Shiva Wind
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Transcript of Shiva Wind
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The term renewable energy generally refers to electricity
supplied from renewable energy sources. These energysources are considered renewable sources because they
are continuously replenished on the Earth
What is Renewable Energy?
WIND
HYDRO
SOLAR
BIOMASS
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Electricity Through Renewable Energy
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Wind Power
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Wind power is one of the
fastest-growing sourcesof energy around the
world. It provides a clean
and local source of
electricity, as opposed toimported fossil fuels. In the United States, the
Department of Energy
has estimated that windpower could account for
20 percent of the nations
electricity supply by 2030.
What is it?
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GLOBAL INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY
Country MW % SHAREChina 18,000 44USA 6810 17India 3019 7Germany 2086 5UK 1293 3.1Canada 1267 3.1Spain 1050 2.5Italy 950 2.3France 830 2.0Sweden 763 1.9Rest of world 5168 12.5Total Top 10 36068 87.5World Total 41,236 100
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GLOBAL INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY
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MARKET POTENTIAL OF WIND ENERGY IN INDIA
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GLOBAL INSTALLED WIND POWER CAPACITY
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How Does it Work?
Source: http://www.windenergysystems.info/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/how_wind_turbine_works.jpg
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Where is it? (Watch Video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFPj9frhKuohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFPj9frhKuo -
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Wind Capacity Increasing
Source:American Wind Energy Association U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2009
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2009 U.S. Wind Power Project Locations
Source:American Wind Energy Association U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2009
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Wind Capacity Increasing
Source:American Wind Energy Association U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report Year Ending 2009
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At the moment, though, wind accounts for just 1 percent of
United States electricity use. It has two main problems.1. The wind does not blow all the time, so there must be backup
power plants ready to turn on if the wind slows.
2. The wind sometimes blows the hardest in remote plains, far from
cities that need the energy and building transmission lines isexpensive and difficult.
Other Concerns
Locating the wind turbines in or near the flyways of migrating birds
may result in them flying into the rotating blades. Noise caused by rotating blades (inaudible beyond 1.5 miles)
Wind Power Challenges
Source: Kate Galbraith (Feb. 19, 2009)
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The idea of building wind farms offshore is gaining
momentum. Putting turbines in the water is expensive, butthe advantage is that the wind blows much harder off the
coasts. Offshore breezes also tend to be strong in the
afternoon, matching the time when people are using the
most electricity.
Wind Power
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The nations first planned offshore wind farm; it would cover
24 square miles in the sound, an area roughly the size ofManhattan. Opposition includes: Two Massachusetts Indian tribes, who said the 130 proposed
wind turbines would thwart their spiritual ritual of greeting the
sunrise, which requires unobstructed views across the sound, anddisturb ancestral burial grounds
In Our Backyard: Cape Wind Farm
Senator Edward M. Kennedy, whose family
compound in Hyannis Port looks out on the
proposed wind farm site, was the projects
most powerful opponent until his death lastAugust.
What Lesson can be Learned Here?
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Kern County, California, went
Republican by 18 points in the lastelection. Now it's captivated by
wind and solar power. Here's why Wind farms are placed on unusable
private land Developer covers initial costs
Land increases in value
Community tax receipts increase
Owners receive annuities
It protects public spaces Which makes conservationists happy as
well
Renewable Energy Catches on in Red America
What Lesson can be Learned Here?
Source: OnEarth, February 28, 2010
Hot updrafts rising from the sun-baked
Mojave Desert create low pressure at
the surface, which sucks in cold, dense
air from the Pacific Ocean to fill the void.This thermal effect is one of the most
ferocious wind machines on earth.
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The United States Department of Energy describes the
derivation of power from water this way: "Water constantly moves through a vast global cycle, evaporating
from lakes and oceans, forming clouds, precipitating as rain or
snow, then flowing back down to the ocean. The energy of this
water cycle, which is driven by the sun, can be tapped to produceelectricity or for mechanical tasks like grinding grain."
The most common method for achieving hydropower is
through building an impoundment facility, or dam, where
water is backed up into a reservoir and then releasedthrough turbines as needed to meet energy demands.
Diversion and micro hydropower are options as well.
What is it?
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How Does it Work?
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Head
Water must fall from a higherelevation to a lower one to
release its stored energy.
The difference between these
elevations is called head Dams: three categories
high-head (800 or more feet)
medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
low-head (less than 100 feet)
Power is proportional to the
product ofhead x flow
http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm
Some Additional Terminology
Francis Turbine Grand Coulee
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Where is it?
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The technology remains highly
controversial, however, giventhe broad impact on local land
and water resources that often
attend large dam projects.
Challenges
Source: R.M. Schneiderman, February 24, 2009
The city of Kaixian was relocated to make way for the reservoirbehind the Three Gorges Dam in China.Images courtesy of Ohio State University.
Two space views of the Yangtze River, before the
Three Gorges Dam was built (photo below) andafter the dam was completed.Images courtesy NASA Earth Observatory
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Can sometimes fail,causing catastrophe
Johnstown flood (city
just east of
Pittsburgh, PA) killed
2,200 people whendam broke.
Dam failure in China
killed 230,000.
Dams and Diversions
On the downside, dams
Drown free flowing rivers Submerge farmlands and towns
Block fish migration e.g. salmon
Change aquatic habitats for native species
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The Environmental Protection Agency also notes that "if a
large amount of vegetation is growing along the riverbedwhen a dam is built, it can decay in the lake that is created,
causing the buildup and release of methane, a potent
greenhouse gas."
Hydroelectric Power
Source: R.M. Schneiderman, February 24, 2009
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Hydroelectric Power
Tallest Dam in the world: Rogun in Tajikistan at over 1,000 feet
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
Sample Diversion Hydropower (Tazimina, Alaska)
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Smaller dams and newer diversionary technologies may
provide alternative means for harnessing water power whilereducing the overall environmental impact.
The Department of Energy is currently exploring low-head,
low-power" hydropower technologies, which would produce
energy on a smaller scale and with a smaller overallfootprint.
Sample Micro-Hydroelectric Power
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Energy (Pumped) Storage
Energy (Pumped) Storage
Two way flow Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to a lower
elevation for power generation
A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production
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EmergingCombined Hydro and Wind Power(Video)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82efZBKBXSghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82efZBKBXSg -
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Solar Power
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Solar power is electricity generated from the levels of
natural energy contained within the suns rays (solarradiation).
What is it?
Above a scorched plain outside Seville, Spain, reflected sunlight reflects again off low clouds. Ordinarily the mirrors at
Abengoa Solar's PS10 station beam searing, concentrated light to the top of the "power tower," heating a boiler that
makes steam to drive a turbine. On overcast days, operators aim the mirrors skyward; sudden sun through clouds
could heat the tower so quickly it could be destroyed.
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There are several ways touse the suns power togenerate electricity. Concentrating solar power
systems concentrate sunlightto make steam, which is
converted into electricitythrough a turbine.
Photovoltaics - Somematerials exhibit a propertyknown as the photoelectric
effect, where photons of lightknock electrons into a higherstate of energy which createelectricity.
How Does it Work?
Photovoltaic system 'tree' in Styria, Austria
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gleisdorf.Solarbaum.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gleisdorf.Solarbaum.jpg -
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Concentrating Solar
At Nevada Solar One near Las Vegas, oil piped down long rows of reflectors soaks up focused
sunlight, becoming hot enough to make steam and run a 64-megawatt power plant. Utilities often
favor such systems, also called solar thermal, over costlier PV.
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Where is it?
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The main drawback to solar power is that it is expensive to
produce: Generating power from photovoltaic panels costs more than four
times as much as coal, and more than twice what wind power
costs.
Most solar cells are made with silicon, which is expensive.
In the United States, the federal government and states have
offered a variety of incentives to encourage homeowners and
businesses to put panels on their roofs, and for utilities to buy
power from large displays.
Challenges
Source: Kate Galbraith (Feb. 19, 2009)
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Biofuels
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Biofuel - they take carbon out of the atmosphere while it is
growing, and returns it as it is burned.
What is it and how does it work?
If it is managed on a sustainable basis, biomass is harvested as
part of a constantly replenished crop.
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How Does it Work?
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Where is it?
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Food prices are trending up due to the transfer of corn from
food crops to ethanol production. Critics have also questioned the carbon mitigation claims
surrounding biofuels.
Environmental degradation of lakes, streams, and coastal
waters due to increased nitrogen flows.
The cost disadvantage of producing biofuels is significantly higher than
the benefits achieved from their use. This scenario is unlikely tochange until 2015, even with the use of second generation biofuels.
Kaushik Madhavan, research manager, Frost & Sullivan
Challenges
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Wh i i ?
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Geothermal energy is clean, renewable energy from heat
simmering within the earth's bedrock. The earth's heat is always there waiting to be tapped, unlike wind
and solar power, which are intermittent and thus more fickle.
According to a 2007 geothermal report financed by the Energy
Department, advanced geothermal power could in theory produceas much as 60,000 times the nation's annual energy usage.
Its main benefits are:
Providing reliable electricity at a stable price
Generates electricity in a manner that produces minimalenvironmental impacts and emissions;
Generates economic development opportunities, especially in
rural areas
What is it?
H D it W k?
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How Does it Work?
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/06/23/us/Geothermal.htmlWatch Video
Wh i it?
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/06/23/us/Geothermal.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/06/23/us/Geothermal.html -
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Where is it?
P t ti l f E th k
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Because large earthquakes tend to originate at great depths,
breaking rock that far down carries more serious risk. Seismologists have long known that human activities can trigger
quakes, but they say the science is not developed enough to say
for certain what will or will not set off a major temblor.
The technique to tap geothermal energy createsearthquakes because it requires injecting water at great
pressure down drilled holes to fracture the deep bedrock.
The opening of each fracture is, literally, a tiny earthquake in
which subterranean stresses rip apart a weak vein, crack or faultin the rock.
Potential for Earthquakes
Oth Ch ll
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Exploration and drilling remain expensive and risky.
Drilling costs alone can account for as much as one-third to one-half of the total cost of a project.
Detecting potentially productive geothermal reservoirs is difficult,
with only about one in every five exploratory wells drilled
confirming a valuable resource.
Using the best geothermal resources often require an
expansion of the power transmission system.
Finally, power plants and direct use systems must be
located near geothermal resources because it is noteconomic to transport hot water or steam over long
distances.
Other Challenges
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Wave Power
Wh t i it?
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Ocean movements, spurred by the wind or the gravitational
pull of the sun and moon, are eminently renewable,emissions-free energy sources.
According to the United States Department of Energy,
some experts suggest that as much as 0.5 to 5 times the
total global annual electricity consumption of electricitycould be provided by ocean waves alone.
Unlike wind and solar power, wave energy is always
available.
Even when the ocean seems calm, swells are moving water up
and down sufficiently to generate electricity.
What is it?
H D it W k?
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How Does it Work?
Wa e Po er Technologies
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Wave Power Technologies
OPD Pelamis Wave Plant (Farm) UK Wave HubWavebob
Ocean Power Delivery Pelamis Ocean Power Technology PowerBuoy TMAquaEnergy AquaBuOY
Tidal Power
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Tidal power is a bit more limited in its potential.
Only about 40 sites on the Earth present a large enough tidaldifferential to make electricity generation feasible.
Tidal Power
Source: Tom Zeller Jr., (February 23, 2009)
At present, about 100
small companies around
the world are working todevelop ocean power.
However, very little
electricity is being
generated from the oceanexcept at scattered test
sites around the world.
Tidal Power Emerging Technologies
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Tidal Power Emerging Technologies
Challenges
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The device has to be able to survive storm damage and
saltwater corrosion. The total cost of electricity is too high.
There is a potential impact on the marine environment.
Wave farms can also:
Affect fishing grounds
Impact the pattern of beach sand nourishment, and
Represent hazards to safe navigation.
Challenges
Renewable Energy Costs
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Renewable Energy Costs
Source: http://www.beyondlogic.org/southaustraliapower/
Ranking the Renewables
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Ranking the Renewables
Renewable Futures
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Renewable Futures
Conclusion
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Conclusion
Benefits:
Fights global warming Creates jobs
Supports domestic energy
Secures energy future
Varied technologies Costs trending down
Improves health and safety
Sources are renewable
Challenges:
Environmental damages Harm existing industries
Land intensive
Sources tend to be remote
Sources can be cyclical Costly
Technology not there yet
Politically challenging
What about carbon capture and storage? Lets cover that next