Shankar_poLi Poli_Shankara and Kampni

Shankar_poLi Poli_Shankara and KampniFifth KQA Karnataka Quiz- Lingaraj, Kaustuba, and Varun

* 30The origin of this framework could be traced to Matanga Munis Brihaddeshi, a Sanskrit work on Indian classical music (~ 6 CE). Among other things, the work analyzes the origin and evolution of ragas. Matanga Muni classifies raagas into two broad categories distinguishing raagas into X and Y based on their classical and folk origins respectively. This framework, now applied in other areas such as literature, dance and theatre as well -- has been central to the discussion on Classical Kannada. Z, a Classical Kannada research scholars multi-volume collection of essays was called X. Name all

1Most historians now point to Vasant Raiji (born 26 January 1920 in Baroda) as the current holder of this record. Who did it used to be before him, until recently?

2Identify the artist

*3Identify all three blanked out names

4. A major focus for this missionary (active from 1815 to 2001), with chapters around the world was to create employment opportunities for the people of the area where each mission is located. In India too, the society taught printing, weaving, and employed native people in these fields. The first Kannada newspaper, Mangalooru Samachara, was published by them. Name the society.Apart from printing, the group also set-up another profitable industry in Mangalore which eventually multiplied in the region to about 75 factories by the 1990s. What was this endeavor?

5) The town gets its name from the 400m wide muddy lake present within it. In fact the name is the anglicized word for muddy lake in the native tongue.On account of the towns development in the last few decades in a particular sector, a common joke among its residents is that the name actually comes from the fact that people come here to squander all their money.Name the town

*6) A prominent textile merchant in the 60s, this gentleman was also the manager of a well known Bangalore cricket club and is credited with nurturing many a young talent through it. One such find was a school boy from Fort High School (Kote High school) who had been rejected from many major team selection not on account of his skill but due to his appearance which was seen as a limitation.After being rejected from the Mysore state school team, he was recruited by X in his club and made to play straightaway in the senior division league. Within six years the boy went on to play for India.

Name the merchantName the cricket clubName the cricketer

7) Yet another textile merchant. He originally hailed from Rajasthan but, after traveling across various parts of South India, settled down in Davanagere. A chance encounter with Rajkumar led to his entry into films. Impressed by his command over language, the actor encouraged the businessman to make Kannada movies. Thus began a fruitful partnership between the two, the first of which was the hit movie Thayi Devaru released in 1971.Name the moviemakerFor his 50th production, he attempted to create a unique record in the Kannada film industry. His original aim was to finish shooting a movie within 24 hours. But eventually it took twice that time to finish it. What major multistarrer is this whose name alludes to both the impossible storyline as well as the unique record he was attempting?

8) A few picks from a series of #sameguy type meme by Kannada blogger Ramakrishna Bellur.Examples

Identify the personalities in these pics

*9) DD Kannada, in the 90s, brought out these music videos for popular bhaavageetes penned by noted Kannada poets. The videos usually had an opening shot of the poets reading their poem, followed by Xs rendition of their songs. X was the reigning queen of sugama sangeeta back then. Although she did work as playback singer under Ilayaraja, Vijayabhaskar etc, she was primarily known as a sugama sangeeta singer and was the default choice for any non-film singing. A few years ago, M.D. Pallavi brought out a cover album of many of Xs previous recordings.Shown here are two such music videosIdentify the two poetsIdentify X

10) He led the Kannada theatre scene in Mumbai for a long time. His foray into films was as the producer of Girish Kasaravallis Ghatashraddha. He later directed the award winning Kubi Mattu Iyala based on Poornachandra Tejaswi's short story. But it is his effort on the small screen that is most well remembered today. Apart from conceptualizing/ producing/ directing the show, he is also responsible for writing and composing its haunting theme song.

Name the director and the TV series which was actor Prakash Rais earliest claim to fame before he burst onto the Tamil film scene as Prakash Raj

11) Whose only movie appearance as a 15 year old playing chende (cylindrical drum) in the 1973 Vishnuvardhan, Ambarish starrer Seeteyalla Savitri? He would later acquire fame in a slightly different field.

12Questions 9,10, and 11 form a connection. What?

* 13) Pictured below are perhaps Kannadas own Bronte sisters. Many of their works have been immortalized by noted Kannada film-maker Puttanna Kanagal. Identify.

14Fill in the blanksNewspaper (Daily): Weekly : Monthly

Samyukta Karnataka : ____a_____ : ____b___________c________ : ______d____ : Tushara______e________ : Sudha: ______f____

15. What name is given to the performers of this folk dance form from Karnataka?

Identify this Kannada television and film director whose 2015 film although critically acclaimed, having won two national awards, had no takers among Kannada film distributors and remained largely unscreened. OR

16) The chief ingredients of this snack dish are mandakki (puffed rice), whole garlic, hurigadale (roasted gram), and sugar, and is mainly available in Davanagere district.Nobody really knows how the dish acquired the rather glamorous name it is known by, but it is universally known by this name. What snack?

17

A youtube video of a Kannada film song from the 80s has over 200000 views and 500 comments, mostly from foreigners. A selection of few comments are listed below. Why are many foreigners nostalgic about it?

18Public Affairs, a Bangalore based journal was the last of many unsuccessful media ventures of an illustrious editor/statesman/author. The journal was started in 1949 from Bangalore with the objective of promoting conscientious practice of democratic citizenship.Name this illustrious editor and the event he is responding to with this quote from the Upanishads that broadly means the wise took to silence

19Rajajis 1958 letter to his Central College classmate congratulating him on a recently published novel of his on the tragic life of the last Nayaka of Keladi. Fill in the blanks.

* 20This work of an anonymous poet containing 137 poems is often mistaken to be folk literature due to its wide adoption across folk traditions of Karnataka. Based on the language and the metre employed in the work, scholars opine that it could have been written not later than 1800 AD. While the work is set in a fictional region called Arunadri, it ends with salutations to Narasimhadeva at Maddur. Scholars also suggest that this work could have been a reinterpretation of a story narrated in the Padmapurana (written in Sanskrit ~ 7-10 CE). Which work ?

21

This stamp pays tribute to the unique work of Baroque art by an Italian Antonio Moscheni at a college in Karnataka.

Name the college.

22This feast of first-fruits is a harvest festival, celebrated in the Margashira month, when the Sun enters Scorpio. It is marked by much song, dance,wining and dining. The name of this seven day festival is said to be derived from the local phrase for new rice.

Which festival ?

23

Identify the artist.

24_______ maga, a biography published by Manohara Granthamala created quite a flutter in the literary circles when it was released two years ago. The author of the work wanted to present the other side of his illustrious father's life. During the launch of the book, the author said "I have witnessed my father's life with clear understanding and emotions. I have seen my mother Sunanda's sufferings from my childhood. By the time the second woman entered my father's life, my mother already had three children. Her age then was just 24 years. So many people have written his biography, but there was little on my mother and all of us in those writingsFill in the blank and name the author of this work.

* 25

American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit in 1996 to halt an initiative of the then Governor of Ohio George V. Voinovich. The ACLU alleged that the state had violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and a similar clause in the Ohio Constitution. This was followed by a series of protests by volunteers of Freedom From Religion Foundation at the entrance of the newly restored Ohio Statehouse.

What was the protest about and why are we discussing this in this quiz?

26

A 200 year old sketch of which place?

27John Fleet arrived in Bombay as Assistant Collector in the Department of Revenue in 1867. During his many field visits in Bombay presidency he developed a keen history in classical Kannada and is remembered today as an epigraphist, linguist and chronologist than a civil servant. He stumbled upon a lavani on the life of a local hero which he felt presented a ... genuine native view of our system of administration, and of what is thought of the various measures that we have taken to introduce and enforce itthe popular native opinion about the local officers, who to the lower classes, represent the government in person.

The lavani is celebrated even to this day. Whose lavani ?

28The only screen appearance of X, an Arjuna Awardee is in a 1983 Kannada film Y directed by Chi Dattaraj. X started getting marriage proposals in heaps after the release of the Y. People who sent those proposals were trying to emulate Z that happened in the climax scene of Y. Identify all.

29Art form X, very specific to Karnataka made Kaavyas accessible to the common man. X involved shruti-aligned recitation of the Kaavya text with suitable emphases and pauses such that the meaning of the poem is evident from the very recital. Kaavyas such as Karnata Bharata Katha Manjari of Kumaravyasa, Harishchandra Kavya of Raghavanka and Jaimini Bharata of Lakshmisha are used in the recitation. Name this art form thats on the verge of extinction today.

31This watercolour titled Mad after Veena(Veeneya Huchhu) was done by X in response to a query by his teacher(pioneered the Bengal Schoolof Art), who had heard that the celibate artist had abandoned art in favour of music. The painting portrays the artist as a mad genius, gaunt, unshaven on his knees before the Veena. Identiy the artist who is often hailed as Karnatakas first Modern Artist and his teacher.

32According to the researcher Dr. Rehaman Patel, this art form came to India with the arrival of Khaja Moinuddin Chisty in the beginning of the 12th Century. Dr. Patel says, the artisans who came from Iran along with him fanned out to different parts of the country. Whereas during the reign of Allaudin II of the Bahamani Sultanate in 1436 that the art form took root in this hill-top city. Identify art form and the city

33This word derived from the Persian word meaning deductions or allowances, refers to grants for religious and charitable purposes. The word is still in vogue and in fact is an important(sometimes controversial) department in the government of Karnataka. The good word please.

34This 1993 movie marked the Kannada debut of the cinema stalwart. Identify the movie and the stalwart

35John Leyden lamenting the fall of?

How quickly fled our Sultans state!How soon his pomp has passed away!How swiftly sped ______s fateFrom wealth and power to dire decay

36. Id the building and the location

37Saptaswara Devasthana in Rudrapatna(Hassan District) offers pooja to the idols of seven exponents of Carnatic music(representing saptaswara). The idols are arranged in a semi circular arc with Goddess Saraswati in the center. The ones to the left(from the viewers POV) are Kanakadasa, Vadiraja,and Purandara Dasa. Identify the other three exponents on Carnatic Classical music on the right.

The temple complex

38What battle was described thusThe plunder was so great that every private man in the allied army became rich in gold, jewels, tents, arms, horses and slaves, the kings permitting every person to retain what he acquired reserving the elephants only for their own use - FerishtaWithin a few hours these craven chiefs hastily left the palace, carrying with them all the treasures on which they could lay their hands. Five hundred and fifty elephants, laden with treasure in gold, diamonds and precious stones valued at more than a hundred million sterling and carrying the State insignia and the celebrated jewelled throne of the kings left the city under convoy of bodies of soldiers, who remained type to the Crown. King Sadasiva was carried off by his jailor, Tirumala, now sole regent since the death of his brothers and in long line the royal family and their followers fled southward towards the fortress of Penukonda- Robert Sewell

39Identify the movie

401862 saw the publication of Kathamale, collection of stories based on the New Testament. The poems were based on Gospel of St. Mathew, Gospel of St. Luke among others. The poems were composed in the traditional meters(Bhamini and vardhika-shatpadi) and some passages were (the narrative style) similar to Yakshagana prasangas. Some research has also shown that the author was particularly inspired by the Krishna parijata a performing art belonging to the Yakshagana of northern interior Karnataka.Identify the author

41Identify the name of the village where these rock formations can be found.

ANSWERS

* 30The origin of this framework could be traced to Matanga Munis Brihaddeshi, a Sanskrit work on Indian classical music (~ 6 CE). Among other things, the work analyzes the origin and evolution of ragas. Matanga Muni classifies raagas into two broad categories distinguishing raagas into X and Y based on their classical and folk origins respectively. This framework, now applied in other areas such as literature, dance and theatre as well -- has been central to the discussion on Classical Kannada. Z, a Classical Kannada research scholars multi-volume collection of essays was called X. Name all

X MargaY -- DesiZ Prof. M M Kalburgi

1Most historians now point to Vasant Raiji (born 26 January 1920 in Baroda) as the current holder of this record. Who did it used to be before him, until recently?

B.K. GarudacharOldest Indian first class cricketer

2Identify the artist

Prakash Sontakke

* 3Identify all three blanked out names

4. A major focus for this missionary (active from 1815 to 2001), with chapters around the world was to create employment opportunities for the people of the area where each mission is located.

In India too, the society taught printing, weaving, and employed native people in these fields. The first Kannada newspaper, Mangalooru Samachara, was published by them. Name the society.

Apart from printing, the group also set-up another profitable industry in Mangalore which eventually multiplied in the region to about 75 factories by the 1990s. What was this endeavor?

Basel MissionMangalore Tiles

5) The town gets its name from the 400m wide muddy lake present within it. In fact the name is the anglicized word for muddy lake in the native tongue.On account of the towns development in the last few decades in a particular sector, a common joke among its residents is that the name actually comes from the fact that people come here to squander all their money.

Manipal

* 6) A prominent textile merchant in the 60s, this gentleman was also the manager of a well known Bangalore cricket club and is credited with nurturing many a young talent through it. One such find was a school boy from Fort High School (Kote High school) who had been rejected from many major team selections not on account of his skill but due to his appearance which was seen as a limitation.After being rejected from the Mysore state school team, he was recruited by X in his club and made to play straightaway in the senior division league. Within six years the boy went on to play for India.

Name the merchantName the cricket clubName the cricketer

B.N. Chandrashekar (more popular as Shetty Chandra)Spartan Cricket ClubGundappa Viswanath

7) Yet another textile merchant. He originally hailed from Rajasthan but, after traveling across various parts of South India, settled down in Davanagere. A chance encounter with Rajkumar led to his entry into films. Impressed by his command over language, the actor encouraged the businessman to make Kannada movies. Thus began a fruitful partnership between the two, the first of which was the hit movie Thayi Devaru released in 1971.Name the moviemakerFor his 50th production, he attempted to create a unique record in the Kannada film industry. His original aim was to finish shooting a movie within 24 hours. But eventually it took twice that time to finish it. What major multistarrer is this whose name alludes to both the impossible storyline as well as the unique record he was attempting?

Chandulal JainIdu Sadhya

8) A few picks from a series of #sameguy type meme by Kannada blogger Ramakrishna Bellur.Examples

Identify the personalities in these pics

* 9) DD Kannada, in the 90s, brought out these music videos for popular bhaavageetes penned by noted Kannada poets. The videos usually had an opening shot of the poets reading their poem, followed by Xs rendition of their songs. X was the reigning queen of sugama sangeeta back then. Although she did work as playback singer under Ilayaraja, Vijayabhaskar etc, she was primarily known as a sugama sangeeta singer and was the default choice for any non-film singing. A few years ago, M.D. Pallavi brought out a cover album of many of Xs previous recordings.

Shown here are two such music videosIdentify the two poetsIdentify X

H.S. Venkatesh MurthyChennaveera KanaviB R Chaya

10) He led the Kannada theatre scene in Mumbai for a long time. His foray into films was as the producer of Girish Kasaravallis Ghatashraddha. He later directed the award winning Kubi Mattu Iyala based on Poornachandra Tejaswi's short story. But it is his effort on the small screen that is most well remembered today. Apart from conceptualizing/ producing/ directing the show, he is also responsible for writing and composing its haunting theme song.

Name the director and the TV series which was actor Prakash Rais earliest claim to fame before he burst onto the Tamil film scene as Prakash Raj.

Sadananda SuvarnaGuddada Bhoota

11) Whose only movie appearance as a 15 year old playing chende (cylindrical drum) in the 1973 Vishnuvardhan, Ambarish starrer Seeteyalla Savitri? He would later acquire fame in a slightly different field.

Kalinga Navada

12Questions 9,10, and 11 form a connection. What?

RangitarangaB.R. Chaya originally sang Guddada Bhootas title song, Dennana dennnana, reused in Rangitaranga. The film-makers bought the rights to the song from Sadananda Suvarna. Sai Kumars character in the movie is named after the Yakshagana singer Kalinga Navada

*13) Pictured below are perhaps Kannadas own Bronte sisters. Many of their works have been immortalized by noted Kannada film-maker Puttanna Kanagal. Identify.

Vani (B.N. Subbamma)- ShubhamangalaTriveni (Anasuya Shankar)- Belli Moda, Sharapanjara.Aryamba Pattabhi Kappu Bilupu.

While Triveni and Aryamba were sisters, Vani was a relative of the two.All three were also related to B.M. Srikantiah

14Fill in the blanksNewspaper (Daily): Weekly : Monthly

Samyukta Karnataka : ____a_____ : ____b___________c________ : ______d____ : Tushara______e________ : Sudha: ______f____

Samyukta Karnataka :Karmaveera(a) : Kasturi(b)Udayavani (c) : Taranga (d) : TusharaPrajavani (e) : Sudha: Mayura (f)

15. What name is given to the performers of this folk dance form from Karnataka?

Identify this Kannada television and film director whose 2015 film although critically acclaimed, having won two national awards, had no takers among Kannada film distributors and remained largely unscreened. OR

Lingadevaru

16) The chief ingrediants of this snack dish are mandakki (puffed rice), whole garlic, hurigadale (roasted gram), and sugar, and is mainly available in Davanagere district.Nobody really knows how the dish acquired the rather glamorous name it is known by, but it is universally known by this name. What snack?

Nargis or Nargis mandakki

17

A youtube video of a Kannada film song from the 80s has over 200000 views and 500 comments, mostly from foreigners. A selection of few comments are listed below. Which song and Why are many foreigners nostalgic about it?

Song: Neeve Namma Taayi Tande the song from the film Dance Raja Dance

The song was included in the widely popular video game Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories in a radio channel Radio Del Mundo.

18Public Affairs, a Bangalore based journal was the last of many unsuccessful media ventures of an illustrious editor/statesman/author. The journal was started in 1949 from Bangalore with the objective of promoting conscientious practice of democratic citizenship.Name this illustrious editor and the event he is responding to with this quote from the Upanishads that broadly means the wise took to silence

DVGThe Emergency

(No part points)

19Rajajis 1958 letter to his Central College classmate congratulating him on a recently published novel of his on the tragic life of the last Nayaka of Keladi. Fill in the blanks.

*No part points

*20This work of an anonymous poet containing 137 poems is often mistaken to be folk literature due to its wide adoption across folk traditions of Karnataka. Based on the language and the metre employed in the work, scholars opine that it could have been written not later than 1800 AD. While the work is set in a fictional region called Arunadri, it ends with salutations to Narasimhadeva at Maddur. Scholars also suggest that this work could have been a reinterpretation of a story narrated in the Padmapurana (written in Sanskrit ~ 7-10 CE). Which work ?

Govina Haadu (more popularly known as Punyakoti Kathe)

21

This stamp pays tribute to the unique work of Baroque art by an Italian Antonio Moscheni at a college in Karnataka.

Name the college.

22This feast of first-fruits is a harvest festival, celebrated in the Margashira month, when the Sun enters Scorpio. It is marked by much song, dance,wining and dining. The name of this seven day festival is said to be derived from the local phrase for new rice.

Which festival ?

Huttari Habba

23

Identify the artist.

Shivarama Karanth

24_______ maga, a biography published by Manohara Granthamala created quite a flutter in the literary circles when it was released two years ago. The author of the work wanted to present the other side of his illustrious father's life. During the launch of the book, the author said "I have witnessed my father's life with clear understanding and emotions. I have seen my mother Sunanda's sufferings from my childhood. By the time the second woman entered my father's life, my mother already had three children. Her age then was just 24 years. So many people have written his biography, but there was little on my mother and all of us in those writingsFill in the blank and name the author of this work.

Bheemannana MagaRagahavendra Joshi

* 25

American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit in 1996 to halt an initiative of the then Governor of Ohio George V. Voinovich. The ACLU alleged that the state had violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and a similar clause in the Ohio Constitution. This was followed by a series of protests by volunteers of Freedom From Religion Foundation at the entrance of the newly restored Ohio Statehouse.

What was the protest about and why are we discussing this in this quiz?

The protest was about inscribing the Biblical passage reading "With God All Things Are Possible at the entrance of the Ohio Statehouse. The governor was inspired to get that inscribed after returning from a trade mission to Bangalore, where he had seen the slogan "Government Work Is God's Work" prominently displayed on the Vidhana Soudha.

26

A 200 year old sketch of which place?

Karkala

27John Fleet arrived in Bombay as Assistant Collector in the Department of Revenue in 1867. During his many field visits in Bombay presidency he developed a keen history in classical Kannada and is remembered today as an epigraphist, linguist and chronologist than a civil servant. He stumbled upon a lavani on the life of a local hero which he felt presented a ... genuine native view of our system of administration, and of what is thought of the various measures that we have taken to introduce and enforce itthe popular native opinion about the local officers, who to the lower classes, represent the government in person.

The lavani is celebrated even to this day. Whose lavani ?

Lavani of Sangolli Rayanna

28The only screen appearance of X, an Arjuna Awardee is in a 1983 Kannada film Y directed by Chi Dattaraj. X started getting marriage proposals in heaps after the release of the Y. People who sent those proposals were trying to emulate Z that happened in the climax scene of Y. Identify all.

X Malathi Holla, Multiple award winning paralympianY Kaamanabillu Z Annavru marries her at the end of the film.

29Art form X, very specific to Karnataka made Kaavyas accessible to the common man. X involved shruti-aligned recitation of the Kaavya text with suitable emphases and pauses such that the meaning of the poem is evident from the very recital. Kaavyas such as Karnata Bharata Katha Manjari of Kumaravyasa, Harishchandra Kavya of Raghavanka and Jaimini Bharata of Lakshmisha are used in the recitation. Name this art form thats on the verge of extinction today.

Gamaka

31This watercolour titled Mad after Veena(Veeneya Huchhu) was done by X in response to a query by his teacher(pioneered the Bengal Schoolof Art), who had heard that the celibate artist had abandoned art in favour of music. The painting portrays the artist as a mad genius, gaunt, unshaven on his knees before the Veena. Identiy the artist who is often hailed as Karnatakas first Modern Artist and his teacher.

Venkatappa, Abanindranath Tagore

32According to the researcher Dr. Rehaman Patel, this art form came to India with the arrival of Khaja Moinuddin Chisty in the beginning of the 12th Century. Dr. Patel says, the artisans who came from Iran along with him fanned out to different parts of the country. Whereas during the reign of Allaudin II of the Bahamani Sultanate in 1436 that the art form took root in this hill-top city. Identify art form and the city

Bidri, Bidar

33This word derived from the Persian word meaning deductions or allowances, refers to grants for religious and charitable purposes. The word is still in vogue and in fact is an important(sometimes controversial) department in the government of Karnataka. The good word please.

Muzrai/Mujrai (from Mujra)

34This 1993 movie marked the Kannada debut of the cinema stalwart. Identify the movie and the stalwart

V K Murthy, Hoovu Hannu

35John Leyden lamenting the fall of?

How quickly fled our Sultans state!How soon his pomp has passed away!How swiftly sped ______s fateFrom wealth and power to dire decay

Srirangapatna

36. Id the building and the location

Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, Belagavi

37Saptaswara Devasthana in Rudrapatna(Hassan District) offers pooja to the idols of seven exponents of Carnatic music(representing saptaswara). The idols are arranged in a semi circular arc with Goddess Saraswati in the center. The ones to the left(from the viewers POV) are Kanakadasa, Vadiraja,and Purandara Dasa. Identify the other three exponents on Carnatic Classical music on the right.

The temple complex

The TrinityTyagarajaMuthuswami DikshitarShyama Shastry.

38What battle was described thusThe plunder was so great that every private man in the allied army became rich in gold, jewels, tents, arms, horses and slaves, the kings permitting every person to retain what he acquired reserving the elephants only for their own use - FerishtaWithin a few hours these craven chiefs hastily left the palace, carrying with them all the treasures on which they could lay their hands. Five hundred and fifty elephants, laden with treasure in gold, diamonds and precious stones valued at more than a hundred million sterling and carrying the State insignia and the celebrated jewelled throne of the kings left the city under convoy of bodies of soldiers, who remained type to the Crown. King Sadasiva was carried off by his jailor, Tirumala, now sole regent since the death of his brothers and in long line the royal family and their followers fled southward towards the fortress of Penukonda- Robert Sewell

Battle of Talikota/Battle of Rakkasa Tangadi

39Identify the movie

Kakana Kote

401862 saw the publication of Kathamale, collection of stories based on the New Testament. The poems were based on Gospel of St. Mathew, Gospel of St. Luke among others. The poems were composed in the traditional meters(Bhamini and vardhika-shatpadi) and some passages were (the narrative style) similar to Yakshagana prasangas. Some research has also shown that the author was particularly inspired by the Krishna parijata a performing art belonging to the Yakshagana of northern interior Karnataka.Identify the author

Ferdinand Kittel

Identify the name of the village where these rock formations can be found.

Yana

SongKQA Quiz audio138428.55eng - converted by convert2mp3.netSongKQA Quiz audio138428.55eng - converted by convert2mp3.net