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Running head: SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1
Shawshank Redemption a Social Psychology Perspective
Mary Howell
Patten University
Social Psychology
PSY421
Dr. Abraham Ruelas
May 14, 2016
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2
Shawshank Redemption a Social Psychology Perspective
For the final project in Social Psychology, I chose the movie the Shawshank Redemption
to explain the concepts and to apply social theories reviewed and learned throughout this class.
In 1947, Andy Dufresne, a banker in Maine, becomes wrongly accused and then
convicted of murdering his wife and her lover, a professional tennis instructor. Andy receives
two concurrent life sentences one for each victim. The prison called Shawshank is an institution
known for the fierce brutality and overall brutal treatment of convicts and is the prison Andy will
serve his sentence. The movie is about an innocent man's journey through incarceration to the
freeing of one's soul. The film depicts Andy's journey through 20 -years of incarceration where
rape, brutalization, adornment, victimization, reverence and elevation all transpire in a 20 -year
span. Andy’s perseverance and drive for freedom within his mind and soul, speaks directly to the
practice and application of social psychology and its theories.
In Shawshank, Andy encounters "the Sister's "who rape him, he makes a trusted friend
named Red and also earns the guards and the wardens trust.
The first three scene's chosen refer to Social Psychology and how Social Psychology
concepts apply to each scene as well as the realistic plausibility of the actual events and the
application of Social Psychology theory and practices. Social Psychology refers eloquently to the
movie the Shawshank Redemption as socialization, whether in a prison or outside of the walls of
a prison consists of the lifelong process of social interaction. The primary characters are serving
life sentences and this fact fits under the definition of socialization, as each person incarcerated
must adapt. Through the scenes below, I will show how individuals acquire a self-identity and
the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in a society within the social system of
a prison.
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 3
Socialization is the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group.
Knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions are the essential link between the
individual and society. “Socialization is the process through which we become
human”(Stuart-Hamilton, 1999) and within Shawshank, one may become dehumanized
based on the social confines of an institution such as the Shawshank Prison. Like that of the
Stanford prison study, we can see the plausibility of life while in prison. The Stanford Prison
study tested the fundamental attribution error; "our tendency to attribute causes of behavior
to personal factors, underestimating the influence of situational conditions. (Annenberg
Learner, 2016)” In the movie, one can find the same behavior represented within the walls of
Shawshank.
We will journey through the film exploring scene 1, prison life and Andy's
adjustment and disregard for life inside the prison, in scene one Andy is strolling through the
prison yard as if he walking through the park. He meets Red, the man in the prison who can
get anything for anyone. We will explore observational learning and apply social cognition
theories as it pertains to prison life. Additionally, through scenes two and three we will
explore the normalcy of the inmates as Red arranges for them to work detail on a roof and
Andy offers financial advice to a guard in exchange for cold beer for the men. Andy does not
drink a beer but enjoys the pleasure of feeling normal for just a moment. We will then
venture to the darker side of the prison and Andy's victimization through rape from a prison
group called the Sisters. We will begin to understand aggression and the Mere exposure
effect and how it pertains to Brooks the librarian and his suicide. We will witness Andy
learning how to become a crook by altering the financial books for the warden and how his
behavioral changes attribute to cognitive dissonance. We will witness Andy question and
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 4
challenge the authority of the warden through Role strain. “Role strain is the discomfort one
feels in an obedience situation that causes a person to question the legitimacy of the
authority figure”(Borden & Horowitz, 2013, flash cards). Role strain is evident in scene four
when Andy conforms to preserve the library and his privileges.
First three Scenes: Evaluation –research and theory
Scene 1: Prison Life, Observational Learning, and Social Cognition
Prison life proves challenging for Andy, as many of the other prisoners think he is a snob.
When Andy arrives at Shawshank, he keeps to himself. Andy learns how the institution functions
by observational learning. He watched quietly to learn what one deemed acceptable and
unacceptable behavior and per the definition of observational learning imitated what he
observed. One can group observational learning with the social learning theory, in that the social
learning theory “stresses the role of observation and the imitation of behaviors observed in
others.”(Borden & Horowitz, 2013, p. 83) Andy strolled through the prison yard with careless
abandonment. The prisoners perceive this behavior as arrogant and pretentious. What other
inmates failed to realize was that Andy was merely conforming to prison life, through
observational learning. Andy asks Red to find him a rock hammer, an instrument he claims is
necessary for his hobby of rock collecting and sculpting. Though other prisoners consider Andy
"a really cold fish," Red sees something in Andy and likes him from the start. In social
psychology, one can define this as (Interpersonal Attraction) “quite simply, the study of how
people become attracted to each other and form emotional bonds.”(Stuart-Hamilton, 1999, p. 88)
Red believes Andy intends to use the hammer to engineer his future escape but when the tool
arrives, and then Red sees the tiny the hammer, and Reds thoughts of escape Andy's escape
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 5
diminish. Social cognition and social perception are central to our interpretation of situations.
However, when one exposes his or herself to a particular situation, how we respond depends on
how we interpret that situation. Social cognition gives direction to our interpretation. The
decisions we make based on our perception and cognition will influence our response.
Scene: 2 the Roof and Rape: By standard Apathy, Functionalist Theory, Ethology,
Aggression
Andy works in the prison laundry. He attracts attention from "the Sisters," a homosexual
group of convicts who sexually assault other prisoners. Andy is beaten and raped on a regular
basis. The guards do nothing to stop the abuses against Andy.
One can attribute the behavior of the guards to what is cited when this type of behavior
manifest, “as a prototypical example of bystander apathy – the failure to take action when
intervention is needed.”(Stuart-Hamilton, 1999, p. 99) The guards turn the other way and fail to
assist or stop the raping of Andy.
Red pulls some strings and gets Andy and a few of their mutual friends a break by taking
them all on a work detail tarring the roof of one of the prison's buildings. During the job, Andy
overhears Hadley complaining about having to pay taxes for an upcoming inheritance. Drawing
on his expertise as a banker, Andy lets Hadley know how he can shelter his money from the IRS,
turning it into a one-time gift for his wife. Andy states, he will assist in exchange for some cold
beers for his fellow inmates while on the tarring job. Though he at first threatens to throw Andy
off the roof, Hadley, the most brutal guard in the prison, agrees, providing the men with a cold
beer before they finish the job. Red remarks that Andy conjured up the privilege to build favor
with the correctional officers as much as with his fellow inmates, but Red also thinks Andy did it
only to "feel free." We can explore Red’s and Andy’s desire to be a functioning member of a
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 6
society within the Functionalism theory. “Functionalism interprets each part of society in terms
of how it contributes to the stability of the whole society” (Crossman, 2016, para. 2) such as Red
and Andy’s role in the prison.
Within the functionalist theory- society is more than the sum of its parts; rather, each part
of society is functional for the stability of the whole. According to functionalism, an institution
only exists because it serves a vital role in the functioning of society. “If it no longer serves a
role, an institution will die away.”(Crossman, 2016, p. 3) When new needs evolve or emerge,
one can create new institutions for the new need. Andy and Red found their function, their niche,
even in the animal world, one needs a niche and wants to feel part of a group, and we are social
animals, regardless of where we live.
Andy once more encounters the Sisters and Boggs rapes and beats him. Andy remains in
the hospital infirmary for a month. Boggs, the leader of the Sisters, spends a week in solitary.
When Boggs comes out, he finds Hadley and his men waiting for him in his cell. They beat
Boggs and leave him paralyzed. When Andy gets out of the infirmary, he finds a bunch of rocks
and a poster of Rita Hayworth in his cell presents from Red and the friends he made. Andy’s
rape again, helps us understand the violent behavior by the application of Albert Bandera's
Aggressive Behavior theory; which explores the nuances of social influences and social
conditioning upon human behavior. Human beings are innately social animals, form social ties
that act as controls against the human animal’s equally innate impulse to act in a purely self-
interested, often violent way. The Sister’s are violent and seemingly display a concept based on
the ethological perspective, also referred to as Ethology, a theoretical perspective that views
behavior within the context of survival with the emphasis on the role of instincts and genetic
forces.”(Borden & Horowitz, 2013, p. 407)
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 7
How does ethological theory relate to the human animal? “First, humans display
territorial behavior just as animals do. Konrad Lorenz, the first ethologist of the century, believed
that aggression had little to do with murderous intent and a lot to do with territory” (Borden &
Horowitz, 2013, p. 407). Several factors influenced the rape of Andy, apathy presented by the
guard’s disregard, ethology as the inmates attacking Andy claim him as their own, as no one else
protected Andy nor defended him, so the Sister's assume the behavior is acceptable and
condoned.
Scene 3: Library and Suicide: Mere Exposure Affect, Cognitive Dissonance,
Warden Norton hears about how Andy helped Hadley and uses a surprise cell inspection
to size Andy up. The warden meets with Andy and sends him to work with aging inmate Brooks
Hatlen in the prison library, where he sets up a make-shift desk to provide services to other
guards (and the warden himself) with income tax returns and other financial advice. Andy sees
an opportunity; even guards from other prisons seek Andy's financial advice. Andy prepares
Norton's tax returns for years to come. Andy came to prison as an innocent man; it was here in
Shawshank that he learned to become a criminal. Cognitive Dissonance refers to a situation
involving conflicting attitudes beliefs or behaviors. “Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance
theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony and
avoid disharmony (or dissonance)(McLeod, 2014, para. 2).”
To avoid parole Brooks, the old librarian, threatens to kill another prisoner, Heywood.
Andy talks Brooks down, and the parole board grants Brook's freedom. He goes to a halfway
house but finds it impossible to adjust to life outside the prison. Brooks commits suicide. When
his friends suggest that he was crazy for doing so, Red tells them that Brooks had apparently
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 8
become "institutionalized," mainly conditioned to be a prisoner for the rest of his life and unable
to adapt to the outside world.
The consequence of Brooks release, suicide, one can attribute to the fact he served fifty
years in prison. However, Brooks became accustomed to Shawshank. The Mere Exposure Affect
states that, individual's exposure to stimulus that repeats can stimulate one to like something they
do not like. The Mere Affect also applies to an individual in prison, as conditioning through
repeated exposure can influence one to stay with what they know, then something different and
unknown. Such was the case for Brooks; he enjoyed the exposure to his everyday life in prison,
he had purpose and a routine. Outside the prison, he did not have the social acceptance he had
within the walls of Shawshank.
Scenes 4-6 –Inaccuracies atypical evaluation:
Scene 4: Tommy and Warden Norton, False Consensus, Impression formation, Role
Strain.
In 1965, a young prisoner named Tommy comes to Shawshank. Andy suggests that
Tommy takes up another line of work besides theft. The suggestion gets to Tommy, and he
works on earning his high school equivalency diploma. Though Tommy is an excellent student,
he is still frustrated when he takes the exam itself, crumpling it up and tossing it away. Andy
corrects the test; Tommy earned his high school diploma. One day Red tells Tommy about
Andy's case. Tommy is taken back at hearing Andy's story and tells Andy and Red that he had a
cellmate in another prison who boasted about killing a man who was a pro tennis player at the
country club he worked at, along with his lover. With the new information, Andy, meets with the
warden, expecting North to help him get another trial with Tommy as a witness. The reaction
from Norton is completely contrary to what Andy expected. Andy demonstrates a false
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 9
consensus. Andy expected the warden to feel as he felt about his freedom. One can define false
consensus as, "the tendency to believe that our own feelings and behavior are shared by everyone
else.”(Borden & Horowitz, 2013, p. 74) When Andy says emphatically that he would never
reveal the money laundering schemes he set up for Norton. The Warden becomes furious and
orders him to solitary for a month. The warden later meets with Tommy alone and asks him if he
will testify on Andy's behalf. Tommy enthusiastically agrees, and the warden has him killed by
Hadley. When the warden visits Andy in solitary, he tells him that Tommy is dead, as he tried to
escape. Andy tells Norton that the financial schemes will stop. The warden states then he will
destroy the library and burn all its materials. The warden gives Andy another month in solitary. I
found the above scene to be atypical concerning the application of an actual social psychology
theory. One could apply impression formation, in this instance Andy would already know how
innately evil the warden is, impression formation is almost instinctive. For Andy to state he
would no longer submit to the warden’s schemes is unrealistic concerning the social
circumstances surrounding him. For example, Impression formation primes us by culture to form
impressions of people, Western culture places emphasis on, “what’s inside the person. “We also
may be programmed biologically to form impressions of those who might help or hurt us. It is
conceivable that early humans, who were better at making accurate inferences about others, had
superior survival chances and those abilities are part of our genetic heritage.” (Borden &
Horowitz, 2013, p. 75)" Andy was painfully aware of the wardens exhibited behavior and as
such would not mention anything about the illegal dealings or what Tommy overheard. The
warden acted honestly but was merely acting, his behavior stated otherwise. Andy's behavior did
not reflect what he already knew about the warden. He had years to decipher the wardens
behavior; he did not have to form his judgment automatically he had time to process his
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 10
judgment. In my opinion, role strain would satisfy social theory, as the discomfort sustained by
Andy, and the fact he acquiesces with obedience would cause Andy to question the legitimate
authority of Norton, the warden.
Scene 5: The Box, and the Rope, Reciprocity, Altruism, aggression:
One day in the yard Andy talks to Red, about how although he did not kill his wife, his
personality drove her away, which led to her infidelity and death. Andy states if he becomes free
or escapes, he would to go to Zihuatanejo, a beach town in Mexico. He also tells Red about a
large oak tree at the end of a wall made of stone; he tells Red that, when freed from Shawshank
prison he should look for that field, and that oak tree. There, under a large black volcanic rock,
Andy buried a box that he wants Red to have.
Later that day Andy asks Red for a length of rope, leading Red and his friends to believe
Andy will commit suicide. At the end of the day, Norton asks Andy to shine his shoes for him
and put his suit in for dry-cleaning before retiring for the night. The atypical response for the
above scene lacks empathy on Red’s part and Andy’s fellow cellmates. Andy tells Red he will
leave a gift for him, was Red lack of response due to the reciprocity effect? Did Red not want to
owe anything to Andy? If their perception of Andy’s behavior concluded he would commit
suicide with the rope, why did none of his fellow inmates try to stop him or speak with him? The
conclusion I found in the argument of altruism. Psychologists argue that true altruism is not
achievable, as the “principle of natural selection favors selfish behavior. Those animals that take
care of themselves and do not expend energy on helping others are more likely to survive and
reproduce their genes. The basic measure of biological fitness is the relative number of an
individual’s offspring that survive and reproduce (Borden & Horowitz, 2013, p. 455).”
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 11
The following morning, Andy is missing. At the same time, Norton becomes alarmed
when he finds Andy's shoes in his shoebox instead of his own. He rushes to Andy's cell and
demands an explanation. Becoming angry and hostile, Norton starts throwing Andy's sculpted
rocks around the cell. When he throws one at Andy's poster of Raquel Welch, formerly Rita
Hayworth- the rock punches through the poster into the wall. Norton tears the poster away from
the wall and finds a tunnel. The warden is stunned that the obedient Andy was not in his cell.
The warden’s perception of Andy’s obedience was not reality based; Andy obeyed because the
warden conditioned him, through punishment to do so, solitary confinement. The warden’s social
perception did not take into consideration the "individual differences" in Lewin’s model, social
behavior, and the social setting. Andy changed his behavior because a person of authority
commanded him to do so. Andy's compliance was conformity; he fit in until the behavior no
longer suited him. One can argue, self-regulation, "ones attempt to match our behavior or self-
guides to the expectation of others, which is by social psychology standard a critical control
mechanism (Crossman, 2016, para. 3).”
Scene 6 Freedom and Vindication: Role Theory
That same morning, Andy walks into the Maine National Bank in Portland, where he had
put Warden Norton's money. Using his assumed identity as Randall Stephens, and with all the
necessary documentation, he walks out with a cashier's check. Before he leaves, he asks them to
drop a package in the mail. He continues his visitations to nearly a dozen other local banks,
ending up with some $370,000. The package contains Warden Norton's account books, which
the letter carrier delivers to the newspaper. The police arrests Hadley for murder; Red states he
"cried like a little girl." Warden Norton finally opens his safe, which he had not touched since
Andy escaped, and instead of his books, he finds the Bible he had given Andy. Norton walks
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 12
back to his desk as the police pound on his door, takes his gun out and commits suicide. Shortly
after, Red receives a postcard from Fort Hancock, Texas, with nothing written on it. Red takes it
as a sign that Andy made it into Mexico to freedom. At Red's next parole hearing in 1967, he
talked to the parole board about how "rehabilitated" was a made-up word, and how he regretted
his actions of the past. The parole board sets Red free. Red follows Andy's instructions,
hitchhiking to Buxton and arriving at the wall made of stone Andy described. Red violates parole
and leaves the halfway house. He takes a bus to Fort Hancock, where he crosses into Mexico.
The two friends embrace on the beach of Zihuatanejo.
Concerning social psychology and its theories, the ending of the Shawshank Redemption seemed
improbable. The roles the two men portrayed in the prison, referring to Red and Andy do not
follow the norm. “The role theory is a perspective of social psychology that considers most of
everyday activity to be the acting out of socially defined categories.”(Social Norms Theory,
2016, para. 3)” Each social role is a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms and behaviors that a
person has to face and fulfill. One can base his or her observation that people behave in a
predictable manner and that an individual's behavior is context specific, based on social position
and other factors. In referring to the prison, neither man follows the norm as defined by social
psychology and its theories. The escape is plausible in that Andy had 20 years to plan his exit
from Shawshank; one can also attribute his tenacity to that of one sense of self.
Situational Influence, Evaluation, and Research:
As I stated in each of the above scenes, the plausibility and initial research of both theory
and concept as well as the observation of social psychology one can ascertain through the
evidence presented the application of social psychology theory to the Shawshank Redemption.
One can visualize how real world situational phenomenon applies to social psychology. In scene
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 13
one, observational learning and social cognition accurately reflect the situational responses as
well as the attributed behavior of each character.
The theories most reflective are that of Social cognition and social perception each is
central to our interpretation of situations and situational behavior. However, when one exposes
themselves to a particular situation, how we respond depends on how we interpret that situation.
Social cognition gives direction to our interpretation. The decisions we make based on our
perception and cognition will influence our response. One case study used for the observation of
prison behavior is that of the Stanford Prison experiment. In my opinion, we see a realistic view
of prison through the author of the Shawshank Redemption, not necessarily Dr. Zimbardo’s
experiment. The psychologist Dr. Zimbardo tells the guards how to act towards the prisoners, the
behavior manifested is artificial, and Zimbardo induces the behavior by suggestion. The one
factor in the Stanford experiment that coincides with a feature in the film is that of Professor
Zimbardo’s “by standard apathy”, in reading the manuscripts from the Stanford experiment
Zimbardo ignores the escalating aggression of the guards to the pretend prisoners. We see
evidence of bystander apathy by Zimbardo when he refuses to stop the experiment when
negative behaviors manifest themselves through abuse toward the pretend prisoners. In the
Stanford Prison experiment, Zimbardo states the following, "We cannot physically abuse or
torture them,"We can create boredom. We can create a sense of frustration. We can
create fear in them, to some degree. We can create a notion of the arbitrariness that governs
their lives, which are totally controlled by us, by the system, by you, me,” (Zimbardo, 2016, p. 1)
Within the movie of the Shawshank Redemption, social psychology manifests itself
through the lives we see portrayed on screen. We can relate to the emotions and see ourselves
reacting with empathy for the innocent and with apathy for the aggressive. “According to Baston
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 14
and Colleagues hypothesis paths to helping, the empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that
helping is related to feelings of empathy aroused by the suffering of another (lower path). The
personal distress hypothesis proposes that helping occurs to reduce one's negative feelings
generated by seeing another person in need of help.”(Borden & Horowitz, 2013, p. 453) Why
then did Professor Zimbardo not help the students abused by the guards? If we compare the
scene in the movie against bystander apathy one could conclude the Zimbardo was behaving
apathetically, one could find the guard in the movie-demonstrated apathy as it relates to a real
world experience, that of the Stanford Prison experiment. Further research revealed that the
affects of “empathy-punishment explanation predict that when there is a strong justification for
not helping, the amount of empathy aroused won’t matter.” (Borden & Horowitz, 2013, p. 453)
The empathy-altruism hypothesis predicts that empathic motivation matters most when the
justification for not helping and empathy are high. One can also attribute this behavior to egoism.
Kitty Genovese incident also called the Genovese effect; researchers reviewed the murder of this
woman because thirty-eight neighbors of Kitty Genovese were aware of the murder that was
taking place during that time and yet all of them chose to do nothing in the rescue of the
assaulted girl. Two social psychologists started asking questions why the witnesses demonstrated
a lack of reaction towards the victim's need for help. One of the classic experiments in social
psychology is the one conducted by John Darley and Bibb Latané in 1964. They concluded the
following reasons to explain the bystander apathy effect. First is diffusion of responsibility. The
diffusion of responsibility occurs when other people think that another person will intervene and
as a result, they feel less responsible. The second explanation is pluralistic ignorance. Meaning
they thought their maybe someone, else more qualified to help especially in a group (Kitty
Genovese Incident, 2012, expression 7).
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 15
To further substantiate each scene the research cases presented reflect the position of the
Behaviorist. The research emphasis of the behavioral approach is on the environment and how
one acquires abnormal behavior through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social
learning. Each theory applies to a prison environment and the reality of a social system that
functions changes and evolves within an institution. The behaviorist believes, “that our actions
are determined largely by the experiences we have in life, rather than by underlying pathology of
unconscious forces (McLeod, 2014, para. 3).” Andy stated in the movie, "he had to come to
Shawshank Prisons to learn how to be a criminal," he was an honest man, but learned, while in
prison (his environment for 20 years), how to be a dishonest person.
Research shows that Albert Bandura's cornerstone experiment, where children imitated
the aggressive behavior toward a Bobo doll that an experimenter displayed to the children, much
like the suggestion of Professor Zimbardo to the guards. “While it is debatable whether
aggression can be learned through social learning (Gauntlett, 1995), or whether violence in
media leads to higher rates of aggression there is evidence that suggests that repeated exposure to
violence may desensitize individuals to later violence. (Crossman, 2016, p. 2)” Per Bandura’s
research one can conclude that life in prison may change a person's natural self and not
necessarily for the better.
Research indicates there are factors that affect the human race. Although we stand upright, we
find ourselves affected by known and unknown factors that influence our behavior and attitude.
“Topics examined in social psychology include the self-concept, social cognition, attribution
theory, social influence, group processes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes,
aggression, attitudes and stereotypes (Borden & Horowitz, 2013, p. 34)." About the above
scenes, one -six, it is imperative that we as a society we familiarize ourselves with the concepts
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 16
and theories of social psychology in the hope of improving those imprisoned, physically and
mentally.
Looking at the Stanford prison experiment, we observe one additional theory, the Social
Judgment Theory. In the Stanford Prison Experiment, Professor Zimbardo's graduate student
(and future wife) Christina Maslash confronted him and said that by taking on the role of prison
superintendent, he had become indifferent to the suffering of his participants. He then realized
that she was right and announced that he would end the experiment the next day. Persuasion is
the application of rational and emotional arguments to convince others to change their attitudes
or behavior, Social judgment theory, an attitude theory suggesting that the degree with an issue
determines of personal involvement how a target of persuasion will judge an attempt as
persuasion. It was Christina Maslash persuasive argument stating his involvement did not
prevent him from being responsible for the participants involved.
SHAWSHANK REDEMPTION A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 17
References
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http://www.learner.org/ Web. 15 May 2016
Borden, K. S., & Horowitz, I. A. (2013). Social Psychology. Mahwah, US; Psychology Press.
Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com Web. 15 May 2016
Crossman, A. (2016). Understanding Functional Theory. Retrieved from sociology.about.com
McLeod, S. (2014). Cognitive Dissonance. Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html Web. 15 May 2016
Role Theory. (2016). In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 17, 2016, from wikipedia.org
Stuart-Hamilton, I. (1999). Key Ideas in Psychology. [ProQuest ebray]. Retrieved from London,
GB: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1999. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 15 May 2016
Zimbardo, P. [Stanford Prison Experiment]. (2016). The Stanford Prison Experiment [Video
file]. Retrieved from prisonexp.org Web. 18 May 2016
he Bystander Effect: The Death of Kitty Genovese. [Video file]. (2012, 2012). Retrieved from
Patten University Resources Web. 18 May 2016