Shoot-Through Control-Based Space Vector Modulation ...

POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 17 | NUMBER: 4 | 2019 | DECEMBER

Shoot-Through Control-Based Space VectorModulation Approach for a Modified Z-Source NPC

Power Inverter

Samir NOUI 1, Bekheira TABBACHE 1, Farid HADJOU 1, EL-Madjid BERKOUK 2,Zhibin ZHOU 3, Mohamed BENBOUZID 4,5

1Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Power Electronics Laboratory,Laboratoire d’Electronique de Puissance, B.P 17, Bordj EL Bahri, 16111 Algiers, Algeria

2Ecole Nationale Polytechnique, Laboratoire de Commande des Processus,10 Avenue Hassen Badi, B.P 182, EL Harrach, 16000 Algiers, Algeria

3 ISEN Yncrea Ouest, UMR CNRS 6027 IRDL, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France4University of Brest, UMR CNRS 6027 IRDL, Rue de Kergoat, 29238 Brest, France

5Logistics Engineering College, Shanghai Maritime University,1550 Haigang Ave, 201306 Shanghai, China

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected]

DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v17i4.3514

Abstract. Z-source Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) in-verter is a converter topology that combines the benefitsof both the impedance network by storing temporary en-ergy released to the load for voltage boosting and NPCinverter by guaranteeing lower Total Harmonic Distor-tions (THDs) and reducing voltage stresses of switchingdevices. In this context, this paper deals with a modifiedthree-level Z-source NPC inverter topology with simpli-fied command to generate shoot-through states and re-duce switching losses. For this reason, an extra powerswitch Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) isadded to insert shoot-through, thus eliminating the needfor full-shoot-through on any of the three branches ofthe inverter. On the other hand, a modified Space Vec-tor Modulation (SVM) strategy is proposed. This givesa number of benefits, both in terms of implementa-tion and harmonic performance. Effectiveness of theproposed topology is verified through simulations usingMatlab toolbox Simulation and laboratory experiment.

Keywords

Shoot through, SVM, Z-source inverter.

1. Introduction

Many manufacturing applications involve higher powerinverters, which are usually employed by using multi-level converter technologies. Multilevel converters offervarious attractive features including a capacity to pro-duce high voltage waveforms by multilevel step waves,which approximate a sinusoidal wave while the powerdevices endure only reduced voltages [1].

Several topologies of multilevel inverters have beenintroduced both in industry and research. In this con-text, three-level inverters have been receiving more at-tention from power electronics researchers [2]. Amongthree-level inverters, the Neutral Point Clamped(NPC) technology can deliver numerous advantagesover other topologies such as: lower Total HarmonicDistortions (THDs), reduction of voltage stresses ofpower devices compared with conventional two-level in-verters [3].

However, classical three-level NPC inverter is a step-down converter and it is constrained by its inability ofproducing an AC output voltage greater than DC-linkvoltage. Therefore, for renewable energy generationsystems where the DC-link voltage is not high enough,a DC-DC boost converter becomes inevitable to boostthe DC voltage to produce the required output voltage[4], [5] and [6], but this boost converter increases thecost and complexity of the conversion chain.

c© 2019 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 395


Overcoming limitations in three-level NPC inverter,the three-level Z-source NPC inverter with singleZ-source network is an emerging topology for powerelectronics converters with very interesting properties,such as buck–boost characteristics and single-stageconversion with potential for reduced cost, reduced vol-ume, and higher efficiency due to a lower componentnumber [7], [8] and [9].

On the other hand, for emerging power generationtechnologies, such as fuel cells, photovoltaic arrays,wind turbines, and for new power electronic applica-tions, such as electric and hybrid vehicles, the ZSI isa very promising and competitive topology [10], [11],[12] and [13].

Fig. 1: Scheme of Z-source three-level NPC inverter.

The impedance network mainly consists of two in-ductors and two capacitors as illustrated in Fig. 1.

The FST for conventional three-level Z-source NPCinverter is done by turning ON all switches in eachleg [7], resulting in large pulse of energy loss [14] and[15]; this phenomenon is caused by the intersecting ofvoltages and currents during each turn-on and turn-offswitching moments.

This paper investigates the carrier-based modulationschemes (modified SVPWM) of a modified three-levelZ-source NPC inverter topology to reduce switchinglosses. In this objective, a bidirectional power switch(IGBT) is added as illustrated in Fig. 2, to insert shootthrough without need for FST either of three powerlegs. The theoretical development is discussed in detail,and simulations, as well as experimental results, areused to verify the operation of the circuit and proposedSVM-based modulation.

2. Modified Z-Source NPCInverter Topology

The configuration of the proposed three-level modifiedZ-source NPC inverter is illustrated in Fig. 2, where

an extra leg consisting of the IGBT is added to thefront-end of the three-level NPC inverter bridge.

Fig. 2: A modified Z-source three-level NPC inverter.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3: The modified Z-source three-level NPC inverter in (a)NST and (b) FST.

Tab. 1: Relationship between output line to DC-link midpointvoltage, states of switches and output DC-link voltage.

Statetype ON Switches ON Diode Vxy

NST SA1, SA’1 D1, D2 Vout/2

NST SA’1, SA2 D1, D2,DA1 or DA2 0

NST SA2, SA’2 D1, D2 −Vout/2FST SST - 0



Figure 3(a) illustrates the NST and Fig. 3(b) illus-trates the FST.

Table 1 denotes the relationship between each outputline to DC-link midpoint voltage Vxo (x = a, b, c),states of switches and output DC-link voltage.

In the following description of the circuit operation,we consider that the Z-source network is symmetrical(L1 = L2 = L), (C1 = C2 = C) and the diodes D1and D2 are identical, capacitor voltages and inductorvoltages are typically observed to be the same (VC1 =VC2 = VC), (VL1 = VL2 = VL). In NST, the basiccircuits shown in Fig. 3(a) with input diodes D1 and D2are forward biased [8] and [16]. The voltage expressionsare as follows:

VL = 2 · Vdc − VC , (1)

Vout = 2 · (VC − Vdc) . (2)

Otherwise, during the FST by turning ON of SSTswitch, the basic circuits shown in Fig. 3(b) with inputdiodes D1 and D2 are reversely biased. The relevantmathematical expressions can be rewritten as:

VL = VC . (3)

Since the average of inductor voltage over a switchingcycle T is zero under steady state, from Eq. (1) andEq. (3) we obtain:

(2 · Vdc − VC) · (T − Tsh) + VC · Tsh = 0. (4)

From Eq. (4), the capacitor voltage is then derivedas:

VC =2Vdc ·

(1− Tsh

T

)(1− 2Tsh

T

) . (5)

Substituting Eq. (5) into Eq. (2), The peak inverterDC-link voltage Vout is then derived as:

Vout = (VC − VL) = 2VC − 2Vdc =2Vdc(

1− 2TshT

) . (6)

From Eq. (6), the peak AC output line voltage Vxowith (x ∈ a, b, c) for the modified Z-source NPC in-verter is derived as follows:

Vxo = M · Vout2

= M ·B · Vdc. (7)

From Eq. (6) and Eq. (7), it can be found that:

G = M ·B, (8)

where is the voltage gain of the three-level Z-sourceNPC inverter.

B =1

1− 2D. (9)

By setting the denominator of Eq. (9) to zero, theduty ratio can be written as 0 ≤ D ≤ 0.5.

The boost factor B is set to unity (D = 0) forvoltage-buck operation and goes to infinity (D = 0.5)for voltage-boost operation.

The duty cycle shoot through is equal to:

D =TshT. (10)

3. Space Vector Pulse WidthModulation of the ModifiedZ-Source NPC Inverter

Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) control methods forZ-source three-level NPC inverter have been proposedto reach the maximum voltage with the lowest THDin the output voltages. Two widely used PWM meth-ods are the carrier-based Sine wave Pulse Width Mod-ulation (SPWM) and the Space Vector Modulation(SVM). This study focuses on SVM as the modula-tion method for the modified Z-source NPC inverter inhope that it offers the same advantages when appliedto conventional NPC inverter (SVM has 15 % higherutilization ratio of the Vdc voltage, low current rippleand relatively easy hardware implementation) [17].

Fig. 4: Space vector representation of a three-level inverter.

The SVM is a PWM strategy that uses the concept ofspace vectors to calculate the triggering time of eachpower switch. The operation of each inverter phaseleg of a traditional three-level NPC inverter can bedenoted by three switching states P, O, and N. Takingall three phases into account, the inverter has a totalof twenty-seven switching states. Figure 4 illustratesthe hexagon related to the three-level NPC inverterand denotes all the possible 27 switching states; therotating reference vector ~Vref represents the desiredthree-phase output voltage [17].



The SVM for the NPC inverter is based on the “volt-second balancing” principle; that is, the product ofthe reference voltage and the sampling period equalsthe sum of the voltage multiplied by the time intervalof chosen space vectors. The “volt-second balancing”principle enables us to calculate the duty cycle of thevarious space vectors over a switching period. Apply-ing the selected voltage vectors to the output accordingto a switching sequence completes the modulation pro-cess. A switching sequence that gives minimum num-ber of switching transitions and high-quality outputwaveform is the preferred choice [18].

The reference vector ~Vref can be expressed as:

Vref =2

3·(Vao(t)e

j0 + Vbo(t)ej 2π

3 + Vco(t)ej 4π

3

).

(11)

Generally, in SVM, the reference vector ~Vref is syn-thesized with Nearest Three Vectors Space ModulationStrategies (NTV SVM), which are selected based onthe triangle, in which the reference vector is located atthe sampling instant [19]. If the reference vector is lo-cated in triangle 2, the nearest three vectors are: ~V1, ~V2and ~V7, respectively.

Let the duty ratios of these vectors be denoted byd0, d1 and d2, respectively. The modulation law witha sequence of the nearest three vectors based on thevolt-second product is then as follows:

d0 · ~V1 + d1 · ~V2 + d2 · ~V7 = ~Vref , (12)

d0 + d1 + d2 = 1. (13)

The voltage vectors ~V1, ~V2, ~V7 and ~Vref appeared inFig. 4 can be expressed as:

~V1 =2

3Vdce

j0, (14)

~V2 =2

3Vdce

j π3 , (15)

~V7 =2√3Vdce

j π6 , (16)

~Vref = Vrefejθ. (17)

By substituting Eq. (14), Eq. (15), Eq. (16) andEq. (17) into Eq. (12), the duty ratios of the nearestthree voltage vectors are given by:

t0 = Ts ·[2− 2 ·M sin

(π3 + θref

)]t1 = Ts ·

[2 ·M sin

(π3 + θref

)]t2 = Ts ·

[2 ·M sin

(π3 − θref

)− 1] , (18)

where(M =

√3·VrefVdc

)is the modulation index and

0 ≤ θref ≤ π3 is the angle of the reference vector within

the sector.

A similar procedure is used to derive the duty ratiosof the selected voltage vectors for the other triangles.

To complete the modulation process, the selectedvoltage vectors are applied to the output according toa switching sequence.

To attain the least number of switches changingbetween two nearby states, a seven-segment switch-ing sequence is implemented in SVM. If the refer-ence vector stays in triangle 2 as is shown in Fig. 4,by using the decomposition method, where the cen-ter of hexagon is moved from PPP/OOO/NNN toPOO/ONN, the null vector (E-null) is transferred toPOO/ONN while the active vectors are transferredto PPO/OON and PON, respectively [8].

The seven-segment switching sequence in triangle 2can then be illustrated as shown in Tab. 2.

In order to achieve boost functionality for three-levelZ-source NPC inverter, shoot-through states are in-serted into the appropriate phase legs. However, in themodified Z-source NPC inverter proposed in this study,only one leg consisting of one switch IGBT (SST) is So-licited to insert Shoot-Through.

Tab. 2: Seven-segment switching sequence in triangle 2.

Segment Vector StateE-null 1st ~V1 ONN

E-active1 2nd ~V2 OONE-active2 3rd ~V7 PON

E-null 4th ~V1 POOE-active2 5th ~V7 PONE-active1 6td ~V2 OON

E-null 7th ~V1 ONN

A seven-segment switching sequence after insertionof shoot-through is shown in Tab. 3.

Tab. 3: Seven-segment switching sequence for three-levelZ-source NPC inverter when ~Vref is located in trian-gle 2 of sector 1.

Segment Vector StateE-null 1st ~V1 ONNFST FST

E-active1 2nd ~V2 OONE-active2 3rd ~V7 PON

FST FSTE-null 4th ~V1 POOFST FST

E-active2 5th ~V7 PONE-active1 6td ~V2 OON

FST FSTE-null 7th ~V1 ONN

The conventional FST operation mode requires allfour switches in phase to be turned ON. This is nota minimal loss approach since, for example, switch-ing phase A from Uc to 0 V would require switchesSA1, SA’1, SA2, SA’2 changing from ON, ON,



OFF, OFF through ON, ON, ON, ON to OFF,ON, ON, OFF.

In the modified three-level Z-source NPC inverter,FST operation mode requires only the added leg tobe turned ON. Then, switching phase A from Uc to0 V requires switches SA1, SA’1, SA2, SA’2 changingfrom ON, ON, OFF, OFF to OFF, ON, ON, OFFdirectly, which is a minimal loss approach.

The zero state repeats periodically every π3 , so the

average zero state duty ratio over one cycle can be ex-pressed by:

T0T

=1

π/3

∫ π3

0

[2− 2 ·M sin

(π3

+ θref

)]=

= 2− 6 ·Mπ

.

(19)

From Tab. 3, the shoot-through state is equally di-vided into four parts produced during the time inter-vals of zero vectors, from Eq. (19) the maximum ofshoot-through duty ratio is:

Dmax =

(2− 6·M

π

)2

. (20)

4. Simulation Results

Extensive simulations were carried out on Mat-lab/Simulink in order to verify the robustness of themodified SVM strategy applied on the modified topol-ogy of Z-source NPC inverter. The parameters of thesimulated circuit are: DC-link voltage Vin = 300 V,Z-source network inductor and capacitor 9.6 mH and4700 µF, respectively. The switching frequency is2 kHz, modulation index M = 0.8. The parametersof the induction motor (as a load for the studied in-verter) are given in appendix.

The waveform of DC-link voltage Vin and DC-linkvoltage Vout of the Z-source inverter are shown inFig. 5(a). It can be seen that the amplitude of DC-linkvoltage Vout is 628 V, in accordance with the theoreti-cal analysis (Vout = Vin ·B = 621 V).

The waveform of the inductor current IL using theSVM control method is shown in Fig. 5(b). It presentsripple due to the inductance of the Z-source structure.It can be seen that the inductor current is increasedduring the shoot-through state, which proves that thetwo inductors have been charged in moment of shoot-through. However, during active states, this currentis decreased because the two inductors have been dis-charged. The energy stored in the inductors is releasedto the external AC load.

The line-to-line voltage waveforms with five levelsand line-to-neutral waveforms with three voltage levels

are shown in Fig. 5(c) and Fig. 5(d) respectively. Itcan be seen that the amplitudes of both voltages havebeen boosted up to about 628 V and 315 V respectively,which is in accordance with the theoretical analysis.

(a) DC supply voltage Vin, DC-link voltage Vout and inductorL current IL.

(b) Inductor L current IL.

(c) Output line to DC link midpoint voltage Vao.



(d) Line to line voltage Vab.

(e) Load currents Ia, Ib, and Ic.

(f) Harmonic spectrum of load current.

Fig. 5: Simulation results of the three-level Z-source NPC SVMcontrol (with M = 0.8, B = 2.07,THD = 52.53 %).

The load currents waveforms and spectrum of theload current Ia are shown in Fig. 5(e) and Fig. 5(f)

respectively. It can be seen that the modified Z-sourceNPC inverter is able to produce sinusoidal, balancedcurrents with lower THD of 2.83 %.

Finally, these simulation results confirm and verifythe benefits of the proposed modulation strategy.

5. Experimental Results

The experimental test bench, illustrated by Fig. 6, con-sists of a three-level NPC inverter and the impedancesource network, whose parameters are given in the Ap-pendix. The experimental prototype gating signalswere generated by PCE card.

Waveforms of the Z-source capacitor voltages areshown in Fig. 7(a). It can be seen that these volt-ages have been boosted to the required value (Vout =Vin · B = 2.1 · Vin Volts). The corresponding experi-mental result, shown in Fig. 7(a), is very close to thesimulated waveform (see Fig. 5(a)).

Scope Currentsensors

PCI card

Three-level NPC

inverter

Z-source Network

Induction machine

Fig. 6: The experimental setup.

The waveform of the inductor current IL using theSVM control method is shown in Fig. 7(b). It canbe seen that the inductor current is increased duringthe shoot-through state. However, during active states,this current is decreased because the two inductors hasbeen discharged. The corresponding experimental re-sult, shown in Fig. 7(b), is very close to the simulatedwaveform (see Fig. 5(b)).

The achieved results shown in Fig. 7(c) and Fig. 7(d)have demonstrated the ability of the modified Z-sourceNPC inverter to generate multilevel output voltagesand perform voltage buck-boost operation with themodified SVM technique. The presented results matchwell the theoretical analysis.



0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1Time (s) 10-3

0

1

2

3

4

5

DC

sup

ply

volta

ge V

in, D

C-li

nk v

olta

ge V

out (

V)

vdcoutvdcin

(a) DC supply voltage Vin, DC-link voltage Vout.

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1Time (s) 10-3

0

1

2

3

4

5

DC

-link

vol

tage

Vou

t (V

), In

duct

or L

cur

rent

IL (

A)

vdcoutIL

(b) DC-link voltage Vout and Inductor L current IL.

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04Time (s)

-5

0

5

Out

put l

ine

to D

C li

nk m

idpo

int v

olta

ge (

V)

vaovbovco

(c) Output line to DC link midpoint voltage Vao.

-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05time (s)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Line

to li

ne v

olta

ge (

V)

VabVbcVca

(d) Line to line voltage Vab.

-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05Time (s)

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Load

cur

rent

s Ia

, Ib,

Ic

IaIbIc

(e) Load currents Ia, Ib, and Ic.

Fig. 7: Experimental results of the three-level Z-source NPCusing SVM control (with M = 0.8, B = 2.07).

The load currents are also shown in Fig. 7(e). It isnoted that the load currents remain sinusoidal and bal-anced in the boost mode with the experimental wave-forms matching the simulation waveforms closely.

6. Discussion and Conclusion

This paper has proposed a modified Z-source inverter.This converter is able to perform voltage buck-boostfunction by introducing only one shoot-through state ineach null state via acting on the extra fourth leg, whichmeans reduction in time calculation and minimizationof the stress on the switches of the inverter leg.

The ability of the modified Z-source NPC inverter togenerate multilevel output voltages and perform volt-age buck-boost operation with SVM strategy have beendemonstrated with the results both in simulation andexperiment. The ability of the modified Z-source NPCinverter to produce sinusoidal, balanced currents withlower THD is also verified.

Similarly, the split DC-link voltages applied to theback-end of the modified Z-source NPC inverter areshown in the simulated and experimental conditions.By comparing the simulation and experimental results,one finds a close matching between the simulation andexperimental results.

The number of commutations in order to createshoot-through-state in the modified Z-source NPC in-verter is still lower compared with shoot-through-statesin conventional Z-source NPC inverter.

Table 4 summarizes the maximum shoot-throughduty ratio Dmax, boost factor, voltage gain, inductorcurrent ripples and the THD of line current when us-ing SVM strategy to insert shoot-through-states in themodified Z-source NPC inverter.



Tab. 4: Shoot-through duty ratio D, boost factor (B), voltagegain (G), and inductor current ripples (∆IL).

Control strategiesMSVM

Theoretical PracticalDsh 0.23 0.2B 2.07 2G 1.656 1.6

∆IL (A) 1− 3 1.5Current THD 2.83 % -

Voltage drop on the passive components and powersemiconductor devices mainly causes the differencesbetween the experimental results and expected values.

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[19] BUSQUETS-MONGE, S., J. BORDONAU,D. BOROYEVICH and S. SOMAVILLA. Thenearest three virtual space vector PWM -a modulation for the comprehensive neutral-point balancing in the three-level NPC in-verter. IEEE Power Electronics Letters. 2004,vol. 2, iss. 1, pp. 11–15. ISSN 1540-7985.DOI: 10.1109/LPEL.2004.828445.

About Authors

Samir NOUI received the B.Sc. and the M.Sc.degrees in electrical engineering, from the Universityof Batna, Batna, Algeria and the Ecole MilitairePolytechnique, Algiers, Algeria, in 2002 and 2004,respectively. Since 2017, he is working toward Ph.D.at the Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria.His current research interests are in electrical drivesand power electronics.

Bekheira TABBACHE received the B.Sc. and theM.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering,from the Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers, Alge-ria, in 2003, 2007, and 2013, respectively. Since 2004he has been an Assistant than an Associate Professorat Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria. His

current research interests are in electrical drives andpower electronics.

El Madjid BERKOUK the Ecole NationalePolytechnique, Algiers, Algeria, in 1991; the M.Sc.degree from ENSEEIHT, Toulouse, France, in 1992;and the Ph.D. degree from the Conservatoire Nationaldes Arts et Métiers, Paris, France, in 1995. From1993 to 1996, he was a Research Assistant at theUniversity of Paris XI, Paris, France. Since 1996,he has been with the Ecole Nationale Polytechnique,Algiers, Algeria as a Professor. His current researchinterests are in power electronics, electrical drives, andrenewable energies.

Farid HADJOU received the B.Sc. and theM.Sc degrees in electrical engineering, from theUniversity of Science and Technology of Algiers, Al-geria, and the Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers,Algeria. Since 2017, he is working toward Ph.D. atthe Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, Algiers, Algeria.His current research interests are in electrical drivesand power electronics.

Zhibin ZHOU received the B.Sc. degree inelectrical engineering in 2006 from the ShanghaiMaritime University, Shanghai, China, and the doubleM.Sc. degree in electronics and electric drive systemfrom Polytech’Nantes, Saint-Nazaire, France andShanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China, in2008 and 2009, respectively. He received the Ph.D.degree in 2014 from the University of Brest, Brest,France. From January 2015 to October 2015, he wasa Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Le Havre,Le Havre, France. From October 2015 to October2017, he worked as a Lecturer and a Research Fellowin the French Naval Academy, Brest, France. FromDecember 2017 to December 2018, he was a researchengineer of smart-grid project in a startup companyin Lyon, France. He has joined ISEN Yncrea Ouest,Brest, France since January 2019, where he works asa Lecturer and Researcher. His current research inter-ests include modeling and control of marine renewableenergy systems, power electronics, and multisourcepower systems with energy storage devices.

Mohamed BENBOUZID received the B.Sc.degree in electrical engineering from the Universityof Batna, Batna, Algeria, in 1990, the M.Sc. andPh.D. degrees in electrical and computer engineeringfrom the National Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble,Grenoble, France, in 1991 and 1994, respectively, andthe Habilitation a Diriger des Recherches degree fromthe University of Picardie “Jules Verne,” Amiens,France, in 2000. After receiving the Ph.D. degree, hejoined the Professional Institute of Amiens, Universityof Picardie “Jules Verne,” where he was an Associate


http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/APEC.2009.4802761


http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2007.895766

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SECON.2005.1423232

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LPEL.2004.828445


Professor of electrical and computer engineering. SinceSeptember 2004, he has been with the University ofBrest, Brest, France, where he is a Full Professorof electrical engineering. Prof. Benbouzid is alsoa Distinguished Professor and a 1000 Talent Expert atthe Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China.His main research interests and experience includeanalysis, design, and control of electric machines,variable-speed drives for traction, propulsion, andrenewable energy applications, and fault diagnosisof electric machines. Prof. Benbouzid is a Fellowof the IET and an IEEE Senior Member. He is theEditor-in-Chief of the International Journal on EnergyConversion. He is also an Associate Editor of the IEEETransactions on Energy Conversion. He is a SubjectEditor for the IET Renewable Power Generation.

Appendix

Nomenclature

IGBT = Isolated Gate BipolarTransistors,

DC = Direct Current,SST = Switch for Shoot-Through,NST = Non Shoot-Through,ZSI = Z-source Inverter,FST = Full-Shoot-Through,SVPWM = Space Vector Pulse Width

Modulation,NTV = Nearest Three Vectors,THD = Total Harmonic Distortion,NPC = Neutral Point Clamped,Vdc = DC-link voltage,VSIs = Voltage Source Inverters,VC1, VC2, VC = Average Z-source capacitor

voltage,Vxy = Peak fundamental AC

line-to-line voltage,∆IL = Current ripple in inductor,D = Duty cycle Shoot-Through,

B = Boost Factor,G = Voltage Gain,T = Switching Period,Tsh = Shoot-through duration,L1, L2 = Z-source inductors,C1, C2 = Z-source capacitors,Vp = Upper shoot-through envelope,Vn = Lower shoot-through envelope,iDC = DC current,VAO, VBO, VCO = Output line to DC-link

midpoint voltage,IA, IB , IC = load currents,VAB , VBC , VCA = Output Line to line

input voltage,Vref = Reference output

voltage vector.

Inductance and Capacitor Network

• L = 9.6 mH,

• C = 5500 µF.

Rated Data of the Tested InductionMotor

• P = 1 kW, 2.5 Nm,

• Ω = 2830 rpm,

• p = 1,

• Rs = 4.750 Ω,

• Rr = 8.000 Ω,

• Ls = 0.375 H,

• Lr = 0.375 H,

• M = 0.364 H,

• J = 0.003 kg·m2,

• kf = 0.0024 Nm.


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