THE KIDNEY Organ of osmoregulation and excretion © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWSODWS.
SEX (Gender) LINKAGE Characters which are associated more with one gender © 2007 Paul Billiet...
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Transcript of SEX (Gender) LINKAGE Characters which are associated more with one gender © 2007 Paul Billiet...
Sex linkage explained
Thomas Hunt Morgan in The Fly Room! (Columbia University 1910)
Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/lewis/index.html
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Character TraitsEye colour Red eye (wild type)
White eye (mutant)
P PhenotypesWild type (red-eyed) female x White-eyed male
F1 Phenotypes All red-eyed
Red eye is dominant to white eye
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Determining Trait Dominance
Hypothesis
A cross between the F1 flies should give us: 3 red eye : 1 white eye
F2 Phenotypes Red eye White eye
Numbers 3470
82%
782
18%
So far so good
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
But wait… An interesting observation
F2 Phenotypes Red-eyed males
Red-eyed
females
White-eyed males
White-eyed
females
Numbers 1011 2459 782 0
24% 58% 18% 0%
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
A reciprocal cross
Morgan tried the cross the other way roundwhite-eyed female x red-eyed male
ResultAll red-eyed females and all white-eyed males
This confirmed what Morgan suspectedThe gene for eye color is linked to the X chromosome
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
A test cross
Phenotypes F1 Red-eyed female
x White-eyed male
Expected result
50% red-eyed offspring:
50% white-eyed offspring Regardless of the sex
Red-eyed Males
Red-eyed Females
White-eyed Males
White-eyed Females
132 129 86 88© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Genetic diagram for sex linked genes
Character Trait Alleles
Eye colour Red eye R
White eye r
Genotypes Phenotypes
XRXR
XRXr
XrXr
XRY
XrY© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Genetic diagrams for sex linked genes
Character Trait Alleles
Eye colour Red eye R
White eye r
Genotypes Phenotypes
XRXR
XRXr
XrXr
Red-eyed female
Red-eyed female
White-eyed female
XRY
XrY
Red-eyed male
White-eyed male © 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
P Phenotypes Wild type (red-eyed)
female
x White-eyed male
Genotypes XRXR XrY
Gametes XR XR Xr Y
Fertilization XR XR
Xr XRXr XRXr
Y XRY XRY© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
F1 Phenotypes Red-eyed female
x Red-eyed male
Genotypes XRXr XRY
Gametes XR Xr XR Y
Fertilization XR Xr
XR XRXR XRXr
Y XRY XrY© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
F2 Phenotypes Females Males
Red-eyed
White-eyed
Red-eyed
White-eyed
Expected All None 50% 50%
Observed 2459 0 1011 782
This gene has its LOCUS on the X-chromosome
It is said to be SEX-LINKED
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
X-linked genes
In sex linked characteristics the reciprocal crosses do not give the same results
For X-linked genes fathers do not pass the mutant allele onto their sons
For X-linked genes fathers pass the mutant allele onto their daughters who are carriers
Carrier mothers may pass the allele onto their sons (50% chance)
Females showing the trait for an X-linked mutant allele can exist but they are rare
Female carriers may show patches of cells with either trait due to X chromosome inactivation
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Daltonism = Red-Green Colourblindness
Normal vision Colour blind simulation
http://www.onset.unsw.edu.au/issue1/colourblindness/colourblindness_print.htm
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
LIGHT
Optic nerve fibres Ganglion layer
Bipolar cells (neurones)
Synapse layer
Nuclear layer
Inner segments packed with mitochondria
Rod and cone outer segments
Rod cell
Cone cell
The retina
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
Hemophilia
About 85% of hemophiliacs suffer from classic hemophilia (1 male in 10 000)
They cannot produce factor VIII The rest show Christmas disease where they
cannot make factor IX The genes for both forms of hemophilia are
sex linked Hemophiliacs do clot their blood slowly
because there is an alternative pathway via thromboplastin
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS