Shear Stress UU, CU , CD

8/9/2019 Shear Stress UU, CU , CD

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CHAPTER TWO

SOIL STRENGTH BEHAVIOURWEEK FOUR – SIXDownload all notes materials of ECG303 at ;

i-Learn Portal of UiTM – hairol anuar haron

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Learning outcome

At the end of the lectue! "tudent "hould #e $#le to unde"t$nd%

• &e'ne the conce(t of total $nd efective stresses! pore pressure $nd excess pore pressure )*O+!,O+-

• E.(l$/n the conce(t of riction model $nd "o/l shearstrength0 ohr!Coulom" ailure theor#! shear strengthparameters of "o/l" )*O+!,O+-

•Illu"t$te the shear strength parameters of "o/l" – "he$ #o.$nd t/$./$l te"t )*O+!,O+-

• &e1elo( the "te""2"t$/n el$t/on"h/(" $nd e1$lu$te the f$/lueen1elo(e – stress path u"/n3 p!$ diagram )*O4!,O5-

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O%TL&'E O( PRE)E'TAT&O' 6 7 8 9

40: Intoduct/on $nd O1e1/e

40+ &e'n/t/on of Sten3th! She$ Sten3th $nd theF/ct/on &ete?/n$t/on of SHEAR STRENGTH ,o(et/e"

of So/l"40@ *o?($/"on #eteen &IRE*T SHEAR BOX TEST$nd TRIAXIAL SHEAR TEST

40 T(e of T/$./$l Te"t

3


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4

*+, &ntroduction andOvervie-


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Wh "o/l" f$/l to (efo? /t" funct/onCC

It /" #ec$u"e of "o/l eo"/onC

&e3$d$t/on of "o/l ?$te/$l"C

Lo"" /n "ten3thC

Re?/nde fo? God $l2


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*+, &ntroduction andOvervie-Onl ?$te/$l" /th "ten3th c$n h$1e "lo(e" #ec$u"e "he$ "te""e"

$e eDu/ed to ?$/nt$/n $ "lo(e "tuctue

The "he$ "te""e" )7-! (e1ent coll$("e $nd hel( to "u((ot the3eotechn/c$l "tuctue )found$t/on"! et$/n/n3 $ll"! e$th "lo(e" $ndo$d #$"e"-

F$/lue /ll occu hen the "he$ "te"" e.ceed" the l/?/t/n3 "he$"te"" )"ten3th-

6


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Sten3th• /" the ?e$"ue of the ?$./?u? "te"" "t$te th$t c$n #e

/nduced /n $ ?$te/$l /thout /t f$/l/n3• c$n #e "t$ted $" co?(e""/1e "te"" ten"/le "te""

She$ Sten3th• /" the ?$./?u? 1$lue of "he$ "te"" th$t ?$ #e

/nduced /th/n /t" ?$"" #efoe the "o/l /eld"

She$ Sten3th of So/l• )hear strength "et-een a soil mass is due to the

development o rictional resistance "et-eenad.acent particles/ and anal#ses are "asedprimaril# on the rictional model

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*+0 1e2nition o )trength/ )hear)trength and the (riction odel


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• The foce t$n"?/tted #eteen to#od/e" /n "t$t/c cont$ct c$n #ee"ol1ed /nto to co?(onent"%2No?$l co?(onent! N

2She$ co?(onent! T 2#oth $e (e(end/cul$ to e$ch othe

8

*+0 1e2nition o )trength/)hear )trength and the

(riction odel

• When "he$ "l/((/n3?o1e?ent t$e (l$ce$lon3 th/" "uf$ce the$t/o TN /ll h$1ee$ched $ l/?/t/n3 1$luete?ed the coec/ent off/ct/on ) μ-

T l/?/t J N

N t$n 8=Whee 8= /" def/ned $"


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9

*+0 1e2nition o )trength/)hear )trength and the

(riction odel

• A "u33e"ted ?ech$n/"? of f/ct/on$l e"/"t$nce /" th$t$t the tue (o/nt" of cont$ct the ($t/cle" #eco?e

loced to3ethe

• Fo "l/d/n3 to occu! /t" /" nece""$ fo the ?$te/$l to/eld loc$ll $t the (o/nt of cont$ct

• The tue cont$ct $e$ #eteen the 3$/n" ?$ #e 1e


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10

*+* Concept o Total )tress 345and Eective )tress 3465

*on"/de $nele?ent of $saturated

soil "u#ectedto $ normalstress 345! $"/n the '3ue0

Ste"" 345 is called Total )tress $nd foeDu/l/#/u? )Neton=" th/d l$- the stressesin the soil must "e e$ual and opposite to

4


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• Re"/"t$nce to 4! /" (o1/ded # $ co?#/n$t/onof the "te""e" fo? the "ol/d c$lled efectivestress 3465 $nd fo? (oe $te /n the (oe"!

c$lled pore pressure 3u5+

• Thu"; 6 6= u 6= 6 – u

• Th/" eDu$t/on /" c$lled the principle oefective stress! '"t eco3n/Med # TeM$3h/)+52+5-

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(ailure )urace – The "o/l 3$/n" "l/de o1ee$ch othe $lon3 the f$/lue "uf$ce! nocu"h/n3 of /nd/1/du$l 3$/n"

At f$/lue! shear stress )7- $lon3 the f$/lue"uf$ce e$che" the shear strength )7f -

*+7 )hear (ailure


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• The strength envelopes /" $ 3$(h/c$le(e"ent$t/on of $ ($t/cul$ l/?/t/n3 cond/t/onof shear stress 3859normal stress 345 $t/o

• The f$/lue en1elo(e /" non $" the ohr!Coulom" ailure envelope

• The f$/lue en1elo(e /" $ cu1ed l/ne! #ut fomost soil mechanics pro"lems! /t /" "uc/entto $((o./?$te the "he$ "te"" on the f$/lue(l$ne $" $ linear unction of the no?$l "te""

• The l/ne$ funct/on /" non $" Coulom"s La-+

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*+7+0 )hear (ailure : ohr!Coulom" (ailure Criterion


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*+7+* )hear (ailure : ohr!Coulom" (ailure Envelope

7f /" the ?$./?u? "he$ "te"" the "o/l c$n t$e

/thout f$/lue! unde no?$l "te"" of 6)hear

strengthcon"/"t of toco?(onent %cohesive $ndrictional

C $nd ; $e?e$"ue" of"he$ "ten3th0H&


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T(/c$l 1$lue" of /nten$l $n3le of f/ct/on! φ= $e 3/1en/n t$#le #elo

Soil type φ’ (deg)

Sand: rounded grainsLoose 27-0

!edi"m 0-#

$ense #-%

Sand: angular grains

Loose 0-#

!edi"m #-0

$ense 0-#

Gravel with some sand -%

Silts 2'-# 19

*+7+* )hear (ailure : ohr!Coulom" (ailure Envelope

3angle o riction/ 5


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•


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21

ormal stress ind"ced are σy

and σx *here σy + σx, So this

have ca"se shear τ.

Inclination of failureplane in soil withmaor principal plane

*+7+7 )hear (ailure : ohr Circleand (ailure Envelope


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+ + :Circle in Terms o Total)tress 345 and Eective

)tress 3465


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+ + :Envelopes in Terms oTotal )tress 345 and

Eective )tress 3465


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!ohr"s circle and failureen#elope

• σ'1 = major principal stress• σ'3 = minor principal stress• he failure plane ‘ef’ ma!es an

an"le # $ith the major principal plane

• o %etermine the an"le # an% therelationship bet$een major an%minor principal stress

• ‘fgh’ is the failure envelope%efine b& the coulomb la$relationship

•t can be sho$n that ‘bad’ =# = 0 * φ=! o

9 >@ φ=4

*+7+> )hear (ailure : Anal#sis o)tress using ohr6s Circle


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)+,-tan()+,-(tan31 φ φ σ σ +++= c

)+,-tan()+,-(tan13 φ φ σ σ −−−= c

* = 1 t i ti )HEAR


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• Te"t h/ch c$n #e c$/ed out /n thel$#o$to – SHEAR BOX TEST

– TRIAXIAL TEST• Uncon"ol/d$ted Und$/ned Te"t ! UU

• *on"ol/d$ted Und$/ned Te"t! *U

•

*on"ol/d$ted &$/ned Te"t! *&

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*+= 1etermination o )HEAR)TRE'


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• The te"t /" $l"o non $"direct9simple "he$ te"t #ec$u"ethe no?$l "he$ "te"" on thef$/lue (l$ne /" ?e$"ued d/ectl0

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*+=+0 1etermination o )HEAR)TRE'


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Shear box *ith alignment scre*s



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33Sample reparation



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34

lace the shear box "nder the load cell



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35.lign the load cell



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.d/"st the L$1 to complete contact



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lamp the shear box so that only the lo*er halfmoves,

3"n the test by applying a vertical load



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• She$ "l/( occu" o /" en1/"$3ed(predicted) $lon3 $ de'n/te "l/("uf$ce

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%v = vertical %isplacement

%h = hori.ontal %isplacement



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• Advantages – She$ $nd no?$l "te""e" ?e$"ued d/ectl0

– No?$l "te"" con"t$nt thou3hout the te"t0

– The te"t /" "/?(le $nd f$"t fo 3$nul$ "o/l"

– Volu?e ch$n3e" $e e$"/l ?e$"ued0

– U"/n3 $ e1e"/#le "he$ #o. l$3e d/"(l$ce?ent c$n #e$ch/e1ed! thu" en$#l/n3 ?e$"ue?ent of e"/du$l "ten3th0

– A" the #$"/c (/nc/(le /" e$" to unde"t$nd /t c$n #ee.tended to 3$1ell "o/l! h/ch ould #e ee e.(en"/1e to

te"t # othe ?ethod" 42



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• 1isadvantages – It /" d/cult to contol the d$/n$3e of $te fo? the

"o/l

– The d/"t/#ut/on of "he$ "te"" o1e the (l$ne of f$/lue/" $""u?ed to #e un/fo?! #ut /n f$ct /t /" not

–

Not (o""/#le to contol d$/n$3e fo? the "$?(le o to?e$"ue the (oe (e""ue /th/n the "$?(le0 Theefoe! onl tot$l "te"" ?e$"ue?ent" c$n #e ?$de

– The no?$l "te"" c$nnot e$"/l #e 1$/ed du/n3 te"t"43



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• T/$./$l /" the ?o"t el/$#le ?ethod" $1$/l$#le fodete?/n/n3 "he$ "ten3th ($$?ete"

• So/l "(ec/?en $#out 5?? /n d/$?ete $nd Q?? lon3

/" 3ene$ll u"ed

• S(ec/?en /" enc$"ed # $ th/n u##e ?e?#$ne $nd(l$ced /n"/de $ (l$"t/c cl/nd/c$l ch$?#e th$t u"u$ll'lled /th $te

• The "(ec/?en /" "u#ected to $ con'n/n3 (e""ue #co?(e""/on of the u/d /n the ch$?#e

• To c$u"e "he$ f$/lue! one ?u"t $((l $./$l "te""thou3h $ 1et/c$l lo$d/n3 $?(

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*+=+* 1etermination o )HEAR)TRE'


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* = * 1etermination o )HEAR


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46

• Principle Plane is the plane that is acte% upon b& a normal

stress onl&/ o shear stress present on a principal plane/

• Principal stress is the normal stress actin" on a principal plane/

• σ1 an% σ3 are !no$n as the major an% minor principal stresses

respectivel&/



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• n triaial test2 failure plane is not pre%etermine%/• ailure occurs on the plane $here stress s&stem is most

critical/



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• he test is repeate% for several %ifferent values of cell pressureσ

3 an% the correspon%in" values of σ

1at failure foun% in each

case/

• his enables a set (at least 3) of 4ohr5s circles to be %ra$n/



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*+> Comparison "et-een 1irect )hear?ox Test and Triaxial )hear Test

50

* T T i i l T t


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51

*+ T#pe o Triaxial Tests

* T T i i l T t


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* T T i i l T t


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• A 3entle e?/nde

–


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54

45"ipment for the

triaxial test,

Sample preparation



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* T T i i l T t


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Unconsolidated-undrained test/• Th/" te"t /" (efo?ed /th the d$/n 1$l1e clo"ed fo $ll (h$"e" of the te"t0• A./$l lo$d/n3 /" co??enced /??ed/$tel $fte the ch$?#e (e""ue σ5 /"

"t$#/l/Med0

Consolidated-undrained test!• In th/" te"t! d$/n$3e o con"ol/d$t/on /" $lloed to t$e (l$ce du/n3 the

$((l/c$t/on of the con'n/n3 (e""ue σ50• Lo$d/n3 doe" not co??ence unt/l the "$?(le ce$"e" to d$/n )o con"ol/d$te-0• The $./$l lo$d /" then $((l/ed to the "(ec/?en! /th no $tte?(t ?$de to

contol the fo?$t/on of e.ce"" (oe (e""ue0• Fo th/" te"t! the d$/n 1$l1e /" clo"ed du/n3 $./$l lo$d/n3! $nd e.ce"" (oe

(e""ue" c$n #e ?e$"ued0

Consolidated-drained test

• In th/" te"t! the d$/n 1$l1e /" o(ened $nd /" left o(en fo the du$t/on of thete"t! /th co?(lete "$?(le d$/n$3e (/o to $((l/c$t/on of the 1et/c$l lo$d0

• The lo$d /" $((l/ed $t "uch $ "lo "t$/n $te th$t ($t/cle e$du"t?ent" /n the"(ec/?en do not /nduce $n e.ce"" (oe (e""ue0

• S/nce thee /" no e.ce"" (oe (e""ue tot$l "te""e" /ll eDu$l eect/1e"te""e"0

• Al"o the 1olu?e ch$n3e of the "$?(le du/n3 "he$ c$n #e ?e$"ued0

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*++0 T#pe o Triaxial Tests ! %%


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• W/th th/" ?ethod! the "he$ "ten3th /" ?e$"ued/th e"(ect to tot$l "te""

• The "o/l "(ec/?en )"u((o"ed "$tu$ted- /" not$lloed to con"ol/d$te! ?$/nt$/n" /t" o/3/n$l"tuctue $nd $te content! "o th$t /t" e"/"t$nceonl de(end" on the le1el of 3eo"t$t/c "te"" /n the'eld

• Te"t $e u"u$ll c$/ed out on thee "(ec/?en" ofthe "$?e "$?(le "u#ected to d/eent con'n/n3(e""ue

• ,o1/ded th$t the "o/l /" full "$tu$ted! theeect/1e "te"" $t f$/lue /" the "$?e fo e$ch te"t

• The


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*++0 T#pe o Triaxial Tests ! %%


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• U"u$ll conducted on cl$" "(ec/?en"$nd de(end" on $ 1e /?(ot$nt"ten3th conce(t fo cohe"/1e "o/l" /f the"o/l /" full "$tu$ted

• The $dded $./$l "te"" $t f$/lue /"($ct/c$ll the "$?e e3$dle"" of thech$?#e con'n/n3 (e""ue

• So th$t! the f$/lue en1elo(e fo the tot$l

"te""


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#pTest (ailure Envelope

*++* T#pe o Triaxial Tests ! C%


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• W/th th/" te"t ?ethod the "he$ "ten3th/" ?e$"ued /n te?" of eect/1e "te""

• At le$"t thee "(ec/?en" $e $lloed tocon"ol/d$te )to ch$n3e /t" "tuctue $nd$te content- $t d/eent le1el ofcon'n/n3 (e""ue #efoe f$/lue

• &ue to the f$ct th$t "he$ "ten3th/nce$"e! $/"/n3 the eect/1e "te""e"!the *oulo?#=" ?odel c$n #e $((l/ed /nte?" of eect/1e "te""

• &u/n3 the f$/lue "t$3e the "(ec/?en /"not $lloed to d$/n $nd (oe (e""ue /"?e$"ued! "o th$t the eect/1e "te"" /"c$lcul$ted $" the d/eence #eteen the

tot$l "te"" $nd the (oe (e""ue62

#pTest



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•

Total Stress7 cu 6n t$nφu

•

Eective Stress7 c= 6n= t$nφ=

•

Pore pressure u 6+ 2 6+= o 65 – 65=

63

#pTest

pore pressuredevelops

during shear aster thanC1 3preerred-a# to 2nd c6and ;6



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,otal and effecti#e stress failure en#elope from -. tests

#pTest (ailure Envelope

*++* T#pe o Triaxial Tests ! C% Test


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65,otal stress failure en#elope from -. test in o#erconsolidated clay

#p(ailure Envelope or CLAD )O&L)

Example 0


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Example 0

A *U te"t on $ no?$ll con"ol/d$tedcl$ /elded the follo/n3 e"ult"%

σ3 = 100 !Pa

7eviator stress = 10 !Pa

Pore pressure2 (8u%)f = 90 !Pa

Calculate the consoli%ate% un%raine% friction an"lean% the consoli%ate% %raine% friction an"le

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Example 0


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A3$/n!

σ=3 = σ3 - )ud-f +::2Q: 5: ,$

σ=1 = σ1 - )ud-f 5+:2Q: 4>: ,$FRO< SLI&E NO0 5

Fo no?$ll con"ol/d$ted cl$ /th c=:;

0FRO< SLI&E NO0 + @5

6=+ 6=5 t$n4)>@ φ=4-4>: 5: t$n4)>@ φ=4-

φ= @+

68

Example 0

*++7 T#pe o Triaxial Tests ! C1


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• Th/" te"t ?ethod /" "/?/l$ to *U te"t$" the "he$ "ten3th c$n #e el$tedto the $((l/ed le1el of "te""

• At le$"t thee "(ec/?en" $e $lloedto con"ol/d$te $t d/eent le1el of

con'n/n3 (e""ue

• The f$/lue "t$3e /" c$/ed out 1e"lol to (e1ent the /nce$"e of (oe(e""ue /n"/de the "(ec/?en! th$t /"$lloed to d$/n

• The tot$l $nd eect/1e "te""e" $ethe "$?e

•


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The "$?(le /" (l$ced #eteen (oou" d/"c" $nd/n"eted /n the t/$./$l $(($$tu"0

The cell (e""ue /" $((l/ed $nd the $(($$tu" leftunt/l the /nduced (oe $te (e""ue h$"

d/""/($ted! u"u$ll $fte 4>h"0

The de1/$to "te"" 6+ 2 65 /" then $((l/ed $t "uch$ "lo $te th$t u= doe" not de1elo(0

It u"u$ll t$e" #eteen 4 d$" $nd 4 ee" toc$ out $ "/n3le d$/ned t/$./$l te"t0 )Th/" te"t /"c$lled slo- triaxial test-

70

#pTest

*++7 T#pe o Triaxial Tests ! C1 Test


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71

in 'ORAL Consolidated CLAD

2/6/3 ,ype of ,ria)ial ,ests - ,est


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72

in -onsolidated -(


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Example *

Fo no?$ll con"ol/d$ted cl$! the e"ult" of $d$/ned t/$./$l te"t $e $" follo"%

*h$?#e con'n/n3 (e""ue!σ3 + l#/n4

&e1/$to "te"" $t f$/lue!σ1-σ3 4@ l#/n4

$- F/nd the $n3le of f/ct/on

#- &ete?/ne the $n3le!9 th$t the f$/lue (l$ne?$e" /th the ?$o (/nc/($l (l$ne

73


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74

(nswer


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75


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Example 7

The eDu$t/on of the eect/1e "te""f$/lue en1elo(e fo normall#

consolidated cla#e# "o/l /" 7f 6=t$n 25.

A d$/ned t/$./$l te"t $" conducted

/th the "$?e "o/l $t $ ch$?#econ'n/n3 (e""ue of :N?40

*$lcul$te the de1/$to "te"" $tf$/lue0

76


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An"e

Fo no?$ll con"ol/d$ted cl$! c=:!thu"

6+= 65= t$n4)>@ φ=4-φ=4@

6+= : t$n4)>@ 4@4- +QN?4

So! )6d-f 6=+26=5 +Q2:

++QN?4

77

E l >


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Example >

The follo/n3 d$t$ ee o#t$/ned fo? $n und$/nedt/$./$l te"t on $ "e/e" of "$tu$ted "o/l "$?(le"

&ete?/ne the 1$lue" of the $(($ent cohe"/on! c $ndthe $n3le of /nten$l f/ct/on! φ

/-W/th e"(ect to tot$l "te""e"

//- W/th e"(ect to eect/1e "te""e"

78

)oil sample 0 * 7

*ell (e""ue ),$- +@: 4@: 5@:

,oe (e""ue ),$- @: +:: +@:

&e1/$to "te"" ),$- +@: 5:: >::

Ans-er


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Ans-erCell pressure 0>, *>, 7>,

,oe (e""ue @: +:: +@:&e1/$to "te"" +@: 5:: >::

σ1 = σ3 * σ% 5:: @@: Q@:

σ3' = σ3 : u +:: +@: 4::

σ1' = σ1 - u 4@: >@: ::

79

i) 6rom the graph of total stress parametersc" 2#φ" 8% ͦ

ii) 6rom the graph of the effective stress parametersc’ 20φ’ 2' ͦ

*+ )tress Path using p!$


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Learning outcome 3W5At the end of the lectue! "tudent"hould #e $#le to unde"t$nd%

• Ste""2"t$/n el$t/on"h/(" $ndde/1$t/on of f$/lue en1elo(e – "te""($th u"/n3 (2D d/$3$?

1iagram

*+ )tress Path using p!$i


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• Re"ult" of t/$./$l te"t" c$n #e e(e"ented # d/$3$?c$lled stress paths

• Ste"" ($th /" $ 3$(h/c$l e(e"ent$t/on of the locu" of"te""e" on $ #od

• It /" $ l/ne th$t connect" $ "e/e" of (o/nt"! e$ch of h/che(e"ent" $ "ucce""/1e "te"" "t$te e.(e/enced # $ "o/l"(ec/?en du/n3 the (o3e"" of $ te"t

• Thee $e "e1e$l $" /n h/ch "te"" ($th c$n #e d$n$nd (lot" D= $3$/n"t (= )hee (= $nd D= $e thecoordinates of the top of the ohr6s circle- /" one ofthe?

1iagram

*+ )tress Path using p!$i


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1iagram


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*+ )tress Path using p!$1i


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1iagram



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• *on"/de $ no?$ll con"ol/d$ted cl$ "(ec/?en"u#ected to $n /"oto(/c$ll consolidated-drained

t/$./$l te"t )'3 ++04-

• The el$t/on"h/(" fo (= $nd D= $e $" follo"%

• At the "eginning of the $((l/c$t/on of de1/$to "te""/ 460

467 47! "o

• Fo th/" cond/t/on (= $nd D= /ll (lot $" $ (o/nt )th$t /" I’ /n

'3 ++04-

• At "o?e othe t/?e du/n3 de1/$to "te"" $((l/c$t/on! 6=+

6=5 6d 65 6d ; 6=5 65

• The


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•

If the"e 1$lue" of (= $nd D= ee (lotted /n '3++04! the ould #e e(e"ented # (o/nt D= $tthe to( of the @o /ththe ho/Mont$l

• ,o/nt & e(e"ent" the f$/lue cond/t/on of the "o/l"(ec/?en /n the te"t

1iagram



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• L/ne !" /" the f$/lue en1elo(e fo the "o/l• A ?od/'ed f$/lue en1elo(e c$n no #e

de'ned # l/ne OF=

•

Th/" ?od/'ed l/ne /" co??onl c$lled theK f l/ne $nd c$n #e e.(e""e" $"

;here < = the an"le that the mo%ifie% failure

envelopes ma!es $ith the hori.ontal

1iagram



88/101

• The el$t/on"h/( #eteen $n3le" φ $nd


89/101

• F/3ue #elo "ho" $ D=2(= (lot fo $no?$ll con"ol/d$ted cla# "(ec/?en"u#ected to $n /"oto(/c$llconsolidated-undrained t/$./$l

te"t

1iagram



90/101

• At the #e3/nn/n3 of the $((l/c$t/on ofde1/$to "te""! 6=+ 6=5 650 hence (=

6=5 $nd D=:

• Th/" el$t/on"h/( /" e(e"ented # (o/nt I

• At "o?e othe "t$3e of the de1/$to "te""$((l/c$t/on! 6=+ 65 6d – Δud an% 6=5 65 –

Δud2 so

1iagram

*+ )tress Path using p!$1iagram


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• The (eced/n3 1$lue" of (= $nd D= /ll (lot $"(o/nt U= /n '3 ++05: (o/nt" "uch $" U==e(e"ent 1$lue" of (= $nd D= $" the te"t(o3e""e"0

• The eect/1e "te"" ($th fo $ con"ol/d$ted2und$/ned te"t c$n #e 3/1en # the cu1e IU=U

• L$?#e )+>- (o(o"ed $ techn/Due toe1$lu$te the el$"t/c $nd con"ol/d$t/on

"ettle?ent" of found$t/on" on cl$ "o/l" #u"/n3 the "te"" ($th" dete?/ned /n th/"?$nne

1iagram

*+ )tress Path using p!$1iagram


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• Su??$ of the (ocedue fo (lott/n3 "te"" ($th"

+0 &ete?/ne the lo$d/n3 cond/t/on" d$/ned o und$/nedo #oth

40 *$lcul$te the /n/t/$l lo$d/n3 1$lue"! ( $nd D

50 Set u( 3$(h of (= $" the $#"c/""$ $nd D= $" theod/n$te0 ,lot the /n/t/$l 1$lue" )(=! D=-

>0 &ete?/ne the /nce$"e /n "te""! 6d

@0 *$lcul$te the /nce$"e /n "te"" /n1$/$nt"

0 *$lcul$te the cuent "te"" /n1$/$nt"

Q0 ,lot the cuent "te"" /n1$/$nt" )(=! D=-

0 *onnect the (o/nt" /dent/f/n3 eect/1e "te""e" $nd dothe "$?e fo tot$l "te""e"

0 Re(e$t /te?" > to fo the ne.t lo$d/n3 cond/t/on

1iagram

E.$?(le


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E.$?(le Q


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E.$?(le


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E.$?(le


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1o ma@e a lot o practice on thetutorial $uestions+

Practice ma@es "etter+

End o Wee@ G End o Topic *Wee@ % Flo of W$te Thou3h So/l0

W$""l$? Th$n You0

Shear Stress UU, CU , CD

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