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Sherbornia E‐ISSN2373‐7697

Volume4(2):9–21Dateofpublication:

1March2017AnOpen‐AccessJournalofBibliographicandNomenclaturalResearchinZoology

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There are multiple editions of the first volume of Benjamin Silliman’sAmericanJournalofScience―andwhyitmattersNealWoodmanUSGSPatuxentWildlifeResearchCenter,MRC‐111,NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,SmithsonianInstitution,P.O.Box37012,Washington,DC20013‐7012U.S.A.Email:woodmann@si.edu

Abstract

The oldest continuously‐published North American scientific journal, the American Journal ofScience, first appeared in 1818 under themanagement and editorship of Benjamin Silliman, amineralogist and chemist at Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut. At that time, the journalpresentedarticlesonamultitudeofnaturalhistorytopics,includingdescriptionsofnewspeciesofplants and animals. In an effort to provide complete sets of the journal to all subscriberswhowantedthem,Sillimansubsequentlyrepublishedallfournumbersofthefirstvolumeofthejournal.Unfortunately,thisattempttoprovidewideaccesstothejournalresultedinconfusionregardingthecorrectdatesofpublicationforsomeofthescientificnamesthatfirstappearedonitspages.Inthispaper,IaddresstheproblemcausedbythepublicationofmultipleeditionsofVolume1oftheAmerican Journal of Science, review the dates of publication of the editions, and describecharacteristicsthatdistinguishtheeditions.Fortaxonomists,itisrelevantthatallspeciesdescribedinVolume1appeared inthe firstedition,whichspanstheyears1818–1819.Hence, thedateofdescriptionofaparticulartaxonisdependentuponthenumberinwhichitwasdescribed.

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IntroductionThe American Journal of Science (hereafter AJS) fromNew Haven, Connecticut, is reputed to be the oldestcontinuously published scientific journal in NorthAmerica(seeAJS2016).Thisperiodicalwasinitiatedin1818bythegeologistBenjaminSilliman(1779–1864)ofYaleCollege,whoservedasthejournal’sprimaryeditorforitsfirsttwodecades(Dana1918:26;Beckham1979).Although the modern journal is focused almostexclusivelyonthegeologicalsciences,AJSoriginallywasintended to serve a wider audience (Silliman 1818a),and the first volume contains articles on geology,mineralogy,botany,zoology,chemistry,andphysics,aswellas“musicaltemperament.”Theimportanceofthisjournal to theNorthAmericanscientificcommunity intheearlynineteenthcenturyisdifficulttooverstate.Attimesduringitsearlyyears,itwastheonlypublicationoutlet available to many scientists (Meisel 1926). In

achieving national and international audiences for itsauthorsandarticles, the journalprovidedameans forNorthAmericanscientiststobroadlycommunicatetheirobservationsandhelpedtolegitimizeAmericansciencetotheestablishedscientificcommunitiesinGreatBritainandcontinentalEurope(Silliman1847).ThereissomeconfusionregardingtheearlypublicationhistoryofAJS,specificallythedatesofpublicationofthefour numbers comprising the first volume. Date ofpublicationisgenerallynotamajorissueformostofthenatural andphysical sciences, but it canbe crucial forbiologicaltaxonomyinhelpingtoassurenomenclaturalstability. Given competing claims for the appropriatescientificnameforaparticularorganism—allelsebeingequal—priorityisgiventothenamethatwaspublishedfirst (ICZN1999).The firstvolumeofAJS includes thedescriptionsof fivenewgeneraand22newspeciesofplantsandanimals(Table1),soamisunderstandingofthe original publication dates of the four numberscomprising ithas thepotential toaffect thepriorityoftheproposednamesand, thereby, theirnomenclaturalstatus.I firstnotedapotentialproblemwhileresearchingthehistory of the scientific name of a North Americanmarten, Mustela vulpina Rafinesque (= Martesamericanavulpina:Wozencraft2005),whichhappenstobethefirstnewspeciesnamedanddescribedinthefirst

Citingthispublication:Woodman N (2017) There are multiple editions of the first volume ofBenjamin Silliman’s American Journal of Science―and why it matters.Sherbornia,4:9–21.

©theAuthor(s)andthisisanopenaccessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense4.0(CC‐BY‐NC‐SA4.0),whichpermitsthecopying,distributionandtransmissionoftheworkaslongastheoriginalsourceiscited.

http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/dating/sherbornia/index.html

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number of AJS. I was aware that this number of thejournalwasoriginallypublished in1818,butboth theauthoritativeonlineIntegratedTaxonomicInformationSystem (ITIS: http://www.itis.gov/, accessed 5 May2016), as well as a number of high‐profile secondaryreferences for North American mammals (Hall andKelson1959;Hall1981;Wozencraft2005), incorrectlygivetheyearofpublicationofthisnameas1819—ayearlater.OtherspeciesdescribedinthefirstvolumeofAJShave a similar problem with erroneous dates. Forexample,MillspaughandSherff(1919)incorrectlygivethe date of Xanthium maculatum Rafinesque, thecockleburplant, as1819, and ITIS incorrectly lists thedate of Apamea devastator (Brace),1 the cut‐worminsect,as1819.Incontrast,ITIScorrectlyliststhedateofExoglossumRafinesque,agenusofcutlipminnows,as1818,eventhoughitisnamedanddescribedinthesamenumber ofAJS as the cocklebur and the cut‐worm. Atbest, there is a lack of consistency in the taxonomicliterature regarding the dates associated with namespublishedinthefirstnumbersofAJS.

PartoftheconfusioninpublicationdateslikelyderivesfromthefactthatthefirstvolumeofAJSspansportionsof the calendar years 1818 and 1819 (Silliman 1847;Meisel1926;Table1). Inaddition,asecondeditionofthe first number was published in 1819. Detailsregardingthepublicationofthetwoeditionsofthefirstnumber appear to be poorly understood (WorldCat:http://firstsearch.oclc.org/, accessed 5 May 2016).FurtherconfusingthehistoryofAJSisthelesserknownfactthatSillimanproducedatleastoneadditionaleditionofthefirst number and a second edition of the remainingnumbers of the first volume.2 Hence, the “original”descriptionsandnamesofthespeciesappearinginVolume1were each published at least two or three times (e.g.,Rafinesque1818,1819a,1827).3Unfortunately,itappearsthattheexistenceofmultipleeditionsofthenumbersofthefirst volume of AJS has mostly escaped the notice ofbotanical and zoological taxonomists, the scholarlycommunities for whom dates of publication are mostrelevant.AsIhaveillustrated,thishasledtotheassociationoferroneousdateswithsomeproposednames.

Table1.NewgeneraandspeciesofplantsandanimalsdescribedinthefirsteditionofthefirstvolumeoftheAmerican JournalofScience.Spellingsareastheyoriginallywerepublished.DatesofpublicationofindividualnumbersarefromSilliman(1818b,1847)andMeisel(1926).

Taxonname TypeoforganismNumber1(August1818): MustelavulpinaRafinesque,1818:82 Foxmarten ScytaluscupreusRafinesque,1818:84 CopperheadsnakeNumber2(November1818): SpongiaalbescensRafinesque,1818:149 Whitishsponge SpongiaostracinaRafinesque,1818:150 Oystersponge SpongiacespitosaRafinesque,1818:150 Bushysponge SpongiacladoniaRafinesque,1818:150 Cladoniansponge SpongiavirgataRafinesque,1818:150 Slendersponge XanthiummaculatumRafinesque,1818:152 Cocklebur PhalaenadevastatorBrace,1818:154 Cut‐worminsect ExoglossumRafinesque,1818:156 Cutlipminnows ExoglossumvittatumRafinesque,1818:156 Littlesucker ExoglossumannulatumRafinesque,1818:156 BlackchubNumber3(March1819): AsclepiaslanceolataIves,1819:252 Milkweed DiploceaRafinesque,1819:252 Grass DiploceabarbataRafinesque,1819:253 GrassNumber4(June1819): RottbölliacorrugataBaldwin,1819:355 Itchgrass RottbölliaciliataBaldwin,1819:357 Itchgrass CylactisRafinesque,1819:377 Dwarfredblackberry CylactismontanaRafinesque,1819:377 Dwarfredblackberry NemopanthusRafinesque,1819:377 Holly NemopanthusfascicularisRafinesque,1819:378 Holly PolanisiaRafinesque,1819:378 Clammyweed PolanisiagraveolensRafinesque,1819:379 Clammyweed MyosurusshortiiRafinesque,1819:380 Mousetail GnaphaliumdecurrensIves,1819:381 Cudweed AlveolitesglomeratusSay,1819:383 Fossilcoral FavositesstriataSay,1819:384 Fossilcoral

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ThepurposesofthispaperaretoclarifythepublicationhistoryofthefirstvolumeoftheAJSandunderstandwhySillimanreproducedthisseminalvolume;toshowhowdifferent editions can be easily distinguished; and todeterminewhethertherearetangibledifferencesinthedescriptions of new species among editions that mayaffectthetaxonomicstatusofsomespecies.MaterialsandMethodsMuchoftheearlyhistoryoftheAJSisrevealedinitsownpages, either in Silliman’s prefaces to his early volumes(e.g.,Silliman1818a,b,1822a,b)orinhistoricalsummarieswritteninsubsequentyears(Silliman1847;Dana1918).The original paper covers of individual issues contain awealth of publication information, and theAJS EditorialOfficeatYaleUniversitypossessesunboundcopiesofthefirsteditionofthefirstvolumeofAJSwiththeiroriginalpaper covers intact. Additional details can be garnered

fromcontemporaryadvertisementsandannouncementsinthejournalandinothermedia[e.g.,ReadexAmerica’sHistorical Newspapers, 1620–1922; ProQuest AmericanPeriodicalSeries(1740–1900)].AnumberofbiographiesofBenjamin Silliman and his contemporaries providecontextforunderstandingtheearly19thcenturyscientificcommunity and the significance of the AJS to thatcommunity(McAllister1941;Fulton&Thompson1968;Brown1989).Tounderstandvariationsamongdifferenteditions of Volume 1 of AJS, I inspected 8 online, 1microfilm,and13originalboundcopiesofVolume1ofAJS,aswellas5unboundindividualnumbers(Appendix2).Todetermine likelihood of survival of early nineteenth‐century North American scientific journals, I calculatedmodaldurationusingtitlesandpublicationdateslistedinScudder(1876).Becausesomereadersmaynotbeentirelyfamiliarwithtechnicaltermsasappliedtotheprintingprocess intheera of the hand‐press and hand‐set movable type, it isimportanttoclarifythesignificanceofseveralwordsthatareused in the followingdiscussion.The term “edition”referstoallcopiesfromasingle,specificsettingofthetypeused to print a sheet. A “signature” is a letter, number,symbol,orsomecombinationthatisprintedatthebottomof a page to guide the binder in folding and sewingtogethertheprintedsheetsinthecorrectsequence.Eachsheet had multiple pages printed on it, and I used thesignaturestoindicatetheformatofthesheet.“Format,”ashere used, refers to the number and positioning of thepagesonthesheet,ratherthanthesizeofthepages.Forexample,thefirsteditionofNumber1ofAJShasamixedformat,beginninginquarto(4leaves=8pagespersheet)format,thenswitchingtooctavo(8leaves=16pagespersheet).ThesecondeditionofNumber1isentirelyoctavo,and the third edition is entirely quarto (Appendix 1).Despitedifferencesinformat,eacheditionofanumberhasthesamenumberofpages.DistinguishingandDatingtheEditionsVolume1istheonlyvolumeintheearlyhistoryofAJSthat is comprised of four numbers. Beginning withVolume 2, each quarterly number was to containapproximately 200 pages (increased from about 100pages) and two numbers were to comprise a volumeinsteadof four (Silliman1819b, 1847). After this, anduntil1828,threenumberswerepublishedperyear,sovolumesdonotcorresponddirectlytoyears.The first two numbers of Volume 1 originally werepublishedin1818,andthethirdandfourthnumbersin1819(Silliman1847;Meisel1926;Table1).Amongthe23originalandelectroniccopiesofthecompletefirstvolumeofAJSIinspected(Appendix2),Iidentifiedthreeeditionsofthefirstnumber,twoeditionsofNumber2(alongwithmanuscriptevidenceforathirdedition),andtwoeditionseachofNumbers3and4.GivenSilliman’scommitmenttoprovidingcompletesetsofAJS(seebelow),itispossiblethatadditionaleditionsmayexistandthatlatereditionsmayhaveundergonemultipleprintings.

Fig.1. Titlepage for the first editionof the firstnumberofVolume1ofBenjaminSilliman’sAmericanJournalofScience.

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Distinguishing editions of the individual issues of thefirstvolumeofAJSisnotparticularlydifficult.Inadditionto variations in the type faces and fonts used (mostnotablyonthetitlepagesofthefirstnumber),thereareanumberofadditions,omissions,andotherchangesinthetextofsomeofthearticles.Mostgenerallyusefularethedifferencesamongtheeditionsinthesignaturesatthebottomsofcertainpagesofthemaintext(Appendix1).Number1Thefirstnumberofvolume1istheonlyissueforwhichI identified three distinct editions. Silliman (1847)statedthatthefirsteditionofthefirstnumberappearedin July 1818. However, a notice on the back of theoriginal paper cover of the first edition of Number 2states, “Unforeseen circumstances, however, delayedthe actual publicationofNo. I till August ....” (Silliman1818b).ThelaterAugustdateissupportedfurtherbyanadvertisement in theConnecticut Journal (Anonymous1818)andshouldbeconsideredthecorrectdate(Table

1).Onthetitlepage, theeditor(i.e., “CONDUCTEDBY”) islisted simply as “BENJAMIN SILLIMAN,” and his name isfollowedbyalistofhisqualifications(i.e.,“PROFESSOROFCHEMISTRY, MINERALOGY, ETC IN YALE COLLEGE; AUTHOR OFTRAVELSINENGLAND,SCOTLAND,ANDHOLLAND,ETC”)insmallcapitals (Fig.1). “AbrahamPaul,printer”appearsnearthebottomofthetitlepageinamixofuppercaseandlowercaseletters,andbelowthatistheyear“1818.”Alist of errata is given on page viii after the table ofcontents. This number is unique in having a mixedformat,with the firsthalf inquarto, thesecondhalf inoctavo.Signaturesrunfrom1through10(Appendix1).AllavailablecopiesofthefirsteditionofNumber1weredistributed before Number 2 was published, andSilliman intendedtoreprint it.AnoticeonthebackoftheoriginalpapercoverofNumber2,whichcameoutinNovember1818,states:

ThewholeeditionofNO.I.havingbeencalledfor,newsubscribers are informed that they can be furnishedwiththatNumberassoonas it isreprinted :thiswillprobablybedoneatnoverydistantperiod.InthemeantimeanyprobabledemandforNo.II.canbesupplied,asalargereditionofitthanofNo.I.hasbeenpublished.

ThesecondeditionofNumber1waspublishedbyMarch1819 and was available before the first edition ofNumber3waspublishedinthesamemonth.OnthebackoftheoriginalpapercoverofNumber3,anoticereads:“NUMBER1hasbeenreprinted,andcompletesetsoftheNumberspublished,maybeobtained.”Thesecondeditionbearstheyear“1819”atthebottomof its title page (Fig. 2). The editor is listed with hismedical degree as “BENJAMIN SILLIMAN, M.D.,” and“MemberofvariousLiteraryandScientificSocieties”isaddedtohisqualifications,whichareprintedinupperand lower case letters; this particular qualification ismissingfromboththefirstandthirdeditions.Belowthevolumenumberarethewords,“SECONDEDITION.”Belowthepublishers’namesonthetitlepage isa long listofdistributors; this list is absent fromboth the first andthirdeditions.Belowthelist,“PRINTEDBYABRAHAMPAUL”appearsinsmallcapitals.Thereisnolistoferrataattheendofthetableofcontents,andmostofthecorrectionslistedaserratainthefirsteditionhavebeenmadeinthetextofthesecondedition.ThiseditionofNumber1isinoctavo format, and signatures run from 1 through 7(Appendix1).The style of the third edition ofNumber 1 appears tohavebeenmodeledmorecloselyonthefirsteditionthanonthesecondedition(Fig.3):thetypefacesandwordingon the titlepagearemore similarbetween the first andthirdeditionsthaneitheristothesecondedition,theeditorislistedsimplyas“BENJAMINSILLIMAN,”andthereisnolistofdistributors.Unlikethefirstedition,however,thetitlepageof the third edition bears no year, and “T. G.WOODWARD,PRINTER” appears in small capitals below the publishers’names.Thereisnolistoferrataattheendofthetableofcontents.TheformatofthiseditionofNumber1isquarto,

Fig.2.TitlepageforthesecondeditionofthefirstnumberofVolume1ofBenjaminSilliman’sAmericanJournalofScience.

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andsignaturesrunfrom1through13(Appendix1).Thenumbered signatures are continuous between this thirdeditionofNumber1andthesecondeditionofNumber2,indicatingthatthetwonumbersarelikelyfromthesamecontinuousprintrun.Afootnote inthesecondeditionofNumber2(seebelow)isdatedJuly1827,indicatingthatNumber1probablywaspublishedsometimebeforethatdate,butalmostcertainlyinthatsameyear.Number2ThesecondnumberofVolume1wasfirstpublishedinNovember 1818 (Meisel 1926). In the first edition ofNumber2,thefifthlineofthetitleofArticleIinthetableof contents reads: “[Prin‐]cipal ofDeerfieldAcademy.”ThetitleofArticleXIrequiresthreelinesinthetableofcontents,andthesignatureatthebottomofthispageisacapital“A.”Thereisan“Erratum”attheendofthetableofcontentsindicatingthat,inthetext,ArticleXVIIwasmistakenly numbered as Article XIX and all of thefollowing articles are consequently misnumbered. Onpage105(thefirstpageoftext),vermillionisincorrectly

spelledwithasingle“l,”andthereisnofootnoteatthebottomofthepage.TheformatinNumber2isoctavo.SignaturescontinuefromthefirsteditionofNumber1and run from 11 through 17 (Appendix 1). The firsteditionofNumber2 is typicallyboundwitheither thefirstorsecondeditionofNumber1(Appendix2).Only1000 copies of the first edition of Number 1 werepublished,whereastheprintrunwasincreasedto1500copiesforthefirsteditionofNumber2(Brown1989).ItislikelythatthesecondeditionofNumber1wasprintedtobepairedwiththeadditional500copiesofNumber2.InthesecondeditionofNumber2,thefifthlineofthetitleofArticleIinthetableofcontentsisshorterthaninthefirstedition:“[Deer‐]fieldAcademy.”ThetitleofArticleXIfitsontotwolines,andthereisnosignatureonthispage.Thereisno“Erratum”attheendofthetableofcontents,butthemisnumberingofArticlesXVII–XXIIIinthetextasArticlesXIX–XXV,respectively,persists.Onpage105(thefirstpageoftext),vermillionisspelledcorrectly.Thesecondeditionlacks the “GeologicalMap of a part ofMassachusetts onConnecticutRiver,1817,”aplateassociatedwithanarticleby Edward Hitchcock (pp. 105–116), and the “Platesillustrating Revolving Steam Engine of Samuel Morey,”associatedwithanarticlebyJohnL.Sullivan(pp.157–168).TheomissionofHitchcock’sgeologicalmapisexplainedinafootnotebytheeditoronp.105:

AsProf.HitchcockhaspublishedinthisJournal(Vol.VI.p.1.)amore extendedaccount of thegeology of theConnecticut,withanimprovedmap,(p.200.Vol.VI.)ithasnotbeen thoughtnecessary to insert in thisnewedition of the present number the comparativelyimperfect map published in the first and secondeditions. July,1827.—ED.

ThedateofthisfootnoteindicatesthesecondeditionofNumber 2 was published during or slightly after July1827.Theformatisquarto,andsignaturesinthiseditionofNumber 2 are continuous from the third edition ofNumber1, running from14 through26 (Appendix1).ThesecondeditionofNumber2istypicallyboundwiththe third edition of Number 1, the second edition ofNumber 3, and either the first or second edition ofNumber4(Appendix2).Inthefootnoteonp.105,Silliman’sreferenceto“thefirstand second editions” preceding the 1827 edition ofNumber 2 provides textual evidence for another,“intermediate”editionthatwouldhavebeenpublishedintheintervalbetweenthefirsteditionandthe1827edition(thereby rendering the 1827 edition the third editionrather than the second). The sequence of editions isfurtherconfused,however,byasecond,undatedfootnoteon page 163 that explains the omission of the platesassociatedwithSullivan’sarticleonMorey’ssteamengine:

Mr.Sullivan,havingpublishedanimprovedaccountofthisengine,(p.106,Vol.II.)withfinishedandbeautifuldrawings,(p.176,)whosedescriptionmaybeseenonp.112–13, itappeared superfluous to republish, in thissecond edition of the second number, the sketcheswhichwereinsertedinthefirstedition.B.S.

Fig.3.Titlepage for thethirdeditionof the firstnumberofVolume1ofBenjaminSilliman’sAmericanJournalofScience.

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Thisfootnotehereappearstorefertothe1827editionas “this second edition of the second number.” It ispossiblethatthefirstfootnoteissimplyincorrect,andnointermediateeditionexists.Alternatively,itmaybethatfirstfootnoteiscorrect,andthesecondfootnotefirstappearedinanas‐yet‐unidentifiedintermediateedition of Number 2 and was simply carried overunaltered into the 1827 edition because theinformation in the footnote was still generallyrelevant. Based on the information in the twofootnotes, if an intermediate edition does exist, itwouldhavebeenpublishedbetweenApril1820,whenthe firstnumberofVolume2appeared,and January1823, when the first number of Volume 6 waspublished(Silliman1820;Meisel1926).ItalsowouldbeexpectedtoincludeHitchcock’soriginal“GeologicalMapofapartofMassachusettsonConnecticutRiver,1817,” but lack Sullivan’s “Plates illustratingRevolvingSteamEngineofSamuelMorey.”Number3TherearetwoidentifiededitionsofNumber3.Thefirsteditionwas published inMarch 1819 (Meisel 1926).Thisdateconformstothedate“March8th,1819,”thatispresentafterthelastlineoftextonp.316(althoughthisdatewasreprintedinthesecondedition,whichisclearlylater).Theformatisoctavo,andthesignaturescontinue in sequence from the first editions ofNumbers 1 and 2 and run from 18 through 25(Appendix1).ThefirsteditionofNumber3istypicallyboundwithfirstorsecondeditionsofNumbers1and4,andthefirsteditionofNumber2(Appendix2).The date of publication of the second edition isunknown.Onthetitlepage(p.209),thewords“SECONDEDITION” appear in small capitals immediately belowthenameofthejournal.Inthetitleofthefirstarticle,the word “letter” is misspelled with three “t”s. Theformatisquarto,andsignaturesrunfrom1through14andarenotcontinuouswithanyotherknownnumbers,indicatingthatthiseditionofNumber3waspublishedindependentlyofanyothernumbers(Appendix1).ItistypicallyboundwiththethirdeditionofNumber1,thesecond edition of Number 2, and either the first orsecondeditionofNumber4(Appendix2).Number4There are two known editions of Number 4. Meisel(1926)givesMay1819asthedateofpublicationofthefirsteditionofNumber4,butSilliman(1847:iii)states,“in June, 1819, the first volume of four numbers and448pageswascompleted.”ThelaterdateissupportedbycontemporarynoticesintheConnecticutJournalandtheCommercialAdvertiser.4Onthetitlepage,whichisalsothefirstpageoftext(p.317),thetitleandauthorname forArticle1require five lines.A footnoteonp.338 reads simply, “See Map.” Format is octavo, andsignatures continue the sequence from the firsteditionsofNumbers1–3andrunfrom26through33(Appendix1).ThiseditionistypicallyboundwiththefirstorsecondeditionsofNumber1andfirsteditionsofNumbers2and3.However,Ihaveseentwocopies

inwhichthefirsteditionofNumber4wasboundwiththe thirdeditionofNumber1andsecondeditionsofNumber2and3(Appendix2),suggestingthattheprintrunofthefirsteditionofNumber4wasincreasedoverthoseoftheprecedingnumbers.On the title page (p. 317) of the second edition ofNumber4,thewords“SECONDEDITION”appearinsmallcapitals immediately below the journal’s name. Thetitleandauthorname forArticle1 fill four lines.Thefootnote on p. 338 still reads, “See Map,” but alsoincludesanotefromtheeditorexplainingthatthemapwasomitted:

Remark—Prof.DeweyafterwardspublishedinVol.VIofthis Journal,anenlargedaccountandmapofthisregion. It is therefore deemed unnecessary to giveagain the original map, which is omitted in thisreprint. Jan.31,1830.—Ed.

Dewey’s “enlarged” account and map was actuallypublishedinthefirstnumberofVolume8(pp.1–60),which appeared in May, 1824 (Meisel 1926), ratherthan in Volume 6, as stated by Silliman. The date ofJanuary31,1830,suggeststhatthiseditionofNumber4 was probably published soon after. The format isquarto.Thesignaturesrunfrom1through16andarenot continuous with any other known numbers(Appendix 1). The second edition of Number 4 istypicallyboundwiththethirdeditionofNumber1andthesecondeditionsofNumbers2and3(Appendix2).

TaxonomicconsiderationsAlthough several of the articles, particularly ongeology, were edited between editions, the numbersand types of articles remain the same between andamongeditionsofeachnumber.Moreimportant,pagenumbering of articles also is consistent between andamong editions. For taxonomists, it is important torealizethatallfirstusagesofscientificnamesproposedinthefirstvolumeofAJSappearinthefirstedition(aswell as in later editions). Because the first edition ofthisvolumespans1818–1819,however,itiscriticaltoknow in which particular number a given namewasproposed in order to correctly determine its date ofpublication(Table1).Myinspectionofselectedtaxonomicdescriptionssofarhasnotrevealedanydifferencesinthewordingamongthe editions.ThedescriptionsofMustelavulpina (pp.82–84),Scytaluscupreus(pp.84–86),andExoglossum(pp. 155–156), for example, appear to be word‐for‐wordthesameamongallthreeeditionsoftheNumber1. The only differences are in the spacing of somewordsinthethirdeditionandinthesignaturesatthebottoms of some pages (Appendix 1). Hence, re‐published descriptions generally reflect originaldescriptions in content, pagination, and quality, butcannot be relied upon for determining date ofpublication.

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WhydidSillimanproducemultipleeditions?AsinterestinthestudyofnaturalhistoryincreasedintheUnitedStates in theearlynineteenthcentury, theneedforpublicationoutletstotransmitresultsofresearchandobservations, both in the United States and abroad,became apparent. But, managing and publishing ascientific journal in the nascent United States was a“hazardousenterprize”(Silliman1822b:iii).Of52NorthAmericanscientificjournalslistedinScudder(1876)thatwereinitiatedfrom1800through1830,modaldurationwasonlyoneyear.Only17ofthesejournalssurvived15ormore years, andonly four (includingAJS)were stillextant in 1876.5 Many difficulties accompanied theproductionofsuchajournal,nottheleastofwhichwereobtaining enough subscribers or othermeans to coverediting, printing, and distribution costs; receivingsufficient interesting material to publish; and timelydistributionofthefinishedproductinacountrylackingadequatetransportationinfrastructure(Silliman1822b;Dana1918;Brown1989).Giventhedifficultiesinherentinpublicationofasciencejournal,itiscuriousthatSilliman(1847:xiv)expendedvaluabletimeandresourcesinproducingneweditionsofpublished material, an enterprise that he lateracknowledged “incurred a heavy extra expenditure inreprinting exhausted numbers.” The timing of therepublication of the first number in 1819—before thefirstvolumewascompleted—isallthemoresurprisingwhen one considers that the journal was in debt andnearlyfoldedduringthistime(Silliman1822a,b,1847).Understanding why Silliman persevered in thepublication and republication of AJS despite bothprofessionalandpersonaldebtsandset‐backs(Fulton&Thomson1968) requires an appreciation for an era inwhichAmericanscientistswerestillworkingtoachievea level of competency on par with their Europeancolleagues and to be appreciated as an independentscientific community capable of contributing to thegreaterinternationalcommunity(Semonin2000).High‐quality science required a respected outlet forcommunications,amediumwithwhichAmericanswerestill struggling. Itmayhavebeen fromfrustrationwithprevious unreliable publishing ventures that Silliman(1847) became committed to providing a permanentjournalforAmericanscientists.In1810,thephysicianandmineralogistArchibaldBruce6had begun publication of the American MineralogicalJournal,aperiodicaldevotedtogeology,mineralogy,andchemistry. The journal was “most favorably receivedbothathomeandabroad”(Silliman1847: iii),butonlythreenumbersappeared inconsecutive Januaries from1810through1812.In1814,thesethreenumberswererepublished together with a new fourth number as asinglevolume(Meisel1926).Publicationof the journalceased entirely as a result of Bruce’s failing health.Despitethelongintervalsbetweennumbers,itslosswasdeeply regretted by the North American geologicalcommunity.TofillthegapleftbythedemiseofBruce’sjournal, the influential mineralogist Colonel George

Gibbs7 proposed that Silliman found and edit a newscientific publication (Silliman 1833, 1847). Withadditional encouragement from Bruce and otherprominentmineralogistssuchasParkerCleaveland8andEdward Darrell Smith,9 as well as possible financialassistance fromGibbs (Brown1989), Silliman foundedthe AJS in 1818. Although Silliman was primarilyinterested in thegeological sciences,heenvisioned thescope of the new journal to be much broader anddetermined that it would “embrace the circle of thePhysicalSciences,withtheirapplicationtotheArts,andtoeveryusefulpurpose”(Silliman1818a:v).The AJS nearly followed the typical path to an earlydemise. After the first volume, the “receipts provedinsufficienttosustaintheexpenses”(Silliman1847:iii),and Silliman’s New York publisherwithdrew from theproject.Oneproblemwasthatthefirstvolumeinitiallyhad only 350 subscribers (Silliman 1847; Fulton &Thompson1968).Morerelevanttothejournal’sbottomline was that Silliman trusted subscribers to remitpaymentupondeliveryofthefirstnumber,whichmanyfailed to do (Silliman 1819b; Dana 1918: 30; Brown1989:306).Italsodidnothelpthatasubstantialnumberof subscriptions were sent in exchange for otherdomestic and European journals, which did not offsetpublication expenses (Silliman 1822a).10 The journal’sNewYork agent noted that, of 1500 copies of the firstvolume,allbutabout250copieshadbeendistributedby1March 1820, yet fewer than 400 copies had actuallybeenpaidfor(Goodrich&Co.1820).Silliman reorganized financial arrangements so thatheandhisnewprinterinNewHavensharedresponsibilityforexpenses,requiringSillimantotakeoutabankloantomeetthisfinancialobligation(Silliman1847;Fulton&Thompson1968).For thesecondvolume,Sillimanandhisagentsmadeasecondimportantchange:“Thepriceis3dollarsavolume,payableinadvance,postagetobepaidon all remittances by mail; the experience of the firstvolume renders these conditions indispensable”(Goodrich & Co. 1820: 392). The new arrangementsdelayedworkonthejournal,andthefirstnumberofthesecondvolumeofAJSwasnotpublisheduntilApril1820(Silliman 1820; Meisel 1926). Ultimately, it took fouryearsandfivevolumesbeforeAJSwasabletobreakevenfinancially. In the meantime, Silliman supported thejournal through its financial difficulties despite hispersonaldebts(Fulton&Thomson1968).Thefirstrunof1000copiesofthefirstnumberofVolume1 was distributed by the end of October 1818. Toaccommodate demand, the print run of the secondnumberwasincreasedto1500(Brown1989:306),and,despitethecost,“asecondeditionofthefirstnumberwasprintedverysoonafteritspublication”(Littell&Henry1819:304).Theeditorexplainedthathewasdeterminedto provide a complete set of AJS to any individual orinstitutionrequestingthejournal(Silliman1847:xiv):

No application for an entire set has ever yet beendisappointed,andcompletesetsofthevolumesareto

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befoundinmanyinstitutionsandinthehandsofmanyindividuals, both in Europe and in theUnited States.Entire setshaveoftenbeenpresentedgratuitously toour infant colleges and to scientific institutions anddistinguished individuals inEurope.A few remain onhand,anditisourintentiontofurnishthemaslongaswecanaffordtorepublish,orcanrepurchasenumbersthathaverunout.

Theexchange,orevengifting,ofcompletesetsofjournalsamong scientific societies was viewed as an importantstep in communicating science and knowledgethroughout the early United States, to whosedevelopment it contributed (Brown 1989: 292). Theinternational appealofAJSmade itsdistributionall themore important as a means of communicating thedevelopmentofAmericansciencetoEuropeandtherestof the world. Although Silliman’s determination toprovide readyaccess toAJS andcommunicate scientificresults widely is laudable, an entire set of the journal,however, was not an original set. The editor’srepublicationof exhaustednumbersunintentionally setthestageforfutureconfusionregardingtheoriginaldatesofdescriptionforthenewspeciesofplantsandanimalsthatappearedonitspages.AcknowledgmentsThe staffs of the following libraries and institutionsgraciouslymade their copies ofAJS available tome forstudy: the Cushing/Whitney Medical Historical Library,theSterlingMemorialLibrary,theBeineckeRareBook&ManuscriptLibrary, thePeabodyMuseumArchives,andtheAJSeditorialoffice,YaleUniversity,NewHaven,CT;theJosephF.Cullman3rdLibraryofNaturalHistoryandtheNationalMuseumofNaturalHistoryLibrary,SmithsonianLibraries, Washington, DC; Library of Congress,Washington, DC; The Booth Family Center for SpecialCollections, Joseph Mark Lauinger Memorial Library,Georgetown University, Washington, DC; NationalAgricultural Library, Beltsville, MD; and Peter B. LewisLibrary,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NJ.Iparticularlythank Louise F. Deis (Lewis Library), Leslie Overstreet(Culman Library), Florence Gillich (Cushing/WhitneyLibrary),BarbaraNarendra(PeabodyArchives),JoanandDannyRye(AJS);MaryBethCorrigan(LauingerMemorialLibrary); Tim Schoepke (National Agricultural Library).EricSargisandBlaireHensley‐MarschandmademyvisittoNewHavenpossibleandproductive.SandyFeinstein,AlfredL.Gardner,andandLeslieK.Overstreetprovidedsubstantive comments that greatly improved thismanuscript. I am particularly grateful to Leslie K.Overstreetforsharingherknowledgeofearly19thcenturyprintingandprintingterminology,whichaddedimportantdetailstothestoryofSilliman’sJournal.Anyuseoftrade,product, or firmnames is fordescriptivepurposesonlyanddoesnotimplyendorsementbytheU.S.government.EndNotes1 The cutworm insect was originally named PhalaenadevastatorBrace,1818.

2 The existence of a third edition of Number 1 isunacknowledged in Bolton (1885), Scudder (1876), Meisel(1926), and the current WorldCat website(http://firstsearch.oclc.org/;accessed5May2016).3ThedescriptionofMustelavulpinaRafinesquewasactuallypublishedat least four times. Inadditiontoappearing inthethreeeditionsofthefirstnumberofAJS,italsowaspublishedinLondon’sPhilosophicalMagazineandJournalofJune1819(Rafinesque1819b).4TheConnecticutJournal(NewHaven;vol.60,p.2)for29June1819, announced, “The fourth number of this valuablepublication[AJS]isnowbeforethepublic….”TheCommercialAdvertiserfor30June1819(NewYork;vol.22(60),p.3)stated,“Subscribers to the above work [AJS] are respectfullyinformed,thatthe4thnumberisjustpublishedandreadyfordeliveryattheLiteraryRooms,Broadway.”5 Three other journals initiated in 1800–1830 and activethrough1876wereAnnalsoftheLyceumofNaturalHistoryofNewYork (first published 1823), the Journal of theFranklinInstitute (1826), and theTransactionsof theAlbany Institute(1830). Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences ofPhiladelphia(1817)alsobeganpublicationduringthisperiod,but there is a gap in publication between 1842 and 1847.TransactionsoftheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety(1771)wasnotincludedinthisanalysisbecauseitsoriginpredates1800(Scudder1879).6 Archibald Bruce (1777–1818) was an American physician(M.D. 1800, University of Edinburgh) and mineralogist. HeservedasaprofessorofmineralogyandmateriamedicaattheCollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeonsof theStateofNewYork(nowtheMedicalSchoolofColumbiaUniversity)from1807–1811andsubsequentlyatQueen’sCollege,NewJersey(nowRutgersUniversity).In1824,theFrenchmineralogistFrançoisS.Beudant(1832:637)namedthemineralbrucite[Mg(OH)2]inhonorofhim.Thenamebrucitealsowasappliedearliertothe mineral chondrodite by Colonel George Gibbs, but thename“chondrodite”hadprecedence(Silliman1819a;Beudant1832; Dana 1859; Merrill 1906; Dana and Hurlbut 1941;Greene1968;Beckham1979).7 Colonel George Gibbs (1777–1834) was a wealthy andinfluentialmineralogistwhohadinheritedpartownershipofan international import/export companyand investments inAmericanmining concerns. He published several articles ongeological topics, helped found geological andmineralogicalscientific societies, andmaterially supported the researchofhis geological colleagues. Amos Eaton, then professor ofnatural history at the Medical College, Castleton, Vermont,wrote to John Torrey, a New York physician, botanist, andchemist[27February1820,quotedinMcAllister(1941:264)]:

Gibbswillalwaysberememberedinthiscountryasthefather of correct AmericanMineralogy. Thereweresomeprettygoodmineralogistsbeforehebegan;buthiscabinetfirstsetusallofftowork,huntingupourownminerals.Besideshisownexertions,youknow,areunequalled.

Gibbs’ extensive mineral collection (ca. 20,000 specimens)served as an important resource for North AmericanmineralogistsandwastransferredtoYaleCollegein1811andpurchased by that institution in 1824. Themineral gibbsite[Al(OH)3]wasnamedforGibbsbyTorrey(1822;Mitchill1808;Silliman1833;McAllister1941;Beckham1979;Brown1989).

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8 Parker Cleaveland (1780–1858) was professor ofmathematics, naturalphilosophy, chemistry, andmineralogyat Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine. His book, AnElementaryTreatiseonMineralogyandGeology(Boston,1816)was the first authoritativemineralogy text published in theUnited States and earned him the title of the “Father ofAmericanMineralogy.” Awhite, platy variety of themineralalbitewas named cleavelandite in his honor in 1823 by theEnglish mineralogist Henry J. Brooke (Silliman 1858; Dana1859;Anonymous1905;Burbank1988).9AnativeofCharleston,SouthCarolina,EdwardDarrellSmith(1777–1819) was a physician (University of PennsylvaniaMedical School, 1800) and professor of chemical andexperimentalphilosophyandmineralogyattheSouthCarolinaCollegeinBerkeley.Hewasknownfortranslatingtheworksofthe Parisian surgeon Pierre Joseph Desault into English(MitchillandMiller1808;Bichat1814;Smith1818;SocietyoftheAlumnioftheMedicalDepartment1877;Brown1989).10Silliman(1847:xiv)laterstatedthatAJS

...neverreachedonethousandpayingsubscribers,andhasrarelyexceededsevenoreighthundred—formanyyearsitfluctuatedbetweensixandsevenhundred....Ithasa largegratuitousdistribution,bothathomeandabroad, and an extensive good‐will exchange withworks often having no particular bearing upon itspeculiarobjects.

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Beckham,S.D.(1979)ColonelGeorgeGibbs.In:Wilson,L.G.(ed.).BenjaminSillimanandhisCircle:StudiesonTheInfluenceofBenjaminSillimanonScienceinAmerica.ScienceHistoryBooks,NewYork.Pp.28‐47.

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Appendix1.DifferencesinsignaturesandformatsamongeditionsofthefournumbersofthefirstvolumeoftheAmericanJournalofScience.Asterisksarepartofsomeoctavosignatures.Eachnumberhasthesamenumberofpagesofpreliminarymaterialandtextregardlessoftheedition.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Number1(pp.i–viii,1–104) 1stedition 2ndedition 3rdedition quarto/octavo octavo quarto Page (August1818) (byMarch1819) (beforeJuly1827?) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 1 1 1 3 – 1* – 9 2 – 2 17 3 2 3 19 – 2* – 25 4 – 4 33 5 3 5 35 – 3* – 41 6 – 6 49 7 4 7 51 7* 4* – 57 – – 8 65 8 5 9 67 8* 5* – 73 – – 10 81 9 6 11 83 9* 6* – 89 – – 12 97 10 7 13___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Number2(pp.i–ii,105–208) 1stedition 2ndedition octavo quarto Page (November1818) (afterJuly1827) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ i A – 105 11 14 107 11* – 113 – 15 121 12 16 123 12* – 129 – 17 137 13 18 139 13* – 145 – 19 153 14 20 155 14* – 161 – 21 169 15 22 171 15* – 177 – 23 185 16 24 187 16* – 193 – 25 201 17 26___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Appendix1.(Continued).___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Number3(pp.i–iv,209–316) 1stedition 2ndedition octavo quarto Page (March1819) (before1830?) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ i a – 209 18 1 211 18* – 217 – 2 225 19 3 227 19* – 233 – 4 241 20 5 243 20* – 249 – 6 257 21 7 259 21* – 265 – 8 273 22 9 275 22* – 281 – 10 289 23 11 291 23* – 297 – 12 305 24 13 313 25 14___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Number4(pp.i–iv,317–448) 1stedition 2ndedition octavo quarto Page (June1819) (1830) _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ i a A 317 26 1 319 26* – 325 – 2 333 27 3 335 27* – 341 – 4 349 28 5 351 28* – 357 – 6 365 29 7 367 29* – 373 – 8 381 30 9 383 30* – 389 – 10 397 31 11 399 31* – 405 – 12 413 32 13 415 32* – 421 – 14 429 33 15 431 33* – 437 – 16 445 34 17___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Appendix2.CopiesofVolume1oftheAmericanJournalofScienceexamined.Ordinalnumeralsrepresenttheeditionofeachnumberinagivencopy.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Number #1 #2 #3 #4________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Boundvolumes:BeineckeLibrary,YU*(2007S7) 1st 1st 1st 1stCushing/WhitneyMedicalHistoricalLibrary,YU 1st 1st 1st 1stPeabodyMuseumArchives,YU,Copy2(YPMAR877) 1st 1st 1st 1stSterlingLibrary,YU(Yzz9AM351,1818) 1st 1st 1st 1stNationalAgriculturalLibrary(470AM34) 1st 1st 1st 1stSmithsonianLibraries(Q1.A512NH) 2nd 1st 1st 1stSterlingLibrary,YU(Yzz9AM351b,1819) 2nd 1st 1st 1stLibraryofCongress(Q1.A5) 2nd 1st 1st 1stLibraryofCongress(Q1.A52ndCopy) 2nd 1st 1st 1stAJSeditorialoffice,YU(OhioUniversityLibrarycopy) 3rd 2nd 2nd 1stGeorgetownUniversity(Q1.A5) 3rd 2nd 2nd 1stLewisLibrary,PU(8001.129) 3rd 2nd 2nd 2nd

PeabodyMuseumArchives,YUCopy1 3rd 2nd 2nd 2ndIndividualunboundnumbers:AJSeditorialoffice,YU 1st 1st 1st,2nd 2ndImagedvolumes:HarvardUniversity** 1st 1st 1st 1stUniversityofCalifornia** 1st 1st 1st 1stUniversityofChicago*** 1st 1st 1st 1stUniversityofMichigan(SIL–microfilm000449) 1st 1st 1st 1stBostonSocietyofNaturalHistory† 2nd 1st 1st 1stIndianaUniversity** 2nd 1st 1st 1stUniversityofIllinois,Urbana‐Champaign** 2nd 1st 1st 1stUniversityofMinnesota** 2nd 1st 1st 1stMissouriBotanicalGarden†† 3rd 2nd 2nd 2nd________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________*Institutionalabbreviations:PU,PrincetonUniversity;SIL,SmithsonianLibraries;YU,YaleUniversity.**HathitrustDigitalLibrary(https://www.hathitrust.org/)***GoogleBooks(https://books.google.com/)†CarnegieMellonUniversityLibrariesDigitalCollections(http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/)††BiodiversityHeritageLibrary(http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/)________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________