Short History Computing

8/12/2019 Short History Computing

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CS 1 with Robots

A Short History of Computing

Institute for Personal Robots in Education(IPRE)


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Jacques de Vaucanson 1709-1782

Gifted French artist andinventorSon of a glove-maker,aspired to be a clock-maker1727-1743 Created aseries of mechanicalautomations that simulatedlife.Best remembered is theDigesting Duck, whichhad over 400 parts.

Also worked to automatelooms, creating the firstautomated loom in1745.


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1805 - Jacquard Loom

First fully automated andprogrammable LoomUsed punch cards toprogram the pattern to bewoven into cloth


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Charles Babbage 1791-1871

English mathematician,engineer, philosopher andinventor.Originated the concept ofthe programmablecomputer, and designedone.Could also be a Jerk.


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1822 Difference Engine

Numerical tables were constructed by hand using largenumbers of human computers (one who computes).

Annoyed by the many human errors this produced, CharlesBabbage designed a difference engine that couldcalculate values of polynomial functions.

It was never completed,although much work wasdone and money spent.Book Recommendation:The Difference Engine: CharlesBabbage and the Quest to Build theFirst Computer

by Doron Swade


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1837 Analytical Engine

Charles Babbage first described a general purposeanalytical engine in 1837, but worked on the design untilhis death in 1871. It was never built.

As designed, it would have been programmed usingpunch-cards and would have included features such assequential control, loops, conditionals and branching. Ifconstructed, it would have been the first computer aswe think of them today.


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Augusta Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace 1815-1852

The Right HonourableAugusta Ada, Countessof Lovelace

Created a program for the(theoretical) Babbageanalytical engine whichwould have calculatedBernoulli numbers.

Widely recognized as the firstprogrammer.


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Kurt Gdel 1906-1978

Famous for hisincompleteness theoremThis theorem implies thatnot all mathematicalquestions are computable(can be solved).


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Alonzo Church 1903-1995

American mathematicianand logician.Developed lambdacalculus, directlyimplemented by LISP andother functional

programming languages.Showed the existence ofan undecidable problem.Lambda calculus wasproven to be equivalent to

a Turning Machine byChurch and Turing workingtogether.


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Alan Turing 1912-1954

British mathematician andcryptographer.Father of theoreticalcomputer science.Contributions include:

Turing MachineTuring Test (for AI) First detailed design of astored program computer(never built)

The Turing Machine is asimpler version of KurtGdel's formal languages.Halting problem isundecidable.


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1936 Konrad Zuse Z1 Computer

First freely programmable computer, electro-mechanicalpunch tape control.


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1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper Harvard Mark I Computer

The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)Computer was created by IBM for Harvard University,which called it the Mark I. First universal calculator.


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1943/1944 Colossus Mark I & II

The Colossus Mark I & II are widely acknowledged as thefirst programmable electric computers, and were used atBletchley Park to decode German codes encrypted by theLorenz SZ40/42.


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1946 John Eckert & John W. Mauchly ENIAC 1 Computer

ENIAC was short forE lectronic NumericalIntegrator AndComputer. It was the firstgeneral purpose(programmable to solveany problem) electriccomputer. It containedover 17,000 vacuum

tubes, weighed 27 tonesand drew 150 kW ofpower to operate.


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1947 The transistor

Invented by William Shockley(seated) John Bardeen &Walter Brattain at Bell Labs.

The transistor replaces bulkyvacuum tubes with a smaller,more reliable, and powersaving solid sate circuit.


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1951 UNIVAC

First commercial computer - Between 1951 and 1958, 47UNIVAC I computers were delivered.

25 feet by 50 feet in size

5,600 tubes,18,000 crystal diodes300 relays

Internal storage capacityof 1,008 fifteen bit wordswas achieved using 126mercury delay lines


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1951 UNIVAC Mercury delay unit (1 of 7)

UNIVAC mercury delay units containing 18 delay lines,each of which stored 120 bits. Total of 2,160 bits, or 144fifteen bit words per memory unit.


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1951 UNIVAC

UNIVAC tape units.


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1951 UNIVAC

UNIVAC tube board and individual vacuum tube.


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1953 IBM 701 EDPM Computer

IBM enters the market withits first large scaleelectronic computer.

It was designed to beincomparable with IBM'sexisting punch cardprocessing system, sothat it would not cut intoIBM's existing profitsources.


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Grace Hopper 1906-1992

Developed the first compiler(A-0, later ARITH-MATIC,MATH-MATIC andFLOW-MATIC) whileworking at the Remington

Rand corporation on theUNIVAC I.

Later returned to the NAVYwhere she worked onCOBOL and waseventually promoted toRear Admiral.


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Grace Hopper 1906-1992

Rear Admiral Grace Hopper, USNavy, and other programmers

at a UNIVAC console - 1957

Grace Hopper (January1984)


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Some of Grace Hopper's Awards

She won the first "man of the year" award from the DataProcessing Management Association in 1969.She became the first person from the United States andthe first woman of any nationality to be made aDistinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society in1973.

Upon her retirement she received the DefenseDistinguished Service Medal in 1986She received the National Medal of Technology in 1991


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1954 FORTRAN

John Backus & IBM invent thefirst successful high levelprogramming language, andcompiler, that ran on IBM 701computers.

FORmula TRANslation wasdesigned to make calculatingthe answers to scientific andmath problems easier.


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1958 Integrated Circuit

Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments& Robert Noyce at Fairchildsemiconductor independentlyinvent the first integratedcircuits or the chip.

Jack Kilby was awarded theNational Medal of Scienceand was inducted into the

National Inventors Hall ofFame, and received the 2000Nobel Prize in Physics for hiswork on the integrated circuit.


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1960 First commercial transistorized computers

DEC introduced the PDP-1andIBM released the 7090 whichwas the fastest in the world.


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1962 First computer game & word processor

Steve Russell at MIT inventsSpacewar, the first computergame running on a DEC PDP-1.

Because the PDP-1 had atypewriter interface, editorslike TECO (Text Editor andCorrector) were written for it.

Steve Piner and L. PeterDeutsch produced the firstword processor calledExpensive Typewriter (MIT'sPDP-1 cost $100,000).


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1964 The mouse and window concept

Douglas Engelbartdemonstrates the worlds firstmouse, nicknamed after thetail.

SRI (StanfordResearch Institute)received a patenton the mouse in

1970, and licensedit to apple for$40,000.


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1969 - ARPANET

The precursor to the Internet aswe know it, funded by ARPA(Advanced Research Projects

Agency now DARPA) begins.

The first four nodes werelocated at:UCLA

Stanford Research InstituteUC Santa BarbaraUniversity of Utah


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1970 Intel 1103 Dynamic Memory Chip

Worlds first commerciallyavailable dynamic memorychip, 1024 bytes or 1KB


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1971 Intel 4004 Microprocessor

Worlds first microprocessor with2,300 transistors, had thesame processing power asthe 3,000 cubic-foot ENIAC.


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1973-1976 Ethernet

Robert Metcalfe at Xeroxinvents Ethernet so thatmultiple computers cantalk to a new laser printer.Originally, Ethernet used alarge coaxial cable and ranat 3Mbit/sec.

Ethernet today runs overtwisted pair (usually CAT5,

or CAT6) and can achievespeeds of 10Megabit/secto 1Gigabit (1000Mbit/sec).


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1974/1975 Personal Computers

Scelbi Mark-8 Altair andIBM 5100 computers arefirst marketed toindividuals (as opposedto corporations). Theyare followed by the AppleI,II, TRS-80, andCommodore Petcomputers by 1977.


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1977 Growth of the ARPAnet


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1978/1979 First individual productivity software

VisiCalc Spreadsheetsoftware and WordStarword processor are thekiller applications forpersonal computers,especially for smallbusiness owners.


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1981 IBM PC

The IBM PC is introducedrunning the Microsoft DiskOperating System (MS-DOS) along with CP/M-86.The IBM PC's openarchitecture made it thede-facto standard platform,and it was eventuallyreplaced by inexpensiveclones.

CPU: Intel 8088 @ 4.77 MHzRAM: 16 kB ~ 640 kB

Price: $5,000 - $20,000


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1984 Apple Macintosh

Apple introduces the firstsuccessful consumercomputer with a WIMPuser interface(Windows Icons

Mouse & Pointer),modelled after theunsuccessful Xerox

Alto computer.Motorola 68000 @8Mhz128KB RamUS$1,995 to US$2,495


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1989 The Difference Engine (#2) is built

Using CharlesBabbage's originalplans and 19 th centurymanufacturingtolerances, theLondon HistoryMuseum built twofunctioning replicasof the DifferenceEngine.

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