Sheep Hoof Health and Management
-
Upload
university-of-maryland-extension-small-ruminant-program -
Category
Education
-
view
4.050 -
download
2
description
Transcript of Sheep Hoof Health and Management
![Page 1: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Sheep hoof health and managementSUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn)Sheep & Goat SpecialistWestern Maryland Research & Education [email protected] - www.sheepandgoat.com
http://www.slideshare.net/schoenian/
sheep-hoof-health-and-management
![Page 2: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Hoof care
Hoof care is an important aspect of animal management.
Hoof health can affect an animal’s performance, disease resistance, and welfare.
Hooves should be regularly checked for disease and excess growth.
Animals with excessive or abnormal hoof growth and chronic hoof disease should be culled.
CULLING IS YOUR MOST POWERFUL TOOL!
![Page 3: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why do you need to trim hooves?
To prevent lameness.
To allow air to reach the hoof to eliminate the bacteria that can cause infection.
To create a flat sole surface, removing trapped mud and feces and reducing the possibility of infection.
To promote proper hoof growth in young animals.
![Page 4: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Frequency of hoof trimming At least annually: varies from monthly to as-needed to never.
Genetics Individual Breed Color of hoof Structure/shape of hoof
Environment Soil moisture and
characteristics (terrain) Season and rainfall Housing Diet
Factors affecting the need for hoof trimming:
![Page 5: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Proper equipment for hoof trimming
1. Hoof shears (trimmers) Manual▪ Smooth vs. serrated▪ Rotating handle
Air-compression driven[large flocks]
2. Hoof knife Straight vs. curved
3. Brush [for cleaning hoof]
4. Tight fitting (nitrile) gloves(for safety and comfort)
YOU CAN’T DO A THOROUGH JOB OF
HOOF TRIMMING WITHOUT A KNIFE.
![Page 6: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Proper restraint for hoof trimming
Tip animal onto its rump
Deck chair
Tilt table or “squeeze” Manual▪ Half-tilt▪ Full-tilt
Automatic
![Page 7: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Proper timing of hoof trimming
Not during late gestation.
In conjunction with other management tasks.[e.g. shearing]
2 to 3 weeks before a show.
When hooves are soft.
![Page 8: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Proper hoof trimming
Clean hoof
Trim excess growth Trim to pad (sole) Trim axial surface Don’t cut tip
[entry for infection]
Try not to draw blood.[entry for infection]
Disinfect tools between animals.
PRACTICE MAKES “PERFECT.”
![Page 9: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diseases affecting the hooves
COMMON
Foot scald (esp. goats) Foot abscess Footrot (esp. sheep)
LESS COMMON
Laminitis (founder) Bluetongue Soremouth Foot-and-mouth
disease
BA
CTER
IAL
VIR AL
![Page 10: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that live in the digestive tract and feces of animals.
Interact with other bacteria to cause foot scald and foot abscesses.
Work in conjunction with D. nodosus to cause footrot.
BACTERIA ON EVERY FARM
CAUSES FOOT SCALD
(INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS)
![Page 11: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Foot scald(also called interdigital dermatitis, benign footrot, or strip)
An inflammation and redness between the toes (claws) of the hoof.
No (or minimal) involvement of the hoof.
Precursor to footrot and foot abscess.
Outbreaks occur during periods of wet weather.NOT CONTAGIOUS
SKIN BETWEEN TOES IS RAW AND INFLAMED.
![Page 12: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Foot abscess
Occur when Actinomyces spp. bacteria invade tissue already weakened by an interdigital infection.
Causes lameness, pain, swelling, and heat.
Affects mostly mature and heavy animals.
Usually only one hoof or digit is affected.COMMON BACTERIA
HEEL OR TOE
![Page 13: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dichelobacter nodosus(previously called Bacteroides nodosus)
Gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that live in the feet of infected animals.
Release protease enzymes which digest connective tissue between the horn and flesh of the hoof.
Survival of D. nodosus Does not infect healthy hooves. Up to three years in
chronically-infected hooves. Up to 14 days on soil, feces,
and pasture. Up to 6 weeks in hoof horn
clippings Other surfaces: not known
20 DIFFERENT STRAINS OF BACTERIA THAT VARY IN
VIRULENCE.
CAUSES FOOTROT
![Page 14: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Footrot(also referred to as virulent, contagious, or classic footrot)
Involves a separation of the horny portions of the hoof from the underlying sensitive areas.
Foul odor.
Both claws are usually affected.
More than one hoof may be involved.
HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
UNDERMINING OF HOOF
![Page 15: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
How do foot diseases get established?
Irritation of interdigital tissue caused by moisture or trauma allows entry of F. necrophorum.
Other disease-causing bacteria invade tissue already weakened by interdigital dermatitis.
Predisposing factors to hoof disease: Warmth (>45°F) + moisture Overgrown hooves Abnormal hoof growth
Infection or exposure does not provide natural immunity.
![Page 16: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How do foot diseases get established?
Moisture / trauma
Softening, damage to skin between toes
Invasion by Fusobacterium necrophorum
INTERDIGITAL DERMATITIS OR FOOT SCALD
Invasion byActinomyces
pyogenes
Invasion byDichelorbacter
nodosus
FOOT ABSCESS SHEEP FOOTROT
Source: Guide to Footrot in Sheep, Alberta Sheep & Wool Commission
![Page 17: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sources of footrot D. nodosus -- the disease-causing bacteria
Primary In the hooves of newly
acquired animals.
Secondary On contaminated
equipment. In contaminated bedding at
sales, fairs, and during transport.
In the hooves of goats and cattle.
On pasture and in barn lots. On footwear. From service personnel
FOOTROT USUALLY “WALKS ON” TO A FARM IN THE HOOVES OF AN INFECTED
ANIMAL OR CHRONIC CARRIER.
![Page 18: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Keep footrot off your farm!
Have a written biosecurity plan and follow it.
Do not buy animals from flocks with a history of foot diseases or noticeable lameness.
All newly acquired animals should be suspected of having footrot and be quarantined for a minimum of 3 weeks. FOOTROT PUTS PEOPLE OUT
OF BUSINESS!
![Page 19: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
During the quarantine period Observe all new
animals for lameness.
Carefully inspect each foot.
Closely trim hooves.
Spray each foot with a solution of 20% zinc sulfate.
![Page 20: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
At the end of the quarantine period
Re-trim (if necessary) and thoroughly examine hooves for signs of infection.
If there is any evidence of footrot infection, all animals in the group should be foot bathed with a 10% solution of zinc sulfate.
![Page 21: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sheep foot health projectUniversity of Maine (funded by Northeast SARE)
Goal: eliminate the effects of footrot in sheep flocks in the Northeast.
1. Education▪ Cooperating flocks▪ 4 week protocol for
eliminating footrot▪ Web site:
extension.umaine/sheep/
2. Research▪ Scoring▪ DNA testing
Dr. Richard BrzozowksiUniversity of Maine Extension
![Page 22: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
4 week protocol for eliminating foot rotWeek 1 - day 0
Trim, inspect, and score feet of every sheep (and goat) on the farm.
Separate into groups1. Healthy,
infection-free 2. Infected (recovering)
Consider culling infected animals.
![Page 23: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hoof scoring
Health (scale of 1-5)1. No sign of infection2. Inflammation of digital skin,
possible odor3. Odor, undermining/
separation, lameness4. Excessive undermining two
or more feet infected, odor5. Chronic carrier
Structure Pockets Other abnormal growth
Hoof colorwhite, mottled, black, brown, gray
“Pocket”
![Page 24: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Example of foot lesion scores (UK)
![Page 25: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
4 week protocol for eliminating footrotWeek 1 - day 0
Foot bath all animals
Protocol for foot bathing Mix 8.5 pounds of zinc sulfate
in 10 gallons of water + 1 cup of laundry detergent (wetting agent).
Create a “soak” pad in bottom of footbath (wool or sawdust) to prevent splashing and loss of solution.
Sheep (and goats) should stand in foot bath for at least 3 to 5 minutes.
![Page 26: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
4 week protocol for eliminating foot rotWeek 1 - day 0
After soaking, put animals in drying area: Well-bedded barn area Dry, hard surface ▪ Clean concrete pad ▪ Wooden floor
After drying, put groups into separate pastures or barn areas where sheep (or goats) have not been for at least two weeks.
![Page 27: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
4 week protocol for eliminating foot rotWeek 2 - day 7
Repeat foot bathing and drying protocol.
Observe animals and check for any limpers. Check and trim feet of
limpers in healthy group and move to infected group.
![Page 28: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
4 week protocol for eliminating foot rotWeek 3 - day 14
Inspect all sheep (and goats) Check and trim hooves
(if necessary). Score hooves
Move infected animals that have recovered to healthy group and vice versa.
Repeat foot bathing and drying protocol.
Move groups to separate pastures where sheep (and goats) have not been for at least 2 weeks.
![Page 29: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
4 week protocol for eliminating foot rotWeek 3 - day 21
Repeat foot bathing and drying protocol.
Observe animals and check for any limpers. Check and trim feet
of limpers in healthy group and move to infected group.
![Page 30: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
4 week protocol for eliminating foot rotWeek 4 - day 28
Inspect all sheep (and goats)
Score each hoof
Repeat foot bathing and drying protocol.
![Page 31: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
4 week protocol for eliminating foot rotWeek 4 - day 28
After 4 weeks, all animals except “carriers” should have been able to heal.
Cull any animal that is still infected.
Cull carriers!
![Page 32: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Eradicate footrot in 4 weeks
TRIM TREAT ISOLATE
CULL
Day 0
Day 7
Day 14
Day 21
Day 28
F o o t r o t e r a d i c a t e d !
4-p
lus
![Page 33: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Other optionsfor controlling and eradicating footrot and scald
Antibiotic injections Penicillin Tetracyclines
Antibiotic sprays
Topical treatment with Koppertox® or 7% iodine
Dry chemicals (zinc sulfate + lime)
Absorptive pads (zinc sulfate)
Vaccination [prevent + treat]
Zinc supplementation
Genetic selection
CONTROL AND/OR ERADICATION OF
FOOTROT USUALLY REQUIRES A
COMBINATION OF PRACTICES.
![Page 34: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Breeding for resistance to footrot
CONVENTIONAL SELECTIONUSING FOOTROT LESION SCORING
Resistance to footrot is heritable. Low to moderate
heritability0.02 to 0.40 (UK)0.30 to 0.40 (NZ)
Low repeatabilityAt least two footrot scores are recommended (UK)
Goal: EPDs/EBVs for footrot resistance.
MARKER-BASED SELECTIONUSING DNA TESTING
Genetic markers have been found which can identify if a sheep is resistant to footrot.
A blood test for resistance is currently available (NZ) To be effective the same
strains of D. nodosus must be causing footrot.
A rapid test to identify D. nodosus strains is being commercialized.
Does not require exposure to disease.
![Page 35: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Hoof health links
http://www.sheepandgoat.com/footrot.html
http://extension.maine.edu/sheep
![Page 36: Sheep Hoof Health and Management](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050817/554c7ca6b4c90575798b5b36/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
SUSAN [email protected]
www.sheepandgoat.com
Thank you for your attention
Any questions?
http://www.slideshare.net/schoenian/
sheep-hoof-health-and-management