Ship Concealment and Camoflage Instructions 1953

8/7/2019 Ship Concealment and Camoflage Instructions 1953

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I N F O R M A T I O N

SHIP CONCEALMENTCAMOUFLAGE I N S T R U C T I O N SNAV SH IP S 25 0- 37 4 NA VY DEPARTMENT BUREAU OF SHIPS WAS HIN GT ON, D. C.

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SHIPCONCEALMENTCAMOUFLAGEINSTRUCTIONSUNITED STATES NAV YNAVSHIPS 25 0- 37 4JANUARY 1953


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P R E F A C EThis ed i t ion of Ship Concealment Camouflage Inst ruct ions U. S . Navy supersedes thefollowing publications:

(1) Ship Camouflage In struc tions U. S. N av y (Ships-2), second revision, of Jun e 1942;(2) Supplem ent to Ship Cam ouflage Inst ruct ions (Ships-2), second rev ision , ofMarch 1945;(3) Subma rine Con cealment C amouflage (N avShips 250-631) of 1 Augu st 1945.

Several of the measures contained herein are but s l igh t modif icat ions of measures cur-ren t ly in effect . A number of the measures for submarines are en t i rely new.I t i s the responsib i l i ty of the Fleet and Force Commanders to select measures contained

herein for application to vessels of their respective commands and for new vessels scheduledto jo in thei r commands and to inform the Bureau of Ships of the measures selected .

I t i s the responsib i l i ty of the Bureau of Ships to d isseminate informat ion regard ing thepain t ing of new types of vessels to the Naval Shipyards or to the Superv isors of Shipbui ld ingas m ay b e ap p ro p r ia t e .


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F O R E W 0 R DT h is b o o k le t h a s two p r ima r y o b je c t iv e s :1 . To furn ish F lee t and Force Commanders with in formation on the e f fec t iveness and

su i tab i l i ty o f va r ious concea lment measures , and gu idance in the se lec t ion of measures mos tsu i ted to a pa r t icu la r vesse l opera t ing in a pa r t icu la r a rea .

2 . To provide the techniques whereby each f ie ld ac t iv i ty , o r ind iv idua l vesse l , wil l beab le to apply spec if ied concea lment measures without r equir ing ou ts ide ass is tance .

To ach ieve the sub t le concea lment e f fec ts spec if ied in the submar ine measures , spec ia lpa in t in g techniques a re necessa ry . These techniques a re expla ined and i l lus tr a ted for thef i r s t t ime in th is publ ica t ion . I t is m and a to ry tha t the ind iv idua l pe r sonne l d irec t ly involvedin the appl ica t ion of submar ine concea lment measures be thoroughly famil ia r with thesetechniques .

T h e t e x t a n d c o n c e a lme n t me a s u r e s i l lu s t r a t e d in th i s ma n u a l a r e b y Cd r . Da y to n R . E .Brown, U . S . N. , 0 in C Vis ib i l i ty and Conce a lmen t Branch , Applied Sc iences Div is ion ,Burea u of Ships .

REAR ADMIRAL , U. 8 . N.,CHIEF OF BUREAU


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LIST OFSURFACE SHIPANDSUBMARINECONCEALMENTMEASURESSECTIONI


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SURFACE SHIPSURFACE SH IP MEASURESP A G EU S 2 7 (Ha ze G r a y ) - - A l l S h ip s , B o a t s, o t h er

Ve s se l s a n d Cr a f t ( E x c lu siv e o f S u b m a r in e s ) . 1 3( a) W o r d De s c r ip t io n o f Me a s u r e US 2 7 . . . 1 3( b) E f f e c tiv e n e s s a n d S u i t a b i l i ty o f Me a s u r e

U S 2 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13U S 1 7 (Ocean G ray)--Al l Ships , Boa ts , o therVe s se l s a n d Cr a f t ( E x c lu s iv e o f S u b ma r in e s ) . . 1 4

( a) W o r d De s c r ip t io n o f Me a s u r e US 1 7 . . . 1 4( b) E f f e c tiv e n e s s a n d S u i t a b i l i ty o f Me a s u r e

U S 1 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14LC ( F o li a g e P a t t e r n ) - - A n y N a v a l S u r fa c eV e s s e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(a) W o r d D e s cr ip t io n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "( b) E f f e ct iv e n es s a n d S u i t a b i l i ty . . . . . . . . .(c)

1414

D i a g r a m s S h o w i n g A p p l i c a ti o n s . . . . . . . 1 5 -1 6


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SUBMARINE CONCEALMENT MEASURESSUBMARINE MEASURES SUBMARINE MEASURESP A G ESS 17 G--Desig ned for Guppy Submarines with

Details to Cover Anti-Submarine Submarines.(a) Word Description of Measure SS 17 G. . 28(b) Effectiveness and Su~a bili ty of Measure

SS 17 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28(e) Diagrammatic Illustrations with De-

tailed Painting Instructions for Meas-ure SS 17 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-34

SS 11 G--Desi gned for Guppy Submarines .. . .(a) Word Description of Measure SS 11 G. . 36(b) Effectiveness and Suit abili ty of Measure


tailed Painting Instructions for Meas-ure SS 11 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38-41

P A G ESS 7 G--Designed for Guppy Submarines . .. ..(a) Word Descriptio n of Measure SS 7 G. . 42(b) Effectiveness and Suitabil ity of Measure


tailed Painting Instructions for Meas-ure SS 7 G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44-47

SS 27-O--Designed for Oiler Submarines Only.(a) Word Description of Measure SS 27- 0. 48(b) Effectiveness and Suit abili ty of Measure

SS 2 7- 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49(c) Diagrammatic Illustrations with De-

tailed Painting Instructions for Meas-ure SS 27-0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-53


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SUBMARINESUBMARINE MEASURES SUBMARINE MEASURESSS 27 F--Designed for Fleet Type Submarines

(Shears Exposed) with Details for Cargo,Guided Missile, and Transport Submarines..

(a) Word Desc riptio n for Measu re SS 27 F.(b) Effectiveness and Suit abil ity of Measure

SS 27 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( c )

PAGE

5455

Diagrammatic Illustrations with De-tailed Painting Instructions for Meas-ure SS 27 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56-60

SS 17 FmDe signe d for Fleet Type Submarines(Shears Exposed) with Details to Cover Ra darPicket, Cargo, Guided Missile and Trans-por t Submar ines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(a) Word Description of Measur e SS 17 F . . 62(b) Effectiveness and Sui tabi lity of Measure

SS 17 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . 63(c) Diagrammatic Illustrations with De-

tailed Painting Instructions for Meas-ure SS 17 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-68

PAGE

SS 7 F--Designed for Fleet Type Submarines (aNew and Darker Measure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(a) Word Description of Measure SS 7 F . . .(b) Effectiveness and Suit abil ity of Measur e

S S 7 F . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(c) Diagrammatic Illustrations with De-

tailed Painting Instructions for Meas-

7677

ure SS 7 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78-81Pres to S/MmCo vered by Separate Instructions.

SS 11 F--Designed for Fleet Type Submarines(a New and Darker Measure) ..............

(a) Word Descrip tion of Measur e SS 11 F . . 70(b) Effectiveness and Suitability of Meas-

ure SS 11 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71(c) Diagrammatic Illustrations with De-

tailed Painting Instructions for Meas-ure SS 11 F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72-75


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SURFACESHIPCAMOUFLAGEANDCONCEALMENTSECTION2


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S h i p c a m o u f l a g e a n d s h i p c o n c e a l m e n t p a i n t i n g h a v e g o n eth rough s evera l s t ages o f change and deve lopmen t . V ar ioustypes des c r ibed he re in have been employed fo r d i f f e r en t pu r -pos es and s i tua t ions . I n look ing back over the en t i r e exper i-ence , tha t o f ou r ow n and o f o the r na t ions , tw o s ys tem s s t andou t a s hav ing been r epea ted ly s ucces s fu l . F u r the rm ore , thes es ys tems a r e s o fundamen ta l tha t i t s eems r eas onab le to be l i evethey w i l l con t inue to be the s a f es t gu ides to the c oncea lm en tpo l i cy o f the fu tu r e .

Befo re d i s cus s ing concea lme n t meas u res , a b r i e f h i s to ry o f thef a l s e pe r s pec t ive pa t t e rn s ( camouf lage) w h ich w ere app l i ed tomos t o f ou r comba t s h ip s in 1944 , and the r eas ons s t a ted fo rd i s con t inu ing th i s ty pe o f s h ip camouf lage i s pe r t inen t .FALSE PERSPECTIVEPATTERNS Cou rse Decep tion System )

A type o f s h ip camouf lage , en t i r e ly s epara te and d i s t inc t f romc o n c e a l m e n t p a i n t in g , w a s d e v e lo p e d b y a n A m e r i c a n p a i n t e r ,A bbo t t Thayer , be fo re the f i r s t W or ld W ar and ca r r i ed to af ine a r t b y Ev ere t t W arner , one o f A m er ica ' s f o r emos t pa in te r s ,du r ing W or ld W a r I I . A l thoug h app l i ed to a f ew sh ip s o f theU . S . M erchan t M ar ine in 1918 , i t w as l i t t l e u s ed by the U . S .N a vy be fo re 1943. The pu rpos e o f th i s s y s tem w as no t to con -cea l , bu t to dece ive obs e rve r s a s to the cou r s e o f the s h ip bypa in t in g a f a l s e pe r s pec t ive pa t t e rn on i t s s ides and s up er s t ruc -tu r e . I t w as be l i eved tha t in ma ny s i tda t ions , pa r t i cu la r lya g a i n s t e n e m y s u b m a r i n e s , t h e a d v a n t a g e g a i n e d t h r o u g h f a l si -f i ca t ion of the s h ip ' s cou r s e w ou ld more th an o f f s et any inc r eas ein the r ange to w h ich i t cou ld be de tec ted v i s ua l ly . The ch ie fob jec t ions to decep t ion pa in t ing a r e :

( a ) M os t o f the cou r s e decep t ion des igns comp le te ly d i sr egard ,and l e s s en the p os s ib i l i ty fo r, concea lm en t .

(b ) The f a l s e impres s ion o f a s h ip ' s cou r s e occu r s on ly f romvis ua l obs e rva t ion and o n ly a t r e l a t ive ly s ho r t r anges a f t e r thet rue cou r s e has been w e l l p lo t t ed f rom r ada r o r s onar. A ls o ,w i th i n s ho r t r anges a s p r ead o f to rpedoes mo re than o f f se t s anylas t minu te fa l s e e s t im a te o f cou r se . Hence , the ob jec t ive o fm a k i n g t h e s h i p s h a r d e r t o h i t w a s n o t a c h i e v e d .

( c) The h igh con t r as t s in the " D az z le P a t t e rn " s h ip s makethem more cons p icuous c lo s e aboard and hence a t t r ac t ive t a r -ge t s a t c lo s e r ange . I t w as c la imed tha t s ome o f the s h ip s h i th a d b e e n s i n g l e d o u t b y K a m a k a z i b o m b e r s b e c a u s e o f t h e i rcons p icu i ty .

I t i s i r on ica l tha t the m ajo r i ty o f c r i t i c i s m f rom the F le e tw h ich c i t ed inc r eas ed v i s ib i l i ty a s one o f the ch ie f ob jec t ions tocou r s e decep t ion pa in t ing , ob jec ted mos t f r equen t ly to the ve ryf e a t u r e - - n a m e l y , t h e l i g h t s h ad e o f p a i n t u s e d - - w h i c h p r o b a b l yreduced the s h ip ' s v i s ib i l i ty a s o f t en as i t i nc r eas ed i t .

A ls o , in ju s t i ce to the cou r s e decep t ion s ys tem, i t s hou ld ben o t e d t h a t t h e s y s t e m i n o n e f o r m o r a n o t h e r h a d a l i m i t e ds ucces s a s a s h ip type decep t ion dev ice . Th i s a rgum en t w as a to n e t i m e a d v a n c e d b y s o m e of t h e B r i t i s h a d v o c a t e s. H o w e v e r ,the Br i t i s h adop ted a po l i cy (1946) w h ich ca l l s f o r r educ t ion o fv i s ib i l i ty f i rs t , cou r s e and ty pe decep t ion s econd . Our p r es en tp o l i c y p r ov i d e s f o r t a k i n g f u l l a d v a n t a g e o f c o n c e a l m e n t p a i n t -ing to r educe the v i s ua l de tec t ion r ange and to l e s s en the p rob -ab i l i ty o f be ing de tec ted a t a l l . S ince s t rong con t r as t s a r eneces s a ry in the f a l s e pe r s pec t ive pa t t e rn s to ach ieve cou r s edecep t ion and s ince concea lmen t depends to a l a rge deg ree uponthe r educ t ion o f con t r as t s , the f a l s e pe r s pec t ive pa t t e rn s y s temi s a u t o m a t i c a l l y e l i m i n a t e d .

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NATURAL CONCEALMENTO n e , a n d u n d o u b t e d l y t h e b e s t , s y s t e m o f c o n c e a l m e n t r e q u i r e s

no ins t ruc t ion. I t i s to cover a ship wi th a c loak of loca l ma te r ia l ,wh e t h e r i t b e Arc t i c i c e a n d s n o w, M i s s i s s i p p i m u d , o r Tu l a g ipa lms. Al l hav e been used, each successful ly . No books weren e e d e d t o i n s t ru c t t h e C a p t a i n o f o n e o f o u r cr i p p l ed s h i p s t ofo rg e h i s wa y u p a j u n g l e i n l e t , a n c h o r a s c l o s e t o t h e b a n k a sp o s s i b l e , c h o p d o wn t r e e s , v i n e s , a n d u n d e rg ro wt h a n d c o v e r u p .Th e s h i p wa s c r i p p l e d a n d j u s t r a n t o c o v e r q u i t e n a t u ra l l y .S h e d i d n ' t b e c o m e e n t i r e l y i n v i s i b l e , b u t h e r v i s i b i l i t y wa s s ore d u c e d t h a t t h e J a p s wh o f l e w o v e r t h e n e x t d a y a n d fo r m a n yd a y s fo l l o wi n g d i d n ' t d e t e c t h e r b e n e a t h t h e m a n -m a d e j u n g l et h a t p ra c t i c a l l y c o v e re d t h e g u n s , t u r r e t s , s t a c k s , d e c k s , a n ds i d es . Th a t a n d t h e o t h e r e x a m p l es o f n a t u ra l c o n c e a l m e n twere a lmost 100 pe rcent e ffec t ive . S imi la r examples inc lude shipsc o v e re d wi t h i c e a n d s n o w v i r t u a l l y l o s t t o v i e w i n t h e i r Arc t i cs u r ro u n d i n g s ; o t h e r s c o v e re d b y c l o u d s o f s m o k e t h a t we reo b s c u re d t o a e r ia l v ie w. C o u n t l e ss n u m b e rs o f s m a l l g ro u n du n i t s h a v e l i k ewi s e b e e n c o n ce a l ed . In d i v i d u a l g u n e m p l a c e -men ts , sma l l groups of a i rc ra f t , and, in a few ins tances , sma l lc o m m u n i t i e s a l r e a d y p a r t l y h i d d e n b y t h e i r n a t u ra l s u r ro u n d -i n g s h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e l y c o n c e a l e d b y m a n -m a d e a d d i t i o n a lsc reening wi th cons ide rable ca re and c leve rness . On the o the rh a n d m u c h t i m e , m o n e y , a n d e f fo r t h a v e b e e n wa s t e d i n t ry i n g ,qui te unsuccessful ly , to concea l a i r s ta t ions , fac tor ie s and la rgeindu s t r ia l a rea s whose geographica l loca t ions were we l l e s tabl i sheda n d wh o s e s u r ro u n d i n g s we re s u c h t h a t t h e y c o u l d n ' t b e m i s s e d .Th re e l e s so n s m a y b e d ra wn . F i r s t , wh e n t ry i n g to h i d e, i ti s na tura l to cover and blend as c lose ly a s poss ible wi th thesurrou ndings . No spec ia l ins t ruc t ion fo r th i s i s necessa ry .S e c o n d , p a r t i a l c o n c e a l m e n t m a y b e a s g o o d a s e n t i r e o b s c u ra -

t i o n . Th i rd , s o m e t h in g s c a n ' t b e h id d e n i n b ro a d d a y l i g h ta n d i t i s j u s t a wa s t e o f t i m e t o t ry . A l t h o u g h s h i p s on t h eopen sea can se ldom be hidden a t wi l l , the re a r e a lo t of t imeswh e n s h i p s a re h a rd t o s e e a n y wa y , a n d a l i t t l e h e l p b y c o n -c e a h n e n t p a i n t i n g m a k e s t h e d i f f e re n c e b e t we e n t h e i r b e i n gpicked up or not . This leads us to the second type of concea l -m e n t , n a m e l y c o n c e a l m e n t p a i n t i n g .CONCEALMENT PAINTING

Th e m o s t e f f e c t i v e e x a m p l e o f c o n c e a l m e n t p a i n t i n g i s t h a ta p p l i e d t o s m a l l c r a f t fo r n i g h t s u r f ac e o p e ra ti o n s . P ro p e rp a i n t i n g a p p re c i a b l y s h o r t e n s t h e r a n g e t o wh i c h t h e s e c ra f tcan be seen. The re s t r ic ted l ight condi t ion plus th i s conc ea l -m e n t p a i n t i n g f r e q u e n t l y p ro v i d e s c o m p l e t e c o n c e a l m e n t fo rc a r ry i n g o u t n i g h t m i s si o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e sp e c ia l p a i n t in go f U . S. s u b m a r i n e s d u r i n g W o r l d W a r I I wa s s o e ff e c ti v e t h a tt h e y s u r fa c e d o n c l e a r s t a r l i t n i g h t s a n d a p p ro a c h e d o n t h es u r fa c e t o wi t h i n 1 , 00 0 y a rd s o f t h e e n e m y wi t h o u t d e t e c t i o n o ns e v e ra l o c c as i o n s. Th i s a d d e d c o n c e a l m e n t w a s ac c o m p l i s h e db y c a re fu l l y c o u n t e r s h a d i n g a n d c o u n t e r s h a d o wi n g a wa y t h ep a t t e rn n o rm a l l y i n h e re n t in th e s u b m a r i n e i m a g e . A t t h es a m e t i m e t h e p a i n t i n g wa s c o n t ro l l e d s o t h a t t h e o v e r -a l l t o n a le f f e c t o f t h e s u b m a r i n e u n d e r d i m l i g h t i n g m a t c h e d c l o s e l y t h et o n e s o f s e a a n d s k y u n d e r t h e s a m e l i g h t c o n d i t io n .FOLIAGE PATTERNS

A s e c o n d e x a m p l e o f c o n c e a l m e n t p a i n t i n g wh i c h h e l p e dm a rk e d l y wa s . t h a t a p p l i e d t o l a n d i n g c raf t . L a n d i n g c ra f t we rep a i n t e d wi t h a m o t t l i n g o f g re e n s a n d b ro wn s i n s u c h a wa y t h a tt h e i r p re s e n c e wa s n o t a s r e a d i l y d e t e c t e d a g a i n s t t ro p i c a l fo l i ag eand a number of other backgrounds, including harbors. N o r w e r et h e y a s v i s ib l e a s f a r a s t h o s e o t h e rwi s e p a i n t e d .

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DARKER SHIPSA th i rd example was the darken ing o f the sh ips o f the Paci f i c

F l e e t a t a t i m e w h e n t h e J a p a n e s e h a d a i r s u p e r i o r i ty . C o n -c e a l m e n t o r e v e n p a r t i a l c o n c e a l m e n t f r o m o v e r h e a d w a s t h e no f p r i m e i m p o r t a n c e . H o w e v e r , i t s h o u l d h e re b e s t a t e d t h a tt h e d a r k s h a d e us e d ( N a v y G r a y ) w a s t o o d a r k .LIGHTER SHIPS

A f o u r t h s u c c e s s f u l e x a m p l e o f c o n c e a l m e n t p a i n t i n g w a s t h ee x t r e m e l y l i g h t s y st e m , w h i c h b y e m p l o y i n g w h i t e a n d p a l e b l u er e d u c e d t h e d e t e c t a b i l it y o f s h i ps a g a i n s t t h e s k y , b o t h d a y a n dn i g h t , u n d e r m o s t c i r c u m s t a n c e s. I n t h e l a s t t w o e x a m p l e s t h ea d v a n t a g e s g a i n e d w e r e n o t w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c e ; t h e d a r k N a v yG r a y p a i n t m a d e o u r s h i p s h a r d f o r a n a v i a t o r t o s e e w h e n h ewas loo ldng s t eep ly down ward (45 o r more) an d ha d the sunb e h i n d h i m . B u t o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s h a d eused was ex t remely dark increased the v i s ib i l i t y o f these sh ipsf rom prac t i ca l ly a l l o ther po in t s o f v iew, bo th day and n igh t ;s u c h a s w h e n l o o k i n g m o r e o u t w a r d t h a n d o w n w a r d a g a i n s tm o s t s e a b a c k g r o u n d s , a n d f r o m e v e r y a n g l e w h e n v i e w e d a g a i n s tthe sky . The mos t e f f ic i en t shade agains t aer i a l de tec t ion as aw h o l e, i s Oc e a n G r a y , a s h a d e a b o u t h a l f - w a y b e t w e e n t h ep r e w a r g r a y a n d N a v y G r a y . Oc e a n G r a y i s t h e b a si c s h a d efo r concealm ent measu res US 17, SS 17 G, and SS 17 F. The 17i n d i c a t e s t h e a p p r o x i m a t e r e f l e c t a n c e i n p e r c e n t a g e , n a m e l y ,tha t por t ion o f the inc iden t l i gh t which i s ref l ec ted f rom thep a i n t e d s u r f ac e .

T h e w h i t e a n d p a l e b l u e d e s i g n s o f t h e " e x t r e m e l y l i g h ts y s t e m " , t h o u g h l e a s t v i s i b l e a g a i n s t t h e s k y o r c a l m s e a s , w e r emos t v i s ib le ( to ex t remely long ranges ) when v iewed agains t ad a r k s k y o r a d a r k se a w i th t h e s u n b e h in d t h e o b s e r v e r . T h e

m o s t e f f i c i e n t s h a d e a g a i n s t s h i p a n d s u b m a r i n e d e t e c t i o n a s aw h o l e is H a z e G r a y . H a z e G r a y i s t h e b a s i c s h a d e f o r c o n c e a l-m e n t m e a s u r e s U S 2 7 , S S 2 7 F , a n d S S 2 7 O .CONCEALMENT MEASURES FOR SURFACE SHIPS

The wide var i e ty o f su r face sh ip conf igura t ions coup led wi tha l l o f the fac to rs in na tu r e which ef fec t the i r op t i ca l d e tec ta b i l i tyo r the i r concea lment req u i res e i ther a very l a rge s t af f of des ignersa n d t h e a l m o s t c o n s t a n t r e p a i n t i n g o f sh i p s o r n e c e s s it a t e s acomp romise on how the sh ips shal l be pa in ted . Obv ious ly therei s no a l t e rnat ive ; a s impl i f i ca t ion o f the p rob lem i s necessary .I n o r d e r t o a r r i v e a t a r e a s o n a b l e s o l u t i o n - - o n e t h a t w i l l a f f o r da wor thwhi l e degree o f e f fec t iveness wi thou t be ing ex t remelyb a d u n d e r a n y c o n d i t io n s c o r es of e x p e r i m e n t s h a v e b e e nc o n d u c t e d o v e r th e p a s t t h i r t y y e a r s . T h e f u n c t i o n s a n d t a c t i c so f sh ips have been s tud ied . The op t i ca l p roper t i es o f then a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t i n m a n y d i f f e r e n t l o c a l i t i e s h a v e b e e nobserved sc i en t i f i ca l ly , t heore t i ca l ly and p rac t i ca l ly f rom manypo in t s o f v i ew.

As a resu l t o f these s tud ies and observat ions , t he fo l i agepat t ern and two o ld measures (o ld No . 13 and o ld No . 14)wi th minor ref inement s have been re t a ined as the mos t e f fec t iveand p rac t i ca l so lu t ion to the p rob lem.

These th ree low v i s ib i l i t y o r concealment des igns , wi th thel a t e s t r e f i n e m e n ts , a r e h e r e i n c a l le d m e a s u r e L C , m e a s u r e U S 2 7 ,a n d m e a s u r e U S 1 7 ( U S 2 7 u s i n g H a z e G r a y a n d U S 1 7 u s i n gOc e a n G r a y a s ba s i c s h a d e s re s p e c t i v e ly ) . T h e s e m e a s u r e s a r er e c o m m e n d e d f o r a ll s u r f a c e s h i p s , b o t h f o r p e a c e t i m e a n d f o rc o m b a t o p e r a t io n s . T h e s h a d e s o f p a i n t u s e d in th e t w o U Sm e a s u r e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y D r . E . O . H u l b e r t , D i r e c t o r o fR e s e a r c h , N a v a l R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y , a n d h a v e s t o o d t h e t e s to f m o r e t h a n 1 0 y e a r s o f e v a l u a t io n . T h e m o t t l e d p a t t e r n

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m e a s u re L C , a l t h o u g h o r i g i n a ll y d e s i g n e d fo r s h i p s s ol e l y a g a i n s tb a c k g ro u n d s o f t ro p i ca l fo l i a g e h a s p ro v e d v e ry e f f e c t iv e a g a i n s ta wi d e v a r i e t y o f s h o re b a c k g ro u n d s .

Al t h o u g h n o t p e r f e c t u n d e r a l l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e s e t h re e m e a s -ures a re exceedingly he lpful ove r a wide range of condi t ions .In m a n y i n s t a n c e s t h o s e s e a rc h i n g h a v e a p p ro a c h e d u n b e l i e v -ably c lose be fore be ing able to de tec t ships so pa inted.

Th e re a re t h o s e wh o s i g h t i n g o u r s h i p s u n d e r t h e m o s t f a v o r -a b l e c o n d i t i o n s fo r s i g h t i n g , m a y c a l l t h e p a i n t i n g m e a s u re su n s a t i s f a c t o ry ; o t h e r s wh o wi l l f e e l t h a t t h e p a i n t i n g i s t o os i m p l e t o b e m o s t e f f e c ti v e . Y e t , a f t e r t ry i n g m a n y c o l o rs ,i n c l u d i n g b l a c k a n d wh i t e a n d a l l k i n d s o f p a t t e rn s , i t h a s b e e nc l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e s i m p l e m e a s u re s L C , US 2 7 a n dUS 1 7 , a r e b y f a r t h e b e s t fo r s u r f a c e s h i p s , t a k i n g a l l c o n d it i o n si n t o c o n s i d e ra ti o n . A l s o , t h e y h a p p e n t o b e s i m p l e o f a p p l i c a -t i o n a n d m o s t e a s i l y m a i n t a i n e d .C o n c e a l m e n t m e a s u re s fo r s u b m a r i n e s d e f i n i t e ly a re n o t s i m p l eo f a p p l i c a t i o n a n d a re c o n s e q u e n t l y d i s c u s s e d i n g re a t e r d e t a i lin Sec t ion 3 .

In d e s c r i b i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d s u i t a b i l i t y o f v a r i o u s c o n -c e a l m e n t m e a s u re s , t h e s e r e m a rk s h a v e b e e n c o n f i n e d u s u a l l yt o g e n e ra l i t i e s a n d t o q u a l i t a t i v e r a t h e r t h a n q u a n t i t a t i v e v a l u e s .Th e r e a s o n fo r t h i s i s t h a t we s t i l l d o n o t k n o w e n o u g h o f t h eansw ers in te rms of fee t , ya rds , or mi le s . To de te rm ine prec ise lyh o w fa r a s h i p o r a s u b m a r i n e c a n b e s e e n , f ro m a l l d i f f e re n td i r e c t i o n s u n d e r a w i d e v a r i e t y o f c o n d i t i o n s , h a s b e e n t h eo b j e c t o f a s e r i e s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s fo r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s a n d i sn o w m o re t h a n t wo - t h i rd s c o m p l e t e . V i s u a l d e t e c t io n r a n g e sa re b e i n g d e t e rm i n e d b y t h e Vi s i b i l i t y & C o n c e a l m e n t B ra n c ho f t h e B u re a u o f S h i p s fo r a n u m b e r o f t y p e s o f o b j e c t s i n c l u d -i n g s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s wh i c h a re c o n s i d e re d t o b e o f t h e

g re a t e s t m i l i t a ry i m p o r t a n c e . I t is f ro m t h e p re l i m i n a ry wo rko n t h e s e p ro b l e m s t h a t c o n c e a l m e n t r a n g e s , d e p t h s , a n d r e l a -t i v e l y e f f e ct i v e co n c e a l m e n t v a l u e s h a v e b e e n t a k e n .MEASURE US 27

(A ) W ord De,~criplio~. ( 1 ) A p p l y N o . 2 7 H a z e G r a y ( 5 - H )(S t o c k No . G 5 2 -P -9 6 1 ) t o a l l e x t e rn a l s u r f a c e s of t h e s h ipabove the boot - topping, except a s noted in (2) and (3) be low.O n s h i p s t h a t h a v e n o b o o t - t o p p i n g , a p p l y t o a l l s u r f a c e s a b o v et h e u p p e r l i m i t o f t h e b o t t o m p a i n t e x c e p t a s n o t e d i n (2 ) a n d(3) below.

( 2) A p p l y s m o o t h D a r k G r a y D e c k t y p e A ( S t oc k N o .G 5 2 - P - 1 4 0 6 - 5 0 ) o r n o n - s k id D a r k G r a y D e c k t y p e B ( S to c kNo . G 5 2 -P -1 4 0 8 -5 0 ) t o s t e e l d e c k s a n d a l l o t h e r h o r i zo n t a ls tee l surfaces exposed to ae r ia l obse rva t ion.

(3 ) Ap p l y G l o s s y W h i t e (S t o c k No . G 5 2 -P -5 3 0 5 ) o r B a s eW h i t e (S t o c k No . G 5 2 -P -5 3 3 5 ) t o a l l o v e rh e a d s a n d t o t h eunders ides of a l l o the r exte rna l horizonta l surfaces .

(B ) Effecti~'e~e.~'.~" a~d S~ ,itclbilit.~l. Th i s m e a s u re h a s v e ry l o wv i s i b i li t y a t n i g h t a n d a t t w i l i g h t. I t h a s l o w v i s i b i li t y t o s u b -m a r i n e a n d s u r fa c e o b s e rv e r s i n h a zy , c l o u d y , o r fo g g y we a t h e re s p e c ia l l y wh e n a c c o m p a n i e d wi t h p e r i o d s o f we a k s u n l i g h t . I th a s h i g h v i s i b i li t y i n b r i g h t we a t h e r wh e n s e e n a g a i n s t t h e w a t e rf ro m s t e ep d o wn w a rd a n g le s . Th i s m e a s u re h a s m o d e ra t e v i si -b i l i t y a n d i s s o m e t i m e s v e ry h a rd t o s e e a g a i n s t t h e wa t e r n e a rthe horizon, i . e . , low grazing angles , even in br ight sunnywe a t h e r . I t i s u s e fu l i n s u b m a r i n e i n fe s t e d a rea s , wh e re s h ip sa re e x p o s e d e n t i r e l y a g a i n s t a s k y b a c k g ro u n d t o s u b m a r i n e sa n d l o w f l y in g d i s t a n t a e r ia l o b s e rv e r s . Th i s m e a s u re i s m o ree f fe c t i v e t h a n m e a s u re US 1 7 i n t h i s r e g a rd , b u t l e s s e f f e c t i v et h a n m e a s u re US 1 7 a s a p u re l y a n t i a v i a t i o n m e a s u re .

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MEASURE US 17(A ) W ord Descrip t ion . (1 ) Ap p l y No . 1 7 O c e a n G ra y (5 -0 )

(S t o c k No . G 5 2 -P -9 6 5 ) , t o a l l e x t e rn a l s u r f a c e s o f t h e s h i pabove the boot - topping except a s noted in (2) and (3) be low.O n s h i p s t h a t h a v e n o b o o t - t o p p i n g , a p p l y t o a l l s u r f a c e s a b o v et h e u p p e r l i m i t o f t h e b o t t o m p a i n t e x c e p t a s n o t e d i n (2 ) a n d(3) below.

(2) Ap p l y S m o o t h D a rk G ra y De c k t y p e A (S t o c k No .G 5 2 - P - 1 4 0 6 - 5 0 ) o r N o n s k i d D a r k G r a y D e c k t y p e B ( S t o ckNo . G 5 2 -P -1 4 0 8 -5 0 ) t o s t e e l d e c k s a n d a l l o t h e r h o r i zo n t a ls tee l surfaces exposed to ae r ia l obse rva t ion.

(3 ) Ap p l y G l o s s y W h i t e (S t o c k No . G 5 2 -P -5 3 0 5 ) o r B a s eW h i t e (S t o c k No . G 5 2 -P -5 3 3 5 ) t o a l l o v e rh e a d s a n d t o t h eunders ides of a l l o the r exte rna l horizonta l surfaces .

(B ) Effectiveness and Suitability. Th i s m e a s u re h a s l o w v i s i -b i l i ty to ae r ia l obse rve rs looking s teeply downward, and to sur-f a c e o b s erv e r s l o ok i n g a wa y f ro m t h e s u n i n b r i g h t s u n n y w e a t h e r .I t h a s h i g h v i s i b i l i t y i n b r i g h t we a t h e r t o a e r i a l o b s e rv e r s a td i s t a n t r a n g e s l o o k i n g m o re t o wa rd t h e s u n t h a n a wa y f ro m i t .I t s m a x i m u m u t i l i t y i s a g a i n s t s t e e p a e r i a l o b s e rv a t i o n , a n da g a i n s t b a c k g ro u n d s o f s e a a n d l a n d o v e r a w i d e r a n g e o f c o n -di t ions . In th i s rega r d i t i s more e ffec t ive than m easure US 27 ,b u t a s a n a n t i s u b m a r i n e m e a s u re , i s i n fe r i o r t o m e a s u re US 2 7 .

NO T E. - A t s e a US 2 7 o r US 1 7 a re m o re s u i t a b l e t h i~ n m e a s -u re L C e v e n fo r L a n d i n g C ra f t . C o n v e r s e l y , t h e L C p a t t e rnis appl icable to al l s h i p s a n d c ra f t a g a i n s t l a n d b a c k g ro u n d s .MEASURE LC

(A ) W ord Descrip t ion. Th i s m e a s u re c o n s i s t s o f a p p l y i n g ades igned pa t te rn of greens , browns , and black to the exte r iorso f la n d i n g s h ip s , a n d t o o t h e r s h ip s a n d c ra f t . Th i s p a t t e rn

s h o u l d b e s p ra y p a i n t e d i n o rd e r t o a v o i d h a rd o r s h a rp e d g e sbe tween colors . The sca le of the pa t te rn sho wn in f igure 1 doesnot change rega rdless of the s ize of the vesse l to which i t i sappl ied , so tha t on an LST i t looks a s shown in f igure 2 and onan LCI looks a s shown in f igure 3 , PT boa ts a s in f igure 4 , ando n a n AR B a s i n f i g u re 5.

(B ) Effectiveness and Suitability. Th i s p a t t e rn i s a p p ro p r i a t efor he lping to h ide ships and smal le r c ra f t in r ive rs , ha rbors , e tc . ,e spec ia l ly nea r shore . Al thou gh orig ina l ly des igned for shipsaga ins t backgrounds of t ropica l fo l iage , i t proved to be sur-pri s ingly e ffec t ive aga in s t a wide va rie ty of backgr ounds . Fore x a m p l e , a n L S T , wh e n v i e we d f ro m t h e S u b m a r i n e B a s e a tP e a r l H a rb o r a c ro s s t h e wa t e r a b o u t a t h o u s a n d y a rd s a wa y ,b l e n d e d s o we ll w i t h i t s s u r ro u n d i n g s t h a t t h e s h i p a s s u c h h a d t ob e p o i n t e d o u t a n d wa s n o t n o t i c e d a t a l l b y a c a s u a l o b s e rv e r .As i n d i c a t e d i n " R e m a rk s o n C a m o u f l a g e a n d C o n c e a l m e n t , "page 11, th i s pa inted fo l iage pa t te rn i s not a s e ffec t ive a s rea lna tu ra l cover , but i t does have meri t in i tse l f . Also , i t providesa g o o d fo u n d a t i o n o n wh i c h n a t u ra l fo l i a g e c a n b e m o s t r e a l -i s t ica l ly cons t ruc ted.

S t o c k n u m b e rs fo r m o t t l e d fo l i a g e p a t t e rn (m e a s u re L C )pa ints a re a s fo l lows: (See f igures Nos . 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 . )

L C p a i n t s

IH a z e G r e e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IiO c e a n G r e e n . . . . . . . . . . . .Navy G r e e n . . . . . . . . . . .

G r e e n T i n t i n g ( 5 G T M ) _O c e a n B r o w n . . . . . . . . . . . .D u l l B l a c k N o . 1 0 4 . . . . . . . .

S p e c i f i c a -t i o n N o s .

5 2 P 5 55 2 P 5 65 2 P 5 75 2 P 5 05 2 P 8 0

A p p r o x i -m a t er e f l e c t a n c e

3 02 0I0

22 0

2

N a v y S t o c k N o .

G 5 2 P 5 2 1 7 6 0G 5 2 P 5 2 1 3 6 0G 5 2 P 8 4 3 1 1 0G 5 2 P 5 2 1 4 6 0G 5 2 P 5 0 7 5

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Figure 1.

Figure 2.


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F i gure 3 .

F i gure 4 .

i

F i gure 5


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E

SUBMARINECONCEALMENTSECTION3

17


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! ; > . ; .= } Q i ~ ; ~ I A . ~ I I , , I ; ' 7 1 7 :'"I 6 ~ ; i ~ i ! . ~ . I I I ; R , I : , ~ i

1 1 ~ : ! @ , 1 4 ~ + ! I ! I ] : ~ !

There are many reasons for having a relatively large numberof submarine measures. By their very nature, submarines aredesigned to take full advantage of concealment, preceding andsubsequent to their surprise attacks. In spite of sonar andradar, submarines need all the concealment against visualdetection that can be provided and good concealment paintingdoes play an import ant part. Concealment designs are based onthe conf igurat ions of the submarine and on t he e nv i r onm e n t i nwhich they are to be concealed. Hence, each different type requiresa differ ent design and modifica tions of these are made to me etvarious tac t ical s i tuat ions which determine the various environ-ments in which they will operate and the different points of viewunder which they may be exposed.Designs are all slanted primarily for concealment submerged.But because of the effectiveness of the night surface atta cks madeby Fleet-type submarines during World War II, the measureespecially designed for these tactics will be available as long aswe still have Fl eet-type submarines. In the event of anothe rlarge scale war in the near future, the same tactics used in WorldWar II might well be reemployed. The measure described inNavShips 250-631 as 32/3SS-B (known as the "light gray j ob")will herea fter be designated SS 27 F. Likewise, the oth ermeasure which proved very successful during the second WorldWar, namely, the one known as the "dark gray job," anddescribed in NavShips 250-631 as 32/9SS, will also be retainedon the list of measures available to the submar ine forces for theFleet-type boats.

The latt er is now aS 17 F. These old measures have beenslightly modified by the employment of better deck paints.The number 27 in SS 27 F (old 32/3SS-B) refers to a 27 percentreflectance paint. The reflectance is one of the requirements in

18

the specifications for Haze Gray, th e basic shade used in measureas 27 F. The number 17 in SS 17 refers to 17 perce nt reflectancepaint, namely Ocean Gray. The "F" in the new numberingdesignates that the primary use of this measure is for Fleet-typesubmarines, "G" for Guppy, and "0 " for Oiler. Two othermeasures are presented here for Fleet-type submarines. Theirbasic shades are a little darker than the Ocean Gray, the newshades being Outside Gray No. 11 and Nav y Gray No. 7. Also,there are details for Radar Picket, Guided Missile, Cargo, andTrans port Submarines. Also, there are details for Anti-Sub-mari ne Submarines and a measure for Oiler Submarines. Asnew type boats are built measures will be hand-tailored to fitthem.BASIC PRINCIPLES

In painting submarines it is necessary for the painters them-selves, as well as the First Lieuten ant or Chief Pe tty Officer whosupervises the job, to have some idea of the theory underlyingconcealment painting. The man ner of painting is similar for allthe measures, but the measures themselves differ in two respects.First, the designs are made to fit each individual class and typeof boat, and secondly, some measures are lighter or darker thanothers. When the basic shade of a measure has been established,the res t of the design falls into place.

The object of all submarine concealment designs is to makethe boat appear like a soft gray cloud of one tone, namely, thesame tone as the background against which it is expected tooperate most of the time or at the most critical times. It istherefore necessary to use a more reflectant paint on the surfaceswhich get less light and use a less reflectant pain t on the surfaceswhich get more natural light. There are two principal reasons


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why surfaces get more or less light. One is the slope of thesurface and the other is the e xtent to which the surface is coveredor crowded and overshadowed by other surfaces. T h e r e la t i v eshade on each fully exposed surface is governed to a large degreeby its slope; that is, the degree to which the surface slopesaway from the vertical, which has the basic shade. If afully exposed surface is perfectly straight up and down (vertical)tha t surface gets the basic shade. When the surface changesaway from the vertical and faces upward it gets a darker shadethan the basic and the degree to which it is darker is determinedby the slope, so that on a flat horizontal surface or one that ispractically horizontal like the main deck, and faces u p w a r d , apaint approximate ly black is used. A horizontal surface tha tfaces d o w n w a r d is painted white. In the past, black has beenused for decks, but it has been found that both the black stripingand the anchor chain black are too dark. The new deck paintis being very carefully manufactured to get just the right shade.It is almost black but n ot quite. It is still glossy. This new"Deck Paint Mixture" on a horizontal surface is almost im-possible to see 5 feet beneath the surface of deep sea water.T h i s s h a d e s h o u ld n o t b e u s e d o n a n y s u r fa c e t h a t s l op e s m o r e t h a nten degrees from the horizontal . A fully exposed surface that ishalfway between vertical and horizontal should be as near aspossible to halfway between the basic shade for the vertical sideand the shade for the horizontal surface.COVERED AND CROW DED AREAS

There are a number of platforms and braces in between theshears and other parts of the Fleet-type boats, and even in theguppies inside the bridge, which face directly downward. Thedirect rays of the sun can never strike these and therefore theyare naturally very dark. These surfaces and the bottom sides

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A ll s ubmar ine concea lmen t meas u res r equ i r e s pec ia l pa in t ingtechn iques fo r va r ious pa r t s o f the boa t s . S ince s ubm ar inesn e e d m o r e c o n c e a l m e n t th a n a n y o t h e r t y p e o f s h i p a n d c o n -s equen t ly more ca r e fu l pa in t ing , r egu la r s t r a igh t fo rw ard pa in t -ing o f un i fo rm, s o l id coa t s i s no t s u f f i c i en t .

T h e s t r e a m l i n e d s ur f a c es o f s u b m a r i n e s a r e m o r e s u b t l e t h a nthe b ig f i a t s u r f aces o f la rge s u r f ace s h ip s and r equ i r e , the r e fo re ,the s ub t l e b lend ing o r g r ad ing o f d i f f e r en t s hades o f pa in t s .Th i s b lend ing f rom dark s hades to l igh te r s hades w i l l r e s emblethe s m oo th s had in g o f f i s h and i s abs o lu te ly neces s a ry to p rov id em a x i m u m c o n c e a l m e n t f o r s u b m a r i n e s.

T h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a r g e r fo r m s o f s u b m a r i n e s a r e n o t q u i t e a ss imp le as thos e o f f is h and have no t the s ame m ovem en t o f f in s ,t a i l , e t c. , r equ i r es in t roduc ing ce r t a in m od i f i ca t ions in the p a in t -ing des ign to com pens a te fo r thes e d i f f e rences . I n o rde r toach ieve the g r ea tes t concea lmen t pos s ib le , a number o f s hadeso f pa in t r ang ing f rom b lack to w h i te a r e neces s a ry fo r s ub -mar in e pa in t ing . I n s ec t ion 4 o f th i s book le t the r e a r e des c r ip-t ions o f pa in t s f o r a l l s ubmar ine concea lmen t meas u res and thes tock number s to be u s ed in o rde r ing the pa in t s . P a in t ingequ ipmen t i s a l s o l i s t ed in s ec t ion 4 and the s tock number sg iven ; a ls o , the r e a r e a f ew r ema rks on the upke ep o f equ ipm en tw h ich may p rove he lp fu l to the pa in te r s .

The s ugges t ions fo r hand l ing the s p ray ~ n w h ich fo l low a r ethe r es u l t o f a g r ea t dea l o f exper ience and a r e g iven to a s s i s tthe pa in te r s in do ing a good job r a the r th an be ing a rb i t r a ryo rder s to do s ometh in g in a w ay th a t w e w an t i t done . I f thepa in te r s w i l l f o l low thes e s ugges t ions , they w i l l make the boa t sha rde r to de tec t - and , to bo r row a ph ras e , " th i s l i f e the y s avem a y b e t h e i r o w n . "

PREPARATIONI n a p p e n d i x 6, " P a i n t i n g I n s t r u c t io n s , " a n d " D a m a g e C o n t r o l-

ma n 3 and 2 , " N avP er s N o . 1057 1, w i l l be found a numb er o fgood s ugges t ions fo r the p r epara t ion o f s u r f aces w h ich w i l l no tbe r epea ted he re . A l l pa in te r s s hou ld s tud y append ix 6 and theD . C . M anua l . There a r e cop ies on every sh ip and a t eve ryyard in the N avy . A ls o the r e a r e tw o good in s t ruc t ive mov ies :M C - 4 1 9 6 o n " U s e a n d C a r e o f P a i n t S p r a y E q u i p m e n t , " a n dM N - 6 7 8 8 A o n " T o p s i d e P a i n t i n g a n d S u r f ac e P r e p a r a t i o n . "There a r e fou r p r ecau t ions to be t ake n be fo re pa in t in g i sbegun tha t a r e mus t s : ( 1 ) S u r f ace must be c lean , ( 2 ) pa in tmust be the r igh t cons i s t ency , ( 3 ) pa in t must be w e l l st i r r ed an ds t r a ined , and (4) s p r ay gun must be c lean .P a in t s ha l l no t be app l i ed over d i r t o r oi l . P a i n t app l i ed ontop o f o i l o r d i r t w i l l no t s t i ck the w ay pa in t w i l l s t i ck to ape r f ec t ly d ry , c l ean s u r f ace . S omet imes i t w on ' t l a s t overn igh t .Paint shall not under any circumstances be diluted with too muchthinner or turpentine. I f th i s i s done the pa in t lo s es i t s bodyand lo s es i t s b ind ing qua l i t i e s s o tha t i t w i l l no t s t i ck w e l l aga in s tthe deck o r s ides o f the boa t . I n p r ac t i ce the r e has been at e n d e n c y t o r e d u c e p a i n t w i t h t h i n n e r , t u r p e n t i n e , a n d t h e l i k e ,ou t o f a l l p ropo r t ion . A c tua l ly , the pa in t s tha t come f rom thepa in t f ac to r i e s a t N or fo lk and M are I s l and , w here mos t o f ou rpa in t s a r e manufac tu red , a r e o f a cons i s t ency tha t w i l l goth rough a c lean , r epea t c l ean , s p r ay gun a t the p roper a i r p r es -s u re and t empera tu r e . The p roper a i r p r es s u re, inc iden ta l ly ,fo r the ave rage s p ra y gun i s f rom 50 to 65 pounds .

Genera l ly , the pa in t s can u s e a l i t tl e th inner . I n co ld w ea th e rmore th inner is r equ i r ed , bu t under no c i r cums tances s hou ld

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m o r e t h a n o n e p a r t o f t h in n e r t o t e n p a r t s o f p a in t b e u se d .I f p a in t i s p r o p e r ly s t r a in e d a n d s t i r re d , o r m ix e d w i th a sh a k e r ,wh ic h i s b e t t e r y e t ( a n d u se o f sh a k e r wh e r e v e r p o ss ibl e i s u r g e d ) ,p a in t w i l l h a v e a c o n si s t e n c y t h a t c a n g o t h r o u g h a c l e a n sp r a yg u n v e r y e a s i l y w i th o u t t h in n in g i t d o wn to t h e c o n s i s t e n c y o fwa te r . No t o n ly w i ll p a in t t h a t i s t h in n e d t o o m u c h p e e l o f fqu ick ly , bu t i t wi l l a lso fade and lose i t s e f fec t iveness fo rc o n c e a lm e n t .S O L I D C O A T S F I R S T

Al l o f t h e b a r e m e ta l o n t h e b o a t m u s t b e c o v e r e d w i th twoc o a t s o f p r im e r a n d o n e so l id c o a t o f p a in t f o r p r o t e c ti o n b e f o r ea n y sp a t t e r i n g g r a d a t i o n s a r e a p p l i e d . T im e a n d t r o u b l e c a n

I I I \\ x I I I ~ x

~ - " O V E R L A P " F i g u r e 6..

be saved by lay ing a l l so l id coats a long the leng th o f the sh ipin para l le l l ines s l igh t ly ove r lapp ing one a no th er ( figs. 6 and 7)r a th e r t h a n o n a h i t o r m i s s r a n d o m s t r o k in g . B e f o r e s t a r t i n gto p a in t n o t e t h e d i r e c t i o n i n wh ic h a w in d m a y b e b lo win g .

This goes fo r so l id coats to some ex ten t , bu t i t i s especia l lyim p o r t a n t wh e n g r a d e d sp a t t e r i n g i s d o n e a s l a t e r d e sc r ib e d .I f t h e w in d i s b lo win g f r o m th e b o w, i t i s b e t t e r t o s t a r t p a in t -i n g f r o m th e b o w r a th e r t h a n f r o m th e s te r n . B y t h i s i s m e a n tth a t t h e wh o le j o b sh o u ld s t a r t f r o m th e b o w a n d a l so t h a t e a c hs t r o k e o f t h e sp r a y g u n sh o u ld s t a r t f r o m th e b o w a n d g o a f t( fig . 8) . While pa in t in g so l id coats , the spra y gun should be

G U N O N j I G U N O F F: iT R A C K I O N Ii O F Fi

c----- --~ , ONi, i F O L L O W,a T H R O U G H

'. IF i g u r e 8.

i l 1 1 1 1 s jl s u r F A C EF i g u r e 9 .

a imed d i rec t ly a t the sur face o f the boat ( f ig . 9 ) . The gunshou ld be he ld about l0 inches f rom the sur face throughout thest roke . "S tar t i t a t 10 inches and keep i t a t 10 inches" ( fig . 10) .Do n ' t sw ing the gun in an arc ( f ig. 11) . Swing ing wil l take t he

F i g u r e ) O .21


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~ , ~ . B A ' I ~i i , 8 ,

\ " , jt

Figure 11

gun a t the beg inn ing and the end o f the s t rokes too f a r aw ayf rom the s u r f ace . I n the cen te r o f the s w ing the gun w i ll betoo close. Shootin g at an angle is also bad ( f ig . 11) . The r ightw ay w i l l he lp to avo id unevennes s , pudd les , and th in s po t s .HOW TO GRADE A SURFACE

A ll s ubma r ine pa in t des igns r equ i r e a num ber o f g r ada t ions .T o m a k e a s m o o t h g r a d a t i o n f r o m o n e s h a d e o f p a i n t t o a n o t h e rr equ i r es one o f th r ee methods . One method i s to pa in t a s e r ie so f th in pa ra l l e l bands , each o f a d i f f e r en t s hade o f pa in t . Thes es hades w ou ld be pa in ted in s equence f rom the l igh tes t to thedarke s t o r v ice ve r s a . Th i s me tho d i s no t the mos t p r ac t i ca lno r the s im p les t s ince i t r equ i r es more s hades o f pa in t a nd a gooddea l more t ime to app ly than i s o rd ina r i ly ava i l ab le . There a r et w o o t h er m e t h o d s: t h e " S T E P T E C H N I Q U E " a n d t h e" D R A G A W A Y T E C H N I Q U E . " E a c h m e t h o d , w i t h a l it tl ep rac t i ce , can be ve ry f as t and e f f ec t ive . . Each m ethod r equ i r ess ome p rac t i ce and s k i ll in hand l ing the s p ray gun . Bo th metho dsa re know n as " fogg in g" o r " f ad ing o f f " w i th s pa t t e r . A s ol idcoa t , genera l ly the l igh tes t g r ay , i s f i r s t app l i ed . A s pa t t e r ingo f a da rke r s hade i s then s p rayed in s ucces s ive d imin i s h inga m o u n t s o v e r th e s ol id c oa t . " D i m i n i s h i n g a m o u n t s " m e a n stha t f ew er and f ew er o f the t iny s pecks o f pa in t w h ich go tom a k e u p t h e e n t i r e s p r a y a c t u a l l y r e a c h t h e s u r fa c e b e in g p a i n t e d .

T h e S T E P T E C H N I Q U E m e t h o d i s u s ed w h e n t h e w in d isb low ing across the l ine o f g r ada t ion . The s pa t t e r ing i s done by

t r ack ing the gun a g iven d i s t ance on the f i r s t s t r oke and thenfar the r away on each succeeding s troke. (See f ig. 12 on which isw r i t t e n S T E P T E C H N I Q U E . )

W hen the w ind i s b low ing along the l ine o f g r ada t ion , u s e theD R A G A W A Y S T R O K E T E C H N I Q U E (f ig . 1 3) . A f u r t h e rr e fi n em e n t i n t h e D R A G A W A Y S T R O K E T E C H N I Q U E i s t h ema nner o f r e leas ing the t r igger o f the s p ray gun . The t r iggers hou ld be r e leas ed be fo re the end o f each s t roke .

Befo re s t a r t ing a s pa t t e r ed g r ada t ion , check up on the d i r ec -t ion o f the w ind and be s u re the undercoa t i s r igh t ( f ig . 14 ) .W hen pa in t ing i s done as in f igu re 14 , w h ich i s p roper , the w ind

S TR OK ES T E PT E C H N I Q U E

W I N D

w il l he lp you becaus e i t w i l l b low a fog l ike s pa t t e r o f pa in t w herei t f ades ou t . Bu t i f f ogg ing aga in s t the w ind i s a t t em p ted o r the

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wr o n g u n d e r c o a t i s l e f t u n c h a n g e d t h e w in d w i l l b lo w th e p a in tt h e wr o n g wa y u n d e r su c h c i r c u m s ta n c e s . I t w i ll b e im p o ss ib l eto g e t a sm o o th g r a d a t i o n , a n d b e s id e s m o r e p a in t w i ll b e sp r a y e din t h e f a c e s o f t h e p a in t e r s t h a n o n t h e sh ip .

W h a t h a s b e e n sa id so f a r i s f u n d a m e n ta l . Contr o l led s p r aytechnique for g ood smooth grading is one of the most imp ortan trequirements for all submarine concealment measures.

f . . f .Figure 1 5 ~ ~

GRAY UNDERCOATBLACK SPATTER DULL BLACK UNDERCOATGRAY SPATTERWIND = t WIND

BLACK (DB) UNDERCOATGRAY SPATTER GRAY UNDERCOAT ~icj~r~ ~DULL BLACK SPATTERA v e r y im p o r t a n t sp a t t e r a r e a o n a l l su b m a r in e s i s t h a t r e -

q u i r e d f r o m th e m a in d e c k t o t h e s id e s o f t h e b o a t . I n t h e o ldm e a su r e 3 2 / 3SSB a 2 - f o o t m a r g in wa s m a d e u s in g d u l l b l a c k No .1 0 4 al l a r o u n d t h e o u t e r r im o f t h e f l a t p o r t i o n o f t h e m a in d e c k .T h i s two - f o o t b o r d e r h a s n o w be e n e l im in a t e d . Du l l b l a c k w il ls t i l l b e u se d t o sh a d e f r o m th e o u t e r e d g e o f t h e m a in d e c k t og r a y o n t h e si d e. Assu m e th a t t h e s i d e i s a l r e a d y p a in t e d w i thNo . 2 7 i n a so l i d c o a t wh ic h e x t e n d s n o t o n ly o n t h e v e r t i c a ls i d e b u t a l so o n t h e r o u n d " tu m b le h o m e " o r sh o u ld e r t o wa r dthe f la t por t ion o f the m ain deck ( f ig . 15) . Assum e a lso tha tt h e w in d i s e i t h e r f r o m th e b o w o r s t e r n , i n wh ic h c a se t h eS T E P T E C H N I Q U E i s u s e d. T h e fi r st s t r ok e th e n s ho u l d b e

with the gun c lose to the edge o f the last f la t por t ion o f them a in d e c k a n d p o in t e d d i r e c t l y d o wn wa r d . T h e s t r o k e w il l b ef r o m b o w to s t e r n o r f ro m s t e r n t o b o w, d e p e n d in g o n t h e d i r ec -t ion o f the wind ( f ig . 15) . The nex t s t roke should be madewi th t h e g u n n o t q u i t e so c lo se t o t h e b o a t so t h a t t h e sp a t t e ri s n o t q u i t e a so l i d c o a t ; b u t t h e g u n sh o u ld b e a im e d d i r e c t l ya t the sur face just the same ( f ig . 16) ; the d i rec t ion o f the s t rokeshould again be para l le l to the f i r s t , f rom bow to s tern o r v icev e r sa . Fo r e a c h su c c ee d in g s t r o k e t h e g u n is he ld a li t t l e f a r t h e rf r o m th e b o a t , b u t i n e a c h c a se a im e d d i r e c t l y a t t h e su r f a c eto be pain t ed ( f ig . 17) . Thro ugho ut the entire per iod o/eachstroke t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m th e b o a t i s n o t v a r i e d . T h u s , f o r t h ee n t i r e l e n g th of o n e s t r o k e t h e sp a t t e r i s e ve n . B y t h e t im e t h e

BLACK\ x

Fgure 17.

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p la c e i s r e a c h e d wh e r e t h e g u n i s p o in t i n g i n a h o r i z o n t a l l i n e( th a t i s , a t t h e p o in t wh e r e t h e c u r v e d p o r t i o n o f t h e sh o u ld e rjo in s t h e s t r a ig h t u p a n d d o wn s id e ) , n o sp a t t e r sh o u ld b e r e a c h -in g th e b o a t . T h e sp a t t e r sh o u ld s t o p a l i tt l e b e fo r e t h e g u n issh o o t in g d i r e c t l y o u twa r d b e c a u se wh e n sh o o t in g d i r e c t l y o u t -wa r d a c e r t a in a m o u n t o f sp r a y w i l l g o b e lo w th e p o in t o f a im .

W h e n th e w in d i s b lo win g , n o t f r o m th e b o w o r s t e r n , b u ta c r o ss t h e b o a t , t h i s sh o u ld e r is b e t t e r p a in t e d w i th t h e D r a g -Awa y S t r o k e T e c h n iq u e a s d e sc r ib e d i n f i g u r e 1 3 .

W h e n th e w in d i s b lo win g u p wa r d , g r a y m u s t b e u se d f o r t h esp a t t e r ( f ig . 1 8 ) . W h e n th e w in d i s b lo win g d o wn w a r d b l a c km u s t b e u se d f o r t h e sp a t t e r ( f ig . 1 9 ) . W h e n th e r e i s a d o wn

WIND

SPATTERWITH STRoI

SPATTERWITHBLACK

Figure 18. Qm~e 19

d r a f t n e a r t h e b o w th e r e i s a s e r io u s d a n g e r o f g e t t i n g t h e sp a t t e rtoo low ( f ig . 20) ; tha t i s , be low a ver t ica l su r face , fo r here ther o u n d e d sh o u ld e r d o e s n o t s t o p a t t h e v e r t i c a l s i d e b u t c u t s b a c ku n d e r . T h i s sh o u ld e r c a n ' t b e p r o p e r ly g r a d e d f ro m th e d e c kwi th o u t a n e x t e n s io n a r m f o r t h e g u n . A l l su b m a r in e t e n d e r sa r e g e t t i n g e x t e n d e rs . Ho we v e r , i f n o e x t e n d e r s a re a v a i l a b l e ,wo r k m u s t b e f r o m th e p i e r o r f r o m a p l a t f o r m r i g g e d o n a p u n to r ra f t . Pa in t e r s m u s t g e t u p h ig h t o g e t t h e sp r a y g u n c lo seto t h e b o a t a n d a im i t in t h e r i g h t d i r e c ti o n . T h i s r o u n d e d

DANGERAREA

BLACK

sh o u ld e r i s a m o s t r e v e a l i n g p a r t o n a su b m a r in e . W h e n i t i sn o t p r o p e r ly p a in t e d i t c a n r e v e a l t h e p r e se n c e o f t h e b o a te i t h e r o n t h e su r f a c e , a t p e r i sco p e o r sn o r k e l d e p th o r b e low wh e nn o o th e r p a r t o f t h e su b m a r in e c a n b e s i g h t e d . T h i s is r e c o g n i ze da s o n e o f t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t p a r t s t o p a in t , a n d a sm o o th j o b i sim p o ss ib l e u n l e s s t h e t e c h n iq u e i s u n d e r s to o d a n d t h e e f f o r t i sm a d e t o a c c o m p l i sh it . B u t t im e a n d e f f o r t h e r e p a y o f f.

As f a r a s t e c h n iq u e s a r e c o n c e r n e d , t h e r e i s a n o th e r p l a c e t h a tsh o u ld b e ca l l e d t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e p a i n t e r s - - t h e n e c k s o fp e r i sc o p e s a n d t h e i r s t r e a m l in e d f a i r i n g s a n d r a d a r m a s t s .T h e s e a re v e r y i m p o r t a n t a r e a s . T h e n e c k s ( th e u p p e r m o s t5 f e e t , a p p r o x im a te ly ) o f t h e p e r i sc o p e h a v e r e c e iv e d t h e m o s tu n o r th o d o x p a in t j o b s im a g in a b l e in t h e p a s t . I t wa s f o u n dth a t a p e ri sc o p e t h a t h a d b e e n p r o p e r ly p a in t e d wa s m u c h ,m u c h h a r d e r t o s e e a n d o f t e n u n se e n b y a v i a to r s c lo se a b o a r d .O n e b a d ly p a in t e d sc o p e c o u ld b e se e n m o r e t h a n 10 times asfa r a s a we l l p a in t e d o n e , o n a n a v e r a g e o f s e v e r a l o b se r v a t i o n s .T h e r e i s o n ly o n e r i g h t wa y t o p a in t t h e se , a n d t h e s t r e a m -l i n e d e n v e lo p e s t h a t a r e b e in g i n s t a l l e d a s f a i r i n g a r o u n d t h ep e r i sco p e s o f t h e n e we r b o a t s . T h i s p a in t i n g d e s ig n wa s a r r i v e da t a f t e r m a n y t e s t s a n d m u s t b e c a r e f u l l y f o l lo we d . T h e wa yto p a in t a p e r i sc o p e o r i t s f a i r i n g i s t o c o v e r i t so l id ly w i th Ha z eG r a y . T h e n d a r k s p o ts o f N a v y G r a y a r e a d d e d , i r r e g u la r l yp l a c e d w i th p l e n ty o f sp a c e b e twe e n t h e m . Ab o u t a t h i r d o f

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the periscope neck or fairing should be covered with dark spotsand two-thirds of the Haze Gray left exposed. These spotsshould be about the. size, roughly, of the palm of one's hand,never less than three inches and not more than eight inches inany one dimension. The spots should be solid in the core andfogged out toward the sides. Each spot can generally be madewith one shot of the gun by squeezing the trigger and releasingit quickly. The gun should be about 10 to 14 inches away fromthe scope depending on the pressure in the gun. When spotsare made too big and placed too close together they will mergein a short distance in to a solid dark gray. If the spots are notbig enough or placed too far apart, the periscope will look solidgray at a short distan ce--too light. The idea is to break up theperiscope neck so th at i t will look spot ty. This has the bestchance of concealment among the light and dark areas of thewaves. There is no chance to change the shade of the periscopeneck for every condition of sea, but this broken pattern has beenfound to be the best way to pai nt a periscope neck and th estreamlined fairing for all conditions.

Since two of the old measures are being retained, the so-calledlight gray and dark gray jobs of World War II, which are nowdesignated as SS 27 F and SS 17 F respectively, attention iscalled to one thing that has become an all too common fault,namely, the quick change from the gray on the side to the black

\DECK ~BLACK

AFTER EXHAUSTPORT

DULL BLACK

Figure 21.

jS ~/]

at the stern. In many cases a sharp, hard, diag onal line wasmade to go from main deck downward and slightly aft to thepressure hull. Inste ad of a hard, sharp line, there should' be agradual gradation . On the light measure SS 27 F, the grada tionfrom the gray to the black should be accomplished over a longdistance, namely, the entire distance from the after exhaust po rtbecoming solid black when it gets almost to the end of the flatside (fig. 21). On the darke r measures the gradati on can sta rta little farther aft but there should always be a gradual change.See illustrations on this.

Another difficult but very important part to grade off is thecurved surface of the sail of a guppy which starts at the maindeck and goes up (fig. 22). In most of the gupp y boats this is asharp little curve at the most forward portion (fig. 22a), and amore gradual curve where the after portion joins the main deckIt is difficult to describe precisely how much of a spattershould be used or how far u p it sh oul d be carried because itvaries aroun d the base of the sail. The lowest par t can bepainted almost solid dull black and the spatter carried up and

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//

v e r y g r a d u a l l y t a p e r e d o f f u n t i l a b o u t 2 f e e t a b o v e t h e m a ind e c k n e a r t h e f o r wa r d p o r t i o n o f t h e f a i r wa te r ( f ig . 2 2 a ) . B u tth e u p p e r p o r t i o n o f t h i s 2 f e e t sh o u ld c o n t a in v e r y l i t t l e sp a t t e r .T h e f a d e - o f f m u s t b e g r a d u a l . T h e a f t e r p o r t i o n ( f ig . 2 2 a ) o ft h e f a i r w a t e r h a s a ro u n d e d a r e a t h a t f a c e s u p w a r d a n d o u t w a r da l l t h e wa y u p t o t h e b r id g e o p e n in g l e v e l, so h e r e i t is n e c e ssa r yto c a r r y a sm a l l a m o u n t o f sp a t t e r a l l t h e wa y u p a lo n g t h e" sp in e " t o t h e b r id g e o p e n in g l e v e l .

T h e r e i s a lso a v e r y im p o r t a n t s e c t i o n wh e r e t h e f l a t p o r t i o no f t h e b r id g e o p e n in g l e v e l c u r v e s o u twa r d a n d d o wn wa r d t ojo in the s ide o f the b r idge ( f ig . 23a) ; a lso whe re th is levelc u r v e s i n wa r d a n d u p wa r d t o j o in t h e h ig h e r p o r t i o n o f t h e sa i l( fi g. 2 3 b ) . An o th e r p l a c e wh ic h m u s t b e c a r e f u ll y h a n d l e d w i tha g r a d e d sp a t t e r o n t h e r im i s t h e t o p m o s t p a r t o f t h e sa i l( fi g . 2 4 ) . No te t h a t t h i s t o p m o s t p a r t w i l l b e n e a r e s t t o t h esu r f a c e of t h e se a wh e n t h e b o a t i s su b m e r g e d . T h e r e a r e

o c c a s io n a l l y t im e s wh e n b o a t s a r e a t sh a l l o w k e e l d e p th s a n dwi sh t o m o r e o r l e s s s t a n d b y , p o ss ib ly a f t e r a n a p p r o a c h t o aposi t ion o r in ly ing of f some coast . In such a case the are aso f t h e b o a t n e a r e s t t h e su r f a c e m a y e a s i l y b e se e n i f n o t p r o p e r lyp a in t e d .

T h e m o r e a su r f a c e s l o p e s u p wa r d , t h e d a r k e r i t sh o u ld b ea n d i f i t i s a g r a d e d su r f a c e t h e d a r k e s t p o r t i o n o f t h e sp a t t e rsh o u ld f a c e m o r e n e a r ly u p wa r d .

No te a g a in t h a t i n so m e c a se s i t w i l l b e n e c e ssa r y t o c h a n g eth e sh a d e o f t h e b a s i c u n d e r c o a t i n g i n o r d e r t o a p p ly a sp a t t e ro th e r t h a n b l a c k . Fo r e x a m p le , i f b l a c k sp a t t e r h a s b e e n c a rr i e dtoo far o r i f i t i s too so l id , because o f wind in ter ference o r fo rso m e o th e r r e a so n , i t w i l l b e n e c e ssa r y t o g o b a c k o v e r t h e a r e awi th a g r a y sp a t t e r i n t h e i n v e r se o r d e r to c o r r e c t i t , o r t o p a in tt h e wh o le u n d e r su r f a c e b l a c k a n d t h e n g o b a c k o v e r i t w i th agra y spat te r ( f ig . 14) . Th is wi l l requ ire the cha nging of thesh a d e o f p a in t i n t h e sp r a y g u n . Fo r t h i s a n d o th e r re a so n s ,su c h a s t h e d i ff i c ul t ie s o f g e t t i n g g o o d p r e s su r e p o t s a n d k e e p in gth e m in g o o d o r d e r , a n d t h e b o th e r o f l u g g in g t h e se h e a v yp r e s su r e p o t s a r o u n d t h e b o a t , i t h a s b e e n f o u n d m u c h e a s i e r t ou se t h e sm a l l q u a r t c u p g u n s . I t i s a l so e a s ie r to c l e a n a c u pg u n a n d c h a n g e t h e sh a d e o f p a in t i n t h e g u n t h a n t o c h a n g eth e p a in t i n a p re s su r e p o t . T h e o r e t i c a l l y , p r e s su r e p o t s s a v et im e b u t t h i s s e ld o m wo r k s o u t i n t h e a c tu a l p a in t i n g o f su b -m a r in e s . Af t e r t h e p a in t i n a q u a r t c u p i s u se d u p , t o r e fi l l i tt a k e s v e r y l i t tl e t im e . P r o f e s s io n a l p a in t e r s g e n e r a l l y p r e f e rt h e se q u a r t c u p g u n s t o h e a v y p i~e ssu r e p o t s . T h i s a p p l i e se sp e c i a l ly t o su b m a r in e p a in t i n g . T h e u se o f p r e s su r e p o t s isf i n e f o r l a r g e sh ip s wh e r e c h a n g e o f t h e sh a d e o f p a in t i s s e ld o mn e c e ssa r y a n d wh e r e t r e m e n d o u s ly l a r g e su r f a c e s a r e c o v e r e d .

I f p a in t h a s n o t b e e n s t r a in e d , i t w i l l c l o g u p t h e g u n a n d

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m a k e i t s p i t ir r e g u l a r l y . Th i s m a k e s a g o o d g ra d e i m p o s s i b l e .I f t h e g u n s p i t s o r b e c o m e s c l o g g e d , i t w i l l b e n e c e s s a ry t o s t o pa n d c l e an i t a n d t o r e s t r a i n t h e p a i n t ; t h e r e i s n o o t h e r a n s w e r .T h e r e i s n o t h i n g m o r e a n n o y i n g t h a n t o h a v e a t o o l t h a t d o e s n ' tw o r k w e l l , a n d t h a t g o e s f o r p a i n t i n g " t o o l s " a s w e l l a s a n yo t h e r s . K e e p p a i n t s p r a y g u n s c l e an a n d i n g o o d w o r k i n g c o n -d i t i o n a n d l e a r n h o w t o u se t h e m . T h e n p a i n t i n g c an b e f u ni n s t e a d o f a " p a i n i n t h e n e c k . " T h e f i n e s t g r a d e d w a s h e s i n

a l l c o m m e r c i a l a r t w o r k a r e d o n e w i t h a t y p e o f a ir s p r a y e q u i p -m e n t c a l l e d a i r b r u s h e s. Y o u r s p r a y g u n s a r e b u i lt o n t h e s a m ep r i n c i p l e s e x a c t l y - - t h e y a r e j u s t b i g g e r f o r a m a n - s i z e d j o b .L e a r n t o c o n t r o l t h e a i r a n d t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e s u r f a c e .W h e n t h e g u n i s c l e a n a n d a i r p re s s u re i s r i g h t , l i t t l e o r n ot h i n n i n g i s n e c e s s a ry . Th i s w i l l g i v e a m o re l a s t i n g p a i n t j o b ,t w o - t o - o n e , o v e r p a i n t w h i c h h a s b e e n d i l u t e d t o o m u c h w i t ht h i n n e r .

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M E A SU R E S S 17 G WITHDETAILS O COVERANTI-SUBMARINEUBMARINESN OTE. - - " How to U s e a S p ray Gun to Ge t S pec ia l S ubmar ine

Concea lmen t Ef f ec t s , " pages 20 to 27 , s ha l l be r equ i r ed r ead ingfo r a l l pa in te r s be fo re s t a r t ing to pa in t th i s meas u re .

(A ) Word Description. O c e a n G r a y ( 5 - 0 ) S t o ck N o . G 5 2 -P -965 , i s the bas ic s hade fo r th i s meas u re and s ha l l be app l i edto the ve r t i ca l s ides f rom the p r es s u re hu l l to the topmos t pa r to f the boa t excep t a s he r ea f t e r no ted and s how n on the i l lu s t r a -t ions fo r th i s meas u re .

Haze G ray (5 -H) S tock N o . G52-P -961 , s ha l l be app l i ed toa l ! o f the ve r t i ca l o r nea r ly ve r t i ca l s u r f aces tha t a r e in s ide theb r idge s t ruc tu r e and to a l l s u r f aces 6 inches o r more in s ide l im-ber ho les tha t can be r eached by a pa in te r s t a t ioned nea r thew ate r l ine ou t s ide the boa t , and to the top o f the hu l l tha t i scovered by the s uper s t ruc tu r e .

Haze G ray (5 -H) s ha l l a l s o be u s ed in s ide the b r idge w herew h i te o r deck b lack do no t app ly and in s ide the f a i rw a te r " s a i l "f rom the top o f the s a i l dow nw ard fo r 3 f ee t . (Be low th i s l eve lwhite is used.)

Haze G ray (5 -H) s ha l l a l s o be app l i ed in s o l id coa t to pe r i -s cope necks and s t r eam l ined pe r i s cope f a i rings a s the backg roun ds hade fo r the da rk s po t t ing .

N a vy G ray (5 -N ) S tock N o . G52 -P -963 , s ha l l be u sed fo rthe da rk s po t s on pe r i s cope necks and f a i r ings . How to pa in tthe pe r i s copes i s des c r ibed on page 24 and a l s o i l lu s t r a ted .

D eck P a in t M ix tu re s ha l l be app l i ed to a l l decks excep t onthe rounded edges w here D u l l B lack N o . . 104 i s u s ed as l a t e rdes c r ibed and i l lu s t r a ted .

D u l l B lack N o . 104 s ha l l be app l i ed to a l l rounded s u r f acesf ac ing genera l ly upw a rd inc lud ing the rounde d edges o f decks ,the up tu rne d round ed s u r f aces o f r ada r , the rou nded top o fs onar domes , top o f s no rke l , a l l hand r a i l s , the top o f the p r es -

s u re hu l l s , and t a nks be tw een the low w ate r l ine and s uper -s t ruc tu r e .

D u l l B lack N o . 104 may a l s o be u s ed fo r mak ing the s pa t t e rg rada t ions f rom du l l b lack a r eas to l igh te r a r eas a s i l lu s t r a tedfo r th i s meas u re .

W h i te N o . 6 , S tock N o . G 52-P -5305 , s ha l l be app l i ed in s o lidcoa t to the overhead and to a l l o the r a r eas o f the b r idge excep tthos e po r t ions w h ich may become expos ed to the d i r ec t r ays o fthe s un .

W hi te N o . 6 s ha l l a l s o be app l i ed in s o l id coa t to the s hea r s ,b r aces , s ides , and a l l o the r s t a t ionary s u r f aces in s ide the s a i l upto th r ee f ee t f rom the top o f the sa i l . Th i s exc ludes r ada ran tennae , s no rke l , and pe r i s copes .

W h i te N o . 6 s ha l l a l s o be app l i ed to the in te r io r o f the s uper -s t ruc tu r e above the hu l l and be low the main deck ( fo rw ard o fthe conn ing tow er ) , inc lud ing the under s ide o f the ma in deckand the in te r io r o f the s ides . A f t o f the conn ing tow er , in s idethe s uper s t ruc tu re , i s un im por tan t . W hi te s ha l l not be app l i edto the top o f the hu l l , even benea th the main deck .

S norke l exhaus t ba f f l e p la te s : The top of thes e p la tes , tha t i sthe ho r izon ta l s u r f ace w h ich f aces upw ard , s ha l l be pa in ted bybrush w ith D u l l B lack N o . 104 , S tock N o . G52-P -50 7 5 . Theunder s ide o f thes e p la tes s ha l l be pa in ted by brush w i t h p u r e

tw hi te , S tock N o . G52-P -5305 .(B ) Effectiveness and Suitability. A f te r obs e rva t ions o f

more than 2 yea r s in compar i s on w i th boa t s pa in ted l igh te r andpa in te d da rke r , th i s mea s u re has p roved to be ve ry e f f ec t ive bo thfo r s ubmerged opera t ions and fo r day t ime s u r f aced opera t ions ,w i th emphas i s on s ubmerged . A l l s ubm ar ines a r e ha rd to p ickup in i t i a l ly w hen s ubm erged un les s they hav e been ca r e les s lypa in te d w i th l igh t a r eas upw ard ly expos ed . A boa t pa in te d

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w i t h t h i s m e a s u r e i s h a r d t o f o l l o w e v e n w h e n o n e s e e s i t s u b -m e r g e , a n d t h e h a r d e r s t il l t o p i c k u p a g a i n w h e n c o n t a c t h a so n c e b e e n l o s t , e v e n t h o u g h t h e b o a t r e m a i n s a t a k e e l d e p t ho f 8 0 f e e t d u r i n g g o o d l i g h t, se a , a n d w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s . H o w -e v e r , u n d e r t h e m o s t f a v o r a b l e s i g h t i n g c o n d i t i o n , g l a s s y s m o o t hs e a , s u n b e t w e e n 5 0 a n d 7 5 a l t i t u d e a n d b e h i n d t h e o b s e r v e r ,t h e s e b o a t s h a v e b e e n f o l l o w e d d o w n t o d e p t h s a r o u n d 1 2 0 f e e t .T h e y a r e a l m o s t n e v e r d e t e c t e d o r i g i n a l l y b y v i s u a l s i g h t in g ss u b m e r g e d a n d t h e c h a n c e o f s o d o i n g i s a b o u t o n e i n f i f ty .T h i s p a i n t m e a s u r e i s n o t a s a p t t o b e s i g h t e d o n t h e s u r f a c e a sd a r k e r b o a t s , b u t o n t h e o t h e r h a n d c a n b e s e e n a l i t t le m o r ee a s i l y a n d a l i t t l e d e e p e r , u n d e r f a v o r a b l e s i g h t i n g c o n d i t i o n s ,t h a n a b o a t p a i n t e d d a r k e r a s i n m e a s u r e s S S 1 1 G or S S 7 G .W h e n s i g h t e d o n t h e s u r f a c e i t a p p e a r s t o o d a r k a b o u t a s o f t e na s i t a p p e a r s t o o l i g h t . B e l o w t h e s u r f a c e , m o r e o f t e n i t i s t o of i g h t . S i n c e m o s t o f t h e c o n t a c t s s t il l a p p e a r t o b e m a d e o ns u r f a c e d s u b m a r i n e s , i t i s f e l t t h a t t h i s m e a s u r e o f f er s t h e g r e a t e s ta l l - a r o u nd a d v a n t a g e f o r g u p p y a n d s n o r k e l s u b m a r i n e s t h a ts p e n d a n y t i m e a t a l l o n t h e s u r fa c e . H o w e v e r , t h e s e l e c t io no f t h i s o r o f o n e o f t h e t w o d a r k e r m e a s u r e s h e r e i n a f t e r d e s c r i b e di s e n t i r e l y u p t o t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e C h i e f o f N a v a l Op e r a t i o n s ,F l e e t a n d F o r c e C o m m a n d e r s . A t t e n t i o n i s h e r e i n v i t e d t o t h ef a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e n o d i f fe r e nc e s in t h e m a n n e r o f p a i n t i n gh o r i z o n t a l u p t u r n e d s u r f a c e s . T h e d i f f e r en c e s a r e v e r y s l i g h tf o r i n t e r m e d i a t e s l o p e s a n d m a r k e d l y d i f f e r e n t o n l y o n t h es u r f a c e s t h a t a r e v e r t i c a l o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y s o.

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MEASURE SS II G NoT~..--"How To Use a Spray Gun To Get Special Sub-marine Concealment Effects ," pages 20 to 27, shall be requiredreading for all painters before starting to paint this measure.

(A) W o r d d e s cr i p t i o n . Outside Gray No. 11, Stock No.G52-P-5086-5, is the basic shade for this measure and shall beapplied to the vertical sides from the pressure hull to the top'most part of the boat except as hereafter noted and shown onthe illustrations for this measure.

Haze Gray (5-H), Stock No. G52-P-961, shall be applied toall of the vertical or nearly vertical surfaces that are inside ofthe bridge structure and to all surfaces six inches or more insidelimber holes that can be reached by a painter stationed nearthe water line outside the boat, and to the top of the hull thatis covered by the superstructure.

Haze Gray (5-H) shall also be used inside the bridge wherewhite or deck black do not apply.

Haze Gray (5-H) shall be applied in solid coat to periscopenecks and streamlined periscope fairings as the background shadefor the dark spotting.

Navy Gray (5-N), Stock No. G52-P-963, shall be used forthe dark spots on periscope necks and fairings. How to painta periscope is described on page 24 and also illustrated.

Dull Black No. 104 shall be applied to all rounded surfacesfacing generally upward including the rounded edges of decks,the upturned rounded surfaces of radar, the rounded top of

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so n a r d o m e s , t o p o f sn o r k e l , a l l h a n d r a i l s , t h e t o p o f t h e p r e s -su r e h u l ls , a n d t a n k s b e twe e n t h e l o w wa te r l i n e a n d su p e r -s t ruc tu re .

Du l l B l a c k No . 1 0 4 m a y a l so b e u se d f o r m a k in g t h e sp a t t e rg r a d a t i o n s f r o m d u l l b l a c k a r e a s t o l i g h t e r a r e a s a s i l l u s t r a t e df o r t h i s m e a su r e .

W h i t e No . 6 , S to c k No . G 5 2 - P- 5 3 0 5 , sh a l l b e a p p l i e d i n so l i dc o a t t o t h e o v e r h e a d a n d t o a l l o th e r a r e a s o f t h e b r id g e e x c e p tth o se p o r t i o n s wh ic h m a y b e c o m e e x p o se d t o t h e d i r e c t r a y sof the sun .

W h i t e No . 6 sh a l l a lso b e a p p l i e d i n so l i d c o a t t o t h e sh e a r s ,b r a c e s , s i d e s , a n d a l l o th e r s t a t i o n a r y su r f a c e s i n s id e t h e sa i lu p t o t h r e e f e e t f ro m th e t o p o f t h e sa i l . T h i s e x c lu d e s r a d a ra n t e n n a e , sn o r k e l, a n d p e r isc o p e s.

W h i t e No . 6 sh a l l b e a p p l i e d t o t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e su p e r -s t r u c tu r e a b o v e t h e h u l l a n d b e lo w th e m a in d e c k ( f o r wa r d o fth e c o n n in g t o we r ) i n c lu d in g t h e u n d e r s i d e o f t h e m a in d e c ka n d t h e i n t e r i o r o f t h e s i d e s . Af t o f t h e c o n n in g to we r , i n s id eth e su p e r s t r u c tu r e , i s u n im p o r t a n t . W h i t e sh a l l n o t b e a p p l i e dto t h e t o p o f t h e h u l l , e v e n b e n e a th t h e m a in d e c k .

Sn o r k e l e x h a u s t b a f f l e p l a t e s : T h e top o f th e se p l a t e s , t h a t i s ,t h e h o r i z o n t a l su r f a c e wh ic h f a c e s u p wa r d , sh a l l b e p a in t e d b ybrush wi th Du l l B l a c k No . 1 04 , S to c k No . G5 2 - P - 5 0 75 . T h e

under s id e o f t h e se p l a t e s sh a l l b e p a in t e d b y b r u sh w i th Pu r eW h i t e , S to c k No . . G5 2 - P- 5 3 0 5 .

(B ) Effectiveness and Suitability. T h i s m e a su r e g o e s a l lo u t f o r c o n c e a lm e n t su b m e r g e d . I t a c c e p t s t h e g r e a t e r p o ss ib i l it yo f d e t e c t io n o n t h e su r f a c e a t n ig h t , wh ic h i s a v e r y s l im p o ss ib i l it ya n d a c c e p t s t h e g r e a t e r p o ss ib i l i t y o f su rf a c e d e t e c t i o n d u r in gm o s t o f t h e d a y l i g h t o r tw i l i g h t . T h i s m e a su r e i s h a r d e r t ose e a l so f r o m s t e e p d o wn wa r d a n g l e s w i th t h e su n b e h in d t h eo b se r v e r t h a n m e a su r e SS 1 7 G , t h e s i d e s o f t h e l a t t e r b e in gm o r e r e f l e c t a n t.

O n th e o th e r h a n d , t h i s m e a su r e i s e a s i e r t o s e e a n d c a n b ese e n t o g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e s t h a n SS 1 7 G wh e n su r f a c e d a t sm a l lg raz ing ang les , i . e. , to d is tan t o r low f ly ing aer ia l observersse a r c h in g t h e h o r i zo n . C o n se q u e n t ly , t h e r e i s so m e a p p r e c i a b l ein c r e a se i n t h e d e t e c t i o n p o ss ib i l i t y o n t h e su r f ac e , n e a r t h eh o r i z o n , o v e r m e a su r e SS 1 7 G . Du r in g c o m p a r a t i v e t e s t s ,su b m a r in e s p a in t e d w i th t h i s m e a su r e wh e n s ig h t e d we re , 9 7p ei~ce n t o f th e t im e , d a r k e r t h a n t h e i r b a c k g r o u n d . A m o r ec o m p le t e s t u d y o f p r e c i se ly h o w f a r t h e se su b m a r in e s c a n b ese e n b o th su r f a c e d a n d su b m e r g e d u n d e r v a r io u s c o n d i t i o n s o fl i g h t ,

Ship Concealment and Camoflage Instructions 1953

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Transcript of Ship Concealment and Camoflage Instructions 1953