

Housing

Civic

Infrastructure

- Sporting infrastructure

- Stadiums (temporary& permanent)

- Public amenity

Public

Infrastructure

- Street upgrades

- Parks / Squaresupgrades

- Connections to open

space

- Public Transit

 Adelaide Commonwealth Games in 2030. In

this phase there is more of an emphasis on

the civic infrastructure, particularly relating to

sports stadiums but also focusing on how that

civic infrastructure can relate to the increase

in population and the amenity provided to the

residents of the south west corner of the city.

The post legacy phase is for the 15 year period

after the Commonwealth Games, from 2030

to 2045 and focuses on how the infrastructure

used for the Commonwealth Games can be

repurposed and demonstrates the impact of how

a greater level of inll housing can start to address

 Adelaide’s challenges in the city centre.

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 The imgae above identi fes Urban In ll housing.

(Ergo Apar tments, 2014) 

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 The time line above identies the three key stages of the implementat ion

strategy.

Implementation Timeline

The chart below highlights the delivery timeline

and stages of the implementation strategy.

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 Adelaide

 View looking north along North Terrace

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11.0 Site Analysis11.1 Character Analysis

The following images and existing citywide

demonstrates the location of key existing features

within the city such as the retail area, education

facilities, the commercial downtown and

residential areas. This character site analysis is

provided to help a reader who is not familiar with

the city centre of Adelaide understand the site

area that this thesis is covering.

 The above photo is of Rundle Mal l. The cit ies main retail

precinct.

 The following photos f rom the top inc lude Festival Plaza, The cit y looking

towards the south and Victoria Square, which is located in the centre of

Light’s Plan of Adelaide.

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Existing Citywide Plan

CentralBusinessDistrct118,216 work with

City Centre

Rundle MallRetail Precinct400,000 customers every week

Rundle StreetPrecinct

University of

 AdelaideNorth Terrace Campus20,779 students

University ofSouth AustraliaCity West Campus36,248 students

HealthPrecinct7,000 workers withinPrecinct

 Adelaide Oval

Sports Precinct55,000 seat multupurpose stadium 

Hutt Street

Precinct

CentralProduce

Markets80 Market Stalls

ConvertionCentre

CentralTrain Station33,000 riders daily

Gouger StreetPrecinctCentre of China Street

South West Corner1,459 residents

City Centre250,000 visitors to City Centre

daily

Central Business District (CBD)

Retail / Mixed Use

Recreation / Enterainment /

Mixed Use

Education

Civic Uses

KEY 

 The above plan is an existing plan of Ade laide that demonstrates where

many of the key areas and population attractions are located.Existing Citywide Plan

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Existing

Citywide Axonometric

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11.2 Demographic Analysis &comparison

The following analysis compares key demographic

data, such as population, number of dwellings,

commute patterns, income and education levels

of metropolitan Adelaide and the city centre. The

results highlight that the city centre comprises of

only 1% of the entire population of metropolitan

 Adelaide. However this small population

primarily is highly educated and works within the

professional sector. Given the higher proportion of

professional employment in the city it make sense

to see that many city centre residents travel to

their place of work by walking. The average age of

the city centre is also 10 years younger than the

average age of metropolitan Adelaide. (ABS, 2015)

625,225

51%

Total Population:

1,225,235

600,010

49%

Families:

300,405

 Ave # of vehicles / house :

1.7

Median weekly Income: $1,106Median month mortgage:$1,545

Median weekly Rent: $250

Number of Dwellings:

553,511

 Ave. People / household:

2.4

 Employment:

21.6% Professional

Education: 17% Tertiary Level

 Travel to work:

69% Car 

Metropolitan

 Adelaide

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6,051

47%

Total Population:

12,962

6,911

53%

Families:

2,050

 Ave # of vehicles / house :

0.8

Median weekly Income: $949Median month mortgage:$1,842

Median weekly Rent: $321

Number of Dwellings:

7,318

 Ave. People / household:

1.8

 Employment:

38.2% Professional

Education: 56% Tertiary Level

 Travel to work:

34.2% Walk 

 Adelaide

City Centre

What this data also highlights is that the income

levels of city residents is below the metropolitan

average, yet cost of living in terms of rents or

mortgage payments is above the metropolitan

average.

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11.3 Land Use

The following map highlights current land use

patterns within the city centre. The majority of

retail, commercial and education land uses are

located in the northern part of the city, while

residential land use is predominately located

towards the southern part of the city.

Key

Land Use:

 Vacant

Education

Residential

Retail

Commercial

Key

LandUse:

Retail

Key

LandUse:

Commercial

Key

LandUse:

Residential

Key

LandUse:

Education

Key

LandUse:

 Vacant

Land use plans for the City Centre of Adelaide

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11.4 Population Distribution

The city is separated into ve main residential

precincts. Despite all precincts have low numbers

when compared to metropolitan Adelaide, the

South West Corner of the city centre has the

lowest residential population.

West Precinct

Pop. 3,992

East Precinct

Pop. 3,082

South Precinct

Pop. 2,899

South East Corner

Pop. 3,839

South West

Corner

Pop. 1,459

Population distribution over the city centre.

(City Facts & Figures, 2015)

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11.5 Existing Transit Network

The following map identies existing metro

rail, tram and O-Bahn transit routes within

metropolitan Adelaide. Network hubs and

interchanges have been identied within the

network.

 Transit map focuses on Metro Rail, Tram and O-Bahn.

Key

Metro Rail Routes:

Goodwood Interchange

Belair Line

Noarlunga Line

Outer Harbour Line / Grange Line

Gawler Line

O-Bahn Route:

 Tea Tree Plaza Interchange

 Tram Routes:

Glenelg / Entertainment Centre Line

Network Hub

Interchange / Terminus

Existing Transit Map (2015)

(Metro Rail, Tram, O-Bahn)

 Adelaide International Aiport

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City Centre Transit Map

Within the city centre the main transit network

interchange is the Adelaide Central Railway

Station. At this point both metro rail and Tram

meet.

City Centre focus. Note the key interchange being the Adelaide Central

Railway Station located towards the north of the city.

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City Centre Transit WalkzoneMap

The following map shows a ve minute walk zone

from the tram route. This highlights the amount of

transit coverage within the city centre.

 The 5 minute walkzone f rom the exist ing Light Rail.

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City Centre Landuse & ExistingTransit

The overlay of existing transit and land uses

highlights that the commercial and retail

predominately directly front the route.

Key

Land Use:

 Vacant

Education

Residential

Retail

Commercial

Overlay of existing transit and land uses.

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11.6 Development Plan Review

 A review of the current Development Plan for the

City of Adelaide indicates where current planning

policy is situated in terms of heights of buildings

and how the city will interact with the Parklands

and the open spaces squares.

NORTH TCE.

P  O R  T   R  D  .

G L O V E R  AV E . 

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A                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              V                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               E                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               .                                                           

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WAKEFIELD RD

BARTELS   RD

RUNDLE RD

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W                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               I                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               L                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              L                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              I                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               A                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              M                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

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 M O N T  E  F  I    O R E 

R                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         D                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .                                                                                

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SOUTH TCE.

W                                                                                                                                                  E                                                                                                                                                    S                                                                                                                                                     T                                                                                                                                                  

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OUTERHORIZONTAL

153.5

OUTER

HORIZONTAL

153.5

INNER

HORIZONTAL

48.5

1   5    3   . 5    1   

5    0    1   

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40m 44m

ADELAIDE (CITY)AIRPORT BUILDING HEIGHTS

MAP Adel/1 (Overlay 5)

Development Plan Boundary

OLS Values in Australian Height Datum (AHD)

Indicative ground level in AHD. Note: Ground level variesthroughout the Council area and accurate ground levelin AHD would need to be confirmed

OLS Contour Boundary

10000metres 500

Scale 1:26,000

100

Referral to the Department of Transport and Regional Services through Adelaide Airport Limited

is required where a development would exceed the Obstacle Limitation Surface (OLS) contours on this map.

Note: Approval is required under the Commonwealth Airports Act 1996for structures and the like that penetrate prescribed air space(as defined in the Airports Act 1996)

40m

Building Height Limits Future Landscape Character

 The following maps are f rom the Development Plan for the Cit y of Adelaide.

 The above plan highlights that bui lding heights with in the cit y are in part

determined by the Airport ight patterns.

(Development Plan, 2015)

 This plan indicates the current and intended use of the park lands.

(Development Plan, 2015)

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Special Event Parks Proposed Sport Consolidation

 This plan indicates the location and capac ity of special event space with in

the city centre.

(Development Plan, 2015)

 This plan indicates the location of spor ts uses within the cit y centre.

(Development Plan, 2015)

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11.7 Existing Sports / Events

Like many States of Australia, South Australia

has a very proud and parochial attitude towards

sport and a long history of sporting heroes and

achievements that are celebrated by a wide

section of the state’s population.

South Australian has produced 426 Olympic

 Athletes and in the most recent 2014 Glasgow

Commonwealth Games of the 400 members of

the team representing Australia, 36 of those were

South Australian’s.

From the local community sporting clubs, the

teams representing the city, through to those

playing at State level and competing in National

leagues, South Australia has representation in

all the major sporting sectors. This includes 2

teams in the Australian Football League, soccer,

basketball, netball and the state cricket team.

The state has a long and successful history ofhosting major sporting events having held the rst

 Australian Formula 1 Grand Prix Motorsport event

from 1986 through to 1995 with the city street

circuit track encompassing parts of Victoria Park,

the Parklands and city streets. The V8 Motorsport

event the Clipsal 500 now uses aspects of this

road circuit for their annual event.

Currently South Australia hosts the only UCI

ProTour Cycling event in Australia, the Tour Down

Under. The tour is now in its 17th year and attracts

on average 750,000 spectators over the 6 stage

event through Adelaide and the surrounding

metropolitan and rural locations. The tour now has

an economic impact of $43 million annually to the

State economy. Recreational cycle participation

is also positively impacted by the event as 8,000

recreational riders participate in a community ride

each year.

Other notable events hosted by Adelaide include

the International Horse Trials, International Cricket

annually, World Cup Cricket, Australian Swimming

Championships, Southern University Games,

 Australian Masters Games, Seniors Games and

World Police & Fire Games are among the other

events South Australia hosts or has held in the

past.

 Andre Greipel winning a

stage at the Tour Down Under

(AdelaideNow, 2013)

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11.8 Existing Sport / EventInfrastructure

The city’s current sports infrastructure lends itself

to the adaptability required to be able to host

these event. Such events often require temporary

facilities, such as extra seating, concessions,

media facilities or security. Some events use

parts of the Parklands and the city squares for

temporary facilities.

Key

Existing Sport / Event Infrastructure

 Adelaide Oval

Memorial Drive Tennis Centre

State Athletics Stadium

Netball Stadium

Hindmarsh Stadium

SA Aquatic Centre

 Adelaide Super Drome (Velodrome)

Wayville Showgrounds

 Adelaide Entertainment Centre

 The Pines Hockey Stadium

 Adelaide Convention Centre

 Adelaide Arena Basketball Stadium

Existing Sport / Event Infrastructure(Transit Overlay)

 The above map locates the existing sporting in frastructure that would be

likely required for Adelaide to host the Commonwealth Games.

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 Adelaide Oval Memorial Drive Tennis Centre

Function:Sporting venue Australian Football, training facilities,state & International cricket, corporate facilities

Location:War Memorial Dr, North Adelaide

Distance from City Centre:12.1km (1.3 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2014

Capacity:55,000

Size (Land):197,800sqm (2,129,101sqft)

Size (Building):63,450sqm (682,970sqft)

Function:Tennis courts and training facilities

Location:War Memorial Dr, North Adelaide

Distance from City Centre:2.0km (1.2 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:1996

Capacity:5,000

Size (Land):25,281sqm (272,122sqft)

Size (Building):7,644sqm (82,279sqft)

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State Athletics Stadium Netball Stadium

Function: Administration headquarters of Athletics SA, used fornational, state and school athletics carnivals.

Location:145 Railway Terrace, Mile End

Distance from City Centre:3.6km (2.2 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2011

Capacity:8,000

Size (Land):96,250sqm (1,036,026sqft)

Size (Building):29,088sqm (313,100sqft)

Function:State Netball Stadium & Administration Centre

Location:155 Railway Terrace, Mile End

Distance from City Centre:4.4km (2.7 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2001

Capacity:3,200

Size (Land):39,990sqm (430,448sqft)

Size (Building):5,358sqm (57,673sqft)

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Hindmarsh Stadium SA Aquatic Centre

Function:Soccer stadium and used for entrainment events

Location:Holden Street, Hindmarsh

Distance from City Centre:5.3km (3.3 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2000

Capacity:17,000

Size (Land):33,792sqm (363,734sqft)

Size (Building):25,620sqm (275,771sqft)

Function:State Aquatic Centre, 50 x 10 lane pool, diving,recreation pool, ofces

Location:Morphett Road, Oaklands Park

Distance from City Centre:123.4km (8.3 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2011

Capacity:3,460

Size (Land):27,072sqm (291,400sqft)

Size (Building):11,857sqm (127,627sqft)

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The Pines Hockey  Stadium  Adelaide Super Drome (Velodrome)

Function:Hockey eld, seating and ofces

Location:State Sports Park, Main North Road, Gepps Cross

Distance from City Centre:11.0km (6.8 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:1991

Capacity:10,000

Size (Land):58,280sqm (627,320sqft)

Size (Building):19,140sqm (206,021sqft)

Function:Cycling Velodrome, ofces, grandstanding

Location:State Sports Park, Main North Road, Gepps Cross

Distance from City Centre:12.2km (7.5 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:1993

Capacity:3,000

Size (Land):41,535sqm (447,079sqft)

Size (Building):13,824sqm (148,800sqft)

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 Adelaide Arena Basketball Stadium  Adelaide Convention Centre

Function:Basketball stadium and ofces

Location:44 Crittenden Road, Findon

Distance from City Centre:7.5km (4.6 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2000

Capacity:8,000

Size (Land):22,500sqm (242,187sqft)

Size (Building):8,585sqm (92,408sqft)

Function:Venue for conferences, trade show, functions

Location:North Terrace, Adelaide

Distance from City Centre:1.2km (0.7 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2015

Capacity:23,000

Size (Land):23,595sqm (253,974sqft)

Size (Building):21,450sqm (230,885sqft)

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Wayville Showgrounds Adelaide Enterainment Centre

Function:Venue for conferences, trade show, functions

Location:Goodwood Road, Wayville

Distance from City Centre:3.1km (1.9 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2008

Capacity:14,000

Size (Land):252,252sqm (2,715,217sqft)

Function:Venue for concerts, conferences, trade show, functions

Location:98 Port Road, Hindmarsh

Distance from City Centre:4.5km (2.8 miles)

Latest refurbishment of facility:2010

Capacity:12,000

Size (Land):52,704sqm (567,301sqft)

Size (Building):20,240sqm (217,861sqft)

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11.9 Existing Sports FacilitiesRefurbishment Opportunities

By analysing the existing sporting infrastructure it

highlights that some of this infrastructure has not

had a major refurbishment since the early 1990’s.

Even the city’s new world class Adelaide Oval

Redevelopment which was completed in 2014,

would be 16 years old by the time Adelaide would

host the 2030 Commonwealth Games. Therefore,

sporting infrastructure such as the Pines Hockey

Stadium (last refurbished 1991) The Superdrome

(1993), Memorial Drive Tennis Centre (1996),

 Adelaide Arena Basketball Stadium (2000), Netball

Stadium (2001) and the State Athletics Stadium

(2011) would range from 40 to 30 year old facilities.

This thesis considers this as an opportunity to

invest the money required to bring these six

sports facilities up to Games standard into new

multipurpose exible facilities that are located

within or in close proximity to the city centre.

 The above chart indicates the existing spor ts infrastructure latest

refurbishment dates.

Existing Sports Infrastructure latest refurbishment date

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11.10 Hotel Accommodationwithin City Centre

Identies the location of existing and approved

hotels. There are 3000 hotel rooms in the city

centre. This is not a primary focus of the proposal

but worth considering existing location and how

the private sector could respond to cater for the

increased demand during the Games.

Key

Proposed Hotel

 Accomodation(with Planning Approval)

Existing Hotel

 Accomodation

 This map indenites the location of existing and proposed hotel

accommodation within the city centre.

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11.11 Athletes Village Site Analysis

The possible location of the athlete’s village has

been discussed publically over recent times, with

the Minister of Sports & Recreation Mr. Leon

Bignell announcing in February 2015 that the

Government is considering the current Women’s

& Children’s Hospital site (Site Option 1) in North

 Adelaide as a possible location. (AdelaideNow, 2014)

 Another potential site that has risen as an optionfor a village is the current Coca-Cola Amatil

bottling plant site (Site Option 2), located on the

western edge of the Parklands in the suburb of

Thebarton. Both sites have current uses that

would need to be relocated.

In terms of ownership the State Government owns

the Women’s and Children’s Hospital site, while

the Coca-Cola Amatil site is privately owned.

Both sites are located out of the city centre,

however have benets, with Site 1 located 750

meters (2,500 ft) to the existing Adelaide Oval

and Site 2 being located adjacent to the recentGlenelg Line tram route extension to the Adelaide

Entrainment Centre.

 This map locates the three site options.

Site Option 3

Site Option 2

Site Option 1

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Site Option 1:

Women’s and Children’sHospital Site

Function:Currently used as Hospital. Theuse could be moved to new Royal

 Adelaide Hospital.

Location:72 King William Rd, North Adelaide

Distance from City Centre:2.6km (1.6 miles)

Size (Land):21,582sqm (232,309sqft)2.15 ha (5.3 acres)

Transit connections:Bus

Site Option 2:

Coca-Cola AmatilBottling Plant Site

Function:Currently used as bottling plant byCoca-Cola Amatil.

Location:33-43 Port Rd, Thebarton

Distance from City Centre:3.5km (2.2 miles)

Size (Land):36,577sqm (393,715sqft)3.65 ha (9.0 acres)

Transit connections:Bus, Tram

Site Option 3:

South-West City Corner

Function: An existing part of the city centre,consists of some residential, lightindustry, commercial & vacant sites. 

Location:Whitmore Square area

Distance from City Centre:1.2km (0.7 miles)

Size (Land):421,894sqm (4,541,232sqft)42.1 ha (104.3 acres)

Transit connections:Bus

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These sites are relatively small in terms of the area

required to accommodate approximately 6,000

athletes in 3, 250 housing units. When comparing

the Athlete’s Village site area of the 2012 London

Olympics Games, the site was a total of 15.4

ha (38.1 acres). Similarly the 2014 Glasgow

Commonwealth Games village site area was 37.2

ha (92.1 acres). In comparison the Women’s and

Children’s Hospital is a site of 2.15 ha (5.3 acres)

and the Coca-Cola Amatil site is 3.65 ha (9.0

acres). The use of these sites would result in a

higher density tower building typology. There are

only a handful of developers in Adelaide or even

in Australia who could actually joint venture with

the State Government to deliver this particular

building typology. Such an accommodation model

would be a single or two stage development

given the construction restrictions in constructing

multiple towers on these sites. The sketches

adjacent indicate the proposed building typologies

for Site 1 and 2.

This thesis proposes to focuses on spreading thehousing throughout a much larger precinct by

separating the housing requirement over many

sites. This will have a much larger impact, by

using the Commonwealth Games athlete’s village

to address Adelaide’s challenges and deliver

the agreed vision. Such an approach would take

the tower buildings required on Site 1 or 2 and

expand that number to potentially over 80 mid-

scale buildings throughout an underdeveloped

part of the city centre that is in need of urban

regeneration. The economic value alone for this

is immense to the City of Adelaide and the State

as this means there are potentially 80 developers,

80 architects and 80 construction companies all

working in a collaborative partnership with the

state government to deliver the housing required

for the games. This equitable distribution of

opportunity and wealth is exactly what Adelaide

and South Australia needs to generate jobs and

long term economic value.

 At a rst glance, one such site that is under-developed and in need of urban regeneration is

the South West Corner of the city centre. Dened

by South Terrace, King William Street, Sturt Street,

Russell Street, Wright Street and West Terrace,

this 42 ha (104 acre) site could accommodate the

proposed approach of many mid-rise inll housing

buildings over multiple sites in order to deliver the

requirements of the athletes village.

Glasgow 2014 Athletes Villiage

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Site Option Building Typology 

Site Option 1:

Design Approach:Podium & Towers

Size (Buildings):247,550sqm (2,664,606sqft)

Floor Area Ratio (FAR):11.5

Density1,534 units / hectare (gross)622 units / acre (gross)

Number of Buildings2

Heights:12 - 24 oors

Staging:Single or 2 stages

Site Option 2:

Design Approach:Podium & Towers

Size (Buildings):247,550sqm (2,664,606sqft)

Floor Area Ratio (FAR):6.8

Density904 units / hectare (gross)366 units / acre (gross)

Number of Buildings3

Heights:11 - 17 oors

Staging:Single or 2 stages

Site Option 3:

Design Approach:Mid-rise inll housing

Size (Buildings):288,336sqm (3,103,626sqft)

Floor Area Ratio (FAR):0.68

Density78 units / hectare (gross)32 units / acre (gross)

Number of Buildings146

Heights:2 - 10 oors

Staging:15 + stages

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Site Comparison

The location that will have the biggest impact in

addressing Adelaide’s challenges and delivering

the vision is Site Option 3. This by no means the

‘easiest’ site in terms of delivering an Athlete’s

Village for the Commonwealth Games but legacy

outcomes of this site out-way the challenges.

Size: 210 m x 190 m

Area: 756,300 sqm

FAR: 0.25

Height: 3 - 6 floors

# of Bldgs: 76

Staging: 10+

SITE 3

Size: 150 x 160 m

Area: 25,000 sqm

FAR: 7.5

Height: 10 - 24 floors

# of Bldgs: 3

Staging: Single or 2

Units / bldg: 400-650

SITE 2

Size: 210 m x 190 m

Area: 39,000 sqm

FAR: 4.7

Height: 11 - 17 floors

# of Bldgs: 4

Staging: Single or 2

Units / bldg: 400-600

SITE 1

 This map identies the preferred si te for the Athletes Village.

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Proposed Site

 An aerial photo of the current condition of the

proposed Athlete’s Village site.

Current aerial photo of the South West Corner.

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11.12 South West Precinct Analysis

The following map shows key vacant sites or

under developed sites within the South West

Corner. Overlayed with this is key Government or

NGO owned sites within the area.

Land ownership and key vacant sites within the South West Corner.

Key

Government / NGO

Owned Sites

 Vacant Stes Underdevloped Sites

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11.13 Existing buildings Heights

The map below demonstrates the current heights

of buildings within the South West Corner and

highlight that much of the area comprises one or

two storey development. The current zoning under

the Development Plan supports heights ranging

from 18 levels to the eastern part of the precinct to

10 levels towards the western part of the precinct.

Existing building heights within the South West Corner.

Key

1 Level 2 Levels 3 Levels 4+ Levels

Existing Building Heights

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11.14 South West PrecinctFigure Ground

Figure Ground plan of existing buildings within the South West Corner.

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11.15 South West Precinct BlockFigure Ground

Block plan highlighting existing streets and lanes within the South West

Corner.

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 Adelaide

 View looking north over the city centre

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12.0 Design Proposal12.1 Introduction

The design proposal becomes a demonstration

project that provides a design solution to achieve

the established future vision of Adelaide while in

doing so addressing the city’s challenges.

The solution is presented in a three stage

approach which relates to the implementation

strategy. The three design stages are:

Stage 1: Pre-Legacy 

Stage 2: Event

Stage 3: Post-Legacy 

Within each stage, three key design tools have

be used to achieve the design outcome. These

implementation tools are:

Infll Housing

Public Infrastructure

Civic Infrastructure

The following section of this thesis introduces the

design approaches used and then demonstrates

their impact over the stages at a broader city

scale.

12.2 Infll Housing Design Approach

The design approach throughout all stages of the

proposal is inuenced by a single overarching

design principal, a series of precinct specic

design rules and overall precinct targets.

Overarching Design Principal:

One block (site) does not equal onedevelopment parcel.

 A block is required to be parcelized in accordance

with the subsequent design rules. The only

exception is if a block is under 150 sqm (1,650

sqft) in gross area size.

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Precinct Specifc Design Rules:

 Access to Natural Light & Ventilation

 All units require direct visual access to natural

light and ventilation and must not interrupt an

adjoining parcel’s access to light.

o Single Orientation units require an

uninterrupted 45 degree angle to the sky,

from 1 meter (3 ft) above nished oorlevel of the ground oor.

o Dual orientation units must have auxiliary

orientation of a 25 degree angle to the

sky from 1 meter (3 ft) above nished

oor level of the ground oor.

o The bottom six oors of a building are

allowed 25 degrees access to light on

both orientations if the publically oriented

window is a bay window.

This design rule provides buildings with a greater

level of aemneity and removes the need for height

limits as a design rule. Such a rule could t within

the existing Development Plan for the area.

Parcel Size

Parcels cannot exceed a street frontage of 30

meters (100 ft).

Such a design rule provides two key urban design

outcomes, with smaller building frontages to the

street providing a ner grain street quality and

opportunities for greater activation, as well as

greater building exibility in terms of typology and

then delivery.

Height Lmits

Deliberately there is no rule on building heights.

The design rules, particularly the requirement tonatural light limits the heights of buildings within

the precinct as taller buildings adjacent to smaller

buildings would result in overshadowing and thus

does not meet the design rule.

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Open Space

 A parcel is required to have a minimum useable

open space of:

o 6.5sqm (70 sqft) per bedroom for Studio /

1 Bedroom units

o 5.1 sqm (55sqft) per bedroom for 2

Bedroom units

o 4.1 sqm (45sqft) per bedroom for 3+

Bedroom units

 As an alternative, open space may be

accommodated in each unit at 100% or

communally at 150%.

Overall Precinct Targets:

Dwelling unit diversity 

Delivering a mix of units: 10% studio, 20% 1

bedroom, 35% 2 bedroom, 35% 3+ bedroom

This diversity will respond to the current building

typology within the South West Corner which is

predominately consists of smaller units, while

providing housing accommodation for families

within the area.

Housing Aordability 

30% affordable housing requirement for all

development parcels within the precinct. Under

the current State Government Afforbale Homes

program this means that people who have

an annual income less that $75,000 (singles)

or $95,000 (couples, familes) are eldgiable to

purchase subisded afforbavle housing. Housing

prices are requied to be under $350,000.

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Parking Requirements

Maximum parking ratio of 0.3 car parks per unit.

Parking to be located in basement or under-croft

parking garages

12.3 Public InfrastructureDesign Approach

Key Public Infrastructure projects are used within

this design proposal to achieve greater precinct

wide benets and to encourage the private sector

and private land owners to respond and improve

their own assets within the area. This incentivized

approach that could be used by Governments

in order to achieve city vision. The publicinfrastructure improvements are categorised into

three sections:

Street Improvements

o Designating pedestrian and cycle priority

streets which are part of a network

o Prioritizing mobility streets for vehicles

o Connections through blocks and

improved connections between blocks,

open space squares and the parklands

o Creating livable neighbourhood streets

with a design identity through uniform

streetlights and pavement design

o Enhance pedestrian realm through street

furniture, street trees and sidewalks

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Repair of Whitmore Square (Open SpaceCreation)

o Redene Whitmore Square as the central

community public open space within the

area.

o Increased pedestrian permeability to

Whitmore Square

o Removal of vehicles through the square

and the road barrier around the edge of

the square.

o Create the open space as a exible

public space for active and passive

recreation and community events.

o Connect Whitmore Square with

commercial and retail frontages that face

onto the square.

 

Public Transit

o Increased public transit

connectivity between the four major

retail, commercial, civic and residential

precincts within the city centre.

o Improved connections to key

infrastructure within the metropolitan

area

o Increased transit routes that are plannedwithin the existing network and city

wide

12.4 Civic Infrastructure Design Approach

Key Civic Infrastructure design projects are

proposed to ultimately provide amenity to new

residents within the city centre, with a particular

emphasis in the South West Corner. These

civic projects focus primarily on activating theParklands for recreation and event uses and

assist in reinstating Light’s original vision of the

parklands for such uses.

 A pivotal component of the civic infrastructure

is the sports stadiums that come online in Stage

2 of the proposal in order to host the 2030

Commonwealth Games.

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These stadiums are located within key parts

of the parklands and are connected to the city

grid via pedestrian streets or new and existing

public transit. After the event, in Stage 3 some of

these sports facilities are relocated or downsized

to become community assets and ultimately

provide recreation amenity for the increased city

population. This approach also contributes to the

vision of an increased focus on healthier and more

active community.

Design Flexibility 

 An overarching design principal of the civic

infrastructure projects is exibility. Any major

nancial investment within civic infrastructure,

particularly sports infrastructure must have

multiple benets. This design principle has been

carried through the location of the infrastructure,

how it connects to the city grid and how the

architecture can be recongured to house multiple

events.

The civic infrastructure design approach consists

of the following proposals:

Cycle Focus

o Parkland City Loop

o Recreation Cycle Park

o National Cycling Centre at Victoria Park

Events focus

o A new multipurpose arena suitable

for basketball, netball, tennis and events.

The Riverbank Arena will contribute to

the sports precinct adjacent Adelaide

Oval.

Community Focus

o Commonwealth Games specic venues

such as Hockey and a warm up Athletics

track to become community focused

facilities after the Games and contribute

to the recreational amenity of the city

centre and the South West Corner.

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12.5 Stage 1 Master Plan

Stage 1: Pre Legacy Phase (2015 – 2028)

Stage 1 looks at addressing and changing thepath that Adelaide is currently on, with particularemphasis on the low city centre population and

automobile dependence for transportation.Stage 1 deliberately focuses on modestimprovements including inll housing, civic and

public infrastructure to demonstrate that suchsmall improvements can have a major eect on

the city centre and the underdeveloped South

West Corner.

Key Design Outcomes:

Infll Housing

o 81 buildings

o 1,323 dwelling units

o 3,175 increase in city centre population

Public Infrastructure

o Upgrade of Whitmore Square and

surrounding streets

o Improved pedestrian priority streets

o Increased street connections to

Parklands

o New Light’s Loop Tram route

Civic Infrastructure

o Parkland City loop bike and recreation

path

o Reaction Cycle Path at Victoria Park

 

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Stage 1 Citywide Plan

Parkland

Loop

Light’s

Loop

Redened

Square

New

Whitmore

Square

Inll

Housing

BMX &

recrea

bike p

Rede

Square

Rede

Square

Stage 1 Citywide Plan

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Stage 1

Citywide Axonometric

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12.6 Stage 2 Master Plan

Stage 2: Event Phase 2030 Commonwealth

Games (2028 – 2030)

Stage 2 focuses on the specic requirements

for Adelaide to host the 2030 Commonwealth

Games. The design proposal does not address

the entire event overlay, but rather addresses

requirements for the Athletes Village and key

sports infrastructure and proposes how these canbe integrated within the city centre to be a catalyst

to achieve Adelaide’s city vison. In doing this it

continues on from what was achieved in Stage 1

to accelerate the delivery of inll housing in the

city centre and public and civic infrastructure.

Key Design Outcomes:

Infll Housing

o 146 buildings

o Stage 2 total 2,112 dwelling units (plus

Stage 1 total 1,323)

o 280 accessible units

o Accommodation for 6,000 athletes

(2 bed /room), accommodation for 500

accessible athletes and accommodation

for 100 ofcials (1 bed / room)

o Village Food Hall

Public Infrastructure

o Continue improved pedestrian priority

streets

o Continue increased street connections to

Parklands

o Airport Tram Line (Route from airport to

National Cycling Centre at Victoria Park)

o Adelaide Oval Tram Line extensionCivic Infrastructure

o Hockey Stadium in South Parklands with

warm up eld and temporary seating

o Establishment of National Cycling Centre

at Victoria Park. Includes Velodrome,

BMX and outdoor Criterion Track

facilities

o Riverbank Arena multi-purpose centre.

Includes provision for basketball, netball,

tennis

o Temporary Athletics track used for warm

up during Commonwealth Games located

on University of Adelaide sports eld

o Broadcast Centre

o Athlete’s Village Health Centre

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Stage 2 Citywide Plan

Stage 2 Citywide Plan

South

Parklands

Hockey Filed

Broadcast

Centre

Riverbank

 Arena

 Athletes

Dining Hall

 Airport

 Tram Line

 Athletes

 Villiage

Nation

Cyclin

Centre

 Tram L

extensnorth t

 Adelai

Oval

Warm-

 Athleti

 Track 

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Stage 2

Citywide Axonometric

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12.7 Stage 3 Master Plan

Stage 3: Post- Legacy Phase (2031 – 2045)

Stage 3 aims to continue the momentum from the

successful delivery of the Commonwealth Games

and demonstrates how post games legacy can

deliver Adelaide’s city vision. The inll housing

used in for the Athletes Village is now refurbished

for market, affordable and student housing. The

event specic requirements such as broadcast

centre, food hall and accessible athletes housing

are now repurposed into the University of SAMedia School and aged care housing respectively.

The temporary Athletes warm up track is now

relocated in the South Parklands adjacent the

existing Glenelg Tram Line to provide residents

of the South West Corner recreation amenity.

Stage 3 continues the inll housing approach

established in stage 1 and puts forward a

metropolitan wide transit network.

Key Design Outcomes:

Infll Housing

o 220 buildings

o Stage 3 total 3,766 dwelling units

o Food Hall converted to 192 aged care

units, while accessible athletes

accommodation converted to 250 aged

care units.

o 7,620 increase in city centre population

Public Infrastructure

o Continue Iimproved pedestrian priority

streets

o Continue increased street connections to

Parklands

o Metropolitan Tram Line Extension to

existing Main Streets and population

centres within greater Adelaide

Civic Infrastructure

o Removal of warm up eld and temporary

seating for Hockey Stadium creating

community recreation asset, used as

Hockey SA Administration ofces

o National Cycling Centre the nation’s

centre for elite cycling. Used as

a community asset. Grandstanding

incorporated into annual Clipsal 500

motor race event

o Riverbank Arena state centre of

excellence for basketball, netball, tennis.

Used for non sports events

o Temporary Athletics track moved to

South Parklands to become permanent

home of Athletics SA

o Broadcast Centre repurposed to

University of SA Media School.

o Athlete Village Health Centre repurposed

to a community health and wellbeing

cente for South West Corner.

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Stage 3 Citywide Plan

Stage 3 Citywide Plan

Removal of

temporary

grand standing

UniSA

Media

School

 Tram Line

extension

north

Former Atheltes

villiage

continued

with inll

housing Reloca

 Athleti

track t

perma

locatio

 Tram L

extens

east

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Stage 3

Citywide Axonometric

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Existing

Stage 1

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Stage 2

Stage 3

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 Adelaide

River Torrens Bike Path

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13.0 Stage 1 Specic Plan13.1 Stage 1 Detail Master Plan

The Specic Plan for Stage 1 focuses on the

South West Corner of the City Centre and

demonstrates how the implementation tools can

start to deliver design outcomes that can achieve

the established vision.

13.2 Stage 1 Infll Housing:Design Outcome

In order to provide inll housing within the South

West Corner, key Government or NGO owned

sites can be used as the primary development

sites for stage 1. The advantage of using public

owned sites is that the government can control the

delivery of this inll housing, without needing to

purchase or use compulsory acquisition to source

land from the private sector. As the map in section

10.11 indicates many of these sites are located inclose proximity to Whitmore Square. These sites

currently are used for housing, commercial and

infrastructure. The buildings located on these

sites are in general 20 to 30 years old and are

considered underdeveloped in relation to the

current Development Plan within the area.

In Stage 1, there are 16 blocks (sites) with a total

of 22,942 sqm (246,948 sqft) of land.

In applying the principle and design rules this

would result in:

16 Blocks

29 Parcels

81 BuildingsStage 1 Design Outcomes:

1323 dwelling units

3,175 new residents 

In Stage 1 there is a greater percentage ofsmaller housing stock as much of this housing

will be converted to athletes housing for the 2030

Commonwealth Games.

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 186

New

Whitmore

Sqaure

Existing

Church in aplaza

New square

conguration

dened by

buildings

Whitmore

Square

 Tram stop

Light’s Loop

 Tram Line

Parkland

Loop

Inll

Housing

New street

connection

to park-

lands

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David Cooke 187

Stage 1 Specic Plan(South - West Corner)

Retail

fronting

Whitmore

Sqaure

Existing

heritage

building in a

plaza

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 188

Specifc Section

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Existing Section(South - West Corner

Stage 1 Section(South - West Corner

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Stage 1 Infll Housing:Housing Typologies

There are four main housing typologies that

have been used to deliver the inll housing. The

typologies are exible in their designs so they can

respond to the changing uses and requirements

over the stages. In the Stage 1, one delivery

approach is the for Governemnt to act as master

devloper, under this approcah it is anticipated

the resulting housing would then be owned bythe government or NGO. The units could then

be leased in total or in part to a University or an

 Affordable housing provider and then sub-leased

to the market for short term leases for students

or the general public. Such a delivery approach

would result in the housing still be available for

use as the Athletes Village in Stage 2 but also

increase the population within the area.

 Another delivery option for the housing in

Stage 1 would be for the Government to seekdevelopment partners from the private sector,

such as equity investors, superannuation funds,

institutions or local property developers. These

properties could then be used for the Games in

2030. A requirement for 30% affordable units, a

mandatory very low parking ratio and backing of

government in terms of the future games helps

drives investment and delivery of housing within

the South West Corner.

Building heights range from 2 – 10 stories. 10

stories are often located on key corners at point

towers.

Skip Stop

The Skip Stop building typology is made up

of through-units that have an upper and lower

oor. Every unit has a dual orientation, offering

the more public functions such as the kitchen

and living room towards to public or street side,

and the more private functions such as the bed-

room towards the private or rear yard side. This

condition encourages all demographics, including

and especially families of 3 or more persons perhousehold. These are typically 3 bedroom units.

(Kearnan, 2015)

This type is very efcient for many reasons. The

rst is because it is a through-unit, and allows

the building depth to be greater. This gives

approximately 20 ft to - 30 ft of light on both sides

on the unit, and the functions that require less

natural light such as the bathrooms, closets, or

corridors are placed in the centre of the unit where

light is not as prevalent.

It is also very efcient because of its building

circulation system, where the corridor to access

every unit only occurs every-other, or every-third

oor. This greatly increases density, and overall

efciency.

It is also a very exible building type. The height

can vary as it does not rely on an independent

core, the depth can vary, making units longer and

thinner or shorter and wider.

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David Cooke 191

 The sketch above demonstrates the conguration and plan layout of the

skip stop unit typlogy.

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Walk Up Flats

The Walk-Up Flat building typology is made up of

through-units that are wider, but stay on a single

oor. Every unit also has dual orientation, offering

the more public functions such as the kitchen and

living room towards to public or street side, and

the more private functions such as the bedroom

towards the private or rear yard side. This

condition en- courages all demographics, includ-

ing and especially families of 2 or more personsper household. These are typically 2 bedroom

units.

This type is efcient, and the most cost effective

for many reasons. The rst is because it is a

through-unit, it allows the building depth to

be greater. Similar to Skip Stop, this gives

approximately 20’-30’ of light on both sides of the

unit, and the function that require less light such

as bathrooms, are placed in the cen- ter where

light is less prevalent.

It is also exible in some ways, and rigid in others.

It is exible in the fact that the building depth

and width can change depending on the parcel

conditions. The through unit enables this exibility

to conform more specically to parcelization.

However, because the building cir- culation is a

core condition, without a corridor and specically

an elevator, it is really limited to four oors, with an

absolute maximum of ve.

The trade off with this rigidity is that these units

are incredibly affordable because of the cost

reduction of minimal circulation, no elevator, and

the construction type cost is the lower available.

This makes for the more affordable units possible

in an urban condition.

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David Cooke 193

 The sketch above and to the right demonstrates the congurat ion and

plan layout of the walk-up at unit typlogy.

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 194

Stacked Townhouse

The Stacked Townhouse building typology is

made up of two story through-units, one stacked

on top of the other. Every unit has dual orientation,

and its own front door at the street level. This type

also offers the more public functions such as the

kitchen and living room to- wards to public or

street side, and the more private functions such as

the bedroom towards the private or rear yard side.

This condition en- courages all demographics,including and especially families of 3 or more

persons per household. These are typically 3-4

bedroom units.

The type is least efcient in terms of building

types proposed thus far, but still remains four

to eight times as dense as that of a single-

family detached home building typology. These

units are certainly the most rigid, as there is

no common circulation in these building types,

allowing a maximum of four stories. However, this

type adds the most interest on the street with

entrances occurring at minimum every 20’, and is

an extremely compatible building type near the

existing fabric of sin- gle family detached homes.

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David Cooke 195

 The sketch above and to the right demonstrates the congurat ion and

plan layout of the stacked townhouse unit typlogy.

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Single Loaded

The Single Loaded building typology provides

units that have orientation either to the street or

an internal courtyard. These buildings are used

to often provide for smaller unit types, such as

studios, one and two bedroom units.

The building typology is most effective on narrow

parcels which cannot accommodate the width of

the Skip Stop typology. This building typology is

most useful for the athletes village requirements

as they provide density without compromising

amenity.

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David Cooke 197

 The sketch above and to the right demonstrates the congurat ion and

plan layout of the single loaded unit typlogy.

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13.3 Public Infrastructure:Open Space (Whitmore Square)

When Colonel Light design Whitmore Square it

was designed as the public open space for the

community he planned would live within this area.

 As has been demonstrated, history has not been

kind to any of Adelaide’s open space squares,

with the squares acting as gloried trafc islands.

Whitmore Square is not as badly fragmented as

others, but the space is still surrounded by carsand a 21 meter (66 ft) two lane road, which acts as

a major barrier for buildings fronting the square.

The open space component of Whitmore

Square is currently 22,600 sqm (243,308 sqft)

with dimensions of 120 m (400 ft) by 215 m

(700 ft). This is a large open space. The below

comparison analysis compares Whitmore Square

against internationally relevant examples. The

results demonstrate that Whitmore Square

is proportionally almost too large to be aneffective community focused open space. This

is exacerbated by many of the buildings fronting

the square being of a modest scale, single storey

cottages. Many of these buildings are listed on the

local Heritage Register so there is a reluctance to

alter their character.

The design proposal for Whitmore Square has

addressed these issues by rstly reducing the size

of the road right of way from 21 meters (66ft) to

a 10 meters (33 ft) single lane shared road. This

gained area has be given back to the square. This

removes the road as a barrier for properties that

front Whitmore Square. The second move was

to address the three-dimensional proportions

of the square by proposing buildings ranging in

height from 6 to 8 stories on the corners of the

square which assists to proportionally enclosure

the square. Admittedly this is a controversial

design move, however what is of interest to note

is that the area of open space within the proposal

remains the same, 22,600 sqm (243,308 sqft).

These buildings take up the same area that the

double lane road once took. Another advantage

is that these buildings provide activated edges to

the square, while preserving the existing heritage

buildings.

Dimensions: 120 m x 215 m

  400 ft x 710 ftExisting size and conguration of Whitmore Sqaure.

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David Cooke 199

Jamesion Square, Portland Russell Square, London

Rittenhouse Square,Piazza San Marco, Venice

South Park, San Francisco

Size Comparison

Copley Square, Boston A comparison of six squares sizes and congurations based against

Whitmore Square.

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 200

The landscape design of the square draws

reference from the original oval conguration Light

proposed for the square, while creating pockets of

landscaped areas that could be used for passive

recreation functions such as community vegetable

gardens and playgrounds, while providing

exibility for larger community focused events,

such as markets. The design pays respect to the

St Luke’s Church that fronts the square, one of

the rst buildings built in this area of the city in the

1800’s, while also incorporating permeability interms of paths and cycle routes within the square

and connection to the adjoin new street network.

The design proposal reects Light’s original

vision and by reconguring the space, is able to

achieve a contemporary community square and

development parcels without compromising the

open space area.

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David Cooke 201

Whitmore Square SizeConfguration since 1836

1836

Light’s orginal plandened an oval.

Size: 4.8 acres

1880

Space dened by

street access.

Size: 5.4 acres

1912

Square altered byTram route.

Size: 5.2 acres

2015

Current space ofsqaure.

Size: 5.6 acres

Proposed

Proposed openspace outline.

Size: 5.6 acres

Whitmore Square conguration and area of open space from the orginal

Light’s Plan to proposed design outcome.

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Whitmore Square Proposed Design

 The plan demonstrates the proposed conguration and design outcome

of the new Whitmore Sqaure.Whitmore Square

Plan

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13.4 Public Infrastructure:Street Typologies &Connections

When Light planned the city in 1836 he surveyed

using the chain unit of measurement. Adelaide’s

streets are still in most part reective of this unit

of measurement. The unit converts from 1 chain

equals 20.1 meters (66 ft). Many of Adelaide’s

streets are either 2, 1 ½ or 1 chain in width

depending of their hierarchy within the street

network.

The design proposal takes reference from this

and proposes 4 new street types for use as public

infrastructure.

Stage 1 Street Hierarchy Map without key lines.

1 1/2 Chain Street

Boulevard

1 Chain StreetNeighbourhood Street

1/2 Chain Street

Shared Street

1/4 Chain Street

Pedestrian Lanes

KEY 

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Stage 1 Street Connections

Stage 1 Street Hierarchy Map

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1 ½ Chain Width Street -Boulevard

30 meters (99 ft) wide

Wide sidewalks provide more space for

pedestrians and more green space to the street

which acts as visual protection to the vehicle

trafc. A dened street tree canopy reduces the

scale to a comfortable human scale. Separate

bike lanes are located on the streets and somebuildings have commercial or retail uses that spill

out onto the widened sidewalks.

Street view photo of current Morphett Street.

Example of proposed Boulevard Street

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Existing

Proposed

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1 Chain Width Street –Neighbourhood Street

20.1 meters (66 ft) wide

Neighbourhood streets have exibility to

accommodate retail and residential frontages.

There is often parking located on one side of

street and a landscape buffer between the road

corridor and the sidewalk. The tram is sometimes

located on the Neighbourhood street andoccupies one side of the street, with sidewalk bulb

outs for stations.

Street view photo of current Wright Street.

Example of roposed Neighbourhood steet.

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Existing

Proposed

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½ Chain Width Street – SharedStreet

10 meters (33 ft) wide

Shared Streets are designed to slow down

trafc by having one lane of trafc with some

on-street parking. Parking is used with street

trees in-between parking spaces to provide more

landscape opportunities within the right of way.

Sidewalk widths are exible depending on streetgrid. In parts the sidewalk and road corridor are

on the same grade.

Street view photo of current Whitmore Sqaure

Example of proposed shared street

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¼ Chain Width Street –Pedestrian Lanes

5.5 meters (16.5 ft) wide

The residential alleys perform the functions of

minor streets, providing a pedestrian scaled

environment for both residential units facing the

mid-block lane. Some lanes provide a trafc-

calmed environment for vehicle access to garages

and service areas, while others are pedestrianonly. Street view photo of current George Street.

Example of proposed pedestrian lane.

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Sketch of proposed street type.

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Metropolitan wide Stage 1 Transit Plan

KeyMetro Rail Routes:

Goodwood Interchange

Belair Line

Noarlunga Line

Outer Harbour Line / Grange Line

Gawler Line

O-Bahn Route:

 Tea Tree Plaza Interchange

 Tram Routes:

Glenelg / Entertainment Centre Line

Network Hub

Interchange / Terminus

Light’s Loop

Stage 1 Transit Plan (Pre-Legacy 2015 - 2029)(Metro Rail, Tram, O-Bahn)

 Adelaide International Aiport

Stage 1 Metropolitan TransitPlan

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Light’s Loop City Centre Focus

0.7 miles

1.1 km

0.7 miles

1.1 km

City centre focus Stage 1 Transit Plan. The plan to the right shows the

dimensions of the tram line.

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Light’s Loop Walkzone Map

City centre focus Stage 1 Transit Plan with 5 minute walkzones. This

shows that Light’s Loop provides great coverage to the city centre. The

map to the right shows how the walkzones overlays with the existing

tram line.

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 The route of Light’s Loop connet ing the square’s and the four key

precincts of the city centre.

Light’s Loop City Route

Light’s Loop

 Tram Line

Light’s Loop Detail Plan

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13.6 Civic Infrastructure:Parkland Bike Loop

Light’s original plan for Adelaide highlighted

how the parklands would be used for civic

infrastructure that beneted the entire city. The

existing condition of the parklands is still reective

of this civic quality in general but there are many

parts of the Parklands that do not feel that inviting

to be in or are fenced off from the public.

The proposed Parkland City Loop is a bike and

pedestrian path that has been congured to take

a relatively direct route looping the city through

the parklands while linking many of the civic

attractions within the parklands. The loop links

Victoria Park, the Botanical Gardens, Adelaide

Zoo, the River Torrens and the Adelaide Oval. The

Loop is also future proofed to accommodate the

future Stage 2 and 3 design proposals such as

street connections to the parklands and new civic

infrastructure.

The dedicated path provides a recreational

amenity to city residents as well as safe commute

path.

 As part of this, a recreational cycle park is

established at Victoria Park. This is the precursor

to the more elite facility that comes online in Stage

2, but it helps maintain Victoria Park as a cycle

focus precinct within the city, while providing safe

cycling amenity to recreational riders.

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Parkland Loop Plan

Parkland Loop

Parkland Loop

Parkland

Loop

Parkland Loop

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 Adelaide 2030 CommonwealthGames City Centre Event Plan

 The above map focuses at a ci ty centre scale the proposed locat ions

of the events for Adelaide 2030 Commonwealth Games. Tweleve of the

sports venues are loacted within the city centre with others adjacent to

public tranist routes.

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In Stage 2, there are 16 blocks (sites) with a total

of 54,156 sqm (582,941 sqft) of land.

In applying the principle and design rules this

would result in:

96 Blocks

121 Parcels

146 BuildingsStage 2 Design Outcomes:

2,112 dwelling units *

6,000 athletes

100 ocials

500 accessible athletes

In Stage 2 housing stock is predominantly focusedon 2 bedroom and 1 bedroom units to deliver the

greater housing efciency for the athletes village.

* Some built in contingency for larger athlete numbers

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Stage 2 Specic Plan(South - West Corner)

 Athletes

Dining Hall

 Accessible

 Athletes

housing

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Specifc Section

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Existing Section(South - West Corner

Stage 1 Section(South - West Corner

Stage 2 Section(South - West Corner

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Stage 2 Infll Housing:Housing Typologies

In Stage 2, the design proposal considers

some of the key requirements of providing a

Commonwealth Games Athlete’s Village. These

include:

o No more than two athletes per bedroom

o Bathrooms on each oor of a unit /

townhouse

o No kitchen facilities provided within the

unit

The exible nature of the housing typologies used

within the design proposal enables the housing

units to meet these Games specic requirements

with minor modications.

Example of proposed

housing typlogies.

(David Baker Architects, 2014)

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Single Loaded

The sketches below show how the buildingtypologies are able to be re-purposed formaximum efciency to accommodate theathletes. Kitchens are covered up and living areasare turned into bed rooms.

Stage 2Stage 1

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Stage 2

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14.4 Athletes Village SecurityOverlay 

Security is an important consideration with any

international event. The security requirements for

the Commonwealth Games seeks a single point of

entry and perimeter fence with separation zone,

along with the appropriate police checks of all

people that enter the village.

The South West Corner is not a conventionalsite for an Athletes Village and this needs to be

considered in terms of the security response. The

map adjacent shows that the village is enclosed

with a perimeter security line, with the village

separated into two main areas, North Village and

South Village, connected by Morphett Street and

with Whitmore Square the athlete’s community

open space. The primary athlete’s access will

be from the north of the site. Truck deliveries to

service the food hall are from a designated truck

access from Sturt Street.

For existing retail business, like coffee shops that

are in the Village security line, could operate to

serve the athletes, provided appropriate police

check approvals.

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David Cooke 247

Security

Line

Security Plan

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14.7 Public Infrastructure:TransitWith the Commonwealth Game’s in mind, the

transit links proposed in Stage 2 specically

address the required mobility of visitors to the

city and between sports venues. The Adelaide

International Airport is relatively close to the

city a distance of 5.7 km (3.5 miles). The Airport

is currently serviced by an airport shuttle bus

service from the city. Anecdotal opinion wouldsuggest that by the lack of free parking spaces

within the newly constructed multilevel parking

garage at the airport, most people drive to the

airport. The Airport is the rst experience of

 Adelaide that visitors for the games will have. The

design quality of the new terminal is very high, this

quality should be reected in the transit options

provided for the airport. The proposed Airport

Tram Line is 8 linear km (5 linear miles) that runs

from the airport plaza, along Sir Donald Bradman

Drive to Victoria Square in the city centre alongGrote Street. The line then extends east along

Wakeeld Street to the new National Cycling

Centre at Victoria Park. The proposed tram line

acts as light rail outside of the city centre, with

stops approximately every 1,000 meters (3,280

ft) and traveling within a designated tram right of

way. This is a similar street conguration to the

recent tram line extension along Port Road to the

 Adelaide Entertainment Centre. Once the tram

route reaches West Terrace, the tram performs

more like a street car, with stops approximatelyevery 400 meters (1,300 ft). These stops are

located to be integrated with the existing Glenelg

Tram Line stop at Victoria Square and the

proposed Light’s Loop stops at Morphett Street

and Pulteney Street.

This tram line will provide efcient transit service

linking the airport to the city centre while also

adding to the city centre transit network. The

design proposal has considered use of the current

 Adelaide Metro owned Alstom Citadis 302 tram

rolling stock to services the Airport Line as this

tram has a carrying capacity of 180 people per

carriage and is the largest occupancy tram of the Adelaide Metro eet.

The Adelaide Oval Line extension is the rst stage

of a route that would ultimately service North

 Adelaide and beyond. This line extension spurs

from the existing Glenelg Tram Line at the King

William Street / North Terrace intersection and

travels along King William Street over the River

Torrens to a new station at the eastern gates of

the Adelaide Oval. The line extension is 0.8 linear

km (0.5 linear miles) and the design proposal

considers this station will be situated within a

recongured eastern plaza thus improving the

pedestrian amenity and quality when accessing

the Adelaide Oval. The Adelaide Oval Line also

services the new Riverbank Arena located

towards the west of the oval. As the Adelaide

Oval is proposed to be the main stadium for

the Commonwealth Games, having dedicated

transit linking the city centre to the oval is a major

requirement to increase spectator access and

mobility for the event. After the games, the tram

will in part replace the current temporary bus

transit for events at the Adelaide Oval.

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David Cooke 251

KeyMetro Rail Routes:

Goodwood Interchange

Belair Line

Noarlunga Line

Outer Harbour Line / Grange Line

Gawler Line

O-Bahn Route:

 Tea Tree Plaza Interchange

 Tram Routes:

Glenelg / Entertainment Centre Line

Network Hub

Interchange / Terminus

 Airport / City Line

 Adelaide Oval Line

Light’s Loop

Stage 2 Transit Plan (2030 Commonwealth Games)(Metro Rail, Tram, O-Bahn)

 Adelaide International Aiport

Stage 2 Metropolitan TransitPlan

Metropolitan wide Stage 2 Transit Plan

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Stage 2 Street Connections

Stage 2 Street Hierarchy Map

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Riverbank Arena

Concept Plan

Concept Section

Plaza

Memorial Drive

 Tennis Centre

 Adelaide Oval

Riverbank Arena

Inside /Outside

Connection

Retractable roof over Arena and Tennis Centre

Open

Part Close

Memorial Drive

 Tennis Centre

 Adelaide OvalRiverbank Arena

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National Cycling Centre

Concept Section A-A 

Concept Section B-B

Grandstand Seating

fronting Track 

 Velodrome

 Velodrome

Earth roof 

BMX

Criterion

 Track 

Earth roof 

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National Cycling Centre

 The above a perspective views of the National Cycl ing Centre.

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14.12 Civic Infrastructure:South Parklands Hockey Fields

The South Parklands Hockey Fields replaces what

will also be a 40 year old facility, the existing Pines

Hockey Centre located in the northern Adelaide

Suburb of Gepps Cross. The elds are located

in the south west section of the Parklands and

are serviced by public transit in the form of the

existing Glenelg Line and the proposed Light’s

Loop tram route as well as the proposed Stage

1 Parklands Bike Loop. The site is also well

connected by proposed new pedestrian lanes and

neighbourhood streets that link the South West

Corner to the Parklands and these elds. Key

north-south pedestrian’s lanes feed directly into

an entry forecourt to the proposed facility.

The facility has two permanent hockey elds, a

grandstand that has 500 permanent seats, players

change rooms, administration ofces and clubrooms. The multi-use facility is designed as a new

home base for Hockey SA and as a community

facility for organised amateur sport and general

recreation. Such a facility provides greater

community amenity to the expanding South West

Corner population.

During the 2030 Commonwealth Games,

the facility would have temporary overlay of

grandstand seating up to 5,000 seats, the required

media facilities and security.

There is also capacity for a temporary third

hockey eld to the west of the permanent elds.

The design is low in prole and takes conceptual

references from the eucalyptus trees within this

section of the parklands to derive an architectural

roof form and structure.

 The above a perspective views of the South Parklands Hockey Field

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South Parklands Hockey Fields

Concept Plan

Concept Section

Primary

Hockey Field

 Temporary

Seating

 Temporary

Field for Games

Plaza

Grandsanding /

Change Rooms

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14.13 Civic Infrastructure:Warm-Up Athletics Track

The Commonwealth Games require that a full

size warm-up athletics track is provided in close

proximity to the main athletics stadium. In the

proposal for Adelaide 2030 Commonwealth

Games, Adelaide Oval has been nominated as

the main athletics stadium. This then requires a

warm up track in close proximity to Adelaide Oval.

The current secondary cricket oval, Adelaide Oval

Number 2 is too small in area to accommodate

the warm-up track facility. The current Athletics

Stadium in the western Adelaide suburb of Mile

End is too far away from Adelaide Oval. Therefore,

a temporary warm-up track has been located

within the University of Adelaide sports elds for

the duration of the Games. Stage 3 of the design

proposal presents a permanent location for to the

athletics warm-up track.

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Warm- Up Athletics Track

 Track 

Plaza

Concept Plan

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 Adelaide

Rundle Mall. Main Retail Precinct within Adelaide

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15.0 Stage 3 Specic Plan15.1 Stage 3 Detail Master Plan

Following the 2030 Commonwealth Games,

there are now two stages of housing stock on

the ground within the South West Corner. Before

we consider a design proposal for Stage 3, it is

worthwhile to explain how Stage 1 and 2 will be

integrated back within the city after their games

use.

15.2 Stage 3 Infll Housing:Design Outcome

The Stage 1 housing units used by athletes can be

refurbished and existing leases with Universities,

student accommodation agencies and affordable

housing providers can now be reactivated and

the units again as student accommodation or

affordable housing. This stage 1 housing could

be up to 10 years old now. By linking mandatoryrefurbishment as part of the Games post-legacy

stage ensures that the housing units re-entering

the market post games are of a high standard.

The Government also has the option to sell this

housing stock at this stage.

The Stage 2 housing units for the athletes that

were delivered in partnership with the private

sector can now be offered to the market for

sale or lease. These housing units will also need

refurbishment before the units enter the market.

 As a part of the original agreement between

the Government and the private land owner /

developer there would be an agreed release time

period for these units to market which will stagger

their release over 24 months. This staggered

approach means that market is not ooded

with all Stage 2 units at the same time and also

removes the private sector competition to be the

rst post Games housing stock on the market.

Such a released time period plan would be

prepared in more detail following the successful

bid outcome in 2023 and has been seen as a

model used in Glasgow.

The Stage 3 inll housing continues the

established design approaches by using the

design principles and rules and focuses this

approach on under developed and vacant

sites within the area. The result in Stage 3

demonstrates how private land owners and

developers can respond to the increased

investment within public and civic infrastructurewithin the area and start to deliver greater

numbers of inll housing within the South West

Corner and achieve the agreed targets.

During Stage 3, the 250 accessible units required

for the games along with the adjoining Dining Hall

structure are now repurposed to a 400 room aged

care facility. Such a use is not only needed within

the city but also broadens the demographic prole

of residents within the South West Corner.

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Stage 3 has demonstrated that there are 131

blocks (sites) with a total of 104,110 sqm

(1,120,641 sqft) that could be suitable for

development.

In applying the principle and design rules this

would result in:

131 Blocks

184 Parcels

220 BuildingsStage 3 Design Outcomes:

3,766 dwelling units

9,038 new residents 

In Stage 3 there is a greater percentage of larger

units as to accommodate for families to move into

the South West Corner.

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South

Parklands

Hockey Filed

now used by

community

Existing

Mosque lo-

cated within

plaza

New Retail

Inll housing

Removal of

temporary

grand standing

Former

 Atheltes

villiage

continued with

inll housing

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Stage 3 Specic Plan(South - West Corner)

Formerdining hall

repurposed

as aged

housing

Housing

repurposed

as aged

housing

 Athletics warm-up

moved to parklands and

used as Athletics SA

base & as community

amenity

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Specifc Section

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Existing Section(South - West Corner

Stage 1 Section(South - West Corner

Stage 2 Section(South - West Corner

Stage 3 Section(South - West Corner

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Stage 3 Infll Housing:Housing Typologies

In Stage 3 the design proposal focuses on a

greater family population within the South West

Corner. The housing typologies now reect how

they can respond to this use by accommodating

larger units of 2 bedrooms and 3 plus bedrooms.

The changes that where made to the units in

Stage 2 to accommodate the athletes village arenow reversed.

Stage 2Stage 3

Stage 2Stage 13

Walk Up Flats

Stacked Townhouses

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Stage 2Stage 3

Stage 2Stage 3

Skip Stops

Single Load

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Infll Housing

Using the key design rule of access to light in

conjunction with the building typologies allows

for taller buildings to front onto the wider streets

and smaller buildings to front the narrow street

types. The resulting urban form for the South West

Corner can be seen in the section below and the

axonometric drawing to the left.

Concept SectionSection showing the realtionship between buildings and their access to

natural light as required by design rules.

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 Axonometric(South - West Corner

Pedestrian

Lane fronted

by townhouse

and walk up

ats

 Taller building

front the wide

streets.

 Axonometric sketch showing building volume in realation to street types.

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15.3 Public Infrastructure:Street Typologies &Connections

The street typologies and design approach

established in Stage 1 and 2 are continued in

Stage 3 by providing more connections within

the South West Corner. In Stage 3 mid-block

pedestrian lanes and neighbourhood streets

are able to be completed through entire blocks,

both in a north-south and an east-west direction.

Such a move demonstrates how Light’s original

plan can be completed to offer greater access to

parcels and improved permeability through the

blocks and the city as a whole.

This becomes an exemplar model of how such an

approach could be used in other parts of the city

centre.

1 1/2 Chain Street

Boulevard

1 Chain StreetNeighbourhood Street

1/2 Chain Street

Shared Street

1/4 Chain Street

Pedestrian Lanes

KEY 

Stage 2 Street Hierarchy Map without key lines.

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Street ConnectionsStreet Connections

Stage 2 Street Hierarchy Map

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15.4 Public Infrastructure:Transit

The design proposal in Stage 3 puts forward a

metropolitan wide public transit plan that builds

upon the city centre focused tram line network

established in Stage 1 and 2 by proposing four

new tramline extensions to existing retail and

residential precincts with routes along established

main streets.

The proposed Stage 2 Airport Line is extendedwest from the airport along Henley Beach Road

and Military Road to the Henley Square. The same

line is extended east from the Stage 2 terminus

of the National Cycling Centre along Fullarton

Road and The Parade to the eastern suburbs

of Norwood and Magill. The route terminates at

the Norwood Morialata High School Campus.

This new tram line, now referred to as the Henley

Square / Airport / City / Norwood Line offers an

efcient connection between two of Adelaide’s

most popular suburban destinations, Henley

Square and The Parade, Norwood and links

them with the city centre. The eastern tramline

extension from the National Cycling Centre is 6

linear kms (3.6 linear miles). The western tramline

extension from the airport is 5.5 linear kms (3.4

linear miles).

The design proposal recommends in Stage 3 to

spur the existing Glenelg Line at King William

Road and run a new tram line route along King

William Road and then Unley Road to the Mitchammetro rail station. Such a proposal would link

two of metropolitan Adelaide’s popular retail

high streets via transit as well as providing a

multimodal transit hub in the southern part of

metropolitan Adelaide. The overall tramline length

from King William Road is 4.4 linear kms (2.7 linear

miles).

The proposed Stage 2 Adelaide Oval Line is

extended in Stage 3 to connect North Adelaide

and in the inner suburb of Prospect. The tram

route travels along O’Connell Street and Prospect

Road. The overall tramline length from the Adelaide Oval is 3.6 linear kms (2.2 linear miles).

 Also in Stage 3 the existing Glenelg Line tram

is extended from its terminus at the Adelaide

Entertainment Centre to the Port Adelaide

Waterfront along Port Road. The overall tramline

length from the Adelaide Entertainment Centre

is 10 linear kms (6.2 linear miles). These two

proposed tram line extensions currently form part

of the State Governments Integrated Transport

Strategy. The design proposal supports the

Governments proposal and has demonstratedthat the delivery timeframe of these two tramline

extensions should be after the high priority transit

investment within the city centre.

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KeyMetro Rail Routes:

Goodwood Interchange

Belair Line

Noarlunga Line

Outer Harbour Line / Grange Line

Gawler Line

O-Bahn Route:

 Tea Tree Plaza Interchange

 Tram Routes:

Glenelg / Entertainment Centre Line

Network Hub

Interchange / Terminus

Mitcham Intercange Line

 Adelaide Oval / Prospect Line

Henley Square / Airport / City / Norwood Line

Light’s Loop

Stage 3 Transit Plan (Post-Legacy 2031 - 2045)(Metro Rail, Tram, O-Bahn)

 Adelaide International Aiport

Stage 3 Metropolitan TransitPlan

Metropolitan wide Stage 3 Transit Plan

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Transit City Centre Focus

City centre focus Stage 3 Transit Plan.

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Transit Walkzone Map

City centre focus Stage 3 Transit Plan with 5 minute walkzones. This

shows that connectivity and networks now created within the city centre

and now in stage 3 linking to metropolitan Adelaide.

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15.5 Civic Infrastructure:Parklands Athletics Stadium

The opportunity exists after the games for the

Stage 2 proposed temporary warm-up track

located on the University of Adelaide sports elds

to be moved to a permanent location. Such a

reloation could also be used to provide a city

centre Athletics Stadium at Mile End, that could

replace the current Athletics Stadium which is

in need of a major refurbishment. Following the

Games, it is proposed to relocate the athletics

warm-up track to the south Parklands and

establish a new Athletics Stadium to be become

the new home of Athletics SA. The location of

the new permanent Parklands Athletics Stadium

is connected by public transit in the form of the

existing Glenelg Line tram route as well as the

proposed Stage 1 Parklands Bike Loop. The

site also well connected by a proposed new

pedestrian lane along Symonds Place that linksthe existing residential community of the southern

part of the city to the Parklands. The proposed

stadium is also located adjacent to a school,

Pulteney Grammar.

The facility consist of an athletics track, a

grandstanding of 1,500 permeant seats, players

change rooms, administration ofces and club

rooms. A similar architectural design language

has been used for this facility as was used for the

proposed South Parklands Hockey Field.

The multi-use facility is designed also as a

community facility for organised amateur sport,

school sports and general recreation. Such a

facility provides greater community amenity to the

residential population within the south of the city.

 The above a perspective views of the Parklands Athlet ics Stadium

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Parklands Athletics Stadium

Concept Plan

Concept Section

Grandsanding /

Change RoomsSmall

grandstand

 Track 

Plaza

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15.6 Civic Infrastructure:Community Health Programs

 As with any developed city the variety of health

issues that have arisen from our current sedentary

lifestyle are affecting many residents of Adelaide.

One of the challenges identied by this thesis was

use the Commonwealth Games as an catalyst to

address citywide health issues. Healthy eating,

maintaining an active life and all too often an

association of sport with an unhealthy drinking

culture. A more positive focus can become

a signicant target of a mega-sporting event

and place the spot light on ways to address a

community’s health issues. A campaign can start

well before the bid process, be aligned with the

selection period to engage the community, be

celebrated as part of the event and have a long

lasting legacy after the Games.

Many of the case studies explored earlier inthis thesis have had similar targets and positive

results of community participation in the local

sporting infrastructure made available to them.

By highlighting athlete’s achievements within a

sporting arena and then having the opportunity

to go out and ride your bike where your hero won

gold has an inspiring appeal. This was seen in

Manchester and Glasgow where the elite cyclists

practice in the same facility used by a local

amateur group for a time trial meet.

Outside of having additional sporting facilities for

the every day athlete to embrace, there are other

legacy opportunities that can be explored. In

London, for example, a sports medicine clinic has

been established as part of the Olympic Legacy

Funding, to offer access for NHS patients to

physicians in the same standard of health facility

and care offered to high level sports players. This

facility opened 1 year after the Games and now

caters for over 100 patients per day with state of

the art imagining and treatment equipment. In thewaiting room of the facility on any given day could

a be a professional athlete sitting next to a school

aged child.

On site for the event stage of the design proposal,

medical provisions have been allocated to a

temporary facility located at Whitmore Square.

It is envisaged that this Wellbeing Centre would

be used by the public after the games as a

community asset.

 Another opportunity to be embraced is the local

support required for the medical professionals

that travel with the team. Adelaide physicians

would pair with international sports doctors to

offer licensed oversight while in the Australian

 jurisdiction.

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 A possible amalgamation of several targets set

out in the vision for Adelaide, is to celebrate our

access to high quality local produce. Another

goal for the event could be to ensure the SA

Brand is on full display and have all food and

beverages associated with the Commonwealth

Games be provided by exclusively local producers

and manufacturers. This could be by setting

up a link to the international sponsors of the

Games to source a percentage content of South

 Australian product or by focusing all provisionswithin the Games event zone to a SA brand. It

was noted that the Commonwealth Games unlike

the Olympic Games does not have multinational

sponsorship deals and many of the major sponsor

at the recent Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth

Games were local Scottish companies.

 Adelaide has an opportunity to embrace our

deep sporting culture and erce competitive spirit

and focus on the healthy positive outcomes of

community involvement, participation and fun thatcan come with the Commonwealth Games and its

legacy.

 

Example of sports tness

programs following London 2012.

(Institute of Sport Exercises & Health, 2015)

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 Adelaide

 Victoria Sqaure looking South

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16.0 Economic Impact16.1 Cost Analysis

One of the key challenges this thesis is aiming

to address as part of the design proposal is the

opportunity to improve the economic situation

within Adelaide. An economic vision was set

for ‘greater employment opportunities and an

increase in economic sectors’. This vision was to

be measured by the targets of transitioning to a

knowledge economy supported by the educationsector and by increasing employment diversity

and opportunities within the city centre.

In order to determine the economic results of

design proposal rst we will consider the capital

cost of the proposal with a focus on stage 1 and

2, from there we can propose an economic impact

study for the proposal.

In order to determine the capital costs associated

with the design proposal this thesis has usedcapital comparisons from recent sporting events,

such as Glasgow 2014 and London 2012 and

quantity surveyor data both from Australia and

cross checked with relevant data from the United

States, to determine the likely estimated rates

and capital costs for each component of the plan.

International currencies have been convereted

using August 2015 exchange rates.

Chris Hoy Velodrome

constructed for the Glasgow 2014

Commonwealth Games.

(Cooke, 2015)

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Stage 1 Capital Cost

The following costs for stage 1 are in real

 Australian dollars and are based on today’s prices.

No escallation has been taken into account

The following table shows the capital expenduture

for Stage 1. The largets item is the 1,323 units of

inll housing. The tram cost has been compared

to recent projects in the Gold Coast, Adelaide’s

own tram line extension and US based projects in

Los Angelese and Cincinnatti.

Project Capital Cost (AUD$) Capital Cost %

Light’s Loop Tram Line(2.8 miles)

$150,000,000 26%

Inll Housing(1,323 units)

$350,000,000 60%

Whitmore Sqaure, new roads, sidewalk uogrades $75,000,000 13%

Parkland Loop, BMX track, recreation bike path $5,000,000 1%

TOTAL $580,000,000100%

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Project Capital Cost (AUD$) Capital Cost %

National Cycling Centre $125,000,000 6%

South Parklands Hockey Field $15,000,000 0.5%

Riverbank Arena $300,000,000 15%

 Athletics Warm Up Track (Temporary) $1,500,000 0.5%

Tram Line extension to Adelaide Oval(0.5 miles)

$40,000,000 2%

Tram Line extension to Airport(5.0 miles)

$650,000,000 33%

Housing: Athletes Village(2,112 units) $650,000,000 33%

Housing: Accessible housing $100,000,000 5%

International Broadcast Centre (Warm Shell) $50,000,000 2.5%

 Athletes Dining Hall (Warm Shell) $10,000,000 0.5%

Re-purpose Stage 1 Housing(1,323 units from stage 1)

$35,000,000 1%

 Additional road, park and sidewalk upgrades $23,500,000 1%

TOTAL $2,000,000,000 100%

Stage 2 Capital Cost

The following table shows the capital expenduture

for Stage 2. This is not the entire delivery cost

for Adelaide to host the Commonwealth Games

but is more focused the civic infrastructure as

outlined within this thesis. Costs such as security,

temporary overlay of stadiums, etc have not be

taken into to consideration. As outlined previously,

the Atheltes housing could be delivered in

partnership with the privaite sector.

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Project Capital Cost (AUD$) Capital Cost %

Parklands Athletics Stadium $13,500,000 0.5%

Tram Line Extensions(18.1 miles)

$3,000,000,000 70%

Housing: South West Corner(3,766 units)

$1,100,000,000 26%

Re-purpose Stage 1& 2 Housing after Games(3,766 units)

$90,000,000 2%

Re-purpose Accessible housing into 280 Aged Units $15,000,000 0.5%

Re-purpose Dining Shell into 192 Aged units $30,000,000 1%

TOTAL $4,248,500,000 100%

Stage 3 Capital Cost

The following table shows the capital expenditure

for Stage 3. The bulk of the cost associated with

this stage are the extension on the Tram Lines to

metropolitan Adelaide and the continuation of inll

housing within the South West Corner of Adelaide.

There has been an allowance made within the

estimate for re-purposing the units used for the

athletes village before they enter or re-enter the

market.

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16.2 Economic Value

 A similar comparison analysis has been

undertaken to determine the economic value of

the design proposal to Adelaide and the state.

The gures put forward are conservative and are

based on real today numbers. Its an important

point to note that this project needs to be

considered as a holistic project. Each aspect of

this project relies upon on each other to deliver

the economic value to the city. Just undertakingone of the projects or locating the project within

a different part of the city centre or metropolitan

 Adelaide will adversely effect the economic value.

The economic value undertake as part of thesis

focus on Stage 1 and 2 of the design proposal

and consider the projected economic benet in

terms of Dollars and jobs created. Comparison

to determine these ratios have been based upon

recent United States and European projects. The

methodology was to scale these projects to acomparable scale to Adelaide in order to deliver

an accurate comparison and ratio.

Media Centre UK in

Manchester.

(Cooke, 2015)

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Project Capital Cost(AUD$)

ProjectedEconomicBeneft to

Capital CostRatio

ProjectedEconomic Beneft

(AUD$)

Jobs perMillion

(AUD$) ofCapital Cost

Expense

ProjectedJobs

Created

Transit $150,000,000 3.64 $546,572,339 24 3,553

Stadia $5,000,000 1.68 $8,410,978 13 64

Housing $350,000,000 1.80 $630,000,000 18 6,193

Other $75,000,000 2.59 $194,134,826 18 1,327

TOTAL $580,000,000 2.38 $1,379,118,143 19 11,137

Stage 1 Economic Value

The table below outlines the Stage 1 economic

value of the design proposal.

Project Capital Cost(AUD$)

ProjectedEconomicBeneft to

Capital CostRatio

ProjectedEconomic Beneft

(AUD$)

Jobs perMillion

(AUD$) ofCapital Cost

Expense

ProjectedJobs

Created

Transit $690,000,000 3.00 $2,070,000,00 13 8,882

Stadia $441,500,000 1.68 $742,689,364 13 5,670

Housing $785,000,000 1.80 $1,413,000,000 18 13,890Other $83,500,000 2.59 $216,136,773 18 1,477

TOTAL $2,000,000,000 2.22 $4,441,826,137 15 29,919

Stage 2 Economic Value

The table below outlines the Stage 1 economicvalue of the design proposal.

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Project Capital Cost

(AUD$)

Projected

EconomicBeneft to

Capital CostRatio

ProjectedEconomic Beneft

(AUD$)

Jobs per

Million(AUD$) of

Capital CostExpense

Projected

JobsCreated

Transit $840,000,000 3.11 $2,616,572,339 15 12,434

Stadia $446,500,000 1.68 $751,100,342 13 5,734

Housing $1,135,000,000 1.80 $2,043,000,000 18 20,083

Other $158,500,000 2.59 $410,271,599 18 2,805

TOTAL $2,580,000,000 2.26 $4,441,826,137 16 41,056

Stage 1 & 2 Economic Value

The following table combines the results of Stage

1 and 2 and demonstrates the total economic

value up to 2030 of the design proposal.

It is important to note that this does not take

into consideration the economic value of the

Commonwealth Games as an event itself. This

thesis has assumed that as an event this will be a

separate feasibility and economic impact study. To

that end, revenue streams from the games, such

as tickets and sponsorship ha snot be included

within these numbers. 

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This thesis projects a:

Economic benet to capital cost ratio of 2.26with 41,000 jobs created.

These benet to cost ration numbers sit with the

middle of conservative and aggressive. Based

upon research of similar types of projects an

estimated economic benet to capital cost ratio of

1.75 to 2.50 with estimated job creation of 30,000

to 50,000 full-time equivalent job-years would be

an acceptable range.

These gures and the corresponding ratios

represent estimated capital costs and estimated

economic benets of core amenity and

infrastructure across stages one and two of the

proposed development. Estimated operational

costs are not included, nor are estimated costs

and benets specically associated with hosting

the Commonwealth Games, such as those that

would commonly be accounted for in a separate

Commonwealth Games budget, such as security,temporary overlay of stadia, events, etc.

These gures are presented in 2015 Australian

dollars, with forward economic projections shown

in present value terms.

Note that the benet-to-cost ratio is slightly higher

in stage one than in stage two. This is due to the

fact that the underlying mix of projects in each

stage is different and each type of project carries

with it a different ratio. For example, stadia are

less economically benecial relative to their coststhan are the transit projects, which is reected

in the lower stage 2 ratio. It is also due to the

fact that the transit projects in stage 2 are more

expensive and less central than in stage 1, thus

carrying a reduced benet-to-cost ratio.

It is important to remember that this is a holistic

project and despite stadia’s having a lower cost

to benet ratio they become a key amenity to the

new residents that will ultimately live in the city

centre and the South West Corner. Removing or

relocating this amenity will ultimately reduce the

projects overall economic vale.

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16.3 Economic Comparisons

Two cities that have held mega-sporting events

to drive urban regeneration legacy items and

capitalise on economic stimulus from this legacy

are the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and 2002

Manchester Commonwealth Games.

1992 Barcelona Olympic Games

The 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games are probably

the best example of the role that a mega-sporting event as a catalyst for urban renewal

and change. The city’s traditional economic

base was manufacturing and engineering, which

suffered declines and increased pressure from

globalization in the 1970’s and 80’s. Barcelona

needed to reinvent itself with a new image,

brand and a competitive economy able to take

advantage of the economic deregulation with in

Europe.

Barcelona used the 1992 Olympic Games to fasttrack major urban improvement programmes,

with particular focus around the Olympic village

site at Parc de Mar. The 130ha site before the

games was occupied by declining industries and

was isolated from the rest of the city and from the

coast by 2 railway lines. The Olympics provided

the catalyst to redevelop the site by restructuring

the rail network, building a coastal ring road,

the creation of a new marina, restructuring of

the sewer system and the regeneration of the

coastline. This development opened up the city tothe sea by improving access to 5.2km of coastline

for the inhabitants of the metropolitan areas. (Valera

and Guardia 2002 ) This investment in infrastructure has

transformed this part of the city and has enabled

future growth to occur over the subsequent years

after the event was staged, to the point that

almost 6,000 people reside in the area in 2008.

 A less visible but nonetheless signicant effect

of the games was the upgrading of the urban

technology and telecommunications system

necessary to hold the world’s media. The fast

tracking of infrastructure has assisted further

commercial development of the city as an

administrative centre.

R. Sanahya analysed the benets to Barcelona

in 2002, 10 years after hosting the games. His

research showed, highlighted in Table 2, there was

almost 100% increase in hotel capacity, number

of tourists and number of overnight stays in 2001

compared to the pre-games position in 1990.

 Average room occupancy had also increased

from 71% to 84% while the average length of stay

had increased from 2.84 days to 3.17 days. More

tourists visited in Barcelona from Europe andoversees than before the games. These gures

have tangible legacy on local economy.

Barcelona was perhaps a ‘hidden’ city of Europe

that needed a catalyst like the Olympic Games

to break out. Barcelona spent $7.5billion to host

the games, with the majority going towards

infrastructure.

Only 13 sporting venues where constructed for the

games, with 10 being refurbished and another 43

existing facilities used in their existing condition.

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The Olympic Games in Barcelona was the most

expensive ever staged prior to Beijing, however

the city’s use of the games as a marketing factor

is generally regarded as a huge success. This is

evidenced by Barcelona’s rise in the ranking in the

European Cities Monitor from 11th in 1996 to 6th

in 2002. This level of investment has left a huge

legacy.

Manchester Commonwealth Games 2002

The Commonwealth Games are not the scale ofthe Olympic Games but they are a multi-sports

event that requires similar capital investment in

sporting facilities and associated infrastructure

in order to stage the Games. Over 5000 athletes

attend the Commonwealth Games and with

almost 700,000 average visitors attending

(690,000 visitors to 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth

Games). The Games held in Manchester involved

an investment of £200million in sporting facilities

and a further £470million investment in transport

and other infrastructure. This was the largestinvestment related to a specic sports event

ever to be undertaken in Britain prior to the

2012 London Olympics. It was also the rst

time in Britain, when the planning to host the

mega-sporting event was integrated with the

strategic framework for the regeneration of

the city, particularly in East Manchester. One

of the key strategic initiatives the Manchester

Commonwealth Games committee undertook

to maximise the economic return of the Games

occurred three years before the event, with theestablishment of the Commonwealth Games

Opportunities and Legacy Partnership Board. This

Board’s charter was too ensure that the benets

of hosting the event would not disappear once the

event was over but rather that there would be a

long term, permanent boost to the local economy

of East Manchester (Gratton, Shibli and Coleman, 2005).

Post-game economic studies reveal that between

1999 and 2002, employment in East Manchester

increased by 1,450 FTE jobs or a 4% increase

over 1999 levels. The distribution of this increase

was in construction (23% increase), hotels and

restaurants (14% increase) and other services,

such as recreational, cultural or sporting (24%

increase). (Gratton, Shibli and Coleman, 2005) Such an

increase in employment distribution is consistent

with the Commonwealth Games event.

Like Barcelona, Greater Manchester also noticed

improved tourist numbers in 2002 compared to

2000. The report indicates that there was a 7.2%

increase in overseas visitors, while interestingly

there was a 6.4% decrease in UK resident visitors

to Manchester. This is consistent with a ‘crowdingout’ effect during the event. That said, since the

event, Manchester’s tourism has risen steadily and

is now close to 45% higher when compared to

2000 numbers. According to the British Tourism

agency, Visit Britain’s latest data from 2012,

Manchester is the 3rd most visited city in the UK

after London and Edinburgh, attracting just under

8 million total visitors per year, which is 15% more

than 2011 alone. (Rehman, 2012)

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Much of the infrastructure expenditure for

the games went towards the 2,000ha of East

Manchester which was characterised by post-

war council ats and project housing, resulting

in many social problems for residents and the

community. This part of the city was targeted

to have new housing, transport connections

to downtown and employment and education

opportunities within the area itself. A target in

2000 was set for 12,000 new dwellings to be built

in the area. As of 2012, only 5,000 dwellings hadbeen built. Despite not meeting the targets the

project is still moving on, albeit at a slower pace

given the current depressed economy in the UK

and the fact that much of the legacy funding has

now been exhausted.

Despite this, the outcomes of the infrastructure

investment remain successful, given that there

has been a 35% fall in episodes of criminal activity

within the area and a 51% reduction in residents

who feel that the area is un-safe compared to

2000. The percentage of residents dissatised

in their area has also dropped from 43% to 17%

from 1999 to 2012. It would appear that the

urban regeneration is trending towards being an

economic and social success. (Rehman, 2012)

Despite the apparent success of this urban

regeneration, some have criticised this approach

by labelling it as gentrication. Andrew Smith

comments that communities have simply been

relocated to other parts of the city to make way

for the amount of infrastructure required to deliverthe event. Smith is also critical of the legacy

funding approach which he claims does not run

long enough after the event or is under political

pressure to be reallocated. The Manchester

Commonwealth Games Legacy fund was

operational for 4 years after the event. (Menzi, 2010)

This same trend can be seen in Manchester’s

international prole which has increased following

the Commonwealth Games. Manchester moved

up the ‘European Cities Monitor’ ranking from

19th in 2002 to 13th in 2003. This list compiled

by Cushman and Wakeeld focuses on the best

European cities to locate a business. The report

analyses access to workers, quality of available

staff, ofce accommodation value for money and

other factors that affect business. Despite the

depressed national UK economy, Manchester

has been able to maintain competitive ranking

of 12th on this list in 2011. The correlation to the

infrastructure investment spent on the games

has helped Manchester remain relevant and

competitive in Europe.

 A comparison could be drawn to Glasgow, whichin 1990 was ranked 10th on this list, while in

2011 had dropped to 30th. It is with interest to

note that Glasgow has recently held the 2014

Commonwealth Games following a similar model

to Manchester. Time will tell if they receive the

same economic benets.

It is these long lasting city wide legacy outcomes

achieved for Barcelona and Manchester that I’m

sure is driving Adelaide’s political leaders in their

consideration to bid for the 2030 CommonwealthGames.

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 The photos above show key urban and economic legacy items that

remain within Manchester (top row) and Barcelona (bottom row).

(Cooke, 2015)

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 Adelaide

 Adelaide looking east towards the Adelaide Hills

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17.0 Conclusion17.1 What was achieved?

 At the start of this thesis a series of challenges

currently confronting Adelaide were identied,

such as urban sprawl, low city centre population,

automobile dependency and a lack of population

growth. In order to address these challenges a

vision was established in set out to answer the

thesis question.

The vision combined and structured into broad

headings many of the recommendations that

others have thoughtfully considered for Adelaide

over the last 12 years. These visions include

housing, health, mobility, economic, identity and

pride and each had targets set against them. As

this thesis concludes it is worthwhile to see if

those targets have been met.

The housing target was set directly from the Plan

for Greater Adelaide which has been supportedby the Adelaide City Council and set a goal

to build for and attract 35,000 new residents

across the city centre by 2045. This particular

proposal has been able to achieve close to

17,500 new residents in only around 10% of the

city centre’s land, by 2045. This is obviously a

highly successful outcome and demonstrates

that a project of this nature can not only complete

Light’s grid but also provide a diversity of housing

typologies that offer amenity and a medium rise

density to achieve these targets. If this designmethod was to spread out over the remaining

quadrants of the city, with a similar typology of

housing stock over 170,000 people would be

residing in the city centre. In this scenario the

city centre population would have the largest city

centre population of all Australian capital cities.

Housing affordability is another target that is

achieved with this design proposal through

the building typologies being used, such as

townhouses and walk-up ats from 2-4 stories,single loaded multi-family and skip-stop units

provide the amenity and exibility of unit size to

accommodate families. Given the overall size

of the buildings, they are are also construction

cost efciencies that than aids to the housing

affordability generated from the building

typologies.

 An important legacy for the proposal is a focused

target around the health of Adelaide’s population.

The thesis proposes that the Adelaide 2030Commonwealth Games promote a similar health

program as those that have been demonstrated

from the Glasgow 2014 Commonwealth Games

and the London 2012 Olympic Games. Health

also has an impact in terms of opportunities for

recreational amenity. With more amenities located

in the city centre, people are able to access

these facilities by foot more readily, which in turn

improves the health of the city residents.

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 308

The target set for mobility within Adelaide was to

provide a highly accessible and safe, cycling and

pedestrian network within the city and for that to

be a priority choice for residents and visitors alike.

Through the introduction of the pedestrian lane

street typology and the new transit infrastructure,

with extension of the tram lines and the creation of

Light’s Loop in the city centre it was demonstrated

that now close to 90% of the city is within a 5 min

walk of transit line and is well connected by safe

streets and pedestrian lanes.

The economic benet of any major event is highly

important. This thesis determines there is an

enormous cost benet and opportunity to turn

the economic fortunes of the city and the state

around. Acknowledging that the initial expenditure

of the capital value in each stage is signicant, this

thesis proposes the economic return is 2.26 times

the capital investment. This major economic

boost to the city and the overall state, starts to

achieve not only the targets that have been set

out for this design proposal but also to address

some of the broader employment issues that are

currently being confronted by South Australia.

The thesis proposes 50,000 new jobs would

be created in the Stage 1 and 2 of the design

proposal. This particular project may not only

become a catalyst for urban identity of Adelaide

but also a catalyst for economic rejuvenation of

the entire state.

To determine ways in which to improve the identity

of Adelaide, a focus has been taken to embrace

the elements that dene South Australia and this

was drawn directly from history, Colonel Light’s

Plan for Adelaide. Almost every South Australian

is aware of Light’s Plan and it is certainly a major

historical reference point for the city of Adelaide,

which is comparable to some of the most well

known international examples of successful

urban design. This design proposal recognises

the fact that the full potential of this urban formhas not been realised and throughout the city’s

development over the last 179 years the city

has lost sight of the original plan and vision and

muddied the formality and intent behind Light’s

design. The approach taken is to celebrate history,

work with and not against Light’s Plan and seek to

complete Light’s Plan. An urban framework that is

often seen as a hindrance to development, should

be and is proposed to be the positive design

theory that will start to highlight Adelaide’s unique

identity and present this identity to position Adelaide highly in Australia and world wide,

showing that Adelaide is the compact urban city

that Light always intended it to be.

 Although pride and condence are areas that are

a very difcult to measure tangibly, analysis shows

that if there is a greater opportunity for economic

prosperity, greater city centre vibrancy and

amenity, increased city centre population and an

overall heightened sense of well being, then there

would be a direct effect on city residents and a

sense of pride to the place in which they reside.

The future target for this increased identity and

pride is to work towards slowing and over time

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David Cooke 309

reversing the trend of youth interstate migration

that is currently happening from South Australia to

other Australian states.

In conclusion this design thesis has set out some

lofty targets but by working with and respecting

the history of our city, identifying the challenges

that history has presented and working with the

steadfast vision of what we are trying to create,

we have indeed proven that the Commonwealth

Games could be the catalyst for Adelaide to turn

around its urban and economic fortunes. Adelaide

can become the vibrant, relevant and identiable

city for generations to come through hosting the

Games. It now requires all levels of government,

industry and the community’s support to achieve

this vision.

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 310

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Boulevard Book – History, Evolution, Design ofMultiway Boulevards, The MIT Press

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Gold, J & Gold, M, 2010, Olympic Cities – City Agendas, Planning and the World’s Games, 1896-2016,Routledge

Brown, M, Rascher, D, Nagel, M & McEvoy, C, 2010,Financial Management in the Sport Industry, Holcomb

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Chris Gratton & Holger Preuss (2008) MaximizingOlympic Impacts by Building Up Legacies, TheInternational Journal of the History of Sport, 25:14,1922-1938.

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Baade, R. and V. Matheson (2004) Mega-sportingEvents in Developing Nations: Playing the Way toProsperity?, South African Journal of Economics, 72, 5,1084–1095.

Coates, D. and B. Humphreys (1999) The GrowthEffects of Sport Franchises, Stadia and Arenas,Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 18:4,601–624.

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Stephen Essex & Brian Chalkley (1998) OlympicGames: catalyst of urban change, Leisure Studies,17:3, 187-206.

Chris Gratton, Simon Shibli and Richard Coleman(2005) Sport and Economic Regeneration in Cities,Urban Studies, 42:5, 985-999.

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Sananhuja, R, (2002) Barcelona – An Olympic City –The City Strategy 10 Years after the Olympic Games in1992, International Conference on Sporting Events andEconomic Impact.

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 Australian Urban Research Infrastructure Network,Vulnerability Analysis of Mortgage, Petroleum andInation Risks and Expenditure (VAMPIRE) Index,viewed 8 July, http://aurin.org.au/projects/lens-sub-projects/vulnerability-analysis-of-mortgage-petroleum-and-ination-risks-and-expenditure-vampire-index/ 

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 314

 AppendixFinal Review

The following pages consist of the photos from

the Final Revew held on 24th August 2015 at

Wurster Hall as well as the the nal presentation

boards used to grpahically represenat this thesis

for the presentation.

 The above are photos from the Master of Urban Des ign nal review held

on 24th August 2015.

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 316

Short Term Games,Long Term Gains. 1836 

Settlement ofcolony of 

South Australia

1837 Col. Lightsurveyed City

of Adelaide

1839 Col. Light

passes

away

Existing

Citywide Plan1’=400’

Existing

Section1’=30’

Existing

 Axonometric

Central

BusinessDistrct118,216 work withCity Centre

Rundle MallRetail Precinct400,000 customersevery week

Rundle StreetPrecinct

University of

 AdelaideNorthTerrace Campus20,779 students

University of

South AustraliaCity WestCampus36,248 students

Health

Precinct7,000 workerswithinPrecinct

 Adelaide Oval

Sports Precinct55,000 seatmultupurpose stadium 

Hutt Street

Precinct

Central

Produce

Markets80 MarketStalls

ConvertionCentre

Central

Train Station33,000 ridersdaily

Gouger Street

PrecinctCentre ofChina Street

South West

Corner1,459 residents

City Centre250,000 visitors to City Centre

daily

Central Business District (CBD)

Retail /Mixed Use

Recreation/Enterainment / 

Mixed Use

Education

Civic Uses

KEY 

City Centre

dwelling units:

7,318 residents:

12,962

Infll Housing: Building TyplogyStacked Townhouses Skip-Stop

Stage 2 Stage 2Stage 1 & 3 Stage 1 & 3 Stage 1 & 3

TheStackedTownhousebuildingtypology is madeupof twostory through-units, onestackedon topoftheother. Every unithas dualorientation, anditsown frontdoor atthe streetlevel.

TheWalk-UpFlatbuildingtypology is madeupofthrough-unitsthatarewider, butstay on asingleoor. Everyunit alsohas dualorientation.

TheSkipStopbuilding typology is madeupofthrough-units thathavean upper andlower oor.Every unithas adualorientation. 

Unit Conversion for Athletes Housing

Unit Conversion for Athletes Housing

Walk Up Flats

South Terrace

View ofSouth WestCornerincludingWhitmoreSqaure 

Sou t h  Terrace

Nor t h  Terrace

K                              i                               n                              g                      

W                               i                               l                              l                              i                              a                      

m                      S                              t                             r                       e                      

e                      t                             

W                               e                      s                       t                             

T                              e                      r                       r                       a                      c                      e                      

E                              a                      s                       t                             T                              e                      r                       r                       a                      

c                      e                      

6,051

47%

TotalPopulation:

12,962 AverageAge29

6,911

53%

Families:

2,050 AverageChild/ family 1.8

 Ave# ofvehicles / house:

0.8

Median weeklyIncome: $949Median month mortgage:$1,842

Median weeklyRent: $321

Number ofDwellings:

7,318

 Ave. People/ household:

1.8

 Employment:

38.2% Professional

Education: 56% Tertiary Level

 Traveltowork:

34.2% Walk33% Car

 Adelaide City Centre Data

625,225

51%

TotalPopulation:

1,225,235 AverageAge39

600,010

49%

Families:

300,405 AverageChild/ family 1.8

 Ave# ofvehicles / house:

1.7

Median weeklyIncome: $1,106Median month mortgage:$1,545

Median weeklyRent: $250

Number ofDwellings:

553,511

 Ave. People/ household:

2.4

 Employment:

21.6% Professional

Education: 17% TertiaryLevel

 Traveltowork:

69% Car2.5%Walk

Metropolitan Adelaide Data

Question:

How can a one time sporting event, like the CommonwealthGames, be a catalyst that improves a mid-sized cities longerterm urbanity, connectivity  and city centre vibrancy ?

Growth adding

to Urban Sprawl

Low City Centre

Population

Low metropolitan

housing density

 Automobile

dependence

 Aging

Population

Low p

growt

Challenges

1909 Electric Tram

Service

1873First cricket

match played at

 Adelaide Oval

Public Infrastructure: Street HSingle Loaded 1 1/2 Chain Dimension

Boulevard Street

Stage 2 Stage 2Stage 1 & 3

TheSingleLoadedbuilding typology providesunits thathaveorientation either tothestreetor aninternalcourtyard.

Unit Conversion for Athletes Housing

Unit Conversion for Athletes Housing

Existing

Proposed

Gilbert Street Whitmore SqaureSouth

Whitmore SqaureSturt Street

HousingHigher density

& greater diversity

HealthIncrease participation

MobilityWalking & cycling

as a frst choice 

EconomicGreater employment

opportunities

IdentityIncrease awareness

of Adelaide

PrideReinstate

& City pr

 Vision

Infll

Housing

Housing for Atheltes &

residents

Complete

Grid

Unifed

Squares

Parkland

Priority

Civic

Infrastructure

Stadia & Community

amenity

Public

Infrastructure

Street Hierarchy,

Connections & Transit

Design Approach: Completing Light’s Plan

SaintLuke’s ChurfrontingWhitmorSqaure  

Design Rules

View ofthe citycentrelookingsouth

 The above are the nal presentation boards for the Master of Urban

Design nal review held on 24th August 2015.

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David Cooke 317

tage 1Legacy 2015 - 2028

2018 Australia regains

 The Ashes

2016Berkeley MUD graduate

convinces State to bid forCommonwealth Games

2019 First infll housingproject completed

in SW Corner

2020Work start’s on

Light’s Loop Tram Line

2015South AustralianUnemployment

Rate 8.2%

1

de Plan

Stage 1

 Axonometric

1

on

n Dimensionbourhood Street

1/2 Chain DimensionShared Street

Existing

d Proposed

Loop 

Light’sLoop

Unifedquare

Newtmorequare

Infllousing

BMX &recreationbike path

UnifedSquare

UnifedSquare

tage 1 welling units: ,323ew residents: 

,175

South Terrace

Parkland Loop

Pedestrian& Bike Path

Sou t h  Terrace

Nor t h  Terrace

K                              i                               n                      

        g                      W                               i                               l                              l                              i                               a                      

m                      S                              t                             r                       e                      

e                      t                             

W                               e                      s                       t                             

T                              e                      r                       r                       a                      c                      e                      

E                              a                      s                       t                             T                              e                      r                       r                       a                      

c                      e                      

2017 Government

announces

Games Bid

2021Parkland Loop& BMX track

Completed

2023 Adelaide annouced to

host 2030 Commowealthgames

Start the Conversation!

2022 Adelaide submitsproposal for

Games

2028 All stage 1unitscompleted in

SW Corner

2027  Adelaide hosts

University Games

2024 Light Loop completed

and celebrated with‘Festival of Sqaures’

Stage 1

South West

Corner Plan

1/4 Chain DimensionPedestrian Lane

Street Connections

Existing Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Proposed

1 1/2 ChainStreet

Boulevard

 

1 ChainStreet

Neighbourhood Street

 

1/2 ChainStreet

Shared Street

 

1/4 ChainStreet

PedestrianLanes

Key

When Lightplannedthecity in 1836hesurveyedusingthechain unitofmeasurement. Adelaide’s streetsarestill in mostpartreectiveofthis unitofmeasurement. Theunitconverts from 1 chainequals 20.1 meters (66ft). Many ofAdelaide’sstreets areeither 2, 1

½ or 1 chain in widthdependingoftheirhierarchy within thestreetnetwork.

Thestreettypologiesanddesign approachestablishedin Stage1is continuedin Stage2 by providingmoreconnections within theSouth WestCorner.Thereis aparticularfocus on providinggreater pedestrianamenity andaccesswithin this precinct,which results in more

pedestrian lanes andsharedstreets beingproposed, which inturn starts toprovidecontinuousconnectionsbetween WhitmoreSquareandthesurroundParklands.

In Stage3 mid-blockpedestrian lanesandneighbourhoodstreets areable tobecompletedthroughentireblocks, bothin anorth-southandan east-westdirection. Such amovedemonstrates howLight’s originalplancan becompletedtooffer greater access to

parcels andimprovedpermeabilitythroughtheblocks andthecityas awhole.

NewWhitmoreSqaure

Existing Churchin a plaza

New squareconfguration

defned bybuildings

WhitmoreSquare Tram

stop

Light’s Loop Tram Line

Parkland Loop

InfllHousing

Retail Use

New street con-nection toparklands

Gilbert Street Whitmore SqaureSouth

Whitmore Sqaure Wright StreetSturt Street

WhitmoreSqaureProposedDesign framingthesquare asan urban room

Light’s LoopalongWrightStreetatWhitmoreSquarestation

1836

Light’s orginal plan

dened an oval.

Size: 4.8 acres 

1880

Space dened by

street access.

Size: 5.4 acres 

1912

Square altered by

Tram route.

Size: 5.2 acres 

2015

Current space of

sqaure.

Size: 5.6 acres 

Proposed

Proposed open

space outline.

Size: 5.6 acres 

Whitmore Square Confguration

#AdelaideCG2030

2025 Adelaide hostsWorld BMX

Championships

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 318

Stage 2vent 2028 - 2030

2028Preparation

commences for

Games

2029 New StadiaInfrastructure

completed

2029  Adelaide 36ers winNBA Championship

in Riverbank Arena

2029  Athletes

 Village

Completed

2029  Tour Down Under

Final Stage held at

 Victoria Park Track 

age 2

ywide Plan0’

Stage 2

 Axonometric

age 2

ction

ublic Infrastructure: Transitge 1 Stage 2

outes:

GoodwoodInterchange

BelairLine

Noarlunga Line

OuterHarbourLine / Grange Line

GawlerLine

te:

 Tea Tree Plaza Interchange

es:

Glenelg / EntertainmentCentre Line

b

Interchange / Terminus

Light’sLoop

( r L cy )

i l , ,

 Adelaide International Aiport

Centre Transit City Centre TransitCity Centre 5 minute Walkzones City Centre 5 minute Walkzones

Key

Metro Rail Routes:

GoodwoodInterchange

BelairLine

Noarlunga Line

OuterHarbourLine / Grange Line

GawlerLine

O-BahnRoute:

 Tea Tree Plaza Interchange

 Tram Routes:

Glenelg / EntertainmentCentre Line

Network Hub

Interchange / Terminus

 Airport/ City Line

 Adelaide Oval Line

Light’sLoop

  ( C n l th G )

t i l , ,

 Adelaide International Aiport

tropolitan Transit Plan Metropolitan Transit Plan

SouthParklands

ockey Filed

BroadcastCentre

Riverbank Arena

 AthletesDining Hall

 AirportTram Line

 Athletes Villiage

NationalCycling

Centre

 Tram Lineextensionnorth to Adelaide Oval

Warm-up Athletics Track 

 

Stage 2

dwelling units:

2,112 athletes:

6,500 

South Terrace

South Parklands Hockey Fieldwillhost Commonwealth GamesHockey matches

Sou t h  Terrace

Nor t h  Terrace

K                              i                               n                      

        g                      W                               i                               l                              l                              i                               a                      

m                      S                              t                             r                       e                      

e                      t                             

W                               e                      s                       t                             

T                              e                      r                       r                       a                      c                      e                      

E                              a                      s                       t                             T                              e                      r                       r                       a                      

c                      e                      

2030 Adelaide Games declared the‘Best Ever’ Commonwealth

Games by CGF

2029 Airport & Adelaide Oval

 Tram Line complete

202950,000 Volunteers appointedto work at the Commonwealth

Games

2030 City & State confdence

on a high after the games

Stage 2

South West

Corner Plan1’=100’

Civic Infrastructure: Stadia

South Parklands Hockey FieldStage 3

City Centre Transit City Centre 5 minute Walkzones

Metropolitan Transit Plan

Key

Metro Rail Routes:

GoodwoodInterchange

BelairLine

Noarlunga Line

OuterHarbourLine / Grange Line

GawlerLine

O-BahnRoute:

 Tea Tree Plaza Interchange

 Tram Routes:

Glenelg / EntertainmentCentre Line

NetworkHub

Interchange / Terminus

Mitcham Intercange Line

 Adelaide Oval / ProspectLine

Henley Square / Airport/ City / Norwood Line

Light’sLoop

  ( t L cy )

t i l , ,

 Adelaide International Aiport

Concept Plan

Concept Section

Primary

Hockey Field

 Temporary

Seating

 Temporary

FieldforGames

Plaza

Grandsanding /

Change Rooms

 AthletesWellbeing

Centre

WhitmoreSqaure used

as athletesplaza

SouthParklands

Hockey Filed

 Athletes Villiage

 Athletes Villiage

New streetconnection to

parklands

 AthletesDiningHall

Gilbert Street Whitmore SqaureSouth

Whitmore Sqaure Wright StreetSturt Street

Pedestrian Lanes withtownhouses &walk upatsfrontingthelane

 

, ,

,

l

Proposed Venue Plan

Perspective

Perspective

2030  Adelaide hosts 2030

Commonwealth Games

 The above are the nal presentation boards for the Master of Urban

Design nal review held on 24th August 2015.

SP

S

C1

S

S1’=

 N

M

ex

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David Cooke 319

045

2034 The success of Adelaide2030 helps Austrlia secure

the 2034 World Cup

2032Health Programs as part ofGames account for reduced

public health spending

2031 Former Athletes

 Villiage housing

released to market

Stage 3

 Axonometric

Concept Plan

CriterionTrack 

BMX 

 Victoria Park 

Grandstand

Earthmound

formsroof 

B

Concept Section A-A 

Concept Section B-B

GrandstandSeating

fronting Track 

 Velodrome

Earthroof 

BMX 

CriterionTrack 

Earthroof 

Relocated Athletics trackto permanentlocation

 Tram Line

extensioneast

South Terrace

Stage3 continues with infllhousingaroundcourtyardsandnew streets

Sou t h  Terrace

Nor t h  Terrace

K                              i                              n                              g                      

W                               i                              l                               l                              i                              a                      

m                      S                              t                             r                       e                      

e                      t                             

E                              a                      s                       t                             T                              e                      r                       r                       a                      

c                      e                      

Perspective Perspective Perspective

2042 Adelaide venues used as partof the 2042 Australian Olympic

Games

 The frst time a country hoststhe Olympic Games

2035 An Australian who trained atNational Cycling Centre wins

 Tour de France

2035 Adelaide reversedyouth migration

2040Metropolitan Tram Lineextensions Completed

2036 Adelaide Celebrates its

200th Birthday.

Stage 3

South West

Corner Plan1’=100’

Riverbank Arena Parklands Athletic Stadium

Concept Plan

Concept Section

Plaza

Memorial Drive

 TennisCentre

 Adelaide Oval

Riverbank Arena

Inside /Outside

Connection

Retractable roofoverArena andTennisCentre

Open

PartClose

Memorial Drive

 TennisCentre

 Adelaide OvalRiverbank Arena

Concept Plan

Concept Section

Grandsanding /

Change RoomsSmall

grandstand

 Track 

Plaza

SouthParklands

Hockey Filed

NewRetail

Infllhousing

Former Atheltes

villiagecontinued with

infll housing

Formerdining hallrepurposed asaged housing

Gilbert Street Whitmore SqaureSouth

Whitmore Sqaure Wright StreetSturt Street

Lower scalebuildings arelocatedfrontingnarrower streets, whilemid-risebuildings frontwider streets

Street Section with Light Access

Perspective

Perspective

2045Final Economic Impact reports

concludes the Games highlysuccesful

 Athletics Wtrack moveParklands permanent

Total

dwelling units7,201new resident17,282

 

Perspective

Perspective

$$

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David Cooke 321

Biographic Note

David Cooke

David Cooke is a practicing architect with 15

years experience, working on architectural, urban

design and interior projects throughout Australia.

It is through collaborating with integrated design

teams professionally that David’s interest and

ethusiam for urban design and cities was sparked.

In 2013, David started to undertake study at the

University of Adelaide in their Masters of Planning

(Urban Design) program, as a way to use the

architectural knowledge that he has acquired

professionally to start transitioning this experience

for the pursuit of more integrated holistic design

outcomes. After 18 months of part time study at

the University of Adelaide, David was offered a

position at the University of California, Berkeley to

participate in their intensive, 12 month, Masters ofUrban Design program. This has been a fantastic

opportunity for David as he has combined his

architectural experience with some of the world’s

best urban design thinkers, which has lead to the

outcomes and thinking behind this thesis.

David has been described as a passionate urban

designer and through his time at Berkeley has

compared and researched how North American

cities have addressed many of the similar urban

design challenges that confront Australian cities,with particular focus on his home city of Adelaide.

Professionally, David has over 10 years directorial

and board position experience in architecture

and design companies and sits on the board of

the Rundle Mall Management Authority, which is

 Adelaide’s premier retail precinct, he is also the

Chair of Mainstreet SA, an advocacy group for

the promotion of high streets and main streets

throughout metropolitan Adelaide and regional

South Australia and he is also the Presiding Chair

for the City of Prospect, Development Assessment

Panel, a suburb on the northern fringe of the city.

The knowledge that he has gained at Berkeley

will ultimately inuence the next stage of David’s

career and he plans to ensure it will impact the

urban future of Adelaide and other Australian

cities.

David Cooke

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Short Term Games, Long Term Gains 322

Comments & Questions 

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David Cooke 323