Shadow Flicker Impact Analysis for the Hardin Wind … Flicker Impact Analysis for the Hardin Wind...

Shadow FlickerImpact Analysis

for theHardin Wind Farm

Prepared for

Hardin Wind Energy LLC

Prepared by

160 Federal StreetBoston, MA 02110

July 2009Updated December 2009

Updated June 2011Updated June 2014Updated March 2016

Hardin Wind Farm – Shadow Flicker Analysis

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXEXCUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 1

1.0 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 2

2.0 WINDPRO SHADOW FLICKER ANALYSIS ....................................................... 3

3.0 WINDPRO SHADOW FLICKER ANALYSIS RESULTS...................................... 5

4.0 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 7

TABLES

Table 1. Receptors with Over 30 Expected Annual Average Shadow Hours......................5

Table 2. Statistical Summary of Expected Annual Average Shadow Hours .......................6

FIGURES

Figure 1 Sensitive Receptors Modeled with WindPro to Predict Expected ShadowFlicker Impacts.....................................................................................................8

Figure 2 Map of WindPro Estimated Shadow Flicker Impacts for the Hardin WindFarm (Expected Hours per Year) .........................................................................9

ATTACHMENT

Attachment A Detailed Summary of WindPro Shadow Flicker Analysis Results


1

EXEXCUTIVE SUMMARY

A shadow flicker impact analysis was originally conducted for the Hardin Wind Farm Project

(Project) in July 2009. That analysis was based on the original 212 wind turbine layout project

design. The July 2009 analysis was updated in December of 2009 to evaluate the revised Project

based on a layout design comprising 203 wind turbines. The analysis was again updated to

evaluate the Phase 1a project layout of 132 wind turbines in June of 2011. The analysis was

further updated in June 2014 to evaluate the revised project layout of 121 wind turbines and a

new wind turbine model (GE 2.5 – 120). The analysis presented here is based on an updated

layout of 118 turbine locations and new turbine model (GE 2.3-116) as of March 2016.

The calculated sunshine probability data is presented in Section 2. The WindPro prediction

results are presented in Section 3.


2

1.0 BACKGROUND

A wind turbine’s moving blades can cast a moving shadow on locations within a certain distance

of a turbine. If the shadows pass over a window of a home or public gathering place, they can

create alternating periods of low and high light, a temporary phenomena referred to as “shadow

flicker”. The maximum length of the shadows depends on the time of year and day (which

determines the sun’s azimuth and altitude angles) and the wind turbine’s physical characteristics

(height, rotor diameter, blade width, and orientation of the rotor blades). Shadows are longest

during low angle sunlight conditions, typical during sunrise and sunset times of the day. However,

when the sun angle gets very low (less than 3 degrees), the light has to pass through more

atmosphere and becomes too diffuse to form a coherent shadow. Shadow flicker will not occur

when the sun is obscured by clouds or fog, at night, or when the source turbine(s) are not

operating.

Shadow flicker intensity is defined as the difference in brightness at a given location in the

presence and absence of a shadow. Shadow flicker intensity diminishes with greater receptor-to-

turbine separation distance. Shadow flicker intensity for receptor-to-turbine distances beyond

1,500 meters is very low and generally considered imperceptible. Shadow flicker intensity for

receptor-to-turbine distances between 1,000 and 2,000 meters (between 3,281 and 6,562 feet) is

also low and generally considered barely noticeable. At this distance shadow flicker intensity

would only tend to be noticed under conditions that would enhance the intensity difference, such

as observing from a dark room with a single window directly facing the turbine casting the shadow.

At distances less than 1,000 meters (3,281 feet), shadow flicker may be more noticeable. In

general, the largest number of potential shadow hours, along with greatest potential shadow

flicker intensity, occurs nearest the wind turbines.

Shadow flicker intensity is also affected by the relative percentage of the solar disk which is

masked (covered) by the turbine rotor. WindPro calculations also implements German guidance

which indicates that when less than 20% of the solar disk is masked, the shadow will be too diffuse

to cause a significant impact.

Shadow flicker frequency is related to the wind turbine’s rotor blade speed and the number of

blades on the rotor. From a health standpoint, such low frequencies are harmless. For

comparison, strobe lights used in discotheques have frequencies which range from about 3 Hertz

(Hz) to 10 Hz (1 Hz = 1 flash per second). As a result, public concerns that flickering light from

wind turbines can have negative health effects, such as triggering seizures in people with epilepsy

are unfounded. The Epilepsy Action (working name for the British Epilepsy Foundation), states

that there is no evidence that wind turbines can cause seizures. However, they recommend that

wind turbine flicker frequency be limited to 3 Hz

(http://www.epilepsy.org.uk/info/photo_other.html). Since the proposed Project’s wind turbine

blade pass frequency is approximately 0.79 Hz (less than 1 alternation per second), no negative

health effects to individuals with photosensitive epilepsy are anticipated.


3

2.0 WINDPRO SHADOW FLICKER ANALYSIS

Tetra Tech estimated potential shadow flicker impacts from the Hardin Wind Farm using the

WindPro software package and the following information provided by Hardin Wind Energy LLC

(HWE):

• 118 turbines located at the coordinates listed in Attachment B and as shown on Figure 1.

• The wind turbines are assumed to have the dimensions of the GE Wind Energy GE 2.3-

116, a 3-blade 116-meter-diameter rotor wind turbine with a hub height of 80 meters. The

GE 2.3-116 has a nominal rotor speed of 15.7 rpm which translates to a blade pass

frequency of 0.79 Hz (less than 1 alternation per second).

• 529 receptors (residences) are located at the coordinates listed in Attachment A and as

shown on Figure 1.

The analysis makes the following assumptions:

• The elevations of the wind turbines and receptors are determined using USGS digital

elevation model (DEM) data.

• The position of the sun and the incident sunlight relative to the wind turbine and receptors

on a minute by minute basis over the course of a year.

• Annual average sunshine rates for the area are based on an average of National Climatic

Data Center (NCDC) data for stations located in Columbus and Toledo, Ohio and are

assumed to be:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec38% 45% 46% 51% 56% 58% 60% 58% 57% 53% 34% 29%

Values from Columbus and Toledo were used because NCDC sunshine data is notavailable for Kenton, Ohio1, but it is available for measurement stations in both Columbusand Toledo, Ohio. The sunshine probability data from these stations were averagedtogether to calculate sunshine probability data assumed to be representative of the of theproject area. Tetra Tech considers this to be a conservative assumption thatunderestimates cloud cover since it evenly averages data from both sites, even thoughthe project is slightly closer to Columbus and Columbus has a higher cloud cover rate.

• Wind turbine operating hours and orientations are based on approximately 1 year of data

measured on-site from 5/21/08 to 6/22/09. Based on this data, wind turbine orientations

are assumed to be as follows:

N NNE ENE E ESE SSE S SSW WSW W WNW NNW4.1% 5.4% 7.7% 6.7% 4.9% 6.3% 8.7% 15.1% 13.1% 13.1% 9.1% 5.8%

1 Alan Black, NOAA Midwestern Regional Climate Center, data request response via email on 11/4/09.


4

• Receptor viewpoint (i.e., house windows) is assumed to always be directly facing turbine

to sun line of sight (“greenhouse mode”).

• Every receptor is modelled as a 1 m2 area (approximate size of a typical window), 1 meter

(3.28 feet) aboveground level. Approximate eye level is set at 1.5 meters (4.9 feet).

• Screening from trees, shrubs, barns, or other obstacles was conservatively not assumed

to block shadows. In reality, such factors can block shadows from falling on to windows

of receptors.

WindPro incorporates terrain elevation contour information and the analysis accounts for terrain

elevation differences. WindPro calculates the sun’s path with respect to each turbine location to

determine the shadow paths for every minute in a full year. Sun angles less than 3 degrees above

the horizon were excluded, for the reasons identified in Section 1. WindPro calculates shadow

flicker for conditions when at least 20% of the sun disc is covered by the turbine blades. When

less than 20% of the solar disk is masked by the blades, the shadow will be too diffuse to cause

a coherent shadow

HWE identified 529 receptors within 1,000 meters of a proposed wind turbine. Only these

receptors were analyzed in the WindPro analysis. Figure 1 shows the locations of the modelled

receptors and turbines.


5

3.0 WINDPRO SHADOW FLICKER ANALYSIS RESULTS

Expected annual average shadows are provided in Attachment A for all modelled receptors.

Table 1 presents the expected annual average shadow hours for the receptors expected to

receive over 30 hours of shadows per year. Figure 2 illustrates the WindPro predicted shadow

flicker impacts for the Project.

Table 2 summarizes the expected annual average shadow hours for all receptors modelled.

Table 1. Receptors with Over 30 Expected Annual Average Shadow Hours

Receptor IDExpected Annual

Average Shadow Hours[Hours:Minutes/Year]

ProjectParticipation

Status

Shadow Percent ofAvailable Sunlight

Hours

H-1179 66:46:00 Participant 1.49%H-2051 61:48:00 Participant 1.38%

H-40 49:08:00 Participant 1.10%

H-1305 48:19:00 Participant 1.08%

H-808 46:58:00 Participant 1.05%

H-2569 41:49:00 Non-Participant 0.94%







H-41 39:39:00 Participant 0.89%

H-2102 38:47:00 Participant 0.87%



H-1959 37:08:00 Participant 0.83%


H-2064 35:34:00 Participant 0.80%






















6

Table 2. Statistical Summary of Expected Annual Average Shadow Hours

Annual AverageShadow Hours

Number ofNon-Participating

Receptors

Number ofParticipating

Receptors

Number ofTotal

Receptors

= 0 Hours 19 1 20

> 0 and < 10 Hours 189 11 200

≥ 10 and < 20 Hours 186 8 194

≥ 20 and < 30 Hours 73 3 76

> 30 hours 30 9 39

Total 497 32 529


7

4.0 CONCLUSION

This report represents an update to the shadow flicker analysis conducted and submitted in

support of the Hardin Wind Energy Amendment 1 application to the Ohio Power Siting Board in

June 2011. This analysis was completed utilizing the same modeling assumptions that were

utilized in the June 2011 shadow flicker analysis, with the exception of the GE 2.3-116 turbine

model characteristics. Shadow flicker impacts within the area of study are expected to be minor.

The analysis assumes that the houses all have a direct in line view of the incoming shadow flicker

sunlight and does not account for all the trees or other obstructions which may block sunlight. In

reality, the windows of many houses will not face the sun directly for the key shadow flicker impact

times. For these reasons, shadow flicker impacts are expected to be less than estimated with

this conservative analysis, and shadow flicker is not expected to be a significant environmental

impact.

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MICHIGAN

WEST VIRGINIAKENTUCKY

REFERENCE MAP

!. Turbine Location") Receptor (Participating)") Receptor (Non-Participating)

Interstate HighwayMajor Road

HARDIN WIND ENERGY, LLCHARDIN WIND FARM

HARDIN COUNTYOHIO

FIGURE 1SENSITIVE RECEPTORS MODELED

WITH WINDPRO TO PREDICTEXPECTED SHADOW

FLICKER IMPACTSMARCH 2016

¯

Document Path: P:\GIS\Invenergy_HardinWindFarm\GIS\Spatial\MXD\ShadowFlicker\20160329\Fig1_Receptors.mxd

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 MILES

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REFERENCE MAP

!. Turbine Location") Receptor (Participating)") Receptor (Non-Participating)

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Shadow Flicker Iso Line (Expected Hours per Year)153050100200

HARDIN WIND ENERGY, LLCHARDIN WIND FARM

HARDIN COUNTYOHIO

FIGURE 2MAP OF WINDPRO ESTIMATED

SHADOW FLICKER IMPACTS FORTHE HARDIN WIND FARM

(EXPECTED HOURS PER YEAR)MARCH 2016

¯

Document Path: P:\GIS\Invenergy_HardinWindFarm\GIS\Spatial\MXD\ShadowFlicker\20160329\Fig2_Isolines.mxd

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 MILES


A-1

ATTACHMENT A

Detailed Summary of WindPro Shadow Flicker Analysis Results


B-2

Hardin Wind FarmWindPro Predicted Annual Expected Shadow Flicker

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)

WindProPredictedExpectedShadowFlicker

(Hours perYear)


Status

H-1 272,136 4,508,078 1:15:00 Non-Participant

H-4 268,566 4,509,562 3:06:00 Participant





H-16 269,319 4,509,660 4:57:00 Participant

H-30 271,053 4,510,774 19:03:00 Participant


H-34 270,530 4,508,792 13:43:00 Participant




H-40 272,509 4,508,647 49:08:00 Participant

H-41 272,537 4,509,052 39:39:00 Participant

























B-3

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status











































B-4

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status







































H-808 263,497 4,500,338 46:58:00 Participant




B-5

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status















H-1179 267,997 4,506,542 66:46:00 Participant


















H-1305 264,647 4,507,480 48:19:00 Participant




H-1320 266,353 4,498,527 27:57:00 Participant

H-1322 266,583 4,499,167 0:36:00 Participant



H-1505 267,992 4,509,552 1:33:00 Participant


B-6

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status



H-1511 267,636 4,509,515 5:46:00 Participant





H-1517 269,481 4,509,314 13:19:00 Participant




















H-1656 259,828 4,508,334 19:38:00 Participant















B-7

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status







































H-1727 268,136 4,507,050 28:59:00 Participant




B-8

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status



H-1736 259,380 4,509,500 6:18:00 Participant



H-1751 259,320 4,506,583 11:09:00 Participant



H-1759 258,834 4,506,519 9:05:00 Participant



















H-1809 259,268 4,506,589 8:44:00 Participant















B-9

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status




















H-1909 264,614 4,506,311 19:31:00 Participant























B-10

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status





H-1959 263,421 4,500,995 37:08:00 Participant















H-1993 266,057 4,497,360 0:00:00 Participant





H-2024 266,456 4,498,573 14:51:00 Participant

H-2031 263,258 4,499,914 6:35:00 Participant














H-2051 264,288 4,501,901 61:48:00 Participant

H-2052 266,580 4,498,843 8:21:00 Participant


B-11

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status




H-2064 264,571 4,502,499 35:34:00 Participant













H-2102 270,963 4,510,327 38:47:00 Participant

H-2103 270,222 4,507,803 0:37:00 Participant









H-2229 268,723 4,506,122 14:53:00 Participant
















B-12

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status




























H-2551 267,133 4,506,298 27:02:00 Participant















B-13

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status











































B-14

HardinReceptor

IDUTM-E

(m)UTM-N

(m)


(Hours perYear)


Status










































B-1

ATTACHMENT B

Turbine Locations for the Hardin Wind Farm


B-2

TurbineID

UTM-E(m)

UTM-N(m)

1 260483 4509447

2 260245 4509129

3 260245 4508748

4 260562 4508352

5 261039 4509479

6 261126 4509185

7 261190 4508860

8 261348 4508566

9 261586 4508328

10 261690 4507883

11 261769 4507526

12 262515 4509248

13 262674 4508979

14 262817 4508709

15 260856 4507955

16 260856 4507597

17 260872 4507296

18 260943 4507010

19 261031 4506716

20 260130 4507951

21 260265 4507691

22 261914 4506970

23 262059 4506676

24 262122 4506279

25 262136 4505892

26 262358 4505647

27 262913 4506190

28 262936 4505790

29 263085 4505380

30 261604 4505674

31 261524 4505062

32 260656 4505232

33 259485 4506158

34 259836 4506105

35 260233 4506085

37 259489 4504339

38 260117 4504478

39 263832 4507752

40 263829 4507458

41 263822 4507167

42 263806 4506869


B-3

TurbineID

UTM-E(m)

UTM-N(m)

43 263799 4506549

44 263832 4506208

45 263789 4505751

46 264083 4505586

47 264335 4505328

48 264358 4504964

49 263647 4504591

50 263584 4504316

51 263472 4503989

52 264001 4503876

53 263333 4503615

54 263366 4503258

55 263521 4502950

56 263591 4502606

57 263710 4502176

58 263938 4501955

59 264477 4503843

60 264517 4503546

61 264543 4503271

62 264579 4502920

63 264828 4502676

64 264940 4502401

65 262691 4501653

66 262754 4501382

67 262830 4501094

68 262979 4500830

69 263055 4500502

70 262955 4500135

71 262258 4500476

72 262198 4500158

73 263557 4501303

76 265018 4507197

77 265216 4506987

78 265782 4507601

79 265928 4507339

80 266039 4507059

81 266069 4498106

83 265269 4508621

84 265613 4508536

85 266015 4508380

86 266272 4508187


B-4

TurbineID

UTM-E(m)

UTM-N(m)

88 266785 4508512

91 267543 4508924

92 267691 4508520

94 268330 4509086

97 269063 4508952

98 269055 4508642

99 265417 4496676

101 267307 4507677

102 265941 4498603

103 267880 4507465

104 268161 4507349

105 268435 4507234

106 268720 4507118

107 269765 4506575

108 266943 4507104

109 267255 4506866

110 267509 4506615

111 270596 4509993

112 271437 4510527

113 271469 4509681

114 271432 4509199

115 271998 4509030

116 272136 4508765

117 270570 4508379

118 270660 4508104

121 267602 4507587

123 267868 4508198

124 268287 4508814

125 266185 4506127

126 266267 4505846

127 261760 4507229

129 264304 4501576

130 267670 4506408

131 264416 4507151

132 262960 4506939

133 263023 4506606

Shadow Flicker Impact Analysis for the Hardin Wind … Flicker Impact Analysis for the Hardin Wind...

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Transcript of Shadow Flicker Impact Analysis for the Hardin Wind … Flicker Impact Analysis for the Hardin Wind...