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see Tobacco workers "Lunchpail" by Jerry Curley, 8:4: 10 Lundeberg, Gunnar, 8:3:15 Lundeberg, Harry, 8:2:12, 8:3:15 L'Union Italiana (The Italian Club)
Tampa, FL (Ybor City) (1918), 5: 1: 15il. Luvaas, Reva, 1 :3 :66il. Lyon, Patrick, 1: 1 :36il. M MIA Com, Lowell, MA, 6:3:cover, 6:3:56il. MacDonald, Jeff, 8:3:7 Machinists, 1: 1:4il., 1: 1:6, 1: 1: 11, 7:2:58-59il., 8:4:42il.
in East Liverpool, OH, 5:2:cover work conditions, 7:2:28
Machinists, International Association of(IAM), 3:3:59, 3:4:48, 6:2:14, 8:4:38, 8:4:69
and ACIU (Allegheny), 4:2:9, 4:2: 11 Division 3 (Southeast U.S.), 3:2:55-56 landmarks, 6:4:60-61 Local 598 (WV), 3 :3 :73 Lodge 10 (Richmond, VA), 3:2:55-56 and scientific management, 7:1:22, 7:2:21il. strikes:
Oakland General (1946), 8:2:4-5il. in Washington, 7:2:22
Machinists and Aerospace Workers, International Association of see Machinists, International Association of (IAM)
Mackay, James Calvin, 9:3:6il. MacNeal, Arthur, 3:3:30 "'Made in New Haven': Unionization and the Shaping of a Clothing Workers'
Community" by Frank R. Annunziato, 4:4:20-33 Madison County Workers' Memorial, Alton, IL, 6:4:59 Madison Square Garden, New York
(ca. 1920s), 6:2:28 Magat, Richard
"Grants for Labor: The Record of the Garland Fund and the Ford Foundation" with Gloria Garrett Samson, 8:4:58-77
Mahon, W.D., 2:2:67il. Mahoney, Timothy
author: "Treasures of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America: Memorabilia and Historical Records at the University of Maryland," 9: 1 :46-59
Mahoney, William, 9:4:30-31, 9:4:34ils., 9:4:37 Mailers Union, International
sources, 1 : 1 : 72
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Maine Department of Seashore Fisheries, 2: 1 :61 Maine Federation of Labor, 2: 1:50, 2: 1:58, 2: 1:60 "Maine Lobstermen and the Labor Movement: The Lobster Fishermen's
International Protective Association, 1907, 11 by Charles A. Scontras, 2: 1 :50-63
Maintenance of Way Employees, Brotherhood of, 6: 1 :48, 6:2:32, 8: 1 :8, 8:1:20, 8:1:23, 9:3:35
Majesky, Steve, 5:2:5lil. The Make-Up Man Statue, Washington, 6:4:50-52, 6:4:5lil. Malgren, Richard, 3 :2:37-38 Malmgreen, Gail
author: "Labor and the Holocaust: The Jewish Labor Committee and the Anti-Nazi Struggle," 3:4:21-36
Man Memorial Hospital, Logan County, WV, 3 :3 :68il. Man With a Pick, 9:3:10 Manhattan Island, New York
map (1844), 6:4:66il. Mann, Michael, 9:2:4-5il., 9:2: !Oil. Manual labor
New England late twentieth century, 6:3:40-57
Manumit School, Pawling, NY, 8:4:62 Maplecrest Turkey Packing Plant, Wellman, IA, 3: 1:20-3 lil., 3: 1:28-33,
3: 1 :29il., 3: 1 :32-33il., 3: 1:48-49il., 3: 1 :48-53 passim. Marcantonio, Vito, 1 :4:26il. March on Washington Movement (1941), 3:3:24, 4:3:27-28
flyer, 4:3:27il. March on Washington Movement (1963), 6:2:76il., 6:2:76-77
flyer, 4:3:28il. Margold, Nathan, 8:4:66 Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, Industrial Union of
sources, 9: 1:55 Marine Transport Workers, Federation of (MTW), 2:4:60-62 Mariner's Friendly Society Pitcher (1795), 3 :3 :cover Marinship Corporation, Sausalito, CA, 3 :2:70il. Maritime National Historic Park, San Francisco, 6:4:46 & ii. Maritime Union, National (NMU)
in Memphis, 4:1:62 and strike assistance (1948), 4:1:6lil.
Maritime workers, 6:4:53 landmarks, 6:4:5lil., 6:4:52il., 6:4:53 see Seamen
Market vendors in Florida (1981-95), 7:4:48il. Indianapolis (1908), 6: 1 :28il.
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Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6: 1 :28il. Markholt, Ottilie
author: "Boom Town Labor: Tacoma's Early Union Movement, 1883-1892," 3:3 :44-61 "The Last Hurrah: The 1892 Tacoma Labor Day Parade," 3:3:59
Marks, Seth, 1:2:18 Marsh, Fred Dana, 1 :3 :68 Marshall Plan
Paris office, 1 :4:68il. Martin, Homer, 2:3:43-44, 5:4:25-33 passim., 5:4:26il.
and Lovestonites, 5:4:26-28 and occupational safety and health, 3: 1 : 64
Martin, James A., 3: 3: 3 6il. Martinsburg B & 0 Railroad Roadhouses and Shop Complex, Martinsburg, WV,
6:4:62 Marx and Haas Clothing Company, St. Louis, 4:4:36il. Mason, Lucy Randolph, 3:2:59-60, 6:1:58-59, 6:3:2lil., 6:3 :24-39,
6:3 :26il. author:
The Churches and Labor Unions (1945), 6: 1:58 & il. Standards for Workers in Southern Industry, 6:3:24il.
and black workers, 6:3:27-29 and cotton textile industry, 6:3 :24-27 and NRA (National), 6:3:25il. and textile workers, 6:3:24-26, 6:3:35 and women workers, 6:3:30-31
Masonry Institute, International, 8:4:39 Masons, 1:3:35il.
strikes: Cuba (1899), 6:4:7
Mass media, 9:4:28 . see also Labor media Mass meetings
Boston seamen (1808), 2:4:13 Northeastern seamen (1808), 2:4:12-13 NYC seamen (1808), 2:4:9-10 Philadelphia seamen (1808), 2:4 :13-14
Mass transit see Streetcars
Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) formation, 4:3:8 report (1875), 4:3 :6-21 passim.
conclusions, 4: 3 : 19 methods, 4:3:12-15
Massachusetts Consumers League, 6:3 :26-39 passim. Massachusetts Federation of Labor, 1 : 2: 3 5, 5 :4 :44
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Mast, Fred, 1: 1 :4il. Mastex Industries, Holyoke, MA, 6:3: lil., 6:3 :50-5 lil. Match-makers
Gilded Age, 4:3:80il. Matejka, Michael G.
author: "Cooperative Local History Project," 1: 1 :22-23 author: "Shops' Whistle a Workers' Monument," 1: 1: 18-19
Mather Mine Disaster Monument, Mather, PA, 6:4:59 Mattress workers, 2: 1: 3 8, 2: 1 : 40 May Day, 7:4:28-41
and drinking, 7:4:34 as family celebration, 7:4:33-34 as fundraising event, 7 :4: 3 9 and immigrant workers, 7: 4: 3 0 observances
by Italian workers, 7:4:28il., 7:4:29il. in Barre, VT (ca. 1905), 7:4:36il. in Haledon, NJ (ca. 1915), 7:4:40il. in WV (1905), 7:4:28il., 7:4:29il. in WV (ca. 1905), 7:4:37il., 7:4:39il.
in Italy (1980), 7:4:3 lil. by multi-ethnic groups, 7:4:32 in Paterson, NJ, 7:4:32
origins, 7:4:29-30 origins of, 1 :2:62 and political speeches, 7:4:34 publications, 7 :4 :41 il. role in political education, 7:4:31 and strikes, 7: 4: 3 8 work abstention on, 7:4:35-36
May First -- Emigrants by Pietro Gori, 7:4:32-33il. McAdoo, William Gibbs, 6: I :62-63il., 6: 1 :67-69, 6: 1 :68il. Mccane, S.B., 6: I :55 McCarl, Robert, 1:3 :66il. McCollester, Charles J.
author: "Turtle Creek Fights Taylorism: The Westinghouse Strike of 1914," 4:2:4-27
McCormick, Cyrus, I, 4: 1 :7 McCormick, Cyrus, II, 4: 1 : 7-11, 4: 1: Sil. McCormick, Harold
and company unions, 4: 1 : 6-7 McCormick Club House, Chicago, 4: 1: 11 McCormick Tractor Works, Chicago, 4:1:4-5il.
Assembly line photo (1935), 4:1:26il.
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photo (ca. 1930), 4 :1:24-25il. Departmental Quality Contest (1929), 4: 1:23il. Works Council, 4: I: 13-26 passim.
McCormick Works, Chicago, 4: I :6-7il., 4: I: 12-13il. Assembly lines (ca. 1920), 4: I: I 6-17il. Forge Shop (ca. 1920), 4:1:15il. foundry (ca. 1920), 4: I : I 0-11 ii. Works Council, 4: I: 13-25 passim.
September 1927, 4 :1:14il. McCoy, Thomas P., 3:2:35-38 passim. McCoy Stadium, Pawtucket, RI, 3:2:37il. McCraith, August, I: I :69il. McCrea, Ed, 4: I: 60il., 4: I : 61 ii. McDevitt, Jim, 4 :4: 7 McDonald, David, 9:4:74 McDonald, Duncan, 3:4:50 McDonald David, 9:4:62il. McDowell, Mary, 3:3:28, 3:3:29il. McGhee, Roy, 3: I :68il. McGuire, Peter J., 4:3:8, 9:1:48, 9:1:48il., 9:1:54 McGuire (Peter) Memorial, Pennsauken, NJ, 6:4 :59 McGurty, Lawrence, 4: I: 61 ii. Mcintyre Mine Disaster Monument, Mcintyre, PA, 6:4:59 McKinley, William
presidential campaigns of 1896, 8:1:28 of 1900, 8:1:27, 8:1:28il., 8:1:36
presidential election of 1900, 1:3:38il, 1:3:40, 3:1:6 McLean, Lachland, 1: 1 :72 McMath, Robert C. Jr., "History by a Graveyard: The Fulton Bag and Cotton
Mills Records," 1:2:4-9 McMurphy, George E., 3:3:53, 3:3:56 McNeill, George E., 1:2:61il., 1:2:62 McNeill, George F., 4:3:8 McFarlan, James, 5:2:66il., 5:2:69il. Meacham, Stewart, 8:4:76 Meany, George, 1:4:69-70, 2:4:34-35, 5:4:54il., 6:2:75il., 7:4: 12, 7:4: 17,
7:4:60-62 at AFL-CIO constitutional convention, 9:3:31il. commemorative stamp, 2:4:34-43 passim. death, 2:4:35-36 and ILGWU (Garment) strike (1958), 5:3:26, 5:3:33 and Mississippi AFL-CIO, 4:4:8-9 views:
Eisenhower, Dwight D ., 8: I :39il.
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Ford Foundation, 8:4:70 Meany (George) Memorial Archives, Silver Spring, MD, 1:1:79, 4:3:32-33il.,
5:4:61-64, 6:4:52, 8:3:7-8, 8:3: 16-l 7il. conferences, 8:3 :8, 8:3 :9il., 8:3: 14il., 8:3: 14-15 exhibition: "Black Fridays: Faces from an American Dream" (1993),
5: 1 :79il. installation of entrance plaque (1987), 8:3:8il. library (1994), 8:3:7il. ties to other conserving institutions, 8:3:8
Meat cutters, 4:2:38-39il., 8:3:66-67il. Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen ofNorth America, Amalgamated, 8:4:71 .
see Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United (UFCW) Local 563 (Los Angeles), 8:1:8, 8:1:23 Local 566 (Peoria, IL)
sources, 3 :4:50 see also Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United
Meat industry see Chicken processing industry; Packinghouse industry
Meat packers, 4:2:38-39il., 8:3:58-59il., 8:3:62-63il., 8:3:64-65il., 9:2:34il., 9:2:59il., 9:2:60-6lil., 9:2:6lil., 9:2 :66il., 9:2:68il., 9:2:68-69il.. see also Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United (UFCW)
portrayed in dramatic presentations, 9:2:62il., 9:2:62-75 passim., 9:2:63il., 9:2:70-7lil.
strikes: Hormel, Austin (1933), 9:4:35il.
wages, 9:2:63-64, 9:2:66 work conditions, 9:2:68
Meatpacking industry. see Packinghouse industry see Packinghouse industry
Mechanics, 3: 3: 9, 8: 1: 40il. images and symbols, 3 : 3 : 51 ii.
Mechanics, Junior Order of United American in Richmond, VA, 3:2:56
Mechanics and Tradesmen, General Society of, 3:3:9-11 images and symbols, 3:3:1 Oil., 3 :3: l lil., 3:3:12il.
Mechanics and Tradesmen, New York Society of, 3:3:5lil. Mechanics' Bell, 6:4:64-71, 6:4:65il., 6:4:69il., 6:4:70il., 6:4:7lil. The Mechanics Fountain (1901), San Francisco, 9:3:9il., 9:3:10 Meilleur, Doris Jarrett, 8:1:58, 8:1:60, 8:1:62 Memorials
see Labor landmarks "Memories oriTrack: Paintings of a Railway Artist," by Mark Priest, 6:2 :30-
53 Memphis Public Works Strike (1968)
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see State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of (AFSCME) -- Local 1733 (Memphis)
Memphis Search for Meaning Committee, 8:3:40, 8:3:56 Memphis streetfront (1939), 4:1:58-59il. Memphis Strike of 1968 Monument, Memphis, TN, 6:4:59 Memphis Trades and Labor Council, 4: 1 :53 Men and Religion Forward Movement
in Atlanta, 1 :2:9 and Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills Strike (1914-15), 1:2:11-29 passim.
Mendelson, Drew, 9:4:35-37, 9:4:38il. Mendoza, Hope, 8: 1:8-22 passim., 8: 1:2lil., 8: 1:22il. Mendoza, Nora Chapa
author: 11 Trabajo de la Tierra -- Work of the Land: Images of the Migrant Worker," 7:2:35-55
paintings: Box Car Housing, 7:2:53il. Breaking Chains 11, 1960-1970, 7:2:42-43il. Campesino, 7:2:cover, 7:2:40il. Casa de Verano, 7:2:52-53il. Child Labor, 7:2:34-35il. Cultivating, 7:2:54-55il. El Cortito II, 7:2:46-47il. Employment Agency, 7:2:45il. Foreign Workers and Control, 1942-1950, 7:2:49il. Grapes (Wrath of Grapes), 7:2:41il. Lured to the North, 7:2:50-51il. Meandering Stream, 7:2:38-39il. Mexican Entry, 1917-1929, 7:2:80il. Migrant Condos, 7:2: lil. Operation Farmlift, 7:2:36-37il. Pecan-Shelling Industry, 7:2:48il. Women, 7:2:44-45il.
Menes, Robert, 9:3:42il. 11A Mennonite Woman in 'Thanksgiving Town': Edith Swartzendruber Nisly's
Work Experience, 1935-1941, 11 by Hope Nisly, 3:1:24-33, 48-53 Mennonites, 3:1:26-33, 3:1:48-53, 3:1:5lil.
church, 3: 1 :27il. Merchant marines
see Maritime workers Merchant Taylors Company, London, 3 :3 :6il. Mercury poisoning
and Danbury (CT) hatters, 2:3: 16-17il. and hat making, 2:3 :6-20 and New Deal, 2:3:16 symptoms, 2:3:14il., 2:3 :15
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treatment, 2:3: 10 and voluntarism, 2: 3 : 18
Merrimack Mill, Lowell, MA, 8:2:6lil. (ca. 1910), 8:2:77il. map (1912), 8:2:59il.
Mesaba Park, St. Louis County, MN, 6:4:62 Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges, MN
Ely, MN (ca. 1940), 5: 1:68-69il. map, 5: I :65il.
The Messenger, 4:3:25il. Messengers, 7: 2: 22il. Metal bed workers, 2: 1 :38 Metal Trades Council
in MS, 4:4: 17-18 Metal workers, 6:3 :48il.
(ca. 1940), 4:2:79il. images and symbols, 1 :2:39il. landmarks, 6:4:42-43il.
Metos, Chris S., 6:4:44il. Metropolitan Community Center, Chicago (1923), 3:3:27il. Mexican American workers
celebrations, 8: 1: 23 and civil rights, 8: 1 : 15 impact ofExecutive Order 8802 (1941), 8:1:10 in Los Angeles, 8: 1 : 6-23
celebrations, 8: 1 :6, 8: 1:7il., 8: 1: 16, 8: 1: l 7il., 8: 1: 18, 8: 1: 18il., 8: 1: 19il.
impact of 1948 elections, 8:1:16 impact of Communist purges (1949-50), 8:1:21
politicization of, 8:1:4-5il., 8:1:6-25 passim., 8:1:18 Michelson, Clarina, 8:4:60, 8:4:66 Michigan Federation of Labor, 5:4:33
and junior unions, 5: 1:30-31 Michigan Lumberman's Memorial, Tawes City, MI, 6:4:59 Micromotion study, 7:2:28, 7:2:57il.
and disabled workers, 7 :2:57il. "pure motions," 7:2:33 Simultaneous Motion Cycle Chart, 7:2:56 see also Cyclegraphs, Time-motion photographs
Middle class. see "Capital vs. labor" films; Clerical workers; Office workers
Migrant workers, 2:4:50-51, 2:4:51il., 2:4:53il., 7:2:34-35il., 7:2:36-37il., 7:2:38-39il., 7:2:40il, 7:2:4lil., 7:2:42-43il., 7:2:46-47il., 7:2:48il., 7 :2:49il., 7:2 :50-5lil., 7:2:54-55il.. see Itinerant laborers
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living conditions, 7:2: lil., 7:2:52-53il., 7:2:53il. sources, 1: 1:74 see also Agricultural workers; individual unions
Miles, Charles A., 1 :2: lOil. , 1:2:13-31 passim. Miley (J. Frank) Gravesite, Morgantown, WV, 6:4:59 Milian, Francisco, 5: 1 : 16-18 Militias, 7: 1: 52-63
in Great Strike of 1877, 8:4: l 7il. see also Houston Light Guard see also National Guard
"The Mill Was Made of Marble," 9:3 :30-37 passim., 9:3:35il. Mill workers
African-Americans, 2:2:9il. inMA(1875), 4:3:13 on picket, 2:2:4il.
Miller, Fannie, 3: 1 :24il. Miller, Henry, 3:4:6-7il., 3:4:8il., 3:4:8-13 passim. Miller, S., 9:1:18il. Miller, Sally M.
author: "Different Accents ofLabor, 11 2:3:62-75 Millinery Workers Union
Dallas, 5 :4: 6 Mills, John C., 3:3:24-25il., 3:3:27, 3:3:37il., 3:3:37-38, 3:3:43il. Mills, Lorraine, 5:4:50il. Millsfield (OH) Mine Disaster, 5:2:50 Millwrights, 6:3:46-47il., 9:3:43il. Milwaukee Industrial Union Council, 6:1 :13 Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, International Union of (IUMMSW), 2:3:34,
5: 1:69 hard rock mining, 6:2:20 landmarks, 6:4:63 Local 700 (Los Angeles), 8:1:8, 8:1:20 Local 890 (Bayard, NM), 1: 1 :70il. in Los Angeles
Communist purges (1949-50), 8:1:21 sources, 1: 1:68-71 union organization, 5: I : 64-65 see also Miners, Western Federation of (WFM)
Mine Safety and Health Administration sources, 3 :2:68
Mine workers, 1 :3 :66il., 2: 1: lil. images and symbols, 1: 1 :70il., I : I :72il., 1: 1:72-74, 1: 1:73il.
Mine Workers of America, Progressive (PMW A) Local 3 5 (IL)
landmarks, 6:4:36 & ii., 6:4:38
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sources, 3 :3 :66 Mine Workers of America, United (UMWA), 2:3:33-34, 4:4:36, 5:2:31, 5:2:50,
6:2:67-68, 6:2:68il., 6:2:69-70, 7: 1:9il., 7: 1 :24, 8:4:68, 9:3 :8 in Beckley, WV, 7: 1 :24 in Brookside, CO, 1:4: 11 and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:29, 2:2 :35 and company store, 2: 1:20 and convict-lease system, 7:2:64, 7:2 :65, 7:2:67-68 District 5 (Colliers, WV), 4:4:40
monument to Fannie Sellins, 4:4:35il. District 15, 1:4: 15il. District 29 (Beckley, WV), 3:3:68 District 3 1 (Morgantown, WV)
landmarks, 6:4:59 District Convention
Trinidad, CO (Sept. 1913), 1:4:12il. and factory inspection laws, 3 : 1 : 64 in IL
sources, 3:4:50-53 passim. and imprisonment of Fannie Sellins (1914), 4:4:41il., 4:4:42il. landmarks, 6:4:36, 6:4:58-61, 6:4:63 in Livingston, IL
and UGWA (Garment), 4:4:36 Local 7 (Panther Valley Region, PA), 9:4:54 Local 9 (Panther Valley Region, PA), 9:4:54 Local 728 (Virden, IL), 6:4:36 Local 1572 (Lanscoal, PA), 9:4:56 Local 4010 (Owings, WV), 3:3:74-75il. Local 6046 (Lochgelly, WV), 3 :3 :68 Local 6363, 9:2:36 Ludlow Massacre (1914), 1:4:4-5il., 1:4:18-21, 1:4:21, 1 :4:21il.,
1 :4:23il., 6: 1 :66, 6:2: 19, 6:4:28 landmarks, 6:4:3 lil., 6:4:59, 6:4:62 represented in film, 9:3 :68il., 9:3 :68-70, 9:3 :69il., 9:3 :?Oil.
Ludlow tent colony, CO, 1:4:4-20 passim., 1:4:12-13il., 1:4:19il. membership
1930s, 2:2:24 as model for SWOC (Steel), 9:4:62 and NIRA (National), 5:2:6, 5:2:10 and occupational safety and health, 3: 1 : 5 8-7 6 passim. in Panther Valley Region, PA, 9:4:58 parades:
Shenandoah, PA (1902), 7:3:8il. Wilkes-Barre, PA (1905), 7:3:4-5il., 7:3:8il.
and presidential campaigns, 8: 1 : 1 il.
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retirement funds, 3:3 :68il., 3:3:68-69il. songs, 7:3:4, 7:3:6, 7:3:9il., 7:3: 15 strike assistance
silk workers in PA (early 1900s), 7:3:11-12, 7:3:14 strikes:
in AL (1890s), 7:2:67-68 Allegheny and Kiskiminetas River Valleys, PA (1917), 4:4:42 Allegheny Coal, PA (1919), 4:4:43 Anthracite Coal (1902), 6:1:64, 6:1:65il., 6:2:19, 7:3 :6, 7:3:17
unifying effect of, 7: 3 : 8-10 Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902, 3: 1:4-23, 3: 1: 14-15il. Blair Mountain, WV (1921), 6:4:56 Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike (1913-14), 1:4:4-21, 1:4:4-23il. Colorado Fuel and Iron Strike (1913-1914), 6:2:19 Hitchman Coal and Coke Company, Wheeling, WV (1907), 4:4:39-41 Matewan, WV
landmarks, 6:4:58 northeastern PA (1900-1902), 7:3:10 Pittston Strike (1989)
South Clinchfield, VA, 4:2:52-53il. Virden, IL (1898), 6:4:36, 6:4:56, 6:4:63
landmarks, 6:4:36 & il., 6:4:38 West Virginia-Pittsburgh Company, Colliers, WV (1913-14), 4:4:39-41
Sunshine Mine Disaster, ID (1972), 6:4:28, 6:4:3 lil. and SWOC (Steel), 5:1:69, 5:2:16-18, 5:2:24, 9:4:75 and UGWA (Garment), 4:4:36-47 passim. union organization, 6:1:54-55, 6:1:57 Welfare and Retirement Fund
sources, 1 : 1 : 72 and workers' health insurance, 5:2:36 and World War I, 4:4:43 in WV
sources, 3: 3: 64 union organization, 3:3:64, 3:3:65il.
Miners, 3:1:12-13il., 3:1:22il., 3:3 :54-55il., 3:3:67il., 5:2:49il., 5:2:56-57il., 6:4:44-45il., 7: 1 :22, 7: 1:24-26, 9:2:32-47 passim., 9:4:49il., 9:4:50il., 9:4:51il., 9:4:52-53il.
1930s, 5:2:54il. anthracite, 3 : 1 : 5 7 il. in Appalachia
(1962), 7:l:lil., 7:1:23il. (1981), 7: 1:30-3 lil.
Bisbee Deportation, AZ (1917), 6:4:57, 9:3:71 bituminous coal
strikes:
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1919, 6:1:68 Castle Gate mine explosion, UT (1924), 6:4:44-45il., 6:4:46 in China (1986), 7:1 :40-4lil. coal, 9:2:38il., 9:2:39il., 9:2:40il., 9:2:46il. Coal Employment Project (1980s), 8:4:77il. coal towns, 9:2:33il. and convict-lease system, 7:2:64-65il., 7:2:64-75 in Cuba (1989), 7:1:28il., 7:1:46il. in Czechoslovakia (1990), 7:1:29il., 7:1:50-51il. dress, 7: 1:32il. families, 7:1:27il., 7:1:39il., 7:1:44il., 7:1:47il., 7:1:48il.,
7:1:5lil. family economy of, 7:3 :6, 7:3: 15-20 in film, 9:3:61, 9:3 :68-69, 9:3:69il. following lay-offs, 9:4 :56-57 inFrance(early 1980s), 7:l:cover, 7:1 :24il., 7:1:32-33ils. in Germany (1984), 7: 1 :28il., 7: 1 :38-39il. Huddleston Mine, Potts Valley, VA, 6:2: lil. images and symbols, 5:1:48-49, 5:1:49-5lils. images and symbols of, 9:2:cover, 9:2:33il., 9:2:37il., 9:2:38il.,
9:2:39il., 9:2:40il., 9:2:4lil., 9:2:42il., 9:2:43il., 9:2:44il., 9:2:46il., 9:2:47il., 9:2:80
and industrial unionism, 2:3 :24 iron, 5: 1:62-77, 5: 1:66-67il.
work conditions, 5: 1:62-63il., 5: 1:66-67il., 5: 1 :77il. jack leggers, 9:2:47il. landmarks, 6:4:44-45il., 6:4:49il., 6:4:49-50, 6:4:80il. leisure, 7: 1:26, 7: 1:29il., 9:4:50-51, 9:4:56il. living conditions, 6:2 :13, 6:2:18il. Los Angeles Aqueduct, 6:2:4-5il., 6:2: 12il. and May Day, 7:4:32, 7:4:36 in Mexico (1988), 7: 1:42-43ils., 7: 1 :44-45ils., 7: 1 :77il. monuments, 7: 1 :45il. paintings:
in Jerome, AZ (1937), 7:3 :40-4lil., 7:3:44-45il., 7:3:52il. in Morgantown, WV (1942), 7:3:44, 7:3 :53il.
Phelps Dodge, Bisbee, AZ (ca. 1910), 6:2:11il., 6:2:2lil. poetry, 7:3:4, 7:3 :6, 7:3:15 and scientific management, 6:2:13-16 in Scotland (1982), 7: 1:25il., 7: 1:28il., 7: 1:34-35il., 7: 1:80il. in Silver City, ID (1900), 2:3:22-23il. sources, 3:2:68, 3:3:64-69 in Spain (1983), 7: 1 :36-37ils., 7: 1 :74il. strikes:
Coeur d'Alene, ID (1892), 2:3:25, 8:4:32
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Columbine Massacre, Lafayette, CO (1927), 6:4 :57 Cripple Creek, CO (1894), 2:3:25, 2:3:28 IL (1919), 1:2:68 Leadville, CO (1880), 2:3:24 Panther Valley Region, PA
(1926), 9:4:51 (ca. 1938), 9:4:54
wildcat: Pittsburgh ( 1909), 3: 1: 5 8
Wilder, TN (1933), 5: 1:28-34 passim. and children's clubs, 5: 1:34
WV (1922), 8:4:60-61 union organization, 2:3 :24 in UT, 9:2:cover, 9:2:37il., 9:2:46il. wages, 6:2:l0-l6passim., 9:4:54 work conditions, 9:4:54 in WV, 3 :3 :62-63il., 3 :3 :64, 3 :3 :70-71il., 9:2:40il. in Zimbabwe (1989), 7: 1 :27il., 7: 1 :48-49ils., 7: 1 :65il.
Miners,' Mechanics,' and Laborers' Protective Association see Miners Union, Cooperative
Miners, Western Federation of (WFM), 2:3:22-36, 6: 1 :71, 6:2:4-21, 6:4:57 and AFL, 2:3:27, 6:2:14
re-merger (1911), 2:3:34 Arizona State Union (ASU), 6:2:6 and assassination of Frank Steunenberg, 2:3 :31, 6: 1:71 Coeur d'Alene, ID (1899), 2:3 :30-31 criminal activities, 2: 3: 31 il. Cripple Creek, CO (1903-1904), 2:3:28, 2:3:29il., 2:3:30 District 5, 2:3 :30 and eight hour movement, 2:3:27-28 Executive Board (1901-1902), 2:3:26il. foundation (1893), 2:3 :25 industrial unionism of, 2:3:27 and labor espionage, 5:2:67il., 6:2:7-20 passim., 6:2:16-20 landmarks, 6:4:59-61 Local 16 (Great Falls, MT), 1 : 1 : 69 Local 137 (Troy), 6:2: 13 Local 266 (Franklin Furnace, New Jersey Zinc), 6:2:16 Local 267 (Perth Amboy, NJ), 6:2: 15 Local 268 (Wharton, NJ)
strikes: Empire Steel and Iron Works, Mount Hope, NJ (1913), 6:2:15il.,
6:2:18, 6:2:20 Richard Iron Mine, Thomas Mining Corporation, Wharton, NJ (1913),
6:2: 15-18 passim.
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Miner's Magazine, 6:2:20 correspondence logo (1911), 6:2:20il.
and politics, 6:2 :14-15 poster, 2:3:30il. in Silver City, ID, 2:3 :26 sources, 1: 1:68-71 strikes:
Coeur d'Alene, ID (1899), 2:3:30-31 Cripple Creek, CO (1894), 2:3 :25 Cripple Creek, CO (1903-04), 2:3 :28-30, 2:3:29il. Los Angeles Aqueduct (1910-11 ), 6: 2: 13-15 Mesabi Range, MN (1907), 5: 1 :64 Phelps Dodge, Bisbee, AZ (1907), 6:2:10, 6:2:19
union organization, 6:2 :6-21 in AZ, 6:2:7-13 of southern workers, 6:2:20
Union-at-Large (UAL), 6:2: 13 see also Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers, International Union of
(IUMMSW) Miners Mound Plaque, Negaunee, MI, 6:4:59 Miners of America, Progressive (PMA), 2:2:35
sources, 3:3:66 Miners' Union, Butte, 6:4 :57, 6:4:61 Miners Union, Cooperative, 2:3 :24 Miners Union, National (NMU), 3:3:66 Minimum wage laws, 6:3:22, 6:3:24il.
see also National Recovery Administration (NRA) Mining industry, 5:2:79il., 9:4:49il., 9:4:55-56
coke ovens, 7:2:70il. Mount Hope mine power house (ca. 1910), 6:2: l 6-l 7il.
Minneapolis Labor Review, 9:4:30, 9:4:32 Minnesota Central Labor Union, 9:4:32 Minnesota Farmer Labor groups, 7:2:10 Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 9:4:30-32 Minnesota Federation of Labor, 9:4:30 Minnesota Historical Society, 9:4:40-41, 9:4:43 Minnesota Union Advocate. see St. Paul Union Advocate Miranda, Guillermo, 9: 1: lil. Mississippi AFL-CIO
and civil rights, 4 :4: 4-19 and presidential election of 1964, 4: 4: 11-12 and right-to-work laws, 4:4:6-7 State Council, 4:4:6-12 passim.
executive board, 4:4:6il., 4:4: 10 and Program of Progress (1960), 4:4:7-8
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and voter registration drives, 4: 4: 12-19 passim. Mississippi Democratic Conference
and Mississippi AFL-CIO, 4 :4:14 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 4:4:14, 4:4:19 Mississippi Freedom School (1964), 5:3:27il. Mississippi Voter Registration and Education League (MVREL), 4:4: 15 Mr. Block, 9:4:42il. Mr. Logan, US.A. (1918), 9:3:71 Mitchell, John, 3:1:6il., 3:1:10-llil., 3:1:20il.
and Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), 3:1 :6-23, 7:3:6, 7:3:8-10 John Mitchell Day, 7:3 : 10 parades:
UMWA(Mine) (1902), 7:3 :8il. (1905), 7 :3:4-5il., 7:3 :8il.
and workers in northeastern PA, 7: 3 : 10-11 Mitchell, John M., 8: 1: lil. Mitchell (John) Monument, Scranton, PA, 6:4:59 Mlotek, Joseph, 3:4:49 Mob violence
in Puerto Rican labor movement, 6: 4: 14-16 Modern School, Stelton, NJ, 8:4:62 "Modern Times" (1936), 1:3:cover, 1:3:42 Molders Union of North America, International
in WI, 1:4:49 Mollahan Mills, Newberry, SC, 3 :2:66-67il. "The Molloy Collection," by Harry R. Rubenstein, 2:2:65 Molly Maguires, 5:2:64, 5:2:66il.
images and symbols, 5: 1:48-49, 5: 1:50-5 lil. Molony, Joe, 9:3:37 Money (1915), 9:3:63, 9:3:66 Monongah (WV) Mine Explosion (Dec. 1907), 3:3:67 & il. Monroe, Jimie, 8: 1 : 11 il. Montgomery, David, 5:3 :13-19 passim., 5:3:14il. Monuments
see Labor landmarks Mooney, Fannie
see Sellins, Fannie Mooney, Fred, 3:3:64-65 Mooney, Tom, 1 :2:72il. Moore, Charles, 9:3 :10-13 Moral Rearmament (MRA), 6 :2:72 Moreno, Luisa, 8:1:6, 8:1:22 Morgan, Ed, 6:3 :72 & il. Morgan, Joe, 3:2:38-39, 3:2:39il.
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Morgan, J.P., 3:1:11-20passim., 3:1:17il. Morgan Lithography Plant, Cleveland, OH, 2: 1: 80il. Mormino, Gary R.
author: "'The Reader Lights the Candle': Cuban and Florida Cigar Workers' Oral Tradition," 5:1:4-27
Morrison, Frank, 6:4: 14, 9: 1:20-2lil., 9: 1 :50 sources, 5:4:61-64
Morrissey, John, 9:2:16 Mother Jones
see Jones, Mary Harris "Mother" Motion picture industry
early years, 9:3 :58-59il., 9:3:60, 9:3:60il., 9:3:77il. and militant labor. see "Capital vs. labor" films and Red Scare. see Red Scare era films
Motion study see Micromotion study
Moyer, Charles, 2:3 :26il., 2:3:32il., 2:3:34, 6:2:20-21 and assassination of Frank Steunenberg, 2 :3 :31-32, 6 : 1 :71 and Cripple Creek, CO strike, 2:3:28, 2:3 :30
Mule drivers, 9:4:54. see also Miners Mulford, Jennifer, 9: 3: 51 il. Mullaney, Martin, 5:3:56-57, 5:3:62
headstone, 5:3:56il. Mullaney (Kate) House, Troy, NY, 6:4:59, 6:4:62 Mullen, William, 3:2:54-56 Mulligan, James A., 6 : 3 : l 2il. Muni, Paul, 3:4:23il. Munitions industries
World War II, 2: 1 :26 Munitions workers
World War I and women, 4: 1 :33 & il.
World War II, 1:3:80il. and blacks, 1 : 3 : 60-64 inspectors, 3 : 1 : 1 ii. and women, 1:1:59il., 4:1:39-41
Munley, Kathleen Purcell author: "Shopfloor Memories of Organizing Bethlehem Steel, 1936-1942,"
9:4:60-77 Murphy, Frank, 7:1:7, 7:1:12-15 passim., 7:1:13il. Murphy (John) Memorial, Denver, CO, 6:4:59 Murray, James E., 5:2:30il., 5:2 :31-44 passim.
see also Murray-Wagner-Dingell Bill Murray, Philip, 1:1:51, 2:3:42, 2:4:30, 4:2:28, 5:1:70il., 5:1:74il.,
5:2:38, 6:2:66il., 6:2:67-68, 6:2:70il., 7:3:74il., 9:4:62il., 9:4:66,
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9:4:74, 9 :4:75 appointment as SWOC (Steel) chairman, 9:4:62 and company unions, 9:2:54 and Esther Peterson, 5:4:50-56 passim. and steel workers, 5:2:10-20 passim. and UE (Electrical), 7:4 :56
Murray (Philip) Bridge, Canonsburg, PA, 6:4:59 Murray-Wagner-Dingell Bill (National health insurance legislation), 5:2:32-
44 passim. Murrow, Edward R., 9:4:24 Murtha, Donald, 7:4:2lil. Museums. see Exhibitions Musicgals, 8: 1 :55il.
see also Whyte's Musical Sweethearts, Virgil Musicians
acceptance as "real" musicians, 8:1:51, 8:1:53, 8:1:56-58 blacks, 8:1:53, 8:1:55, 8:1:56il., 8:1:57-59 images of, 8:1:46il., 8:1:47il., 8:1:49il., 8:1:50il., 8:1:51il.,
8: 1:52il., 8: 1:53il., 8: 1: 54il., 8: 1:55il., 8: 1: 56il., 8: 1: 57il., 8:1:58il., 8:1:60il., 8:1:61il., 8:1:62il., 8:1:63il., 8:1:66il.
wage equity, 8:1:56-57 women
images of, 8: 1:46-66 relations with men, 8: 1 :48-66 sexualization and feminization of, 8: 1 :56-66 during World War II, 8: 1 : 46-66
Musicians, AmericanFederationof(AFM), 8:1:48, 8:1:50 Local 142 (WV), 3:3 :73 Local 680 (Elkhorn, NJ)
membership card, 8: 1:58il. Musicians' Mutual Protective Union
Tacoma, WA, 3:3:58il., 3:3:59 Muste, A.J., 2:2:26 Muster, Morris, 2 : 1 :48il. Musuraca, Michael
author: "The 'Celebration Begins at Midnight' : Irish Immigrants and the Celebration of Bunker Hill Day," 2:3:48-61
N Nadel, Stanley
author, "Those Who Would Be Free: The Eight-Hour Day Strikes of 1872," 2:2:72
Nahas, Kennedy, 2:3:16 Nast, Thomas, 1:3:38 & ii.
drawings: Content is Happiness (1871), 4 :3:6il.
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 3:3:29, 8:3:53, 8:4:66, 8:4:76
and labor movement, 4: 1 : 64-65 in Memphis (1969), 4: 1 :62-63il.
in MS, 4:4:4-19 passim. support of Oakland General Strike (1946), 8:2:8
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense Fund, 8:4:76
National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) images and symbols, 7:3:74il. views:
NLRA (National), 2:2:54 National Association of Mexican Americans, 8: 1 : 18 National Bureau of Economic Research, 8:4:67 National Campaign to Organize Women Workers, 1 :2:8 National Child Labor Committee, 1:3:6, 6:1:24 National Citizens Committee for the Defense of Academic Freedom at St.
John's University, 9:2:7il., 9:2: 14 National Civic Federation, 9:2:22. see also Welfare capitalism National Civic Federation (NCF), 3: 1:6, 3: 1:9 National Consumers' League, 9:4: 13
clothing labels, 9:4: Bil. National Consumers League (NCL), 5:4:43, 6:3:20-39
and black workers, 6:3:27-30 and Equal Rights Amendment, 6: 3: 3 5 and Fair Labor Standards Act, 6:3:35 and NRA (National), 6:3 :25-36
compliance, 6:3 :32il. Section 7a, 6:3:35
and NWP (National), 6:3 :22, 6:3 :30-31 and Frances Perkins, 6:3:22, 6:3:25 and racial discrimination, 6:3 :25-30 and Eleanor Roosevelt, 6:3 :25 & il. and Franklin D. Roosevelt, 6:3:22-24 and state labor departments, 6:3 :34 and unorganized workers, 6:3 :33 and wages, 6:3:25-33 and women workers, 6:3 :30-33
National Education Association (NEA), 7:2:8, 7:2: 1 lil., 7:2: 16, 9:2: 18 Department of Classroom Teachers, 7:2:10 and teacher welfare issues, 7:2: 11
National Farmers' Memorial, Bonner Springs, KS, 6:4:59 National Farmworkers Service Centers, 8:4:72, 8:4:74il. National Guard
during strikes
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Memphis sanitation (1968), 8:3:57il. Pullman (1894), 8:4:18, 8:4:2lil., 8:4:22, 8:4 :27il.
see also Militias National health insurance, 5:2:28-45 National Housing Act, 1 :4:68 National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 9:2:49-50
and labor espionage, 5:2:47 Section 7(a), 6:1:67, 6:1:71, 6:3:25-35 passim., 8:4:64, 9:2:49-50,
9:3 :7 enforcement of, 2:2:45 workers' views, 2:2:46-53 passim.
National Industrial Recreation Association, 6: 1 :6, 6: 1: 12 National Labor Board (NLB)
see National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) -- Section 7(a) National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935, 1 :2:47, 2:2:45, 2:2:48,
6:1:67-73 passim., 9:2:16, 9:3:7-8 employers' views, 2:2:49il., 2:2:50il., 2:2:50-54, 2:2:52il. and labor espionage, 5:2:74-76 and professionals, 9: 2: 18-19 and steel industry, 5:2: 12-25 and union elections (1937), 5:2:23il., 5:2:24il., 5:2:26il. and universities, 9: 2: 18 and wildcat strikes, 3: 1 :69 workers' views, 2:2:49il., 2:2:50il., 2:2:54
National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 1 :3:25-29 passim., 7:4:62 election River Rouge Ford, Dearborn, MI (1944), 2:4 :80il.
and WLRB (Wisconsin), 1 :4:54-55 see also National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935
National Labor Union (NLU), 3:2:53, 4:3:8, 6:4:35, 6:4:60, 9:4:28 establishment, 2:2:72
National Maritime Union (NMU), 3:2:12 National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, 9:4:7 National Negro Congress (NNC), 4:3:27 National Organization of Women (NOW)
relations with labor movement, 1: 1 :58 National Park Service Theme Study in American Labor History, 6:4:54 "National Park Service Theme Study ofLabor Landmarks," 6:4:61-63 National Recovery Administration (NRA), 6:3 :24-36
and black workers, 6:3:27-30 Blue Eagle, 6:3 :23il. and child labor code, 1:3:4-19 passim.
newspaperboys' views, 1:3:9-17 passim., 1:3:14il. Compliance Division, 6:3:32il., 6:3 :33-34 images and symbols, 6:3 :23il., 6:3 :27il., 6:3 :28il., 6:3 :33il.
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and NCL (National), 6:3 :24-36 and representation, 6:3 :27-30 sources, 1:3:7, 3:2:70 and state labor departments, 6:3 :34 and wages, 6:3:25 Woman's Advisory Committee, 6:3:21il. and women workers, 6:3:30-33 see also National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935
National Service School, Women's Naval Center, Washington, 4: 1 :35il. National Silk Dye Company, East Paterson, NJ, 2:2:4il. National Urban League, 3 :3 :29
see also Labor Apprenticeship and Education Program (LEAP) National Woman's Party (NWP)
and NCL (National), 6:3:22 and women's wages, 6:3 :30-31
National Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) see Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)
National Youth Administration job training, 3 :3 :80il.
Nationalism see Immigration
The Nation's Health: A Ten Year Program (1948), 5:2:40, 5:2:45il. Native Americans
see Navajo "Navajo Railroad Worker: My Father's Quest for the American Dream," by
Jerry Curley, 8:4:4-13 Navajo workers, 8:4:4-5il., 8:4:8il., 8:4:10-11
attitudes toward wage work, 8:4:6-7, 8:4:13 ca. 1960s, 8:4: lil. economic opportunities
following World War II, 8:4:6-7 English class, 8:4:7il. families, 8:4:6 living conditions, 8:4:7, 8:4:9 &il. railroad communities, 8:4:7, 8:4:7il., 8:4:9, 8:4:10-llil., 8:4:12il.,
8:4: 12-13 in Seligman, AZ., 8:4: 1 lil., 8:4: 12 in Witchita, Kansas (ca. 1990s ), 8 :4: l 2il.
Neagle, John painting (1826-1827), 1:2:37il.
Nearing, Scott, 8:4:66 Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, Union of (UNITE), 9:4:20,
9:4:23 Neiford, Roger, 9:3:42il. Nelson, Bruce
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author: "J. Vance Thompson, the Industrial Workers of the World and the Mood of Syndicalism, 1914-1921," 2:4:44-65
Nestor, Agnes, 2: 1 :69il. sources, 2: 1:68
New American Movement, 3 :3 :74 NewDeal, 1:1:49-50, 1:1:55
arts projects, 1 :3 :43-44 see also American Federation of Labor (AFL); Congress oflndustrial
Organizations (CIO); National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935; National Labor Relations Board; National Recovery Administration (NRA)
"'New Feet Under the Table:' International Harvester's Industrial Council Plan," by Toni Gilpin, 4:1:4-27
New Hampshire Federation of Labor, 6:3 :26 New Jersey Department ofLabor, 2:3:13 New Jersey Riot Act of 1902, 2:2: l lil., 2:2: 12 New labor history
see Labor history New Orleans
docks, 1: 1 :28il. union organization, 1: 1 :26-45 passim., 1: 1 :43il.
New Orleans Central Labor Union black waterfront workers, 1: 1 :39-40, 1: 1 :40il.
New Orleans Central Trades and Labor Assembly, 1: 1 :33 New Orleans Central Trades and Labor Council, 1: 1 :39 New Orleans Cotton Men's Executive Council, 1: 1 :26-36 passim. New Orleans Dock and Cotton Council, 1: 1 :26, l : 1 :40 New Republic
and Southern organizing drive (1946), 1: 1: 54 New unionism
see syndicalism "New Workers in a New World: Painting American Labor, 1830-1913," by
Judith Ayre Schomer, 3: 1 :34-47 New York Central Labor Council
and St. John's strike (1966), 9:2:12 rally, 9:2:4-5il., 9:2: 1 Oil., 9:2: llil., 9:2: 14
New York Child Labor Committee, 1:3:12 New York City
waterfront, 2:4:4-5il., 2:4:15il. New York City Assistance Society (1809), 2:4: 14 New York City Hall, 2:4:8-9il. New York City newspaper strike, 8:4:67 New York Federation of Labor, 6:4:25il. New York Mechanick Society
images and symbols (1791), 1:2:42il.
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New York State Economic Council, 2:2:50 New York State Federation of Labor (AFL), 9:2:7 New York State Joint Legislative Committee, 9:2:15il. New York State School oflndustrial and Labor Relations, Cornell
University, Ithaca, 8:4:70 Newberry Library, Chicago, 6:4:54 Newport (DE) Colored School (1940), 2: 1 :33il. Newsdealers Association of Philadelphia, 1:3 :9 & ii. Newspaper Guild, 9:3:35
strikes: Portland (1959-1960), 9:3 :37
Newspaper Guild, American, 1 :2:72, 2:2:55 Newspaper Guild, Chicago
sources, 2: 1:71 strike (1938-1940), 2:1:72-73il. strike (ca. 1939), 5:3:10il.
Newspaper Guild, Detroit strikes:
(1990s), 9:4:37 Newspaper Guild, The, 8: 1 : 6
in Los Angeles, 8: 1: 10, 8: 1: 12il. Newspaperboys, 1:3:4-19, 1:3:5il., 1:3:6il., 1:3:9il., 1:3:13il.,
1:3:14il., 1:3:15il., 1:3 :16il., 1:3:17il., 1:3:19il., 6:1:30-3lil. see also Child labor
Niepold, Paul, 2:2:38il. Night work, 6:3 :30 Nilo, Doris, 8:1 :53il. "Nine to Five," 1 : 3 :4 7il. "The 1966 Strike at St. John's University: A Memoir" by Israel Kugler,
9:2:4-19 Nisly, Edith Swartzendruber, 3: 1:25il., 3: 1:26il., 3: 1 :26-33, 3: 1:27il.,
3: 1:48-53 Nisly, Hope
author: "A Mennonite Woman in 'Thanksgiving Town': Edith Swartzendruber Nisly's Work Experience, 1935-1941," 3: 1 :24-33, 3: 1:48-53
Nisly, William, 3: 1 :51-52, 3: 1:52-53il. Nixon, Richard M.
and Post Office Strike (1970), 7:4: 11-16 passim. presidential campaigns
of 1956, 8:1:38il., 8:1:39il. of 1960, 8:1:39il. of 1968, 8:1:27 of 1972, 8: 1 :27
senatorial campaign of 1948, 8: 1:22-23 No. 9 Mine Museum, PA, 9:4:59il.
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Non-Partisan League, 2:4:57 Noonan, JohnF., 6:3:64-74passim. Norris, George, 6: 1 :69-71, 6: 1 :71il. Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1928, 6:1:71 Norris-LaGuardia Act of 1932, 6: 1 :71 North Alabama White Citizens' Council, Birmingham, 4:4: 12il. North Carolina Poultry Plant, Hamlet
fire (1991), 4:2:38-39il. Northern Pacific Railraod, 3:3:46il. , 3 :3:56il., 3:3:60, 3:3 :61il. Northern Pacific Wharf, Tacoma, WA, 3 :3 :57il. Northern Securities Corporation, 3: I: 10 Northwestern Sanitary Fair (May 1865), 6:3: 17il. Norton, Ed, 1:3:44 "Not Just Clothing," 9:4:24 "Not Palm Trees on Picture Postcards: Photographs of Workers in Florida,
1981-1995" by Eric Breitenbach, 7:4:42-53 "Notes From Behind the Sax Section" by Florice Whyte Kovan, 8: 1 :67 "Nothing Moved But the Tide: The Seattle General Strike of 1919," by Rob
Rosenthal, 4 :3 :36-53 Nuorteva, S., 2:3:62-63il. Nurses, 4: 1:30-31, 4: 1:3 lil., 4: 1:32il., 4:2:32-33il. "Nurses, 1960-1990," by Colleen R. Callahan, 4: 1 :32 Nutter, Kathleen Banks
author: "Organizing Women During the Progressive Era: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and the Labor Movement," 8:3 :18-37
0 Oahu Sugar Company (January 1948), 9: 1 :39il. Oakland General Strike (1946) see Strikes -- general
"Oakland General Strike Exhibition" by Marcia Eymann, 8:2:21 Oakland Museum of California, 8:2:21il.
"'We Called it a Work Holiday': The 1946 Oakland General Strike," 8:2:21 Oakland Post Enquirer Building (1946), 8:2:18 Oakland Voters League (OVL), 8:2:20, 8:2:22-23 O'Brien Detective Agency, Newark, NJ, 6:2:54il. Occupational health and safety. see Occupational safety and health Occupational safety and health, 3:1:55-76, 5:2:51il., 5:2:56-57il.
among pile drivers, 9:3:45il. and black workers, 4: 1 :54-55 and child labor, 6: 1 :22-23il., 6: 1 :24, 6: 1 :25il. and company unions, 4: 1:21 and electrical workers, 4:2:7-8 and hat making, 2:3:6-18 passim. and radium workers, 4:2:67-75, 4:2:69il., 4:2:72il.
sources, 4:2:73
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in railroad shops, 1 : 1 : 13-14 signs, 3: 1 : 5 Sil. sources, 3 :2:66-77, 3 :3 :67-68 voluntarism, 2: 3 : 18 and welfare capitalism, 9:2:26-27
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sources, 3:2:68, 7:4:66
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act (1970), 3:1 :57-76 passim. and organized labor, 3: 1 : 68il.
Occupational unionism, 9: I: 19, 9: 1:21. see also Fraternalism O'Connor, Carroll, 1 :3 :46il. O'Connor, Julia S., 3 :4: l 5il. O'Connor, Paula
author: "Grade School Teachers Become Labor Leaders: Margaret Haley, Florence Rood, and Mary Barker of the AFT," 7:2:4-17
O'Farrell, Brigid editor:
"Union Women's Songs," 5:4:51 "'You Can't Giddyup by Saying Whoa': Esther Peterson Remembers her
Organized Labor Years, 1930-60," 5:4:38-59 Office and Professional Workers of America, United, 6:2:65 Office of War Information, 1: 1 :49 Office workers, 1:3 :46il., 7:2: l 8-19il., 9: 1:32, 9: 1:36. see also Clerical
workers in Hawai'i, 9: 1 :39il. and scientific management, 7:2:3 lil. work conditions of, 7:2:26, 7:2:28
Ohio AFL-CIO, 5:2:50 "The Ohio Labor History Project," by Dennis East, 5:2:50 Ohio Valley Trades and Labor Assembly (OVTLA), 3:3:73 Ohl, Henry, 1 :4:5 lil., 1:4:51-52 Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union ( OCA W), 1 : 1 : 71 Oil Field, Gas Well and Refinery Workers of America, International
Association of Local 234 (Chester, PA), 2:2:49-50
Oil workers, 8:2:48, 8:2:49, 8:2:50, 8:2:53, 8:2:55 Olander, Victor, 2: 1 :68il. Old Fireman's Hall, Detroit, MI, 6:4:59 Old Goose Creek Plantation (ca. 1903), 7:3:cover Old Labor Hall, Barre, VT, 6:4:62 Old Prospector Statue, Denver, CO, 2:3:25il. Old Slave Mart, Charleston, SC, 6:4:62 Olmstead, Quenby A, 2:4:79il. Olson, Bruce A
author: "Armed Elites Confront Labor: The Texas Militia and the Houston
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Strikes of 1880 & 1898," 7: 1:52-63 Olson, Eugene, 9:3:39il. Olson, Martin, 9:3 :43il. Olu Dara, 8:3 :44il. O'Mahoney, John, 6:3:16il. One Big Union, 2:4:60-61 "One Thing, Then Another: Slave Children's Labor in Alabama" by Marie
Jenkins Schwartz, 7:3:22-33, 7:3:56-61 Optical Workers Union, 7: 1 :22, 7: 1 :24
strikes: Buffalo, NY (1938), 7:1:22
Oral histories Mike Sabron, 9:4:46-59
Oram, Richard author: "The City Built of Glass," 2:4:66-75
Orchard, Harry, 2:3:31-32, 2:3:33il. Orchestra Hall, Chicago, 8:4:47il. O'Reilly, Peter, 9:2:4-5il., 9:2:6, 9:2:7il., 9:2: 14-18, 9:2: 17il.,
9:2:19il. "Organized Labor and the Origins of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act," by Robert Asher, 3:1:55-76 Organizing campaigns. see also individual occupations and unions
among college professors, 9:2:6-8, 9:2:18 among janitors, 9: 1 :7 in film, 9:3:66 in steel industry, 9:2:50-55, 9:4:60-77 within sweatshops, 9 :4: 13-14
"Organizing Women During the Progressive Era: Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and the Labor Movement" by Kathleen Banks Nutter, 8:3: 18-37
Osterbind, Henry Carter, 3 :2:48il. O'Sullivan, John (Jack), 8:3:24-27
(1894), 8:3 :25il. courtship and marriage to Mary Kenney, 8:3 :24-26, 8:3 :29 death (1902), 8:3:25, 8:3:29 friendship with Samuel Gompers, 8:3:24-26 as organizer, 8:3 :26-27 and silk workers' strike (1896), 8:3 :26-27
O'Sullivan, Mary Elizabeth, 8 :3 :3 lil. O'Sullivan, Mary Kenney, 8:3:18-37, 8:3:19il.
as AFL organizer, 8:3:18, 8:3:24, 8:3:25 as bookbinder, 8:3:20-21, 8:3:23 (ca. 1885), 8:3:24il. childhood, 8:3:18, 8:3:20 children, 8:3 :29
(ca. 1903), 8:3:31il.
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courtship and marriage to John O'Sullivan, 8:3:24-26, 8:3:29 factory inspector, Massachusetts State Board of Labor and Industries,
8:3:34 as founder and organizer, WTUL (Women's), 8:3:29-31, 8:3:32 as organizer, 8:3:26-27, 8:3:27-28, 8:3:28-29z progressive reformers, 8:3:32 and progressive reformers, 8:3:28, 8:3:29, 8:3:30, 8:3:33 and Railroad Strike in Keokuk, IL (1888), 8:3:23 resignation from WTUL (Women's) (1912), 8:3:33-34 and settlement house movement, 8:3:23 and silk workers' strike (1896), 8:3:26-27 views:
Lawrence Strike (1912), 8:3:34 marriage, 8: 3: 18 organization ofwomen workers, 8:3:23, 8:3:24, 8:3:26-27
and WEIU (Women's), 8:3:28 O'Sullivan, Mortimer, 8:3:3 lil. O'Sullivan, Roger, 8:3:3 lil. O'Toole, Thomas, 3: 1 :68il. Ottendorfer, Oswald, 2:2:74 Owen, Chandler, 3 :3 :30 Owens, Michael J., 2:4:7lil. Ownbey, James A., 1: 1:74 Oxford (or Beach) Telephone Exchange, Boston, 6:4:62 OyamO, 8:3:42il.
author: "I Am A Man," 8:3:54-55 "Theater Isn't Just for Sitting There: OyamO Reflects on His Play I Am
A Man," 8:3:38-53 identification with T.O. Jones, 8:3:50 laboring background, 8:3:47, 8:3:49 views:
artists, 8:3:42 labor movement, 8:3:49-50 theater, 8:3:50, 8:3:52
Oystermen, 5: 3: 80il. p
Pacheco, Enrique, 6:4: 15-16 Pacific Coast Council of Trades and Labor Federations
and Tacoma Trades Council, 3:3:57 Packard, Mel, 9:4:68 Packinghouse industry, 5:3:52, 5:3:60il., 8:3:58-59il., 8:3:60, 8:3:6lil.,
9:2:64il., 9:2:66-67il., 9:2:68il., 9:2:68-69il. (ca. 1928), 5:3:52-53il. see also Chicken processing industry
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Packinghouse workers, 2:1:70, 5:3:61il., 8:3:1, 8:3:58-59il., 8:3:60, 8:3 :62-63il., 8:3 :64-65il., 8:3 :66-67il., 8:3 :68-69il.
black, 5: 3 : 54-64 passim. (ca. 1928), 5:3:50-51il. immigrant, 5:3:54-56, 5:3:62 strikes:
Chicago (1894), 5:3:52-53 Omaha, NE (1894), 5:3:52-53
union organization, 5: 3 : 5 3 women, 5:3:57-58, 5:3:58il., 5:3:62 see also Chicken processing workers; Meat cutters; Porters
Packinghouse Workers of America, United (UPWA), 5:3:62 Packinghouse Workers Organizing Committee (PWOC), 5:3:62 "The Pageant -- 1994" by students from Eastside High School, Paterson, NJ,
6:2:62-63 "The Pageant of the Paterson Strike: A Share of Life," by John Dean,
6:2:22-29, 6:2:54-61 Pageantry
see Working class Paine, Tom, 2:4:15 Painters, 1: 1: 12, 8:4:42il.
on Bronx Whitestone Bridge (1952), 1 :3: lil. Painters and Allied Trades of the United States and Canada, International
Brotherhood of see Scenic Artists, United
Painters and Decorators of America, Brotherhood of (BPDA) Local 91 (WV), 3:3:73 in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:56, 3:3:58
"Paintings of Ralph Fasanella: A Portfolio," 1:4:32-40 Paisley, Joe, 8:3:43il. Palladino, Grace
author: "Forging a National Union: Electrical Workers Confront Issues of
Craft, Race, and Gender, 1890-1902," 3:4:4-19 "Telling Labor's Story: Stuart B. Kaufman's Legacy," 8:3:4-17
Palma, Tomas Estrada, 6:4:6il. Palmer, Joab, 6:4:30, 6:4:32il. Panther Valley Deep Coal Miners, 9:4:50il. Panther Valley region, PA, 9:4:46-59 passim., 9:4:49il.. see also
Anthracite coal region -- northeastern PA after the closing of mines, 9:4:58il. closing of coal mines, 9:4:55-56
'"Papa On Parade': Pennsylvania Coal Miners' Daughters and the Silk Worker Strike of 1913" by Bonnie Stepenoff, 7:3:4-21
Paper industry, 6:3:40-41il., 6:3:42il., 6:3:45il., 6:3:46-47il.,
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6:3:49il., 6:3:80il. Paper workers, 6:3 :42il., 6:3 :45il., 6:3 :46-47il., 6:3 :80il. Papermakers and Paperworkers, United (UPP), 4:4:9, 6:2:67
Local 203 (MS), 4:4 :6 Local 602 (MS), 4:4: 12 strikes: Hattiesburg, MS (ca. 1960), 4:4: 17
Paperworkers International Union, United Local 1 (Holyoke, MA), 6:3:45il., 6:3:52il.
Parades see Artisans; Labor Day; May Day; Mine Workers of America, United
(UMW A); Working class Parker, Carleton H., 2:4:48-60 passim. Parker, David L.
author: "Stolen Dreams: Portraits of the World's Working Children," 6:1:22-45
photographs: BrickMaker, Kathmandu, Nepal (1993), 6:1 :1 Brick Worker, Kathmandu, Nepal (1993), 6:1:38-39il. Carpet Weaver, Barmer, India (1994), 6: 1:43il. Carpet Weaver, Kathmandu, Nepal (1993), 6: 1 :22-23il. A Child Manufacturing Sesame Seed Oil, Jodhpur, India ( 1993), 6: 1 :22-
23il. Children Carrying Leather Goods, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1993), 6: 1:37il. Children Scavenging at a Garbage Dump, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1993),
6: 1 :33il. Fabric Printing Worker, Jodhpur, India (1993), 6: 1 :cover Garbage Picker, Juhu Beach, India (1993), 6:1:80 Leather Worker, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1993), 6:1:22-23il. Market Vendor, Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6: 1 :28il. Newspaper Vendors, Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6:1:30-31il. Shoeshine Boy, Tax.co, Mexico (1992), 6: 1 :45il. Street Performer, Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6: I :40-41il. Street Vendor, Seelampur, India (1993), 6: 1:34-35il.
Parker, E .W., 3:1:18il. , 3:1:19 Parlor frame trade, 2: I :38 Parrish, Chester W., 7:4:21il. Parsons, Albert, 3 :4:50, 3 :4:5 lil. Parsons, Lucy, 3:4:50 Parsons Paper Company, Holyoke, MA, 6:3:40-4lil., 6:3:42il., 6:3:45il.,
6:3 :80il. Partido Republicano de Puerto Rico
see Puerto Rican Republican Party Partido Socialista Cubano
see Cuban Socialist Party
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Partido Socialista Obrero see Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP)
Partido Socialista Obrero de Puerto Rico see Puerto Rican Socialist Party
Partido Unionista see Unionist Party
Parton, Dolly, 1 :3:47il. Pascagoula (MS) Metal Trades Council, 4:4:8-10 Passaic Textile Strike (1926), 2:2: 10, 6: 1:67
community support, 2:2:12-16passim., 2:2:14il., 2:2:15il., 2:2:16-17il. film, 2:2:20 strike assistance, 2:2:18, 2:2:20, 8:4:61 United Front Committee, 2:2: 16-17
"The Passaic Textile Strike and the Power of the Media," by Steve Krinsky, 2:2:20-21
Pat, Jacob, 3 :4:25-26il. PATCO Strike (1981). see Air Traffic Controllers Organization,
Professional (PATCO) -- strikes -- national (1981) Paternalism. see Welfare capitalism
in company towns, 3:2:24-41 passim., 5:2:8 industrial recreation as, 6: 1 :4-7 in mill villages, 4:3 :63-75 passim. see also Garden competitions
Paterson Strike (1913) see Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Patton, James, 5:2:35, 5:2:38 Paving Cutters' National Union, 2:1:57 "PBS Presents 'The Great Depression'," 5:2:25 Peabody, James, 2:3:28, 2:3:36il.
campaign literature (1904), 2:3 :3 lil. Peavey, Joseph, 6:4:30il. Penitentiaries
Birmingham, AL (1907), 7:2:75il. Pennsylvania Division of Occupational Health, 3: 1 :67 Pensions, 3:1:57. see Welfare capitalism Pentecostal Christians
see Church of God (Cleveland, TN) People's Party
see Populist Party Peoria (IL) Labor Temple Association
sources, 3:4:50 Perkins, Frances, 2:2:48, 2:4:32, 6:3:22-37 passim., 6:3:30il., 6:3:39il.
and NLRA (National), 2:2:44il., 2:2:54 and occupational safety and health, 3: 1 :64 and Relief of Unemployment Bill (June 1933), 2:2:48il.
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and Social Security Act (Aug. 1935), 2:2:48il. Perkins, George W., 9:2:54 Perkins, H.F., 4: 1: 11 Perlman, David L.
author: "In Search of the Mechanics' Bell," 6:4:64-71 Perlman, Selig, 5:3:5il., 5:3:7-10 passim., 5:3:8il. Perlow, Max, 2: 1 :37-45 passim., 2: 1 :45il. Perlstein, Meyer, 5:4:7-14passim., 5:4:8il., 5:4:9il., 5:4:15il. Perriello, Joe, 5:2:6-25 passim. Personnel management, 7:2:20, 7:2:57 Pesotta, Rose, 5:4:45il., 5:4:45-46 Peterson, Alfred E., 8:4:23il. Peterson, Esther (Eggertsen), 3:1:67 & il., 5:4:cover, 5:4:39il.
and ACWA (Clothing), 5:4:44-49 (1958), 5:4:54il.
and AFL-CIO Industrial Union Department, 5:4:56 (1958), 5:4:54il.
author: "Union Women's Songs," 5:4:51 "'You Can't Giddyup by Saying Whoa': Esther Peterson Remembers her
Organized Labor Years, 1930-60," 5:4:38-59 and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 5:4:43-45
(ca. 1934), 5:4:42il. (ca. 1937), 5:4:43il.
childhood, 5 :4 :40 & il. as delegate to ICFTU (International), London (1949), 5:4:52 & il. family, 5:4:40-57 passim., 5:4:41il. and ILGWU (Garment), 5:4:45il., 5:4:45-48 at ILO (International), Sweden (1951), 5:4:52il. and Jacob Potofsky, 5:4:44-59 passim. and John F. Kennedy, 5:4:56-58 and Oliver Peterson (1961), 5:4:55il. and Philip Murray, 5:4:50-56 passim. and political action, 5:4:47-50, 5:4:50il.
and CIO-PAC, 5:4:48il., 5:4:49 and Sidney Hillman, 5:4:46-56 passim. as songwriter, 5:4:51 and union organization, 5:4:44-46 and Women's Bureau, 5:4:57-58 and YWCA (Young), 5:4:42-43
Peterson, Larry author: "Pullman Strike Pictures: Molding Public Perceptions in the
1890s by New Visual Communication," 8:4: 14-33, 8:4:48-57 Peterson, May, 8: 1:67 Peterson, Oliver, 5:4:41-57 passim.
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and Esther Peterson (1961), 5:4:55il. Petterchak, Janice A.
author: "Resources for the Study of Labor History at the Illinois State Historical Library," 3:4:50-55 ·
Pettibone, George, 2:3 :32il. and assassination of Frank Steunenberg, 2:3:31-32
Pettibone (George) Monument, Denver, CO, 6:4:59 Pewterers, 3 : 3 : 9il. Pflug, Warner W.
author: '"The Strategy is All Reuther's, Damn Him': Two Letters from the Reuther Library," 2:3:40-47
Phagan, Mary, 1 :2:9, 1:2:11 Phalanx Forum Club, Chicago, 3:3:28 & il. "Phantom Gallery Project," 9:2:32, 9:2:35 Phelps Dodge, AZ, 6:2:6-13
Copper Queen Mine (ca. 1900), 6:2:6, 6:2:8-9il. (ca. 1910), 6:2:21il.
miners (ca. 1910), 6:2:11il. Phillips, Benjamin, 1:2:12 Phillips, Joseph V., 9:2:8il. Phillips Petroleum Company, Bartlesville, OK
bowling (1953), 6: 1:8-9il. Christmas show (1949), 6:1:12il. recreation building ( 19 51 ), 6: 1 : 6-7il.
Philoxean Society, Columbia University (1930), 1 :4:63il. Phinney, Henry, 6:3 :57 Photographic essays
"'I Paint What I Know': The Work of Former Miner Thomas Elmo Williams" by Marla Hughes, 9:2:32-47
"Pilebutts: Portrait Documentary of Pile Drives, Bridge, Dock and Wharf Builders" by Slobodan Dimitrov, 9:3:38-57
Photography see Photojournalism; individual artists
Photojournalism glossary, 8:4:19 impact upon strikes, 8:4: 14-33, 8:4:48-57
Pickford, Mary, 9:3:60, 9:3:61il., 9:3:62-63il., 9:3:64 Pieper, Fred, 6:2:72 Pile drivers, 9:3:44il., 9:3:48-49il., 9:3:52-53ils., 9:3:56il.,
9:3:57il.. see also Bridge builders; Dock builders apprenticeship training program, 9:3 :45il. bridge, 9:3 :43il.
Pile Drivers, Bridge, Dock and Wharf Builders, Los Angeles. see Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of (UBCJA) -- Local 2375
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Pilebutts. see Bridge builders; Dock builders; Pile drivers "Pilebutts: Portrait Documentary of Pile Drivers, Bridge, Dock and Wharf
Builders" by Slobodan Dimitrov, 9:3:38-57 Pineapple workers. see also Cannery workers; Farm workers
images and symbols of, 9: 1 :42il. Pinkerton, Allan, 5:2:64, 5:2:68il. Pinkerton, Robert, 5:2:64, 5:2:75il. Pinkerton, William, 5:2:65, 5:2:68il. Pinkerton Detective Agency, 5:2:64-75 passim., 5:2:66il., 5:2:67il.,
5:2:68il., 5:2:69il. see also Labor espionage
The Pinkerton Labor Spy (1907), 5:2:67il. Pio, Louis, 2:3 :67 Pioneer Aid and Support Association, 6:4:33il. Pioneer Industrial Service, New York, 5:2:73 Pioneer Youth of America (PYA), 5:1:31il., 5:1:31-35 passim., 8:4:62
see also Socialist Party Piotrowski, Rudolph, 6:3:46-47il. Pitchers. see Meat packers Pitkin, Frederick V., 2:3:24 Pitt, Robert, 2:3 :40-4 lil. Pizer, Morris, 2: 1:36-45 passim., 2: 1:45il. Plasterers, 8:4:46-47il.
unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:53 Players Club, New York, 6:4:59 Plays. see Dramatic presentations
see Dramatic presentations Plumbers
unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:59 Plumbers and Steamfitters of the U.S. and Canada, United Association of
Journeymen, 1 :2:47il. Plumbers Union Hall, Chicago, 8:4:47il. Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada, United
Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the landmarks, 6: 4: 60
Pohl, Frances K. author: "Ben Shahn and Fortune Magazine: Representations of Labor in
1946," 1:1:46-55 Pointedexter, Clarence, 9:3:51il. Police
strikes: Boston (September 1919), 9:3:74
Police officers women, 4: 1:46
photos
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( 1986), 4: 1: 46il. (ca. 1955), 4:1:46il.
"Policewomen, 1960-1990," by Colleen R. Callahan, 4:1:46 "Political History Collections at the Smithsonian," 8: 1 :29 Pongpid, Praphapan, 9:4:22 Ponsi, Robert, 6:2:73il. Populist Party
landmarks, 6:4:63 presidential campaign of 18 96, 8: 1: 2 7 in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:56, 3:3:60
Porter, James, 1: 1:39-40, 1: 1 :40il. Porters, 3 :3 :32-33il., 3 :3 :40il., 8:3 :60, 8:3 :68-69il. Post Office and General Service Maintenance Employees, National
Association of, 7:4:2lil., 7:4:26-27 Post Office Clerks Association, 3:3:59 Post Office Mail Handlers, Watchmen, Messengers, and Group Leaders,
National Association of, 7:4:26 Post Office Motor Vehicle Employees, National Federation of, 7:4:2lil.,
7:4:26-27 Post Office Reorganization and Salary Adjustment Act (1970), 7:4:21 Post Office Strike (1970)
see Letter Carriers, National Association of (NALC) Postal and Federal Employees, National Alliance of, 7:4:26 Postal Clerks, National Federation of, 3:3:28 Postal Clerks, United Federation of, 7:4:2lil., 7:4:26-27
Local 251 (Brooklyn, NY), 7:4: 12 Local 295 (Detroit), 6: 1 :Sil.
Postal Union, National, 7:4:26-27 Manhattan-Bronx affiliate, 7:4:22, 7:4:23il.
membership, 7:4:26 strikes:
national postal (1970), 7:4:14, 7:4:15il., 7:4:18, 7:4:19il. Postal workers
see Letter carriers Postal Workers' Monument, Edmond, OK, 6:4:59 Postal Workers Union, American, 7:4:22 Postal, Todd Alexander
author: "Hearing the Voices of Working Children: The NRA Newspaperboy Letters," 1 :3 :4-19
Potash workers strikes:
Carlsbad, NM (1962), 6:2:68 & il. Potofsky, Jacob
and Esther Peterson, 5:4:44-54 passim. in 1958, 5:4:54il.
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and presidential campaigns, 8: 1 :79il. Pottery works, 5:2:cover, 5:2: Iii., 5:2:80il. Poultry industry
turkey, 3:1:28-29il., 3:1:28-33, 3:1:30-31il., 3:1:32-33il., 3:1:48-49il., 3: 1 :48-53 passim.
Poultry Workers Memorial, Pasadena, TX, 6:4:59 Powderly, Terence V., 2:2:56il., 5:1:48-49
and temperance, 3:2:54-55 Powderly (Terence V.) Grave, Washington, 6:4:59 Powell, Dan, 4:4:6-17 passim. Pozzetta, George E.
author: '"The Reader Lights the Candle': Cuban and Florida Cigar Workers' Oral Tradition," 5:1:4-27
Prager Brothers, Tacoma, WA, 3:3:51il. Prairie View Co-eds, 8:1:56il., 8:1:61, 8:1:64il. Pratt, William C.
author: "Divided Workers, Divided Communities: The 1921-1922 Packinghouse Strike in Omaha and Nebraska City," 5:3:50-65
Pre-apprentice, 8:2:50 "President Theodore Roosevelt's Role in the Anthracite Coal Strike of
1902" by Susan E. Wilson, 3: 1 :4-23 Presidential campaigns
buttons, 8: 1 :cover, 8: 1:26il., 8: 1:28il., 8: 1:32-33il., 8: 1:36il., 8:1:40il., 8:1:43il., 8:1:44-45il.
themes economic prosperity, 8: 1:27-28, 8: 1:34il., 8: 1:35il., 8: 1:36il.,
8: 1:37il., 8: 1 :38il., 8: 1:39il. humble origins of candidates, 8:1:27, 8:1:30il., 8:1:31il., 8:1:32il.,
8:1:34il., 8:1:35il. and the labor vote, 8: 1:26-45
Pressman, Lee, 7: 1: I Oil., 7: 1: 10-20 passim. Preston, Harry, 1:2: 14-31 passim. Prices
see Inflation Pride, Hillie, 4:1:54il., 4:1:65-66 Priest, Mark
author: "Memories on Track: Paintings of a Railway Artist," 6:2:30-53 paintings: Armstrong andMigrant Workers (1984), 6:2:32, 6:2:36il. Armstrong and Railway Migrants (1984), 6:2:37il. Crack of Dawn (1992), 6:2:50-51il. The Dispute (1992), 6:2:38-39il. Full Moon (1991), 6:2:48-49il. Get Back to Work (1994), 6:2:40-41il. A Hard Day at Work (1990), 6:2:52-53il.
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Hot Rail (1991 ), 6:2:31, 6:2:34-3 Sil. Iron Men (1993), 6:2:30-3 lil., 6:2:33il. New Arrivals (1991), 6:2:44-45il. New Sight (1991), 6:2:46-47il. Night Work (1992), 6:2:50-Slil. Spark Rail (l 992), 6:2:42-43il. Yellow Blue Skies, 6:2:cover
self-portrait, 6:2: 52-53il. Primo Maggio
see May Day "Primo Maggio: May Day Observances Among Italian Immigrant Workers, 1980-
1920" by Rudolph J. Vecoli, 7:4:28-41 Printers, 1 :3 :35il., 3 :3 :48il., 8:2:49
landmarks, 6:4:48il. Printing industry, 6:4:cover, 6:4:78il. Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Union of North America, International
(IPPA) Local 29 (St. Paul), 9:4:34il.
Prisco, Carlo, 9:2:8il. Progressive Citizens of America, 8: 1 : 11 Progressive historians, 5: 3: 4 Progressive League
in WI, 1:4:50 Progressive Party. see Independent Progressive Party (IPP)
and Ludlow Massacre (1914), 6:1:66 in WI, 1 :4:50
Progressive reform in Richmond, VA, 3:2:59-60 in Tacoma, WA, 3:3 :54-55
Progressivism see Liberalism
Propaganda anti-union
see Labor espionage Prospect V-111, Frostburg, MD, 6:4: lil., 6:4:49il., 6:4:49-50, 6:4:80il. Prostitution, 9: 1 :27 Prout, George, 4:2:20, 4:2:25il. Proximity Manufacturing Company, Greensboro, NC, 4:3 :64-65il.
anti-union campaign, 4:3 :73il. executives (ca. 1905), 4:3:65il. see also White Oak Cotton Mill, Greensboro, NC
Public art and portrayals oflabor movement, 8:4:34-47 union-sponsored, 8:4:38
see also Farrell, Kathleen
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Public Art Workshop (PAW), 8:4:38 Public Domain: An Initiative to Place the Paintings of Ralph Fasanella in
Museums and Public Institutions, 1 :4:30-31 Public transportation
see Streetcars Public Workers of America, United (UPWA), 7:1:4-5il., 7:1:11il., 7:1:15-20 Public Works Strike, Memphis (1968)
see State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of (AFSCME) -- Local 1733 (Memphis) -- strikes
Puckett, William, 3:3 :37-38, 3:3:38il. Puckett Family Farm, Sattershire Vicinity, NY, 6:4:62 Puerto Rican Federation of Labor, 6:4:25il. Puerto Rican Republican Party, 6:4: 12
and FLT (Puerto Rican), 6:4: 14-15 Puerto Rican Socialist Party, 6:4:18 Puerto Rican Workers, Free Federation of (FLT), 6:4: 12, 6:4: 14
and AFL, 6:4: 16 and FRT (Puerto Rican), 6:4:12-16, 6:4:21 and longshoremen's strike (1905), 6:4:21 strikes:
agricultural workers (1906), 6:4:21-22 sugar workers (1905), 6:4:18-20, 6:4:22
and las turbas (mobs), 6:4:12-15 union organization:
agricultural workers, 6 :4: 18 Puerto Rican Workers, Regional Federation of (FR T)
and AFL, 6:4: 16 and FLT (Puerto Rican), 6:4: 12-16, 6:4:21 and longshoremen's strike (1905), 6:4: 19, 6:4:21 participation in las turbas (mobs), 6:4:14-15
Pugh, Nicey, 7:3:26il., 7:3:27 Pullers-backs
see Meat packers Pullman, George M., 8:4:22
as symbol of monopoly, 8:4:25 Pullman cars, 3:3:32-33il. Pullman Company, 3:3:22-24
Arcade Building (1894), 8:4:27il. and BSCP (Sleeping), 3:3:4lil. car, 8:4: 14-15il., 8 :4 :20il. Car Works
(1894), 8:4:50il., 8:4:51il. factory, 8:4:20il. publicity, 8:4:20il., 8:4:20-22
during strike (1894), 8:4:21il., 8:4:22
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town, 8:4:20il. Pullman Historic District, Chicago, 6:4:62 Pullman Porters Benefit Association of America (PPBAA), 3:3:25-37 passim.,
4:1:56 Pullman Strike (1894)
see Railway Union, American (ARU) "Pullman Strike Pictures: Molding Public Perceptions in the 1890s by New
Visual Communication" by Larry Peterson, 8:4: 14-33, 8:4:48-57 Pulp, Sulphite, and Paper Mill Workers, International Brotherhood of
(IBP SP MW) Local 201 (Menasha, WI), 2:2:30-31
Pure and simple unionism, 1 :2:44, 1 :2:46 Q Quarry workers
in Joliet, IL (early 1900s), 8:4:80il. Quarrymen's International Union, 2: 1 :57 Quesse, WilliamF., 9:l:4-2lpassim., 9:1:6il., 9:1:18il., 9:1:20-21il. Quigel, James P., Jr.
author: 11IUE Archives at Rutgers University: Documenting the International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers, 11 7:4:54-71
Quill, Mike, 9: 2: 14 Quinlan, Patrick, 6:2:24 & ii. Quinn, Vincent, 6:2:70il. Quinn (Richard F.) Monument, Philadelphia, 6:4:59 R Raccoon Coal Mine, Dade County, GA, 7:2:77il. Race discrimination. see Civil rights Race riots
in 1919, 5:3:56 Chicago, 3:3:25
in Chicago, 9:1:14, 9:1:16, 9:1:17il. New Orleans (1900), 1:1:40 New Orleans waterfront (1894-95), 1:1:39, 1:1:41il.
Rachleff, Peter author: "Unbroken Mirror: One Hundred Years of the St. Paul Union
Advocate," 9:4:26-39 Racial discrimination. see Chicago Commission on Race Relations; Race
riots; Racial segregation see Black workers; Civil rights; Racial segregation
Racial prejudice see Black workers
Racial segregation, 1: 1 :26-45 passim., 8:4:66 in Chicago labor unions, 9: 1: 16 economic impact, 4:1:52-67 passim.
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in education, 2: 1:24-25il., 2: 1:24-33, 2: 1:27il., 2: 1:28il. in schools, 7:2:14 in transportation
Memphis (1943), 4:1:54-55il. see also Clothing Workers of America, Amalgamated (ACWA)
Rademacher, James, 7:4: 11-27 passim., 7:4:23il. Radio and Allied Trades Labor Council, National
sources, 7 :4: 5 6 Radium industry, 4:2:64-77, 4:2:66-67il.
in Denver, CO (ca. 1914), 4:2:77il. Radium workers, 4:2:72il.
occupational safety and health, 4:2:67-75, 4:2:69il., 4:2:72il. sources, 4:2:73 see also Dial painters
Ragmen, 2:4:8 Rail yards
Tacoma, WA, 3:3:56il. Railroad brotherhoods
see also Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of (BLE); Railway Brakemen, Brotherhood of (BRB); Railway Carmen, Brotherhood of; Railway Trainmen, Brotherhood of (BRT)
Railroad conductors unions in Tacoma, WA, 1: 1: 16
Railroad Conductors, Order of, 6: 1 :48 Railroad industry
(ca. 1890s), 7:1:54-55il. dieselization, 1: 1: 19-25 passim. in Midwest, 1: 1:9-10 occupational safety and health, 3:1:60-6lil. shop whistle, 6:4:50il. see also Railroad workers
Railroad Men's International Benevolent Industrial Association (RMIBIA), 3:3:24-25
Railroad Telegraphers of North America, Order of (ORT), 1:2:32 Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood of (BRT), 5:2:35
images and symbols (1890s), 2:2:64il. sources, 1: 1:71
Railroad workers, 1:1:4-25, 1:1:24-25il., 3:3:46il., 3:3:6lil., 6:2:cover, 6:2:30-3 lil., 6:2:31-32, 6:2:33-53ils., 8:2:33, 8:2:48, 8:2:49, 8:2:50, 8:2:53, 8:2:54
artisanal pro~uction, 1 : 1 : 10-13 in Bellemont, A'Z (late 1940s ), 8:4:10-11 il. in California
ca. 1960s, 8:4:1il. and Depression (1930s), 1: 1: 17-20
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in IL, 1:1: 1 landmarks, 6:4:50il. living conditions, 8:4:7, 8:4:9il., 8:4:9-10, 8:4: 12il.
Chicago (1894), 8:4:33il. Pullman (1893), 8:4:27 Pullman (1894), 8:4:52il.
in New Mexico, 8:4:4-5il., 8:4:8il. Pullman Company (1884), 8:4:24il. in Richmond, VA, 3 :2:65il. sources, 3:2:69 strikes:
Chicago (1877), 1:3:39il. Keokuk, IL (1888), 8:3:23 Martinsburg, WV (1877)
landmarks, 6:4:62 national (I 922), 1: I: l 6il., I: I: 16-17 national (1946), 1: 1 :20 Northern Pacific Railroad (1894), 3:3:60, 8:2:33 in southwest PA (1911), 7:4:38 Utah (1918), 5:4:40
telegraphers, I: 1:6 time discipline, 1: 1: 18-19 in Turner, IL (ca. 1880), 4:3:18-19il. in Witchita, Kansas (ca. 1990s), 8:4: 12il. yard clerks, 1: 1 :6 see also Great Strike of 1877
Railroad Workers Monument, Bloomington, IL, 6:4:60 "Railroaders' Town: Bloomington's Shopmen Look Back," by Mark Wyman, 1: 1 :4-
25 Railway Audit and Inspection Company, Inc., 1:2:13, 1:2:21 Railway Brakemen, Brotherhood of (BRB), 2:4:21, 2:4:22il.
see also Railroad brotherhoods Railway Brotherhoods
in WI, 1:4:50 Railway carmen, 3:3:56 Railway Carmen, Brotherhood of
in Bloomington, IL, 1: 1 :7 Tacoma, WA, 3:3:59 see also Railroad brotherhoods
Railway Carmen's Association Tacoma, WA, 3:3:57
Railway Labor Act, 3:3:38 Railway Trainmen, Brotherhood of (BRT)
in Bloomington, IL, 1 : 1 : 16 Local 13 (Wheeling, WV), 3:3:73
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see also Railroad brotherhoods Railway Union, American (ARU), 9:4:28
and Eugene Debs, 2:4:21-22 memento, 8:4:26il. strikes: Pullman (1894), 3:4:52, 8:4:14-33, 8:4:32il., 8:4:48-57, 9:4:30
at factory entrance, 8:4:50il. landmarks, 6:4:62 military intervention, 8:4:28il., 8:4:29-30, 8:4:30il., 8:4:3 lil. press coverage, 8:4:14-33 passim., 8:4:21-33 passim., 8:4:28il.,
8:4:30il., 8:4:3 lil., 8:4:48-54 passim., 8:4:49il. pro-union publicity, 8:4:22-29 passim.
Rakowicz, Joe, 6:2:70il., 6:2:71 Ramsay, Claude, 4:4:4il., 4:4:4-19, 4:4:6il., 4:4:13il., 4:4:18il.
and death threats, 4 :4: 11 following Hurricane Camille (1969), 4:4: 16il. funeral, 4:4:4, 4:4: 19 and union disaffiliations, 4:4:9-10 and unionization of black workers, 4: 4: 15-17 and voter registration drives, 4: 4: 14-19 passim.
Ramsay, John, 9:4:65 Ranchers, 8:2:38-39il. Rand School, New York, 8:4:62
bookstore, 8:4:63il. Rand School of Social Science, New York, NY, 2:2:34 Randolph, A Philip, 1:2:69, 1:2:80il., 3:3:22il., 3:3:24-25il.,
3:3:26il., 3:3:43il., 4:1:56, 4:3:22-31, 6:2:76 & il., 8:1:10, 8:4:61, 8:4:65, 8:4:71, 8:4:74
and anti-communism, 4:3 :27 and BSCP (Sleeping), 4:3 :27 commemorative stamp, 2:4:38-39 at Democratic National Convention (1948), 4:3:30il. exhibition, 4:3:24il., 4:3:32-33il. and March on Washington Movement (1941), 4:3:27-28 and March on Washington Movement (1963), 4:3:28, 4:3:3 lil. and Martin Luther King, 4:3:28 memorials, 4:3:33 and Milton P. Webster, 3:3:22-43 and NNC (National), 4:3:27 photos:
(1961), 4:3:cover (ca. 1912), 4:3:23il. (ca. 1918), 4:3:26il.
as president, The Messenger, 4:3:25il. and Socialist Party, 4:3 :27
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sources, 2: 1:71 and William Green (ca. 1950), 4:3:29il.
Randolph (A. Philip) Institute, 8:4:77 see Joint Apprenticeship Program (JAP)
Randolph (A. Philip) Institute, Washington, DC, 4:3 :33 Randolph (A. Philip) Memorial, Boston, 6:4:60 Rath Packing Plant, Waterloo, IA, 6:4:62 Ration cards, 8: 1 :58il. Rawson, Mike
composer: Seattle 1919, 4:3:55 Ray, Joyce
author: "Documenting Workers and Health: Federal Sources," 3:2:66-77 Reader, 5:1:4-27, 5:1:24
and cigarmakers, 5: 1: 4-7ils. Corral-WodiskaFactory, Tampa, FL (ca. 1924), 5:1:20-21il. Havana (ca. 1903 ), 5: 1 : 8-9il. Perfecto-Garcia Factory, Tampa, FL (ca. 1924), 5: 1: 17il.
and cigarmakers' strikes, 5: 1: 16-22 Cuba, 5: 1 :4-11
and Ten Years' War, 5:1:10 decline, 5: 1: 18-22 as educators, 5: 1: 13-15 and labor militancy, 5: 1 :8-23 passim. and management opposition, 5: 1 : 16 Tampa, FL (Ybor City), 5:1:12-13
"'The Reader Lights the Candle': Cuban and Florida Cigar Workers' Oral Tradition" by Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta, 5: 1:4-27
Ready-to-wear industry. see Garment industry-- ready-made clothing Real, Charles, 8: 2: 15 "Real Women and True Womanhood: Grassroots Organizing among Dallas
Dressmakers in 1935," by Patricia Evridge Hill, 5:4:4-17 "Recollections of the Passaic Textile Strike of 1926," by Martha Stone
Asher, 2:2:4-23 Reconversion
in Hawai'i, 9 : 1 :32, 9: 1:36 in Oakland (1946), 8:2:6-23 passim. protests
by UAW (Auto) women (1945-47), 1:1:60-63 Red Scare era films, 9:3:71-75, 9:3:72il., 9:3:73il., 9:3:74il.,
9:3:75il.. see also "Capital vs. labor" films images portrayed in:
labor radicals, 9:3:72-73, 9:3:74-75 labor unions, 9:3 :72il., 9:3 :72-73, 9:3:73il. strikebreakers, 9:3 :75-76 strikes, 9 :3 :72il., 9 :3 :72-73, 9:3 :73il.
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Redbaiting. see also Anti-communism Redmond, B.J., 3:3:28-29 Reed, John, 6:2:24-27, 6:2:25il., 6:2:29, 6:2:62 Reed, Stanley F., 7: 1: 12-20 passim., 7: 1: 13il., 7: 1: 17il. Rees, Jonathan
author: "'Giving With One Hand and Taking Away With the Other': The Failure of Welfare Capitalism at United States Steel, 1901-1937," 9:2:20-31, 9:2:48-57
Reid, Stuart, 2: 1 :54-60 passim. Reiner, Rob, 1 :3 :46il. Relief
and Northeastern seamen (1808-1809), 2:4: 11-14 Relief of Unemployment Bill (June 1933), 2:2:48il. Religion
and unions, 6: 1 :46-57 see also Church of God (Cleveland, TN)
"Remembering the End of an Era: Telephone Interview with Boston Red Sox Manager Joe Morgan, December 16, 1990," by Doug Reynolds, 3:2:38-39
Remington, Frederic, 8:4:28il., 8:4:29 "Removing the 'Mark of the Beast:' The Church of God (Cleveland,
Tennessee) and Organized Labor, 1908-1934" by Michael Szpak, 6: 1:46-57, 6: 1 :60-61
Renchardt, Frank A, 7: 1 :59il. Replacement workers
in Oakland General Strike (1946), 8:2: 11, 8:2: 14il. see also Strikebreakers
Republic Steel Massacre Site, Chicago, 6:4:62 Resettlement Administration/Farm Security Administration (RA/FSA), 1: 1 :49 "Resources for the Study of Labor History at the Illinois State Historical
Library," by Janice A Petterchak, 3 :4:50-55 Retail, Wholesale, and Department Store Workers Union, 9: 1 :55, 9:4:34. see
also Cigar Makers' International Union (CMIU) Retail Clerks' International Union, 8: 1 :23, 8:4:69il.
Local 1265 (Oakland) strikes:
general (1946), 8:2:7-22passim. see also Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United
Retail Clerks National Protective Association Local 20 (Tacoma, WA), 3:3:55, 3:3:59
Retail Merchants Association (RMA), 8:2:6-23 passim. Retail service workers
and WLRB (Wisconsin), 1 :4:52 Retirement parties
for union members, 1:3 :69-72, 1:3 :70il., 1:3 :71il., 1:3 :72il. Reuther, Mary Wolf, 8:3 :5 lil.
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Reuther, Roy, 2:2:29il. Reuther, Victor, 2:2:29il., 2:2:34, 2:2:42il., 2:3 :40-4 lil. Reuther, Walter, 1:1:62, 1:3:30, 1:4:67, 2:3:40-41il., 2:3:40-47, 4:1:65,
5:2:36, 5:4:23-32passim., 6:2:71-72, 6:2:74, 6:2:74il., 8:3:5lil., 8:4:71, 9:3:30il.
and AFL-CIO, 7:4:62 and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:28-29, 2:2:29il. as director UAW-CIO (Auto) GM department, 2:3:45-47 and James Carey
sources, 7 :4: 60 landmarks, 6:4:63 as president ofUAW (Auto) Local 174 (Detroit), 5:4:23 views:
industrial recreation, 6: 1 : 16 Reuther (Walter) Memorial, Onaway, MI, 6:4:60 "Revelation 13: 11-18," 6: 1: 52 Revivalism
in mill villages, 4: 3 : 72 Reynolds, Doug
author: "Hardball Paternalism, Hardball Politics: Blackstone Valley Baseball,
1925-1955," 3:2:24-41 "Remembering the End of an Era: Telephone Interview with Boston Red
Sox Manager Joe Morgan, December 16, 1990," 3:2:38-39 Reynolds, Robert D.
author: "A Career at Labor Headquarters: The Papers of Boris Shishkin," 1 :4:58-
75 "Speaker from the Soul," 2:4:25
Rice, Horace Baldwin, 7: 1:57il., 7: 1:58il. Richmond (VA) Central Labor Council, 3:2:58 Richmond (VA) Locomotive Works, 3:2:65il. Richmond (VA) Trades and Labor Council, 3 :2:62 Riders of the Dawn (1920), 9:3:75 Rieb, Ernest, 9:4:42il. Riffe, John, 6:2:72 Riggers and Stevedores' Union, 2:4:60-61 Right-to-work laws
in MS, 4:4:6-8 Riopelle, Trilby, 1: 1 :62-63 Riordan, Julia, 7:2: 14 Rios, Anthony, 8:1:8-23 passim., 8:1:llil., 8:1:14il., 8:1:21il. Riots
see Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); Mob violence; Race riots "The Rise of the Rocky Mountain Labor Movement: Militant Industrial
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Unionism and the Western Federation of Miners," by Phil H. Goodstein, 2:3: 22-36
River Rouge Ford Plant, Dearborn, MI, 6:4:63, 8:2:cover, 8:2:44-45il. Rivera, Diego, 8:2:39 Riveters, 1 :3 :43il.
Rosie the Riveter, 1: 1 :60 Road building
in Greenville, MS, 1 :2: lil. Robins, Margaret Dreier, 8:3:33, 8:3:34, 8:3:34il. Robinson, Steven, 9:3 :48-49ils. Roche, Josephine
sources, 1: 1:72 Rochester (WA) Steam Laundry, 3:3:53il. Rock, Howard B.
author: "'All Her Sons Join in One Social Band': Visual Images of New York's Artisan Societies in the Early Republic," 3:3:4-21
Rock Island Workers' Memorial, Rock Island, IL, 6:4:60 Rockefeller, John D., 8: 1:32il. Rockefeller, John D. Jr., 1 :4:8-21 passim. Rockefeller, Nelson A., 1 :4:65il. Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, CO, 1 :4:6 Rodriquez, Rod "J.J.," 8:1:8-23 passim. Rogers Orchestra, Sharon, 8: 1: 5 8, 8: 1: 60il., 8: 1: 61 Rogin, Larry, 2:2:27-28, 2:2:40, 9:3:24-25 Rogovin, Anne, 7: 1:24-25 Rogovin, Mark, 8:4:36, 8:4:38 Rogovin, Milton, 7:1:22-26
photographs: Appalachian miners series, 7: 1 :24 "Family of Miners," 7: 1 :cover, 7: 1: lil., 7: 1:23-25ils., 7: 1:27-5 lils.,
7: 1:65il., 7: 1:74il., 7: 1 :77il., 7: 1:80il. Portraits in Steel, 7: 1:24 Triptychs, 7: 1 : 24
Rommel, David, 9:2:74-75il. Rood, Florence, 7:2:6, 7:2:9, 7:2: lOil., 7:2: 12il., 7:2: Bil., 7:2: 16,
7:2: 17, 9:4:42 and AFT (Teachers), 7:2:11-12, 7:2:16 and GTO [Grade], 7:2:10 and NEA (National), 7:2: 10-11
Rooftop worker (1958), 6:2:80il.
Rooke (Sarah J.) Monument, Folsom, NM, 6:4:60 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 6:3 :2 lil.
and NCL (National), 6:3 :25il. Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1 :2:46, 1 :4:72, 6:3 :36il.
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court packing scheme, 7: 1: 15-16 and The Samuel Gompers Memorial, 9:2:6il., 9:3 :4-7 and Hatch Act (1939), 7: 1 :4-20 passim. labor's support of, 8:1:40il., 8:1:41il., 8:1:42il. and NLRA (National), 2:2:48 presidential campaigns, 8: 1 :40il. of 1936, 8: 1: Iii. of 1944, 8: 1:41il.
and Relief of Unemployment Bill (June 1933), 2:2:48il. and Social Security Act (Aug. 1935), 2:2:48il.
Roosevelt, Theodore, 3 : 1 :6il., 3: 1 :7il., 3: 1: 10-llil., 3: 1:22il., 8: 1:36il.
and Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), 7:3:6 and Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902, 3: 1:4-Sil., 3: 1 :4-23, 6: 1 :64,
6: 1 :65il. and Dubuque Streetcar Strike of 1903, 6:3 :70 presidential election of 1904, 3: 1 :21 presidential election of 1912, 6:1:65il. views:
union organization, 6 : 1 :64-66 Root, Elihu, 3: 1:9-20 passim., 3: 1: l 6il. Ropemakers, 3:3:15 & ii. Ropewalk, 3:1:37il. Rosedale School, Livingston, MT (1909), 7:2:6il. Rosenbaum, Mark, 9:2:74-75il. Rosenblum, Frank, 3:4:36il. Rosenblum, Ida, 3 :4:36il. Rosenthal, Jack, 9:3 :37 Rosenthal, Rob
author: "Nothing Moved But the Tide: The Seattle General Strike of 1919," 4:3:36-53
composer: Seattle 1919, 4:3:55-59 passim. Ross, Fred, 8:1:13 & ii., 8:1:18, 8:1:20, 8:1:2lil. Ross, M.H., 3:3 :73 Rossiter, Asher, 5:2:75il. Rosswurm, Steve
author: "Sources for the Study of Labor History at the Chicago Historical Society," 2: 1:64-75
Roth, Herrick sources, 1 : 1 : 72
Roustabouts see Waterfront workers
Rowe, Thomas W., 2:4 :71il. Roybal, Edward R., 8:1:10-23 passim., 8:1:12il., 8:1:21il.
campaign supporters, 8: 1: l lil.
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Roybal, Lucille, 8: 1 : 12il. Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America, United. see Rubber
Workers of America, United; Rubber Workers of America, United (URWA) Rubber Workers of America, United, 4:1:55, 5:2:50, 8:1:16 Rubber Workers of America, United (URWA)
Local 135 (Buffalo, NY), 9:3:29il. Rubber Workers Union, United (URW)
landmarks, 6: 4: 5 8 Rubenstein, Harry R.
author: "The Molloy Collection," 2:2:65 "Symbols and Images of American Labor: Badges of Pride," 1:2:36-51 "Symbols and Images of American Labor: Dinner Pails and Hard Hats,"
1 :3 :34-49 author: "Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The National Museum of
American History's Exhibition on Sweatshops, 1820 to Present," 9:4:4-25
author: "In Pursuit of the Labor Vote: Presidential Campaign Material at the National Museum of American History, 11 8: 1 :26-45
Rubenstein, Lewis author: "Travels With Sketch Pads and Paint Brushes: The 1930s Labor
Artwork of Lewis Rubenstein," 7:3:34-55 as painter, 7:3:36-44 passim. paintings: Airplane Catapult (1936), 7:3:cover, 7:3:36 Clocking Out (1936), 7:3 :42-43il. Coffee Break (1937), 7:3:44, 7:3:46-47il. Copper Miners (1937), 7:3:40, 7:3:44-45i( Crane (1936), 7:3:36, 7:3:49il. Crane Movement (1936), 7:3:36, 7:3:48il. Dockworkers (1937), 7:3:37il., 7:3:44 Foundryman (1938), 7:3:35il., 7:3:44 Miners (1937), 7:3:40, 7:3:44, 7:3:52il. Miners First Aid (1937), 7:3:40-41il., 7:3:44 Niebelung Legend: Alberich and Dwarfs (Tympanum), Alberich's Hand,
Curse of the Ring (1935), 7:3:37, 7:3:39il. RabnarokLegend: Death of the Gods (Tympanum), Thor, Regenerated Man
(1937), 7:3 :37, 7:3:38il. Sorting Bolts (1936), 7:3:36, 7:3:50-51il. Washington March (1934), 7:3:54-55il. Welshman (ca. 1942), 7:3:44, 7:3:53il.
Rubinstein, Jack and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2:18
Rumsey, Mary, 6:3 :2 lil. · Rustin, Bayard, 6:2:76, 9:2:14
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Rutledge, Wiley, 7: 1 : 12-16 passim. Ruttenberg, Stanley, 1:4:69 Ryall, John, 3:2:54, 3:2:61 s Sabron, Mike, 9:4:1il., 9:4:46, 9:4:47il., 9:4:48, 9:4:50il., 9:4:51il.,
9:4:52-53il., 9:4:56il., 9:4:59il. allegiance to UMWA (Miners), 9:4:57 as auto worker, 9:4:55-56 at bagging plant, 9:4:49il. family of, 9:4:48il., 9:4:48-49 as financial secretary, UMWA (Miners) Local 1572, 9:4:56 following closing of mines, 9:4:56-57 as member ofUMW A (Mine), 9:4:48 singing, 9:4:55il. work conditions, 9:4:54
Sacco, Nicola see Sacco and Vanzetti
Sacco and Vanzetti images and symbols, 1: 1 :46-48, 1: 1 :47il. landmarks, 6:4:63
Sacco-Vanzetti Defense Committee Offices, Boston, 6:4:63 Sacramento (CA) Municipal Utility, 8:2:50 Safeway Stores, Inc.
advertisement (1987), 1:3:48il. Sager, Jane, 8: 1:51-53, 8: 1:64il., 55 Sailer, Agnes, 5:1:31-32, 5:1:34 Sailmakers, Society of Master, 3:3:12il., 3:3:12-13 Sailors see Seamen
Sailors' Union of the Pacific (SUP), 2:4:46 landmarks, 6:4:58, 6:4:63 The Seamen's Journal, 2:4:46il., 2:4:58-60
Sailors Union of the Pacific (SUP) landmarks, 8: 3 : 15 and SIU-SUP Brotherhood (SIU/Seamen's), 8:2: 12 strikes:
Oakland General (1946), 8:2:12 St. John (Vincent) Memorial, Oakland, 6:4:60 St. John's University, New York Faculty Association, 9:2: 18
St. John's University strike (1966). see College Teachers, United Federation of (UFCT) -- St. John's Chapter
St. Louis waterfront (1903), 4:4:36-37il. St. Marie, Buffy, 9:2:16 St. Mary's Catholic Church, Los Angeles, 8: 1 :4-5il., 8: 1: 14
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St. Paul Labor Centre, 9:4:36il. St. Paul (MN) Federation of Women Teachers, 7:2: 11 St. Paul (MN) Men Teachers' Union, 7:2: 11 St. Paul (MN) Trades and Labor Assembly, 7:2: 11 St. Paul Teachers' Federation. see Teachers, American Federation of (AFT) -
- strikes -- St. Paul ( 1946) St. Paul Trades and Labor Assembly, 9:4:28, 9:4:42
affiliation with AFL, 9:4:30 meeting place (1893-1917), 9:4:33il.
St. Paul Union Advocate, 9:4:30il. as AFL paper, 9:4:32 after AFL-CIO merger, 9:4:32 building
(1920s), 9:4:33il. ( 1920s-1960s ), 9 :4: 3 6il. (1960s-1980s), 9:4:36il. (contemporary), 9:4:36il.
campaign against Citizens Alliance, 9:4:30-31 centennial, 9:4:29il., 9:4:40il., 9:4:40-45, 9:4:41il., 9:4:42il.,
9:4:43il., 9:4:45il. composing room, 9:4:36il. editorials, 9:4:30
since the 1960s, 9:4:34-37 financial crisis oflate 1980s, 9:4:37 foundation, 9:4:28, 9:4:30 history articles, 9:4:44-45 illustrations, 9:4:26-27il. under private ownership, 9:4:30 renamed Minnesota Union Advocate, 9:4:30 repository, 9:4:43 significance of, 9:4:39 support of Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party, 9:4:30-32 under union ownership, 9:4:30 views:
Hormel Strike, Austin, MN (1985-1986), 9:4:35 PATCO (Air) Strike (1981), 9:4:35
Saloons see Taverns
Salvatore, Nick author: "Lest We Forget," 1 :4:25-31
Samson, Gloria Garat "Grants for Labor: The Record of the Garland Fund and the Ford
Foundation" with Richard Magat, 8:4:58-77 "Samuel Gompers and the Caribbean: The AFL, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, 1898-
1906" by Joseph Bedford, 6:4:4-25
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Samuel,Howard, 8:4:77 San Francisco Waterfront, CA, 6:4:63 Sanchez, Juan
paintings: Para Carmen Maria Colon (1986), 4:2:46-47il.
Sandblasters, 2: 1 :cover Sandburg, Carl, 7:2:9 Sandoval, Lencho, 8:4: 1 lil. Sanger, Margaret, 6:2:62 Sanitation workers
standard ofliving, 8:3:44 strikes: Memphis (1963), 8:3:42
see also State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of (AFSCME) -- Local 1733 (Memphis)
Sargetakis, Joseph T., 6:4:44-45il. Sauer (C.F.) Company, Richmond, VA (ca. 1955), 4:1:43il. Sayles Finishing Plants, East Providence, RI (1921), 3:2:34il. Employees' Association Marching Band, 3 :2:33il.
Sayre, Hal sources, 1: 1: 7 4
Scabs see Labor espionage; Replacement workers; Strikebreakers
Scarboro, Kathleen, 8:4:39-40 murals with Kathleen Farrell: Joliet Workers Then and Now (1997), 8:4:80il. Papering the World (1996), 8:4:42-45il.
Scavengers children in Boston (1909), 6: 1 :32il. children in Dhaka, Bangladesh (1993), 6: 1 :33il.
Scenic Artists Union, United, 8:4:35, 8:4:38 see also Painters and Allied Trades of the United States and Canada,
International Brotherhood of Schacht, John
author: "Labor History in the Academy: A Layman's Guide to a Century of Scholarship," 5:3:4-21
Scharnau, Ralph author: "Streetcar Strike 1903 : Dubuque Walks," 6: 3 : 5 8-77
Scharrenberg, Paul, 2:4:51-58 passim., 2:4:52il. Scheele, William
photograph (1892), 1 :2:40il. Schlesinger, Arthur M., 9:2: 19il. Schliefmann, Karl, 8:4:27 Schmidt, Edwin M.
author: "Labor on Stamps," 2:4:26-43
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and Organized Labor stamp, 2:4:36, 2:4:38 Schmidt, Joseph, 8:2:67, 8:2:71 Schneider, John, 9:2:62-75 passim. Schneiderman, Rose, 9:4:14 Schneirov, Richard author: "Chicago's Fenian Fair of 1864: A Window Into the Civil War as a
Popular Political Awakening," 6:3:4-19 Schniderman, Saul, 6:4:28, 6:4:53, 6:4:54 Schomer, Judith Ayre author: "New Workers in a New World: Painting American Labor, 1830-
1913," 3:1:34-47 Schultz, Miriam Brill author:
"Have You Heard Her Name?, 11 4 :4 :44 "Where Fannie Sellins Died, 11 4:4:45
Schuster, Walter E., 3:2:29-30, 3:2:30il. Schuster, Winfield, 3 :2:29il. Schwab Clothing Company, St. Louis, 4:4:38il. Schwartz, Marie Jenkins
author: "One Thing, Then Another: Slave Children's Labor in Alabama, 11
7:3 :22-33, 7:3 :56-61 Scientific management (Taylorism), 7:2:20-33, 7:2:56-61, 7:2:60-6lil. criticized by labor, 7:2:2lil., 7:2:22 and electrical workers, 4:2:4-27 and farm equipment industry, 4: 1 :8-26 passim. and federal policy, 7:2:22 and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, 7:2:20-22 and miners, 6:2:13, 6:2:15-16 sources, 7:2:30-31 and Frederick Taylor, 7:2:20-22 see also Company unions
Scontras, Charles A. author: "Maine Lobstermen and the Labor Movement: The Lobster
Fishermen's International Protective Association, 1907," 2: 1: 50-63 Screwmen, 1: 1 :29-40 passim. Screwmen's Benevolent Association New Orleans (1884), 1:1:29il.
Scrip from coal companies, 2: 1: l lil., 2: 1: 11-14
Scudder, Vida, 8:3 :26il. Seafarers International Union (SIU), 3 :2:4-23 and AFL-ILA campaign, 3:2:16-19 Atlantic and Gulf District, 3:2:4-18 and corruption, 3: 2: 10-19 passim. Great Lakes District, 3:2:19-21
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offices, 3:2:8il. and oil tanker industry, 3:2:14-15 Seafarers Log
1946, 3:2: llil. 1948, 3:2:14il.
strike assistance, 3:2:1 Oil., 3:2:10-11 strikes:
maritime general (1946), 3:2:6-7il., 3:2:6-9 "The Seafarers Union Remembered: A Retrospective Log, 1946-1963," by Ray
Denison, 3 :2:4-23 Seaman, Bernard, 7:4:68-69il., 7:4:70 Seamen, 1:3:35il., 2:4 :47il., 3:2:6il., 3:2:7il., 3:2:20il., 8:2:33,
8:2:42-43il. and Embargo Act of 1807, 2:4:4-5, 2:4: 12 petitions to NYC mayor, 2:4:8-9 relations with Navy, 2:4: 10 unemployment, 2:4:6-17 views:
Embargo Act of 1807, 2:4:9il. Seamen's Union of America, International (SIU), 2:4:52-59 passim., 6:4:5,
6:4:53, 8:3:24 Alaska Fishermen's Union, 2:4:47-48 and SIU-SUP Brotherhood (SUP/Sailors), 8:2 : 12 sources, 2: 1:68 strikes:
Oakland General (1946), 8:2: 12 Seamstresses, 4:2:36-37il., 9:4:6il., 9:4:6-10 passim.
in film, 9:3:60, 9:3 :61il. wages, 9 :4: 6
Seattle 1919, 4:3:54-55il., 4:3:54-59 "Seattle 1919: A Critique," by David Bartine and Constance Coiner, 4:3:54-
59 Seattle Central Labor Union, 3:3:56 Seattle General Strike (1919). see Strikes -- general see Strikes -- general
Seattle Metal Trades Council (MTC) strikes:
general (1919), 4:3:38 shipyard workers (1919), 4:3:38
Section 7(a). see National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Security companies see Labor espionage
Seeger, Pete, 9:3:29-30, 9:3:33il. author: "'We Shall Overcome': A Postscript," 9:3:33
"Seeking 'The One Best Way' : Frank and Lillian Gilbreth's Time-Motion
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Photographs, 1910-1924 11 by Peter Liebhold, 7:2: 18-33, 7:2:56-61 Segregation see Black workers; Civil rights; Racial segregation
Seidman, Bert, 1:4:69il. Seidman, Joel, 2:2:26il., 2:2:26-27, 2:2:40-41 Selby, Esther, 6:3:21il. Sellars, Lee, 8: 3 :4 3 il. Sellers (Isaiah) Gravestone, St. Louis, 6:4:73il. Sellins, Fannie, 4:4:34-47
death, 4:4:42il., 4:4:43-46 & ils. and Steel Strike of 1919, 4: 4 :46il.
imprisonments: in 1914, 4:4:41-42 & ils. in 1917, 4:4:42
memorials, 4:4:35il., 4:4:46il. photo (1919), 4:4:34il. as president, UGWA Local 67 (Garment), 4:4:36-39 and UMW A (Mine), 4:4:39-43
Sellins (Fannie) Historical Marker, Arnold, PA, 6:4:60 Senley, Mae, 5:4: 13il. Service Employees, United Local 329 (Chicago, IL), 2: 1 :72
Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 8:4:39, 9:1:4-23 charter application, 9: 1 :23il. foundation, 9:1:4, 9:1:20-21il. images and symbols, 8:4:40-4lil. "Justice for Janitors" campaign
8:4:4 lil. Local 2 (New York), 1:4:1il. murals, 8:4:40-41il., 9: 1:5il. strikes:
sit-down 8:4:41il.
Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Bas-Relief, Washington, 6:4:60
Service workers, 9: 1:38, 9: 1:38il., 9: 1:43 strikes: Plankinton House Hotel, Milwaukee (1941), 1:4:57il.
Settlement house movement, 8:3:23, 8:3:30 sources, 2: 1:68 and WTUL (Women's), 8:3:29-31 see also Denison House, Boston
Sexism. see Sexual division oflabor; Sexual harassment; Women workers see Sexual division oflabor; Women workers
Sexual division oflabor, l:l:60-66passim., 4:1:33-47 passim., 8:3:21.
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see also Family economy; Women workers among slave children, 7:3:27-28 in Hawai'i, 9 : 1:24, 9: I :27, 9: 1:32, 9: 1:43, 9 : 1 :45 in printing, 8:3:21 see also Bookbinders
Sexual harassment, 9:2:62il. Seymour, Charles, 3 :3 :46-57 passim. Shahn, Ben, 1:1:46-55, 1:3:68, 5:3 :22 Fortune illustrations:
The Church is a Union Hall (1946), 1: 1 :cover The Confederate Soldier Looks Down on a Sign of the Times (1946),
1: 1:51 il. Like His Father Before Him, the Child Will Also Enter the Mill (1946),
1: 1:53il. andNewDeal, 1:1:50-55passim., 8:1:41il. New Republic illustration, 1: I: 54il. and organized labor, 1:1:49-54, 8:1:41il. paintings: Bronx Post Office Mural: Picking Cotton (1938-39), 1: 1 :50il. For Full Employment After the War: Register Vote (1944), 1: 1 :50il. Handball (1939), 1: 1 :48il. Jersey Homesteads Mural (1937), 1 :1 :49il. The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (1931-32), 1: 1:4 7il. The Riveter, 1 :3 :43il.
as photographer, 1: 1 :49-50 photographs: Linworth Methodist Episcopal Church, Central OH ( 193 8), 1: 1: 52il. Sheriff During Strike, Morgantown, WV (1935), 1: 1 :54il.
political views, 1: 1 :48-55 passim. posters:
National Citizens Political Action Committee (1944), 8:1:4lil. Shahn, Bernarda Bryson, 1: 1:49, 1: 1:55 Shanker, Albert, 8:4:72, 8:4:77, 9:2:4-5il., 9 :2:6, 9 :2: 17il. Sheehan, Jack, 3: 1 :68il. Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association, 6:4:41 Sheet Metal Workers' International Association (SMWIA), 6:4:41 Local 2 (Kansas City, MO), 6:4:41 in MS, 4:4:18
Sherman, Charles, 2:3:32 Sherman, Harry, 3:4:13 Shingle Weavers Union, 3:3 :58-59 Ship captains, 6 :4 :73il. Ship carpenters
in MA (1875), 4 :3:6 Shipbuilding industry, 1 :3 :59il.
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and black workers, 1:3 :54-60, 1:3 :58il. sources, 3 :2:69
Shipwrights, 2:4:cover, 2:4:7il. unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:55, 3:3:59
Shipwrights and Caulkers, Union Society of, 3:3:13, 3:3:14il. Shipwrights and Caulkers Benevolent Society, New York Journeymen's
strike: ten hour (1833), 6:4:69
Shipwrights and Caulkers of the City ofNew York, Union Society of, 6:4:68 Shipwrights' Association
strikes: eight hour (1860s), 6:4:70
Shipwrights' Society, New York Journeymen, 6:4:68 Shipyard workers images and symbols, 6:4:64-71 in New York, 6:4:64-71
(ca. 1862), 6:4:67il., 6:4:68il. paintings:
Quincy, MA (1936), 7:3:36-37, 7:3:42-43il., 7:3:48il., 7:3:49il., 7:3 :50-5 lil.
in Seattle, 4:3:39-4lils., 4:3:53il. strikes: New York (1833), 6:4:64 New York (ca. 1863), 6:4:64 Seattle General (1919), 4:3:36-37il., 4:3 :38-51 passim., 4:3:55
wages, 6:4:68-69 see also Dock workers
Shipyards in Beaumont, TX (1943), 2:4:1il.
Shiras, Oliver P., 6:3:68 & ii. Shishido, Kaku, 9: 1 :34-3 Sil. Shishkin, Boris, 1:4:59il., 1:4:59-75, 1:4:63il., 1 :4:65il., 1:4:66il.,
1 :4:67il., 1 :4:72il., 8:4:76 and AFL, 1:4:64-74 author: Labor Unions and the Negro, 1 :4:73il. What's Ahead?, 1 :4:74il.
and civil rights, 1 :4:70il., 1:4:71il. as comic writer, 1 :4:66-67 as director, AFL-CIO Civil Rights Committee, 1:4:69-74 as director, European Labor Division of the Economic Cooperation
Administration, 1 :4:66-68 family, 1:4:60il., 1:4:61il., 1:4:61-62 illness, 1:4:69-70 and NLRA (National), 1 :4:64-65
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non-union activities, 1 :4:73-74 as secretary, AFL Housing Committee, 1 :4:68-69 as secretary, AFL-CIO Housing Committee, 1 :4:74 sources, 1 :4:59-60 speaking engagements, 1 :4:64il., 1 :4:65-67 translation of Trotsky's history of the Russian Revolution, 1: 4: 63 &
ii., 1 :4:74-75 Shishkin, Robert, 1 :4:69-74 Shoe industry
advertisement, 4: 3: 21 ii. Shoe workers
strikes: Brockton, MA (1923), 8:4:61
Shoe Workers of America, United, 8: 1 :8. see also Clothing and Textile Workers Union, Amalgamated (ACTWU)
Shoemakers, 8: 1 : 40 in MA (1870's), 4:3:6, 4:3 :1 lil. strikes: New York (1809), 2:4:14
Shoeshine boys see Bootblacks
11 Shopfloor Memories of Organizing Bethlehem Steel, 1936-194211 by Kathleen Purcell Munley, 9:4:60-77
11 Shops' Whistle a Workers' Monument, 11 by Michael G. Matejka, 1: 1: 18-19 Shorts, Cliff, 5:2:27il. Shott, Hugh Ike, 2: 1 : 18 Shrimp schooners from Biloxi, MS (ca. late 1920s), 5:3:7lil. (mid- l 920s ), 5: 3: 68il. New Basin Canal, New Orleans (1929), 5 :3 :66-67il.
Shrimp trawlers, 5:3:73il., 5:3 :74il., 5:3:76il. impact upon fishing industry, 5:3:72-76 passim.
Shrimpers, 5:3 :66il., 5:3:66-76, 5:3:69il., 5:3:73il., 5:3 :74il., 5:3:79il.
blockade along Gulf Coast (1989), 5:3:67-68 strikes:
Biloxi, MS (1932-33), 5:3:72 union organization, 5: 3: 68-7 6
Shrimpers' and Oystermans' Association, Gulf Coast and anti-trust action (1955), 5:3:75 strikes:
AL & MS (1935), 5:3:74 Biloxi, MS (1946), 5:3 :74
Shrimpers of America, Concerned, 5:3:68 Shull, Michael S.
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author: "Silent Agitators: Militant Labor in the Movies, 1909-1919," 9:3:58-77
Shultz, George, 7:4:17, 7:4:21 Siderographers, International Association of
sources, 9: 1 :55 Sieban Ranch, Helena, MT, 8:2:38-39il. Sikorsky Aircraft, Stratford, CT, 6:3:57il. "Silent Agitators: Militant Labor in the Movies, 1909-1919" by Michael S.
Shull, 9:3 :58-77 Silk industry
in Shamokin, PA, 7: 3: 19il. Silk workers, 7:3:4-21, 7:3:20il.
child labor, 7:3: 17, 7:3: 18il. children, 7:3:8 family economy of, 7:3:6, 7:3:15-20 strikes: Hazleton, PA (1907), 7:3 :20 Hazleton, PA (1913), 7:3:12-13il., 7:3:12-15 Newton Upper Falls (1894), 8:3 :26 in northeastern PA (1900-1901), 7:3:8, 7:3 :11-12, 7:3:20 in northeastern PA (1907), 7:3:8, 7:3:12, 7:3:20 Paterson, NJ (1913), 6:2:22 see also Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
wages, 7:3: 12-14, 8:3:26 work conditions, 7:3 :6-8
Silverman, Sol, 2: 1 :39il. Simmons, E.L., 6: 1:53-54, 6: 1:57 Simon, Bryant
author: "'I Believed in the Strongest Kind of Religion:' James Evans and Working-Class Protest in the New South," 4 :3:61-77
"Singing the Gospel of Brotherhood and Sisterhood: Reflections of Labor's Troubadour" by Joe Glazer, 9:3:22-37
Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 8:4:38 Sirota, Alex, 2: 1:37-46 passim., 2: 1 :45il. Sit-down strikes see Auto Workers, United (UAW)
"Six to Six" banner, 9: 1:46-47il., 9: 1:53il., 9: 1 :53-54, 9: 1 :59 Skeele, David
author: "Steel/City: Docudrama of an Industry and Its City," 4:4:48-63 Skinner, Robert E.
author: "The Black Man in the Literature of Labor: The Early Novels of Chester Himes," 1:3 :50-65
Skinner Packing Company, Omaha, NE, 5:3:60il. Skousen, Nola
author: "The City Built of Glass," 2:4:66-75
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Skygate Sculpture, San Francisco, 6:4:30il., 6:4:60 Slaiman, Donald, 8:3:51il. Slang see Working class -- slang
Slater, Samuel, 3 :2:26-36 passim. Slatersville (RI) Cotton Mill (1955), 3:2:32il. Slave children, 7:3 :22-33, 7:3 :23il., 7:3 :24-25il., 7:3 :56-61
doll (ca. 1850), 7:3:29il. girl
portrait with white infant (184 7), 7: 3 : 29il. as portion of slave population, 7:3 :60 separation from parents, 7:3:26-27 sexual division oflabor, 7:3:27-28, 7:3:31-32 sources, 7:3 :58-60 with white children, 7:3:28il., 7:3:29il. work, 7:3:24-33, 7:3:56
in children's gangs, 7:3:25 on cotton plantations, 7:3:61il. incentives, 7:3:29-33, 7:3:56 as socializing agent, 7: 3 : 5 6 supervised by adult slaves, 7:3:27-28 in "trash" gangs, 7:3:25 water carrier, 7:3 :30-3 lil.
Slave hiring, 3:2:45-47 Slave quarters, 7:3 :80il. Slavery in urban South, 8:3:55 see also Slaves; Slave children
Slaves in corn field, 7:3:30-3 lil.
Slayton, John M., 1:2:12 Sleeping Car Porters, Brotherhood of (BSCP), 2:4:38-39, 3:3:22-43,
6:2:76il., 8:1:10, 8:4:61, 9:4:42, 9:4:45il. and AFL (American), 4:3:27 The Black Worker (1937), 4:3:26il. charter application, 4:3 :26il. Chicago division, 3:3:24-41, 3:3:30il., 3:3:31il., 3:3:40il.
meeting, 3: 3 : 3 9il. convention (1929), 3 :3 :24-25il. convention (1950), 1:2:cover and Garland Fund, 8:4:65-66 Ladies Auxiliary, 1 :2:73 landmarks, 6:4:60 logo, 4:3 :26il. officers, 2: 1:70il., 3 :3 :34il., 3 :3 :43il.
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password, 3:3:34-35 and Pullman Company, 4:3:27 sources, 2:1:71, 3:3:34-35 strikes:
Chicago (1928), 3 :3 :32, 3 :3 :36 Pullman Company, 8:4:65-66
Slichter, Sumner, 1:4:65il. Slim by William Wister Haines, 8:2:53il. Slocum, Sam, 2:3 :55-58 Great Centennial Jubilum, 1875, 2:3:56-57il., 2:3:60il.
Slop shop, 9:4:6 Sloss Furnaces, Birmingham, AL, 6:4:27il., 6:4:37il, 6:4:38-39, 6:4:55il.,
6:4:63 ca. 1939, 6:4:27il., 6:4:37il
Smelter workers strikes:
Globeville, CO (1903), 2:3 :28 Smith, Hilda (Jane), 5:4:43 Smith, Mrs. E.B., 1:2:8, 1:2:1 Oil., 1:2: 13-33 passim. Smith, Robert M.
author: "Spies Against Labor: Industrial Espionage Agencies, 1855-1940," 5:2:64-77
Smith, Stanton, 4 :4: 8-14 passim. Smith, Tucker, 2:2:24-41 passim., 2:2:26il. Smith (H.B.) Foundry, Westfield, MA, 6:3:54-55il. Smithfield Foods, Virginia, 9:2:63 Smithfield Market, London, 8:3 :1, 8:3:58-59il., 8:3 :61il., 8:3:62-63il.,
8:3:64-65il., 8:3:66-67il., 8:3:68-69il. "The Smithsonian Gilbreth Photographic Collection," 7:2:30-31 Smithsonian Institution
"Symbols and Images of American Labor," 2:2:69 "We the People: Winning the Vote," 8:1:29 & il.
Smoger, Jim, 9:4:37 Smokeless Coal Operators Association, 2: 1: 21, 3: 3: 69 Snow, Charles, 1: 1 :72, 1: 1 :73il. Social Democratic Party of America (SDA)
foundation (1897), 2:4:23 Social Gospel movement, 1 :2:9, 4:3 :64 Social Security Act (Aug. 1935), 2:2:48il. Socialist Labor Party of America (SLP), 1:3:75 landmarks, 6:4:62 in Puerto Rico, 6:4: 12 in Tacoma, WA, 3:3 :52-56passim.
Socialist Party of America, 5:4:41 and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:31-42 passim.
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foundation (1901), 2:4:23 and '!WW (Industrial), 4:2:54-57 passim. presidential campaign of 1920, 8: 1 :44il. press, 8:4:62-63 sources, 3:4:50 in WI, 1 :4:50
Socialist publications, 7:4:4 lil. Socialist Workers Committee on Unemployment, 5:4:20 Socialist Workers Party, 3:3 :74 Socialists
and eight-hour movement (1872), 2:2:76 La Sociedad de Torcedores de Tampa (La Resistencia)
strikes: Tampa, FL (Ybor City) (1901), 5:1:16
Sofchalk, Donald G. author: "The Iron Miners' Struggle for Collective Bargaining, 1941-43,"
5: 1:62-77 Solomon, Joshua, 8:3:43il. Sombrotto, Vincent, 7:4:18, 7:4:19il., 7:4:22, 7:4:23il. Sorel, George, 6:2:58-61 Sotheran, Charles, 1:3:75 "Sources for Studying Labor: at the Western Historical Collections of the
University of Colorado, Boulder," by John A. Brennan and Cassandra M. Volpe, 1: 1:68-74
"Sources for the Study of Labor History at the Chicago Historical Society," by Steve Rosswurm, 2: 1:64-75
South (U.S.) industrialization
see Industrialization -- in U.S. South and '!WW (Industrial), 4:2:56 and union organization, 1:1:5lil., 1:1:52il., 1:1:53il., 1:1:54il.,
1:2:11, 1:2:19-31, 4:3:72-74, 6:1:48-49, 6:1 :58-59 see also individual unions and occupations
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 8:3:53 Southern Illinois Coal Miners Memorial, Marissa, IL, 6:4:60 Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU), 8:4:61
in Memphis sources, 8:3 :57
The Southerner: News of the Citizens' Council February 1956, 4:4: 12il.
Spanish-American War, 6:4:5-7 and black workers, 3:2:56
Sparhawk-Jones, Elizabeth paintings:
ShopGirls(l9l2), 3:1:45
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Spaulding, John L., 3: 1: 17 "Speaker from the Soul," by Robert D. Reynolds, Jr., 2:4:25 Special Committee to Investigate Unamerican Activities, 7:3 :66il.,
7:3:67il. Special Delivery Messengers, National Association of, 7:4:26-27 Speculator Mine Monument, Butte, MT, 6:4:60 Spielman, Gordon, 9:4:34, 9:4:38il. Spielman, Phyllis, 9:4:38il. "Spies Against Labor: Industrial Espionage Agencies, 1855-1940," by Robert
M. Smith, 5:2:64-77 The Spirit of American Labor (ca. 1927), 9:3:7il. Spitalny's Hour of Charm Orchestra, Phil, 8:1:46-61 passim., 8:1:51il. Sports see also Industrial recreation
Spring industry, 2: 1:45-47 Springer, Maida, 5:4:52il. Springfield (IL) Trades and Labor Council
sources, 3:4:50 Spurling, R.G., Jr., 6:1 :48 & il. Spurling, R.G., Sr., 6:1:48 "Staging The Line: The Creation of a Play About the Patrick Cudahy Meat
Packing Strike of 1987-1989" by Michael Gordon, 9:2:58-77 Stahl, Ben, 2: 1:26il.
author: "The End of Segregation in Teacher Training in Delaware: Recollections of a Union Struggle, 1942-1946," 2:1:24-33
Starr, James, 2:2:8 Starzelski, Joseph, 4:4:43-46
death, 4:4:42il. memorial (1920), 4:4:35il.
State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of (AFSCME), 1:3:48
and civil rights movement, 8: 3 : 44 field services, 8:3:43il. and Ford Foundation, 8:4:72 founding, 8: 3 : 5 3 leaders at memorial for Martin Luther King, 8: 3: 51 il. Local 1173 (Memphis)
strikes: sanitation workers (1968)
rally, 8:3:50il., 8:3:5lil. Local 1733 (Memphis)
organization of, 8:3:40 payment of dues, 8: 3: 41-4 2 strikes:
sanitation workers (1968), 8:3:cover, 8:3:38-39il., 8:3:40-53
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passim., 8:3:48-49il. march, 8:3 :80il. negotiations, 8: 3 :4 3 ii. picket, 8:3:45il., 8:3:57il. protest (March 28), 8:3:46-47il. sources, 8:3:40, 8:3:56-57 strike settlement, 8:3:53il. strikebreakers, 8:3:44il., 8:3:45il.
welfare fund, 8:3:54 in Memphis (1969), 4: 1:62-63il. Roll of Honor, New Britain, CT, 6:4:56 strikes: Memphis (1968)
landmarks, 6:4:59 State, County and Municipal Workers, American Federation of (AFSCME),
7:1:15 State, County and Municipal Workers of America (SCMW A), 2: 1 :26 State and County Municipal Workers Union
strikes: Elizabeth, N.J. (1938), 1:4:28
State militias see Militias
State Planters Bank, Richmond, VA, 4: 1 :44il. Stationary Engineers and Building Service Employees Local 670 (New York), 1:4:28
Stationary Firemen, International Brotherhood of strikes: Dubuque Streetcar Strike (1903), 6:3:67
Steam navigation, 2:4: l lil. Stecker, Freeland, 7:2: 12il. Steel and Metal Workers Industrial Union
strikes: Aliquippa, PA (1933), 5:2: 11
Steel industry mill, 5: 1:79il. and NIRA (National), 5 :2: IO
Steel Strike of 1919 see Steel workers
Steel workers, 2:1:65il., 3:1:59il., 4:2:34-35il., 7:1:24, 9:2:20-31, 9:2:48-55
during 1930s, 5:2:58il. at Bethlehem Steel (1942), 9:4:80 black, 5 :2:6-25 passim., 5:2:15il. (ca. 1917-18), 5:2:51il., 5:2:52-53il. during the Depression, 5:2:6-27
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(early 1900s), 5:2:55il. in IL (1884), 4 :3:14 making slag (1926), 9:2:52-53il. in Meadville, PA (1905), 9:2:23il. and NIRA (National), 5:2:6 Pennsylvania (1938), 2:2:53il. in Pittsburgh (late nineteenth century), 4:4:48-63 passim. and politics, 5:2:8, 5:2:23-24 sources, 9:4:60 strikes:
Little Steel Strike, Youngstown, OH (1919), 5:2:50, 5:2:73 national (1919), 1 :2:68, 2:4 :58, 4:4:43, 4:4:44-45il., 5:2:8, 5:2:22,
5:2:68, 6: 1:71, 9:3:74 and labor espionage, 5:2:72-73 landmarks, 6:4:58 propaganda, 4 :4 :46
Republic Steel, Chicago (1937), 6:4:62 views:
administrative style of SWOC (Steel), 9:4:67 company unions, 9:4 :63, 9:4 :65 organizing campaigns, 9:4:63
see also Foundry workers; Iron and Steel Workers, Amalgamated Association of (AAISW)
Steel Workers of America, United (USWA), 1:1 :68-69, 5:2:42, 6:2:68, 6:2:72-73, 8:1:15, 8:1:20, 8:1:22, 8:1:23, 8:3:49, 8:4:71, 8:4:76, 9:3:37
and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:41 and contract with Little Steel (1942), 9:4 :74 convention (1944)
sources, 3:4:54 and CSO (Community), 8:1:13 District 33, MN, 5:1:68il., 5:1:69
delegates (1944), 5: 1 :70il. negotiation team (1943), 5:1:74il.
District Council 3 8 (Los Angeles), 8: 1: 13 Duluth, MN (1943), 5:1:72il. foundation
and mid western iron miners, S: 1: 69-70 Hibbing-Chisholm District, MN, 5:1:75
(1942), 5:1:73il. images and symbols, 1 :2:48 Ironwood, MI, 5: 1: 69 Local 1028 (Duluth, MI), 5:1:69 Local 1845 (Los Angeles), 8: 1: 11 il. Local 1918 (Los Angeles), 8: 1 :8, 8: 1: llil., 8: 1: 14il. in Los Angeles, 8: 1: 12
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in Los Angeles CIO Council presidential campaign (1948), 8: 1: 16
Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges, MN, 5: 1 :69, 5: 1:73il. and occupational safety and health, 3: 1:67-68 and OSH (Occupational) Act, 3: 1 :68il. sources, 2: 1 :71, 9:4:60, 9:4:62 strikes: Phelps Dodge Corporation, AZ & TX (1983), 1:3:68 Whitin Machine Works, MA (1945), 3:2:37
support ofCSO (Community), 8:1:8 union organization
midwestern iron miners (1942), 5: 1 :70-75, 5: 1 :73il. Virginia-Eveleth District (MN), 5: 1 :75 and World War II, 5:1:71-72
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 1:1:49, 7:1:8 Chicago
headquarters, 2: 1 :71il. and company unions, 9:2:54 and FEWOC (Farm), 4: 1 :25 and foundation ( 193 6), 5:2:16 foundation of, 9:4:62 Hibbing-Chisholm District (MN), 5: 1 :71 leadership, 9:4:62il., 9:4:75 Local 1211 (Aliquippa, PA), 5:2:18-19
and NLRB (National) elections (1937), 5:2:23il., 5:2:24il., 5:2:27il. parade (May 1937), 5:2:24il. strikes:
May 1937, 5:2:20, 5:2:21il., 5:2:26il. Local 1663 (Chisholm, MN), 5:1:71-72 Local 1664 (Vermilion, MN), 5:1:71 Local 1938 (Virginia, MN), 5:1:69 Local 2078 (Evelith, MN), 5:1:70-71 Local 2381 (Hull-Rust, MN), 5:1:71-72 and midwestern iron miners, 5:1:69-75 and NLRA (National), 2:2:53il. orgaruzmg campaigns
Bethlehem Steel (1936-1942), 9:4:61il. in Bethlehem, PA
picnic (1939), 9:4:66il. committee structure, 9:4:66 company-wide meeting (1940), 9:4:66il. impact of victory at U.S. Steel, 9:4:63 in Lackawanna, NY
membership drive (1941), 9:4:68-69il. literature, 9:4:77il.
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poster, 9:4:60il. U.S. Steel, 9:2:54
and political action, 5: 2: 24 sample ballot, 9:4:60il. sources, 2:1:71, 9:4:60, 9:4:62 strikes: Bethlehem Steel, Lackawanna, NY (1941), 9:4:67 Bethlehem Steel, PA (1941), 9:4:67-74, 9:4:69il., 9 :4:70il.,
9:4:7lil., 9:4:72il. settlement of, 9:4:73 significance of, 9:4:73 victory parade, 9:4:73il.
and UMWA (Mine), 9:4:62 union organization, 5: 1 :65-69, 5:2: 14il., 5:2: 16-25, 5:2: 19il.
Mesabi and Vermilion Ranges, MN (1937-41), 5: 1 :65-69 and World War II, 5:1:70-71
"Steel/City: Docudrama of an Industry and Its City," by David Skeele, 4:4:48-63
Steelworkers in Joliet, IL
(1870s-1930s), 8:4: 80il. (1990s), 8:4:80il.
Steiger, William A., 3:1:68-69 Steinbrenner, George, 3:2:21-22 Steinway Piano Company, New York
and eight-hour movement, 2:2:73-75, 2:2:74il. Stepenoff, Bonnie
author: "'Papa On Parade': Pennsylvania Coal Miners' Daughters and the Silk Worker Strike of 1913," 7:3:4-21
Steunenberg, Frank assassination of, 2:3 :30-31
Stevedores strikes:
Cuban (1901-1902), 6:4:23-24 Stevedores, Longshoremen and Riggers' Union, 3 :3 :48-59 passim. Stevedoring and Rigging Company, Cooperative
in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:48 Stevens, Henry A., 3: 3 :49il. Stevenson, Adlai, 8: I :27 Stevenson, William, 2: 3 :40-41 il. Steward, Ira, 4 : 3: 8 Stewards
chief shop, 8:2:54 Stewart, Ethelbert, I :4:4, 1 :4:6 Stewart, Ira, 1:2:61il., 1:2:62-63
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Stillman, Charles B., 7:2:9il., 7:2:9 & il., 7:2:9-17 passim., 7:2: 12il., 7:2:17
Stock subscription plans see Welfare capitalism
"Stolen Dreams: Portraits of the World's Working Children" by David L. Parker, 6: 1:22-45
Stone, Harlan Fiske, 7: 1 : 14 Stone cutters, 3:3:51il., 8:4:46il.
and political campaigns, 8:1:75il. tools, 8:4:46il. unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:53, 3:3:59
Stone cutters Association in Bedford, IN, 6:4:35
Stone sloops, 2: 1 :77il. Store card, 2:2:69il. Store clerks, 3: 1 :45 Storrs, Landon R. Y.
author: "An Independent Voice for Unorganized Workers: The National Consumers League Speaks to the Blue Eagle," 6:3:20-39
Stove workers strikes:
Lindemann-Hoverson, Milwaukee, WI (c. 1934), 1:4:50 Strasser, Adolph, 1 :2:60
landmarks, 6:4:60 '"The Strategy is All Reuther's, Damn Him': Two Letters from the Reuther
Library," by Warner W. Pflug, 2:3:40-47 Street and Electric Railroad Employees, Amalgamated Association of
(AAS CEA) Division 103 (WV), 3:3:73
Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of(AASCEA)
Local 329 (Dubuque, IA), 6:3 :63 certificate of affiliation (1903), 6:3:65il. certificate of membership (1903), 6:3:74il. strikes:
Union Electric Company (1903), 6:3:60, 6:3:64-75, 6:3:73il. Street Car Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of (AASCEA),
2:2:59, 2:2:61 Division 22
officers, 2:2:67il. Division 618 (Providence, RI), 2:2:59-63 passim., 2:2:61il., 2:2:63il.
Street carmen early 1900s, 2:2:56il., 2:2:61-63
Street peddler in New York (ca. 1900), 7:4:35il.
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Street performers Mexico City, Mexico (1992), 6:1:40-41il.
Street Railway Employees of America, Amalgamated Association of (AASREA) Division 4 (Tacoma, WA), 3:3:57, 3:3 :59 Division 84 (Houston)
strikes: Houston Electric Street Railway Company (1898), 7: 1 :56-60, 7: 1 :57il.
Street vendors Seelampur, India (1993), 6: 1 :33-34il.
11 Streetcar Strike 1903: Dubuque Walks, 11 by Ralph Scharnau, 6: 3: 5 8-77 Streetcar workers, 6:3 :76-77il. in Dubuque, 6:3 :60-75, 6:3 :67il. in film, 9:3:74 strikes: Milwaukee (ca. 1934), 1:4:50 Richmond, VA (1903), 3:2:56
Union Electric Company, Dubuque (early 1900s), 6:3:58-59il. wages, 7: 1:56 work conditions, 6:3:62-63
Streetcars, 7: 1 :57il. in Dubuque, 6:3:60-62, 6:3 :6lil., 6:3:62il. in Oakland ( 1946), 8: 2: 1 il. safety, 6:3 :64il. see also Union Electric Company, Dubuque, IA
Strike general:
Oakland ( 1946) dramatic representations of, 8:2:21
The Strike (1914), 9:3:66 Strikebreakers, 4:2:11-23 passim., 4:2:18-19il., 5:2:65il., 6:2:75
and ABWA (Butcher) strike (1921-22), 5:3:54-57, 5:3:62 at Bethlehem Steel strike (1941), 9:4:68-73 passim. and Dubuque Streetcar Strike ( 1903 ), 6: 3: 66-7 5 passim. in film, 9:3 :66 inHouston(l880-1900), 7:1:54, 7:1:56-57 in Lawrence, MA (1912), 8:2:68 in Lowell, MA (1912), 8:2:68 in Memphis (1968), 8:3:44il., 8:3:45il., 8:3:57il. in Oakland (1946), 8:2:9-15, 8:2: 1 lil., 8:2: 12-13il., 8:2: 14il. in Paterson Strike (1913), 6:2:54il. weapons, 5:2:73il. and WFM (Miners) strikes, 6:2: 10, 6:2: 17-20 see also Labor espionage
Strikes Blue Ridge Tunnel, Richmond, VA (1853), 3:2:46
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Chicago stockyards strike ( 1904 ), 2: 1 : 79il. in film, 9:3 :66-67, 9:3 :67il. general:
concept of, 4 :3:36-37 Cuban (1899-1900), 6:4:7-10 New Orleans (1892), 1: 1 :32il., 1: 1 :33, 1: 1 :33il. Oakland (1946), 8:2:4-5il., 8:2:4-25, 8:2:6-7il., 8:2:8il., 8:2:9il.,
8:2:15il., 8:2 :16-17il., 8:2:18il., 8:2:19il., 8:2:20il., 8:2:22il.
legacy of, 8:2:20, 8:2:22-23 nonparticipation of IL WU (Longshoremen's), 8:2: 18-19 role of women, 8: 2: 8 strikebreakers, 8:2:9-15, 8:2 :1lil., 8:2 :12-13il., 8:2:14il.
Puerto Rican (1900), 6:4:12 San Francisco (1934), 8:2: 11 Seattle (1919), 4:3:36-59, 4:3:42il., 4:3:43il.
assistance, 4:3 :45il., 4 :3 :46-47il. in film, 9:3:74 General Strike Committee (GSC), 4:3 :42-48 passim. picket, 4:3 :34-35il. strikebreakers, 4:3:48il., 4 :3:49il., 4:3:58il. see also King County (WA) Central Labor Council (CLC); Seattle (WA)
Metal Trades Council (MTC) see also Great Strike of 1877
Great Southwest (1886), 6:4 :58 images and symbols, 8:4: 15, 8:4:36-37il. impact of photography on, 8:4:14-33, 8:4:48-57 Kohler Company, Kohler, WI (ca. 1934), 1:4:50 Morgantown, WV (1935), 1:1:54il. songs, 1:3:68-69, 1:3:73 for union recognition, 2:2:52 wildcat:
in Memphis (World War II), 4: 1 :58 for occupational safety and health, 3: 1 :58-76 passim.
see also Eight-hour movement; individual occupations and unions "Striking Against the State: The Postal Wildcat of 1970" by Aaron Brenner,
7:4:4-27 Strong, Anna Louise, 4:3:42-43, 4:3:44il., 4 :3:57-58 Strozier, Henry, 8:3:43il. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 4:4: 14, 4:4: 19 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 7:4: 18, 7:4: 19il. Sturtevant, Joe, 1: 1:72il., 1: 1 :74 Suffrage movement, 8:3:34 Sugar beet industry, 7:2:36-37il., 7:2:38-39il., 7:2:45il. Longmont, CO (1907-08), 1: 1:74
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Sugar cane workers (1942), 5:1:1il. in FL (1981-95), 7:4:52il.
Sugar workers, 9: 1:24, 9: 1:37il. in Maui, HI
(ca. 1912), 9:1:cover, 9:1:32-33il. (ca. 1915), 9:1 :34-35il.
Puerto Rico (1942), 4:2: Iii. songs, 9: 1:24 strikes:
(1909), 9: 1 :27 (1920), 9:1:27
Sugarman, Tracy, 5:3:22-26, 5:3:27il. author: "Echoes on Paper: Reflections on my Garment Workers Sketchbook,
1958," 5:3:22-49 and civil rights, 5:3:27 sketches: of civil rights movement, 5 :3 :27il. of garment workers, 5:3:23-24il., 5:3:25il., 5:3 :28-29il., 5:3:31il.,
5:3:32-33il., 5:3:34il., 5:3:36il., 5:3 :39il., 5:3:40il., 5:3:42-43il., 5:3:45il., 5:3:46il., 5:3:49il.
Seventh Avenue in 1958, 5:3:cover Sullivan, David, 8:4:71 Sullivan, T. S., 2:3 :26il. Summer School for Women Workers, 8:4:62 Sunday Journal, 9:4:37-38 Supreme Court
(1946-1949), 7:1:13il. Sutton, James, 9:3:43il. Sviridoff, Mitchell, 8:4:67il., 8:4:68, 8:4:70, 8:4:73, 8:4:76 Swartzendruber, Effie, 3: 1:28, 3: 1:28il. Swartzendruber, Elmer and Mary, 3: 1 :26-28, 3: 1 :27il. Sweat, Albert, 1:2:15-20 passim. Sweatshops, 3:2:77il., 9:4:cover, 9:4:4-25
(1859), 9:4:6il. (1953), 9:4: 18-19il. during the 1990s, 9:4:6, 9:4:20-22 in Baltimore (1958), 9:4:20il. definition of, 9:4:6 and immigration policies after 1940, 9:4: 17 impact of Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 9:4:14, 9:4:16 and move for government regulation, 9:4: 14 in New York
(ca. 1911), 9:4:24il. Division Street (1889), 9:4: 12il.
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Ludlow Street tenement (1889), 9:4:8il. organizing campaigns, 9: 4: 13 as part of the global economy, 9:4: 17, 9:4: 19 prevalence of in non-clothing industries, 9:4:24
Sweeny, Thomas W., 6:3:7 & il. Sweet, Fred, 9:4:33-34 Sylvis, William, 6:4:35-36, 9:4:28 landmarks, 6:4:34il.
Sylvis (William) Gravesite, Lansdale, PA, 6:4:34il., 6:4:60 Sylvis (William) Monument, Indiana, PA, 6:4:60 "Symbols and Images of American Labor: Badges of Pride" by Harry R.
Rubenstein, 1 :2:36-51 "Symbols and Images of American Labor: Dinner Pails and Hard Hats," by
Harry R. Rubenstein, 1 :3 :34-49 Symbols and images of labor. see Images and symbols of labor see Images and symbols of labor
"Symbols and Images of Labor" exhibition: Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 2:2:69
Syndicalism, 2:4:46-61 passim. Syrjala, F.J., 2:3:62-63il. Szpak, Michael
author: "Removing the 'Mark of the Beast:' The Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) and Organized Labor, 1908-1934," 6:1:46-57, 6:1:60-61
Szwajkowski, Rosemary, 6:3:48il. T Tabachinsky, Benjamin, 3 :4:25-26il., 3 :4:29il. Tacoma, WA, 3:3:47il. Tacoma (WA) Committee of Fifteen, 3 :3 :49il. Tacoma (WA) Mill, 3:3:44-45il., 3:3:48-49 Tacoma (WA) Trades Council, 3:3:52il., 3:3 :52-60 passim. Taft, Philip, 5:3:il., 5:3 :7 Taft, Robert
caricature (1944), 7:3 :74il. and national health insurance, 5:2:34il., 5:2:35-44
Taft, William H., 8: 1:28, 8: 1 :32il., 8: 1:37il. Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 2:2:45, 5:2:36
and anti-communism, 1: 1 :54 images and symbols, 7:3 :68il., 7:3 :69il. and occupational safety and health, 3: 1 :66-69 passim. opposition to, 8:1:45il. sources, 7 :4: 66 and wildcat strikes, 3: 1 :69
Tailboard, 8:2:54 Tailgate, 8:2:54 Tailors, 3:3:53, 9:4:6, 9:4:8
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images and symbols, 3: 3: 7 & il. New York (1958), 5:3:39il. unions in Tacoma, WA, 3:3:59 see also Garment workers
Tailors Fraternal Union, 6:3:7-14 Talbot (Tom) Bust, Grant Park, Atlanta, 6:4:60 Talkboard, 8:2:54 Tammany Society, 2:2:77, 2:4:12, 3:3:4-5il., 3:3:14
opposition to, 2:4: 13il. Tampa, FL (Ybor City)
ca. 1915, 5 : 1: 12il. ca. 1926, 5: 1: 13il.
Tangen, Ed, 1: 1 :74il. Tanner Clubs, 8:1:27 Tanners, 8:1:27 Tariffs, 8: 1:28, 8: 1:34il. Tavernier, Jules, 5:1:42-59 passim.
wood engravings: The Strike in the Coal Mines -- Meeting of Molly M'Guire Men, 5: 1 :48-
49, 5:1:50-51il., 5:1:58 Taverns, 3:2:50il., 3:2:51-53 Taylor, Frederick W., 4:2:8il., 7:2:20-22, 7:2:59
and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, 7:2:26, 7:2:28, 7:2:57 Taylor, J.W., 8:4:55-57 Taylor, William B., 5:4:31-32
(ca. 1941), 5:4:3 lil. Taylorism
see Company unions; Scientific management Teachers, 4: 1 :30
pensions, 7: 2: 10 and racial discrimination, 2: 1 :26-33 wages, 7:2:7-12passim. as women's profession, 7:2:7, 7:2: 17 work conditions, 7:2:4-5il., 7:2:6il., 7:2:7, 7:2: 12
Teachers, American Federation of (AFT), 6:4:58, 7:2:6-17, 7:2:9, 7:2:11, 8:4:77
and AFL, 7:2:16 and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:29, 7:2: 16 Building, Chicago, IL, 6:4:56 convention (1920), 7:2: 12il. and William Green, 7: 2: 16 Local 1 (Chicago)
sources, 2: 1 :70 Local 3 (Chicago), 1:2:68 Local 28 (St. Paul, MN), 7:2: 11
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celebration (1943), 7:2:13il. Local 43 (St. Paul, MN), 7:2: 11 Local 89 (Atlanta), 7:2: 13
and black teachers, 7:2: 14 Local 189 (Boston), 5:4:44 Local 571 (Chicago), 2:1:71 Local 762 (Wilmington, DE), 2: 1 :24-33 passim., 2: 1 :29, 2: 1 :32il. Local 1460 (New York). see College Teachers, United Federation of (UFCT)
-- St. John's Chapter Local 1600 (Morton College, Chicago)
sources, 2: 1: 71 membership
early 1920s, 7:2:12 and racial issues, 7:2: 16 strikes:
St. John's University (1966), 9:2:7il., 9:2: 1 lil., 9:2: 14, 9:2: 18, 9:2: 19il.
St. Paul (1946), 9:4:32 union organization
Bennington, VT, 5:4:44 Springfield, MA, 5:4:44
Washington Teachers Union, 4:3:25 see also individual cities and states
Teachers, California Federation of Golden Lands, Working Hands project, 8:2:21
Teachers, Chicago Federation of, 6:4:58 see Teachers, American Federation of (AFT) -- Local 1
Teachers, Federation of Women High School Teachers, 1:2:68-69 Teachers, United Federation of (UFT), 9:2:4-5il., 9:2: 17il.
and Ford Foundation, 8:4:71-72, 8:4:72-73il. strikes: New York (1968), 8:4:72-73il.
support ofUFCT (College), 9:2:14 Teachers, Wilmington Federation of
see Teachers, American Federation of (AFT) -- Local 762 Teachers' Association, Atlanta Public School (APSTA), 7:2:12, 7:2:16
and black teachers, 7:2: 14 Teachers Association, Delaware State, 2: 1 :32
Wilmington, 2: 1 :28 Teachers Federation, Chicago (CTF), 7:2:8-17 passim.
and AFT (Teachers), 7:2:9 Teachers Guild, 9:2:6-7 Teachers' Union, Chicago (CTU), 1:2:68-73 passim.
sources, 2: 1 :70-71 Teagarden, Norma, 8: 1:56
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Teamsters, 1:3:35il., 8: 1 :40il. Teamsters, International Brotherhood of (IBT), 8:4:38, 8:4:76
expulsion from AFL-CIO sources, 7:4:61
Joint Council 42 (Los Angeles), 8:4:70-71 Local 70 (Oakland)
strikes: Oakland General (1946), 8:2:9-19 passim.
Local 574 (Minneapolis, MN), 9:4:32 New Jersey, 1 :4:28 strikes:
Dubuque Streetcar Strike (1903), 6:3:68 and UMWA [Mine] parade (1905), 7:3:8il.
Teamsters, Joint Council of, 8: 1: 12 Telegraphers, Brotherhood of, 3:4:6-7
and linemen, 3:4:6 strikes:
Western Union (1883), 3:4:6 Telephone operators
Oakland, CA (1888), 3:4: 16il. Telephone workers
in Ouachita National Forest, AK ( 1924 ), 8: 1 : 80il. Teller, Henry M., 1: 1:74 "Telling Labor's Story: Stuart B. Kaufman's Legacy" by Grace Palladino,
8:3 :4-17 Temperance, 9:3 :67
and Richmond (VA) workers, 3:2:51-55 Ten hour movement, 9:1:46-47il., 9:1:53
see also Eight hour movement Tenant farmers
see Farm workers Tenant Farmers Union, Southern, 2:2:34, 4: 1 :54
in AR, 5:2:25 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Hiwassee Dam, 7:4:75il. Tenniel, John, 2:3:19il. Terrazzo workers, 8:4:46-47il. Textile industry, 1:3:4lil., 6:3:lil., 8:2:58-60
depression (mid-1920s), 2:2:6-7 in Lawrence, MA, 1 :3 :36il. mills
Blackstone River Valley (MA, CT, RI), 3:2:27il. paternalism of, 3:2:24-41 passim. in U.S. South, 1:2:9
Textile mills
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in Greensboro, NC photo (ca. 1910), 4:3:64-65il. photo (ca. 1925), 4:3 :60-6lil., 4:3:70-71il.
Textile Voices: Songs and Stories of the Mills (1970), 9:3:34il. Textile workers, 3 :2:66-67il., 3 :2:67il., 6: 1 :cover
in Boston (1912), 6: 1:36il. carpet weavers
Barmer, India (1994), 6: 1 :43il. Kathmandu, Nepal (1993), 6: 1 :22-23il.
Clyde Cotton Mill, Newton, NC (1908), 6:1:42il. in FL (1981-95), 7:4:53il. Holyoke, MA (1990), 6:3:50-51il. images and symbols
mid-nineteenth century, 1 :2:38il. Lawrence, MA (1868), 5: 1 :42-43il. living conditions, 2: 2: Sil. in Lowell, MA
Appeleton Mills (1913), 8:2:68-69il. (ca. 1903), 8:2:57il., 8:2:58-59il.
occupational safety and health, 3:2:68-69il., 3:2:77il. in Passaic Valley, 2:2: 18-19il. rallies, 2:2:20il. songs, 4:3 :66il. strikes: Danville, VA (1931), 5: 1 :32 Elizabethton, TN (1929), 4:3:72 Fall River, MA (1904), 8:3:30-32 Gastonia, NC (1929), 8:4:61, 8:4:62il. Greeks in Lowell, MA (1903-1912), 8:2:60 Lowell, MA (1903), 8:2:63 Marion, NC (1929), 5:1:31 Passaic Valley ( 1926)
lockout at Forstmann-Huffinan Mills, Garfield, NJ, 2:2:9-10 United Front Strike Committee, 2:2:8-18 passim., 2:2:9il., 2:2: l lil.
and AFL, 2:2: 17 sit-down
Boston (ca. 1930), 5:4:44 U.S. South (1934), 6:3:35 Uxbridge Worsted Company (1932), 3:2:35
in U.S. South, 4:3:68-71 wages, 6:3 :25-26 see also Garment workers
Textile Workers of America, United (UTWA), 9:3:24-34 passim. and Brookwood Labor College, 2:2:41 and Bryn Mawr Summer School, 5:4:43
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class(ca. 1947), 9:3:25il. expulsion of communists, 2:2:22 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills, Atlanta (1914-15), 1 :2:4-9, 1:2:7-9 images and symbols, 1 :2:24il. and industrial recreation, 6: 1: 15 and JWW (Industrial), 8:2:68-69, 8:2:76 and Lawrence Strike (1912), 8:3:33-34 Local 763 (New York)
landmarks, 6:4:60 Local 886 (Atlanta), 1:2:13-23 passim. Local 1603 (Passaic, NJ), 2:2:17, 2:2:19 Local 1695 (Greensboro, NC), 4:3:74 and NRA (National), 6:3:25 and political action, 5: 4: 4 7 response of ethnic groups, 8:2:69 strikes:
Celanese Corporation, Rome, GA (ca. 1950), 9:3:29 Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills, Atlanta (1914-15), 1:2:7, 1:2:10-31,
1:2: 10-35il., 1:2:10-35 passim., 1:2:12il., 1:2: 12-35il., 1 :2:33, 5:2:76
labor espionage, 1 : 2: 10-19 sources, 1:2:5-9
Greensboro, GA (1941), 9:3:26il. Hazleton, PA (1913), 7:3:12-15 Lowell, MA (1912), 8:2:68-70 Passaic Valley, NJ (1912), 2:2:7-22 recognition (1934), 3:2:35, 3:2:36il. silk workers in northeastern, PA (1907), 7:3:12
union organization in Hazleton, PA (1913), 7:3:14-15 NJ, 2:2:7-8 South(1914), 1:2:11-28passim. in U.S. South, 4:3:74
use of "We Will Overcome," 9:3:29 Textile Workers Organizing Committee (TWOC), 7: 1 :8, 9:4:34
Dallas, 1 :3 :24 strikes:
sit-down Boston (1930s), 5:4:44
union organization, 5:4:44 Textile Workers' Union, National (NTWU)
and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2:5 Textile Workers Union Hall, New York Mills, NY, 6:4:60 The Girl at the Cupola (1912), 9:3:58-59il. Theater. see Dramatic presentations
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"Theater Isn't Just for Sitting There: OyamO Reflects on His Play I Am A Man"
oyamO, 8:3:38-53 "Their Energy Flows into my Paintings: An Artist's Vision of Working
America" by Ellen Griesedick, 8:2:34-47 Thomas, Elbert D., 5:2:73il., 5:2:75il., 5:4:49 Thomas, Mary, 1:4:12-18 passim. Thomas, Norman, 1 :4:72il., 2:2:43, 3:4:41, 8:4:60, 8:4:61, 8:4:63, 8:4:64
and A Philip Randolph, 4:3:27 and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2: 12-13
Thomas, R.J., 1: 1 :62-63, 6:2:72 as president, UAW-CIO (Auto), 2:3:45
Thomas v. Collin, 7: 1 : 16 Thompson, E.P., 5:3:12 & il., 5:3:14 Thompson, Hugh, 6:2:70il., 6:2:71 Thompson, J. Vance, 2:4:45-65 passim. Thompson, Jeffery V., 8:3:48-49il. Thompson, William "Big Bill, 11 9: 1 :4, 9: I: IOil., 9: I: 13 Thompson (J.C.) Home, Marshall, MI, 6:4:60 "Those Who Would Be Free: The Eight-Hour Day Strikes of 1872, 11 by Stanley
Nadel, 2:2:72-77 Thrane, Marcus, 2:3:65il., 2:3:65-67 Three-Phase Set, 8:2:48 Tighe, M.F., 9:4:62il. Tighe, Michael, 9:2:50 Tikas, Louis, 1:4:13il. Tilden, Douglas, 9:3 :9il., 9:3: 10, 9:3: 13-14 Tile setters, 8 :4 :46-4 7il. Timber Workers, Brotherhood of (BTW), 4:2:56-57
meeting (1912), 4:2:56il. Timber Workers of America, Federated, 5:2:72 Time clocks, 7:2:60-6lil. Time-motion photographs, 7:2:19 & il., 7:2:24-25il., 7:2:28il., 7:2:29il.,
7:2:56il., 7:2:57il. techniques, 7:2:33il. see also Micromotion study
Timko, Joe, 5:2: 16-25 passim., 5:2: 17il., 5:2:27il. Tin Plate Workers, 3:3:8il. Tinners and cornice makers
strikes: nine-hour day, 3:3:52
Tinners and Cornice Makers Union, 3:3:53, 3:3:59 The Titanic (1997), 9:3:76 "To Secure These Rights, 11 1:4:72-73 Tobacco workers, 3:2:cover, 3:2:46il., 3:2:49-60, 3:2:56il., 3:2:58-59il.
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Tobacco Workers International Union (TWIU). see also Bakery, Confectionery, and Tobacco Workers' International Union
Local 22 (Wheeling, WV), 3:3:73 in Richmond, VA, 3:2:58 sources, 9: 1 :55
Toledo (OH) Glass Company, 2:4:72 Tomlin, Lily, 1:3:47il. Tomlinson, Ambrose Jessup, 6: 1 :48-57, 6: 1 :50-5 lil. Tourism
in Hawai'i, 9: 1:25-38 passim., 9: 1:38il., 9: 1 :45il. and images ofworkers, 9:1:25il., 9:1:45il.
Toy Workers, United (UTW) Local 149 (WV), 3:3:73
"Trabajo de la Tierra-- Work of the Land: Images of the Migrant Worker" by Nora Chapa Mendoza, 7:2:35-55
Trade Union Committee for Organizing Negro Workers, 8:4:65-66 Trade Union Education League, 2:2:8
and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2: 2: 10 Trade Union Education League (TUEL), 8:4:61 Trade Union Unity League
sources, 7 :4: 5 6 Trade unions
and black workers, 1:3:56-64 in Chicago
during the Civil War, 6:3:4-19 history of see Labor history images and symbols, 1 :2:46-58 passim.
Trade Unions, World Federation of, 7:4:62 Trades Council Labor Day Committee, Newport, RI, 2:2:68il. Tramp, 8:2:33 Tramp Lineman, 8:2:33 Tramps. see Itinerant laborers Transcontinental Railroad
Pacific Division, 3:3:45 Transport and General Workers Union, 8:3:60 Transport Service Employees, United, 2: 1 :26 Transport Workers of America, 1:3:70
strikes: New York subway (1966), 9:2:14
Transportation Union, United, 9:4:41 Trautmann, William, 8:2:60 & il., 8:2:67, 8:2:71 "Travels With Sketch Pads and Paint Brushes: The 1930s Labor Artwork of
Lewis Rubenstein" by Lewis Rubenstein, 7:3:34-55 Travis, Merle, 2: 1 :6 "Treasures of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America:
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Memorabilia and Historical Records at the University of Maryland" by Lauren Brown,Anne Foster, and Timothy Mahoney, 9: 1 :46-59
Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, VA, 3 :2:47, 3 :2:52il., 6:4:63 Tresca, Carlo, 6:2:24 & ii., 6:2:54, 6:2:59il., 8:4:62 Trevellick, Richard, 6:4:35-36 Triangle Fire, Ladder Company 20, Plaque, New York, 6:4:60 Triangle Fire Plaques, New York, 6:4:60 Triangle Shirt Waist Factory Fire (1911), 3:4:42, 3:4:48
landmarks, 6:4:41 & ii., 6:4:60 see also Garment Workers Union, International Ladies
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911), 9:4: 14, 9:4:22 funeral parade, 9 :4: l 6il. reports of: New York Evening Journal, 9:4: l 6il. The World, 9:4:15il.
Tridon, Andre, 6:2:59 Tripp, RobertR., 3:4:12-14 Trolleys
see Streetcars Trucker
Shasta County, CA (1942), 4:2:80il. "A True Blue Labor Organizer: Edward Crough and the Western Federation of
Miners, 1907-1920," by James C. Foster, 6:2:4-21 Truman, Harry S.
and organized labor, 2:4:28 Tso, Tsish Chillie
see Curley, Dick Tucker, Sherrie
author: "Working the Swing Shift: Women Musicians during World War II," 8:1:46-66
Tura, Al, I: 3 : 71 ii. Las turbas (mobs)
see Mob violence Turner Beifuss, Joan, 8:3:40 Turners, 6: 3: 7 "Turtle Creek Fights Taylorism: The Westinghouse Strike of 1914," by
Charles J. McCollester, 4:2:4-27 Turtle Creek Valley (southeast of Pittsburgh, PA), 4:2:6-7il. Turula, Helene, 7:2: 13il. Twomey, Ed, 1: 1 :9il. Typographical Conference, Intermountain, 1: 1 :72 Typographical Society, Philadelphia
strikes: 1809, 2:4:14
Typographical Union, International (ITU), I: 1:71il., 2:2:65, 5:2:31,
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5:2:50 Atlanta, 1:2:11 in Chicago, 6:3:7-8, 6:3: 14
sources, 3:4:50 in Dubuque, IA
boycott: Union Electric Company {1903), 6:3:69
landmarks, 6:4:50-52, 6:4:51il., 6:4:60 Local 6 (New York), 6:4:51-52 Local 16 (Chicago)
sources, 2: 1:66, 5:4:xx strikes:
eight hour (1905-1906), 2: 1:66il. Local 49 (Denver)
sources, 1 : 1 : 72 Local 79 (WV), 3:3:73 Local 90 (Richmond, VA), 3:2:54 Local 170 (Tacoma, WA), 3:3:45-59 passim., 3:3:46il., 3:3:48il. in Memphis
sources, 8:3:57 in Oakland
strikes: general {1946), 8: 2: 10
Providence sources, 2:2:69
sources, 1 : 1 : 72 see also Communications Workers of America (CWA)
Typographical Union, United, 5:2:50 u UA Headquarters Building, Washington, 6:4:60 Ulrich, Charles
wood engravings: The Glass Blowers, 5:1:58-59 & il.
"Unbroken Mirror: One Hundred Years of the St. Paul Union Advocate" by Barb Kucera and Peter Rachleff, 9:4:26-39
Unemployed Leagues, 5:4:20 Unemployment
Detroit (ca. 1932), 5:4:20il. relief
Michigan {1935), 5:4:23il. see also Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Union Advocate. see St. Paul Union Advocate Union Electric Company, Dubuque, IA, 6:3 :62il.
car barn (1903), 6:3 :66il. Union Leadership Program, University of Chicago, 8:4:67
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Union Miners Cemetery, Mount Olive, IL, 6:4:35il., 6:4:36 & ii., 6:4:63 gravermarkers, 6 :4: 5 5il.
Union organization. see Organizing campaigns during the Civil War, 6:3:4-19 passim. see also individual occupations and unions
Union Printers' Home, Colorado Springs, CO, 6:4:60, 6:4:74il. Union songs. see Labor songs Union Square, New York, 6:4:63 Union Switch and Signal Company, Swissvale, PA, 4:2:4, 4:2:6-7il. Union Tavern, Milton, NC, 6:4:60 Unionist Party, 6:4:18 United Cabinet-Makers' Union, 2:2:73 United Employers' Movement
and eight-hour movement (1872), 2:2:76 United Farm Workers Hall, Delano, CA, 6:4:63 United Federal Workers v. Mitchell, 7: 1: 12-14 United Hebrew Trades, 3:4:21, 3:4:42 United Negro Labor Committee, 8:2:20, 8:2:22-23
Oakland city election (1947), 8:2:24-25il. United Public Workers v. Mitchell, 7: 1: 15-20 United States Radium Corporation, West Orange, N.J., 4:2:67-68 United Workers' Cooperatives/Allerton Coops, Bronx, NY, 6:4:63 University of Chicago
see Union Leadership Program, 8:4:67 "The University of Labor vs. the University of Letters in 1904: Frank K.
Foster Confronts Harvard University President Charles W. Eliot" by Joseph De Plasco, 1 :2:52
Upholsterers, 1: 1: 12, 2: I :38-45 passim. Upholsterers International Union (UIU), 2: 1 :40, 2: 1 :42
and AFL, 2:1:41 and CIO, 2: 1 :41 and FWIU (Furniture), 2:1:39-41 in New York, NY, 2:1:36
Urbanization Dallas, 5:4:5-6, 5:4:6il. images and symbols, 3: 1 :40-46 passim. in U.S. South, 3:2:43-65 passim.
Urick, AL., 6:3 :74-75 U.S. Army Depot, Columbus, OH, 5:2:49il. U.S. Arsenal Explosion Monument, Washington, 6:4:60 U.S. Bureau of Mines, 3: 1:64 U.S. Civil Service Commission (USCSC), 7: 1 :7-20 passim. U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, 1 :2:29-30, 5 :2:66-68
and Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills Strike (1914-15), 1:2:11-29 passim. U.S. Department of Agriculture, 3 :2:69
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U.S. Department of Labor and BLS (Bureau), 4:3: 10 Division of Labor Standards (DLS), 3: 1 :64 sources, 3:2:66-68 see also Women's Bureau
U.S. Housing Authority (USHA), 1:4:68 U.S. Maritime Commission
sources, 3 :2:69 U.S. Postal Service
commemorative labor stamps, 2:4:26-43 U.S. Public Health Service, 2:3:18
and mercury poisoning, 2:3: 9-10, 2:3: 18 sources, 3 :2:69-70
U.S. Rubber Co., Millville, MA baseball team, 3 :2:26il.
U.S. Rubber Co., Woonsocket, RI baseball team (1930), 3:2:32il.
U.S. Steel and agreement with SWOC (Steel) (1937), 9:2:54 and length of workday, 9:2:27 "Men Make Steel" (1939), 1:3:41 and NIRA (National), 9:2:49-50, 9:2:52 occupational safety, 9:2:26-27
poster, 9:2:30il. Oliver Iron Mining Company, MN
open pit-mine, Hibbing, MN (1942), 5: 1:63-64il., 5: 1:66il. union-busting, 5: 1 :64-65 welfare program, 5: 1 :71il.
"To Each Other" (1943), 1 :3 :42il. welfare capitalism, 9:2:20-31, 9:2:48-55
Americanization programs, 9:2:28il., 9:2:31, 9:2:48 company towns
Homestead, PA (1903), 9:2:31il. Midland, PA (1941), 9:2:55il.
company unions, 9:2:48-52 films, 9:2:20-21il. pensions, 9:2:24-25 safety committees bulletin (ca. 1913), 9:2:25il.
stock subscription plans, 9:2:24-25, 9:2:48 USO, 8:1:50il., 8:1:58, 8:1:61
tour (1945), 8:1:62il. v Vacca, J. Joseph, 7:4:22, 7:4:23il. Valdes, Dennis Nodin, 7:2:36
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The Valley of the Moon (1914), 9:3:66, 9:3 :67il. Valley Paper Company, Holyoke, MA, 6:3:49il. Vamp Building, Lynn, MA, 6:4:63 Van Arsdale, Harry, Jr., 9 :2: lOil., 9:2: 12 Van Buren, Martin, 8: 1:27, 8: 1:3 lil. Vance, J. Madison, 1 : 1 : 3 5 Vanguard Press, 8:4:63, 8:4:64il. Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 7:4 :39-40
see Sacco and Vanzetti Vecoli, Rudolph J.
author: "Primo Maggio: May Day Observances Among Italian Immigrant Workers, 1980-1920," 7:4:28-41
Vernacular speech of laborers see Working class -- slang
Veterans Trucking Company, Los Angeles, 8:2:9 Victor American Fuel Company, CO, 1:4:6-7 Violence. see Race Riots Virginia Federation of Labor, 3:2:55, 3:2:60 "Vistas and Visions of Ohio Labor," by Dennis East, 5:2:46-63 Vladeck, Baruch Charney, 3:4:21-23, 3:4:23il., 3:4:41-47 passim. & ils. Vogt, Louis Charles
paintings: Building the Queensboro Bridge (1905), 3 :1:43
"The Voice of the Gun: Colorado's Great Coalfield War of 1913-1914," by Priscilla Long, 1 :4:4-23
Volpe, Cassandra M. author: "Sources for Studying Labor: at the Western Historical
Collections of the University of Colorado, Boulder," 1:1:68-74 Vorse, Mary Heaton
on Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2: 10-11 Voter registration drives
see Civil rights; Community Services Organization (CSO) w Wade Park Hotel, Cleveland (1923), 1 :3:52il. Wage Stabilization Board (WSB)
and SIU (Seafarers) strike, 3 :2:6-9 Wagenknecht, Alfred, 2 :2:18-21 passim. Wages
see Black workers; Family economy; Minimum wage laws; National Recovery Administration (NRA); Women workers; individual occupations
Wagner, Robert, 2 :2:45il., 5:2:31il., 5:2:31-40passim. correspondence, 2 :2 :45-46 and NLRA (National), 2:2:44il. relations with organized labor, 2:2:45 and Relief of Unemployment Bill (June 1933), 2:2 :48il.
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and Social Security Act (August 1935), 2:2:48il. views:
company unions, 2:2:49 NLRA (National), 2 :2:49, 2:2:54 union organization, 2:2:46
see also Murray-Wagner-Dingell Bill; National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935
Wagner, Robert F., Jr., 9:2: 16 Wagner Act (1935). see National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935
see National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935 Wagner-Ellenbogen Housing Bill, 1 :4:68 Wagner-Steagall Act
see National Housing Act Waiters and waitresses
see Food service workers Waitresses, 9 : 1 : 19 Wald, Lillian
and child labor reform, 1:3: 12-13 Walker, William, 8:4:36 Walker Iron and Coal Company, Rising Fawn, GA
monthly report (1889), 7:2:68-69il. Wallace, Henry
presidential campaign of 1948, 1:1:54, 8:1:44il. and Mexican American workers, 8:1:15-18, 8:1:18il.
Walsh-Healey Act (1936), 3:1:64 Wang Laboratories, Lowell, MA, 6:3:53il. War veterans
see individual wars Warner (Emelea Pusay) School, Wilmington, DE, 2: 1 :32il. Warren Baseball Park, Bisbee, Al, 6:4:63 Wartime reconversion. see Reconversion
see Reconversion Washers. see Laundresses Washington Central Labor Union, 6:4: 18 The Washington Post, 6:4:48il. Waterfront workers, 1:1 :27il., 1:1:30il., 1:1 :3lil., 1:1:36il., 1:1:38il.,
2:3:5lil., 3 :1:41il., 3:3:57il. race relations, 1: 1 :26-45
Watkins, Thomas H., 3: 1: 18il., 3: 1: 19 Watson, Luther, 3: 1: 62il. Watt, Bob, 1 :2:70, 1 :2:75il. Watts, Glenn, 8:4:70 Watts Labor Community Action Committee, 8:4 :71 "The Way We Were: Organizing and Other Matters (1951-1963)," by Ken Young,
6:2:65-77
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"We Are Building a Strong Union, Workers in the Mill," 9:3:27 "'We Called it a Work Holiday': The 1946 Oakland General Strike"
exhibition: Oakland Museum of California, 8:2:21 111We Called It a Work Holiday': The Oakland General Strike of 1946" by
Fred Glass, 8:2:4-25 111We Miners Say We Have No Nationality': Photographs from Milton Rogovin's
'Family ofMiners'," 7:1:22-51 "We Shall Overcome," 9:3:27-31, 9:3 :33 as anthem of the civil rights movement, 9:3:29-JO sung by white workers, 9:3:28
"'We Shall Overcome': A Postscript," by Pete Seeger, 9:3 :33 "We the People: Winning the Vote"
exhibition: National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 8: 1 :29 & ii.
"We Will Overcome" (1950), 9:3:28il. Weaver, George L.P., 1:4:69-70
sources, 7:4:62 Webb's Academy and Home for Shipbuilders (Webb's Institute of Naval
Architecture), Bronx, NY, 6:4:70, 6:4:7lil. Webster, James B., 2: 1:60-61 Webster, Milton P., 3:3:22il., 3:3:23il., 3:3:24-25il., 3:3:28il.,
3:3:34il., 3:3:39il., 3:3:43il. and A. Philip Randolph, 3:3:22-43
Weed, Inis, I :2:30-31 Wehrle, Edmund F., 8:3:6
author: "'For a Healthy America:' Labor's Struggle for National Health Insurance, 1943-49," 5:2:28-45
Weir, John Ferguson, 5:1:52-53 paintings:
The Gun Foundry (1866), 5:l:cover, 5:1:52 & ii. Weir, Stan, 8:2: 12 Weisbord, Albert, 2:2:8 & ii., 2:2 : 10, 6: 1:67
and Communist Party, 2:2:23 and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2: 11-19 passim.
Welder riggers, 9:3:cover, 9:3:53il.. see also Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of (UBCJA)
Welfare capitalism, 9:2:20-31, 9:2:48-55. see also Company towns; Company unions; Industrial recreation
Americanization programs, 9:2:28il., 9:2:31, 9:2:48 company towns, 9:2:28, 9:2:31, 9:2:3 lil., 9:2:55il. company unions, 9:2:48-52 critics of, 9:2:20-2lil., 9:2:22, 9:2:24, 9:2:5lil. growth of, 9:2:22 impact of Depression, 9:2:48 industrial recreation, 9:2 :24il., 9:2:57il.
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and length of workday, 9:2 :27 occupational safety, 9:2:25il., 9:2:26, 9:2:26il., 9:2:30il.
bulletin (ca. 1913), 9:2:25il. poster, 9:2:30il.
pensions, 9:2:24-25 stock subscription plans, 9:2:24-25, 9:2:48 workers' education, 9:2:49il. see Paternalism
Wellman, IA, 3: 1 :28-29il. Wells, Leonard, 9:3:52-53ils. Wentworth, John, 6:3 :10-14, 6:3:15il., 6:3 :16 Wesley, Charles, 8:4:65 West, Don, 5: 1:28 West, George, 1 :4: 6 West Virginia Federation of Labor, 3:3 :72 West Virginia Industrial Union Council, 3 :3 :72 West Virginia Labor Federation, 3: 3 : 72-73 Western Central Union
in Seattle, WA, 3 :4: 15 Western Labor Union (WLU), 2:3:27 Westinghouse, George, 4:2:4-6 Westinghouse Airbrake Company, Wilmerding, PA, 4:2:4, 4:2:6-7il.
photo (ca. 1915), 4:2:26-27il. Westinghouse Electric & Meter Company, East Pittsburgh, PA, 4:2:4-6, 4:2:6-
7il. Westinghouse Electric Plant, Turtle Creek, PA ( 1915), 4: 2: 16-l 7il. Westinghouse Lamp Division, Bloomfield, NJ, 3 :2:75il. Westinghouse Machine Company, East Pittsburgh, PA, 4:2:4, 4:2:6-7il. Westinghouse Strike of 1914
see Electrical Workers -- strikes; Allegheny Congenial Industrial Union (ACIU) -- strikes
Wharf builders. see Bridge builders; Dock builders; Pile drivers "What About the Wagner Bill?" by Whiting Williams, 2:2:51 "What Ever Happened to Mrs. Smith?" by Frances Blakely, 1 :2:31-33 "What is A Landmark?," 6:4:54-55 Wheel Store/Batesville Help and Hope, Batesville, AR, 6:4:63 Wheeler, Thomas W., 3:4:12 Wheeling Township Coal Mining Company, Adena, OH, 5:2:54il. "When the Mines Closed: One Worker's Oral History" by Mike Sabron and
edited by Thomas Dublin, 9:4:46-59 "Where Fannie Sellins Died," by Miriam Brill Schultz, 4:4:45 Whistle-Bite, 8:2:54 White collar workers. see Clerical workers; Office workers White (John P .) Gravesite, Des Moines, IA, 6:4:60 White Oak Cotton Mill, Greensboro, NC
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dye room (ca. 1903), 4:3:77il. slubber room (ca. 1903), 4:3:67il. weaving room (1907), 4:3:68-69il.
White supremacy see Black workers; Immigration
Whitehead and Hoag Co., Newark, NJ, 2:2:66il., 2:2:68 Whitehouse, Al, 6:2:73-74 Whiting, Basil, 8:4:69, 8:4:76 Whitmore, Herb, 9:3:56il., 9:3:57il. Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt, 9:3:10 "Who's In Charge?," 7:2:59 "Who's in Charge: Workers and Managers in the United States 1800-Present"
exhibition: National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 7:2:59
Why? (1915), 9:3:63 "Why Do Museums Mount This Kind of Exhibition?" by Spencer Crew and Lonnie
Bunch, 9:4:7 Whyte, Alice, 8: 1:46il., 8: 1 :47il. Whyte, Virgil, 8: 1 :51, 8: 1 :65
see also Whyte's Musical Sweethearts, Virgil Whyte's All-Girl Band, Virgil. see Musicgals; Whyte's Musical Sweethearts,
Virgil Whyte's Musical Sweethearts, Virgil, 8:1:46il., 8:1:47il., 8:1:50il.,
8:1:58il., 8:1:59il., 8:1:65 see also Musicgals; Whyte, Virgil
Wiesman, Margaret, 6:3:26-35 passim. Wilberg Coal Mine Disaster Memorial, Wilberg, UT, 6:4:60 Wilks, James, 2:3 :26il. Will Grundy Counties Central Trades and Labor Council (WGCCTLC), 8:4:38 Willett, Marinus, 2:4:8-9 Williams, John C., 2:3 :26il. Williams, Thomas Elmo
as a miner, 9:2:32-47 passim. as painter, 9:2:32, 9:2:35-36 paintings:
Daybreak at the Mine (1996), 9:2:4 lil. Deer Creek Mine (1996), 9:2:80 End of the Line (1995), 9:2:39il. Fairview Landing (1996), 9:2:cover, 9:2:37il. Farmer John's (1995), 9:2:34il. Hiawatha Tipple Memories (1994), 9:2:46il. Jack Leggers (1996), 9:2:47il. Just Another Shift (1996), 9:2:42il. Laying Bricks (1997), 9:2:45il. No Work Today Men (1995), 9:2:40il.
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Silver King on Time (1995), 9:2:43il. The Tipple at Hiawatha (1994), 9:2 :33il. The Tram Crew (1994), 9:2:44il. Underground Lights ( 1996), 9: 2: 3 Sil.
participation in "Phantom Gallery Project," 9:2:32, 9:2:35 Willins, Craig, 8:3 :43il. Wilmington Central Labor Union, 2: 1 :29 Wilson, Halena, 3: 3 : 3 9il. Wilson, John, 3: 1: l 8il., 3: 1: 19 Wilson, Leon, 5:1:34 & ii. Wilson, Lillian Carter, 8: 1: 51-64 passim. Wilson, Pete, 8:2:42-43il. Wilson, Susan E.
author: "President Theodore Roosevelt's Role in the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902," 3: 1: 4-23
Wilson, Violet, 8:1:51, 8:1:53, 8:1:64il. Wilson, Woodrow
presidential campaigns, 8: 1 :28il. presidential election of 1912, 6: 1:65il. presidential election of 1916, 6: 1 :66 views:
union organization, 6: 1 :64-67 Wilson and Company, Nebraska City, NE, 5:3:65il. Winburn, Anna Mae, 8: 1 :62il. Windber Historic District, Windber, PA, 6:4:63 Winding Gulf (WV) Colliery, 2: 1: 10-18 passim. Window Glass Cutters and Flatteners Protective Association, 3 :3 :69 Window Glass Cutters League of America (WGCLA)
sources, 3 :3 :69-70 Window Glass Workers Union
Local Assembly 300 (WV), 3:3:69, 3:3:70il. Window washers, 1:4: Iii. Winters, Donald
author: "Covington Hall: The Utopian Vision of a 'Wobbly' Poet," 4:2:54-63
Winthrop, Beekman, 6:4 :19-20, 6:4:21, 6:4:22 Wiremen journeymen, 3 :4: 11 ii.
Wisconsin Employment Peace Act (1939), 1:4:56 Wisconsin Employment Relations Board (WERB), 1:4:59 Wisconsin Federation of Labor, 1 :4:49-56 passim., 3: 1 :63 Wisconsin Industrial Commission, 1 :4:48, 3: 1:63 Wisconsin Labor Disputes Act (1937), 1 :4:52-56 passim. Wisconsin Labor Relations Board (WLRB), 1 :4:48-56 passim.
mediation, 1 :4:48il., 1 :4:48-49, 1 :4:53-56 passim.
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sources, 1 :4:48-50 Wisconsin school of labor history
see Labor history -- Wisconsin school Wisconsin Street Trades Law, 1:3:11 Wisconsin Summer School for Workers in Industry, 2:2:30 Wise, Stephen, 3:4:23 Withington, Anne, 8:3:33 Witte, Edwin, 1 :4:52 WLBT-TV, Jackson, MS, 4:4:9-10 & ils. Wobblies
see Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Wolf, Herman, 2:3:44il., 2:3:45-47 Wolfe, George, 2:1:18-20 Woll, Matthew, 9:1:20-21il. Wolman, Leo, 8:4:67 "Womanall," 4: 1 :36il. Woman's Trade Union League (WTUL). see Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) Women in Production Service (WIPS), 4:1:41-42 & ils. Women workers, 6:3: 17-18, 7:2:44-45il., 8:3:20-2lil., 8:3:22il.,
8:3:27il., 8:3:34il., 9:3:50-5lils .. see also individual occupations and unions
in Appalachia in 1962, 7: 1: lil. in 1981, 7:1:30-31il.
in business photos (1920-40), 4:1:38ils.
and cigar industry, 5:1:15-16 dial painters, 4:2:64-65il., 4:2:67-75 passim., 4:2:68-69il., 4:2:74-
75il. dress, 4:l:cover, 4:1:28-49 & ils., 4:1:80il. electrical, 3 : 4: 14 il. in factories, 5: 3: 15il. and family, 5:4:4il., 5:4:5, 5:4:13il. in farm equipment industry, 4: 1: 12-13il. in film, 9:3 :60, 9:3 :6 lil. in FL (1981-95), 7:4:49il., 7:4:50-5lil., 7:4:53il. and Ford Foundation studies, 8:4:70 fruit packers, 2:3: lil. Gilded Age, 4:3:80il. in Hawai'i, 9: 1 :24-45, 9: 1 :25il., 9: 1 :28-29il., 9: 1 :32-33il., 9: 1 :34-
35il., 9: 1 :36il., 9: 1:37il., 9: 1:39il., 9:2:26il. images and symbols of, 9: 1 :25il., 9: 1 :43, 9: 1 :45 and tourism, 9: 1 :36, 9: 1:38, 9: 1:45il.
and IBEW (Electrical), 3:4:14-16 images and symbols, 1:1:60 & il., 1:3:36-41 passim., 1:3:4lil.,
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1 :3 :48il., 4:2:32-33il., 4:2:36-37il., 4:2 :42-43il., 4:2:46-47il., 5: 1 :42-43il., 6: 1: IOil.
8 :4 :40-41 ii. images and symbols of, 9: 1 :42il., 9:2:35 images of, 8: 1 :57-64 lUE (Electronic) member (1957), 7:4:66il. and labor espionage, 5:2:74 in Lowell, MA, 8:2:68-69il. metal workers, 6:3 :48il. migrants, 7 :2:4lil., 7:2:44-45il. and Oakland General Strike (1946), 8:2:6-7il., 8:2:8, 8:2:9il. occupational safety and health, 3 :2:70il., 3 :2:75il., 3 :2:77il. and occupational unionism, 9:1:19, 9:1:21 portrayed in:
dramatic presentations, 9:2:58il., 9:2:62il., 9:2:70-7lil. labor media, 9:4:33
and progressive reformers, 8:3 :28 railway workers, 6:2:44-45il. relations with Progressive reformers, 8:3:23 in Richmond, VA, 3 :2:42-43il., 3 :2:49-60 passim., 3 :2:53il., 3 :2:56il.,
3:2:57il. sources, 7:4:65 stereotypes of, 8:4:48 strikes:
Lawrence (1912), 1 :4:32 Southern Manufacturing Company, Richmond, VA (1916), 3:2:62
in textile mills Lowell (ca. 1912), 8:2:58-59il.
and union organization, 1:2:32, 3:2:58-62passim., 8:3:18-34 passim., 8:3 :24il.
and wage equity, 7:4:72il., 8:3:23 wages, 6:3:22, 6:3:30-31, 8:3:20-23 and World War I, 4 :1:31-36, 4:1:37il., 4:1:48 and World War II, 4: 1 :39-42, 4: 1:40il., 4: 1 :49 during World War II, 8:1:46-66 and WPA (Works), 5:4:24il. see also Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers; Coalition of Labor
Union Women; Equity; Industrial recreation; O'Sullivan, Mary Kenney; Sexual division oflabor; individual unions and occupations
Women's Bindery Union Local 1 (Chicago), 8:3 :23
Women's Bureau, 4: 1:36, 5:4:38, 5:4:57-58, 6:3:30 sources, 3:2:66-68
Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 3:2:51 Women's Educational and Industrial Union (WEIU), 8:3:28
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and Mary Kenney O'Sullivan, 8:3:28-29 retail outlet, Boston ( ca.1890), 8:3 :28-29il.
Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), 1 :2:69, 1 :2:73, 6:3 :30-33 passim., 8:3:29, 8:3:34, 9:4: 13
and ban on child labor, 8:3:34 in Boston, 8:3 :33
strike assistance: Lawrence, MA (1912), 8:3:33
in Chicago, 4:4:36 sources, 2: 1 :68-69
convention (1909), 8:3 :32il. impact of Lawrence Strike (1912), 8:3:33 legacy, 8:3:34 logo and motto (1909), 8:3:33il. and progressive reformers, 8: 3: 3 0-31 strikes:
carpet weavers, Roxbury, MA (1910), 8:3:32, 8:3:34 New York garment workers (1909-1910), 3:4:42-49 passim. textile workers, Fall River, MA (1904), 8:3:30-32
Wong, Willie Mae, 8: 1:62il., 8: 1 :63il. Woodcarvers Association, New York, 2: 1 : 3 6 Woods, J.T., 2:4:56 Woodworkers, 2: 1 :38-45 passim., 8:4:23il. Woodworkers of America, International (IW A)
Local 5443 (Laurel, MS), 4:4: 11 in Memphis, 4: 1 :62
Woolen workers union organization
Passaic, NJ (1925), 2:2:7 Wores, Theodore
paintings: The Lei Maker (1901), 9:1:25il.
"Work, Health and Community: Danbury, Connecticut's Struggle with an Industrial Disease," by Richard A. Greenwald, 2:3:4-21
Work camps Durst Ranch, Wheatland, CA, 2:4:49il., 2:4:50il.
"Work Culture in a Changing World: Images of London's Smithfield Market and ofMassachusetts' Cranberry Bogs" byBeverlyE. Conley, 8:3:58-77
Work relief for NYC seamen (1808), 2:4:10, 2:4:10il.
Work songs, 9:1:24, 9:1:36 The Worker Statue, Lowell, MA, 6:4:60 Workers Alliance
in WI, 1 :4:50 Workers Alliance of America (WAA), 5:4:20-34 passim.
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Worker's compensation, 2:3:6, 3:1:57-76passim. early twentieth century, 2:3:6 and hatters, 2:3: 16
Workers Defense League see Joint Apprenticeship Program
Workers' education movement, 8:4:62-63 Workers' Health Bureau of America (WHB), 2:3:18, 8:4:64
and Danbury hatters, 2:3:16 and mercury poisoning, 2:3:16 and working class health, 2: 3: 16
Workers' International Relief (WIR) and Passaic Textile Strike of 1926, 2:2:20
Workers' Memorial Tower, Reading, PA, 6:4:60 Workers Mutual Aid Society, Havana, 5: 1: 10 Workers of America, United (USWA), 6:4:58
and industrial recreation, 6: 1 : 13 Workers' School
see Communist Party-- Workers' School Working children
see Child labor Working class, 6: 3: 6-18 passim., 8: 1 : 1 il.. see also Company towns; Welfare
capitalism celebrations, 7:3: 10, 7:4:28-41
see also Labor Day; May Day children, 5: 1:28-41 passim., 6:2:55 during the Civil War, 6:3:4-19 in Cuba, 6:4:6-11 families, 5:4:42, 7:1:26, 7:1:3lil., 7:1:65il. family economy, 8:2:62 health, 5 : 2 : 3 9il. households
in Chicago (1900s), 4:3:3-4il. housing, 8:2:74il., 9:2:28, 9:2:31, 9:2:55il. images and symbols, 5:1:42-61 & ils., 8:4:22, 8:4:23il., 8:4:24,
8:4:24il. landmarks
see also Artisans -- landmarks leisure, 5:3:16il., 5:3:16-17, 6:3:67il., 9:4:50-51, 9:4:55il.,
9:4:56il. sources, 3 :3 :74
living conditions Chicago (1893-94), 8:4:53il. Chicago (ca. 1914), 9:1:11il.
and male suffrage, 8: 1 :27 monuments, 6:4:34il.
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see Labor landmarks neighborhoods
in Chicago (ca. 1900), 4:3:14-lSil. in Lowell, MA (1890), 4:3: 16il. sources, 2 : 1 :73
pageantry, 6:2:22-29, 6:2:54-63, 6:3 :6-18 passim., 7:4:30-31 and political campaigns, 8: 1: lil., 8: 1:26-45, 8: 1:78il., 8: 1:79il. politics see also Oakland Voters League (OVL)
postwar social compact of, 9:2:69-72 in Puerto Rico, 6:4:l4-22passim., 6:4:15il., 6:4 :16il., 6:4 :17il.,
6:4: 19il., 6:4:20-2 lil. and emigration, 6 :4: 14
relations with reformers Gilded Age, 4 :3:17-18
slang, 8:2:26-33, 8:2:48-55 standard ofliving, 7: 1:28il.
sources, 4:3:6-21 passim. theater, 9:2:58, 9:2:62-63. see also Dramatic presentations use of postcards, 8:4:27il. wages
Dallas (1930s), 5:4:5-6 see also Child labor; Industrial recreation; Mexican American workers;
Navajo workers; individual occupations and unions Working class history
see Labor history -- new labor history "Working Class Imagery in Harper's Weekly 1865-1895," by John Gladstone,
5: 1 :42-61 "The Working Class in American History," series from University of
Illinois Press, 5: 3: 19il. "The Working People of Richmond"
exhibition: Valentine Museum of the Life and History of Richmond, VA, 3:2:45
"The Working People of Richmond: Life and Labor in an Industrial City, 1865-1920," by Gregg D. Kimball, 3 :2:43-65
Working People's Non-Partisan League, 9:4:30 "Working the Swing Shift: Women Musicians during WGfkl-Waf-ll"-by--Sheffie - -
Tucker, 8: 1 :46-66 "Working With Laborlore, 11 by Archie Green, 1 : 3: 66-7 5 Workingmen's Association, International
Section 1 (New York), 2:2:75 Workingmen's Union, Butte, 6:4:61 Workmen's Circle (WC)
and Communist Party, 3:4:47 Education Department, 3:4:43-46
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and establishment oflsrael, 3 :4:48 and health care, 3:4:45 hymn, 3:4:38 and Jewish Daily Forward, 3:4:41-42 and JLC (Jewish), 3:4:21-31 passim. labor lyceums, 3:4:43 strike assistance, 3: 4 :4 2-46 passim. support ofUFCT (College) strike at St. John's (1966), 9:2:15 and trade union movement, 3 :4:42-43 Young Circle League, 3:4:43
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 7:1:5-7 Federal Art Project, 8:4:36, 8:4:38 Federal Writers' Project, 7:3 :58 laborers
Detroit (ca. 193 6), 5: 4: 18-19il. Michigan (ca. 1936), 5:4:21il. strikes: Detroit (1936), 5:4:23
sources, 3 :2:70 and unions, 5:4:18-34 passim. Workers' Education Project, Philadelphia, PA, 2: 1:26
The WorldAjlame (1919), 9:3:74 World War I
impact upon film, 9:3:71 and Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 2:4:55-58 rations, 9: 1: 14il. in Seattle, 4:3:37 see also Munitions workers; Women workers
World War II impact upon Hawai'i, 9: 1 :27, 9: 1:31-32 and labor, 7:3:74il., 7:3:75il. veterans, 8:2 :8 see also Munitions workers; Navajo workers; Reconversion; Women workers
World's Fairs Chicago (1893), 2:4:68-69il., 8:4:20, 8:4:55 Chicago (1934), 1:3:42 Dallas (1936), 1:3:26il. St. Louis (1890), 3 :4:4
Wrabetz, Voyta, 1 :4:52 Wright, Carroll D., 3: 1 :9-20 passim., 3: 1: 18il., 4:3 :8-10, 4:3 : I Oil. Wright, Clarence, 9: 3 :4 7il. Wright, R.H., 1:2:20-29 passim. Wright, Wendell, 8:3:38-39il., 8:3:48-49il. Wrigley, Julia
Class Politics and Public Schools: Chicago, 1900-1950, 1 :2:70, 1 :2:72
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Wurf, Jerry, 8:3:5lil., 8:3:53, 8:4:72 Wyman, Mark
author: "Railroaders' Town: Bloomington's Shopmen Look Back, 11 I: 1 :4-25 y
Yanez, Balt, 8:1:8, 8:1 :18, 8:1 :22 Yankee Hill Machine Company, Northampton, MA, 6:3:48il. Ybor City
see Tampa, FL Yellin, Carol Lynn, 8:3:56 Yellin, David, 8:3:56 Yeshiva University, New York, 9:2: 18 Yomen, Ben
author: "Congressman Dripp: Lampooning Reactionary Legislators in the 1940s, 7:3:62-75
as cartoonist, 7: 3: 62-7 5 passim. cartoons:
on Fair Labor Standards Act, 7:3:75il. on GI's during World War II, 7:3:74il. on Hatch-Burton-Ball Bill (1945), 7: 1 :20il. Meet Congressman Dripp (1943), 7:3:65il. on postwar reconversion, 7:3:74il., 7:3:75il. on red-baiting, 7:3:66il., 7:3:67il. on Republican politicians, 7:3 :74il. on strikes, 7:3 :72il, 7:3 :73il. on Taft Hartley Act, 7:3:68il., 7:3:69il. on wages and prices, 7:3:70il., 7:3:7lil. on workers during World War II, 7:3 :75il.
'"You Can't Giddyup by Saying Whoa': Esther Peterson Remembers her Organized Labor Years, 1930-6011 edited by Joyce L. Kombluh and Brigid O'Farrell, 5:4:39-59
Young, Art cartoon (June 1913), 6:2:60il.
Young, Arthur, 4: 1: 8-25 passim., 4: 1: 9il. Young, George, 7:3:27il. Young, Ken, 6:2:65il., 6:2:73il., 6:2:77il.
and AFL-CIO IUD, 6:2:72-75 author: "The Way We Were: Organizing and Other Matters (1951-1963), 11
6:2 :65-77 as editor
CID News, 6:2:64il., 6:2:66-67 as executive assistant to Lane Kirkland, 6:2:77 and IW A (Insurance) strike (1956), 6 :2:70~ 71, 6:2:71il. as publicity director, IUE (Electrical), 6:2:75-76 as strike organizer, 6:2:70-71, 6:2:75 as union organizer, 6:2:65-77 passim.
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IAWOC (Insurance), 6:2:65-65 passim., 6:2:70il. Young, Pauline A., 2:1:29, 2:1:29il. Young People's Socialist League (Yipsels), 3:4:42-47 passim. & ii. Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), 3:2:60, 5:4:48
Industrial Department, 5:4:42-43 Young Workers' League, 8:4:62 see also Communist Party
Youngest All-Girl Band, 8:1:62-63 Youngstown (OH) Sheet and Tube Company, 5:2:46-47il., 5:2:59il., 5:2:60-
6lil. (ca. 1917-18), 5:2:52-53il. (early 1900s), 5:2:55il.
z Zack, Al, 6 :2:76 Zebian, David, 9:4:59il. Zemsky, Ben, 7:4:12, 7:4:14 Zide, Abraham, 2: I :37-39, 2 : 1 :45il. Zimmerman, Charles, 3:4:28-29, 3:4:34, 3:4:50 Zimmerman, Jeanne, 8:4 :45il. Zonarich, Nicholas, 9:2: 19il. Zoot Suit Riots, 1:3 :55, 1 :3 :56-57il., 1:3 :60 Zudeck, Darryl
paintings: Fast Food Man (1981), 4:2:40-4lil.