Sewage Sludge Treatment and Disposal€¦ · Separate sludge from wastewater after oxidation,...
Transcript of Sewage Sludge Treatment and Disposal€¦ · Separate sludge from wastewater after oxidation,...
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Zhejiang University
Sewage Sludge Treatment and
Disposal
Prof&Dr Fei WangState Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization
Institute for Thermal Power Engineering
Zhejiang University, China
E-mail: [email protected]
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1.Waste water treatment process
2. Sludge dewatering method
3.Characteristics of sludge
4.Sludge treatment and disposal methods
5.Research and development in ZJU
Introduction of Sewage Sludge
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Waste Water
Industrial wastewater Sewage
Industrial wastewater: from industrial processes
Sewage: from residences and institutions
Surface runoff: rain
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Waste water Treatment Plant
Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) is the plant to
remove pollutants from wastewater. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove these
pollutants and produce clean water.
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Treatment Methods
Physical
Processes
Chemical
Processes
Biological
Processes
Screening
Sedimentation
Filtration
Precipitation
Chlorination
Disinfection
Aerobic
Anaerobic
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Treatment Process
Sewage treatment generally involves three stages:primary
treatment,secondary treatment and tertiary treatment.
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Treatment Process
Primary treatment consists of temporarily holding the sewage
in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom
while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface.
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Removes harmful effect of biodegradable organic matter
Usually micro-organisms and oxygen are mixed with the filtered waste
(from primary treatment)
Provide BOD removal beyond what is achieved in primary treatment
Basic approach is to use aerobic biological degradation:
Organic carbon + O2 → CO2
Treatment Process
Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended
biological matter. Secondary treatment is typically performed by
indigenous, water-borne micro-organisms.
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High density of micro-organisms
-- keep organisms in system
Good contact between organisms and wastes
--provide mixing
Provide high levels of oxygen
--aeration
Favorable temperature, pH
--design and operation
No toxic chemicals present
--control industrial inputs
Treatment Process
Secondary treatment should create a very rich environment for
growth of a diverse microbial community.
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Activated Sludge
Process in which a mixture of wastewater and microorganisms
Leads to oxidation of dissolved organics
Separate sludge from wastewater after oxidation,
Treatment Process
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Tertiary treatment is sometimes defined as anything more than
primary and secondary treatment in order to allow ejection into
a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem
Treated water is sometimes disinfected chemically or physically
If it is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater
recharge or agricultural purposes
Treatment Process
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Treatment Process
Simplified process flow diagram for a typical large-scale treatment plant
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1.Watse water treatment process
2. Sludge dewatering method
3.Characteristics of sludge
4.Sludge treatment and disposal methods
5.Research and development in ZJU
Introduction of Sewage Sludge
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Water content of sludge may be reduced by
centrifugation, filtration, and/or evaporation to reduce
moisture content. Centrifugation may be a preliminary
step to reduce sludge volume for subsequent filtration
or evaporation. Filtration may occur through
underdrains in a sand drying bed or as a separate
mechanical process in a belt filter press.
Schematic of a belt filter press to dewater sewage sludge
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Sludge dewatering difficulties
free
The difficulties in sludge dewatering are associated with the
high organic content and colloidal materials in sludge solids.
Indeed sludge is a colloidal system in which small solid
particles form a stable suspension in water which is very
difficult to be separated from the water phase.
It is expected that dewater ability of sludge is related to the
particle size and particle size distribution of the solids within it,
chemical composition and compressibility of solids and other
factors such as the length of fibers presented in the sludge. It is
generally accepted that the presence of large fraction of long
fibers in sludge makes it easier to be dewatered.
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Sludge conditioning
free
In order to improve sludge dewaterability, proper
sludge conditioning is a key point. Conditioning
is to add some chemical materials to change
sludge properties to achieve effective dewatering.
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Chemical conditioning sludge dewatering technology
By adding the flocculants, the sludge colloid is stabilized by
compressing the double electric layer, charge neutralization,
adsorption bridging and net trapping, then the solid-liquid
phase can separation. The sludge water content is further
reduced by gravity sedimentation.
The flocculation model of flocculants
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Chemical conditioning sludge dewatering technology
Classification of flocculants
The flocculants can be classified into three categories
including chemical flocculants, natural bio-flocculants and
grafted flocculants.
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Chemical conditioning sludge dewatering technology
Inorganic flocculants (salts of multivalent metals)
are being commonly used due to its low cost and
ease of use. However, their applications constrained
with low flocculating efficiency and the presence of
residue metal concentration in the treated water
Organic polymeric flocculants are widely used
nowadays due to its remarkable ability to flocculate
efficiently with low dosage. However, its
application is associated with lack of
biodegradability and dispersion of monomers
residue in water that may represent a health hazard
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Centrifugal sludge dewatering device
free
Due to the density difference between solid and liquid, the
settling velocity of solid particles is accelerated by centrifugal
force to achieve solid-liquid separation.
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Belt filter
free
Under the influence of negative pressure (0.04-0.07MPa), the
liquid in the suspension is pumped through the filter medium
(filter cloth), while the solid particles are trapped by the
medium, then solid-liquid separation can be achieved.
Belt vacuum filter ZPG Rotary drum vacuum filter
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Sludge Dewatering Method
Pressure filtering
It consists of many plates and frames assembled alternately
with the supports of a pair of rails. For each of the individual
separating chambers, there is one hollow filter frame
separated from two filter plates by filter cloths. The
introduced slurry flows through a port in each individual
frame, and the filter cakes are accumulated in each hollow
frame.
Plate and frame filter
press
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1.Waste water treatment process
2. Sludge dewatering method
3.Characteristics of sludge
4.Sludge treatment and disposal methods
5.Research and development in ZJU
Introduction of Sewage Sludge
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Water Content
Water
in sludge
Free water
Interstitial water
Bound water
Surface water
𝑊 =𝑀0 −𝑀1
𝑀0× 100%
where
W is the water content of sludge
M0 is the mass of the sludge sample
M1 is the mass of sludge that had been oven-dried at
105°C until the residual mass was constant
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Water Content
𝑉1𝑉2=1 −𝑊2
1 −𝑊1
Relation of water content (W) and volume (V):
Question:
Water content of sludge decreases from 90% to 80%,
calculate the change of volume.
Solution:𝑉1𝑉2=1 −𝑊2
1 −𝑊1=1 − 0.8
1 − 0.9= 2
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Dewaterability
SRF (specific resistance to filtration)
𝑟 =2𝑃𝐴2𝑡
𝜇𝑐𝑉2
where
r is the specific resistance to filtration (m/kg);
P is the vacuum (Pa);
A is the filtration area (m2);
t is the time (s);
μ is the filtrate viscosity (Pa·s);
c is the suspended solids concentration (kg/m3);
V is the volume of filtrate (m3)
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Dewaterability
CST (capillary suction time)
Sludge is placed in the sludge well and the water moves radically outwards from
the sludge.
The time taken for the liquid moves between two pre-set points on the filter paper
is recorded and defined as CST.
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Biochemical Properties
𝑇𝑆 =𝑀1
𝑀0× 100%
𝑉𝑆 =𝑀1 −𝑀2
𝑀0× 100%
TS (total solid)
VS (volatile solid)
where
M0 is the mass of the sludge sample;
M1 is the mass of sludge that had been oven-dried at 105°C until the residual mass
was constant;
M2 is the mass of sludge that had been oven-dried at 550°C until the residual mass
was constant;
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Biochemical Properties
COD (chemical oxygen demand)
is a measurement of the oxygen required to oxidize soluble and particulate organic
matter in a sample.
Step 1: Sample + excess oxidant (i.e. potassium dichromate )
Step 2: Digestion at 150℃ for 2 hours
Step 3: Read the samples by spectrophotometer
How to measure COD?
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BOD (biological oxygen demand)
is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break
down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over
a specific time period.
Most common - BOD5: at 20℃ for 5 days
Biochemical Properties
Step 1: pH setting of sample (6~8)
Step 2: Sample dilution
Step 3: Sample incubation
Step 4: Measurement of DO (dissolved oxygen)
Step 5: Calculation of BOD
𝑩𝑶𝑫 =𝑫𝑶𝟎 − 𝑫𝑶𝟏
𝑷Where DO0 is DO before incubation
DO1 is DO after incubation
P is the dilution factor
How to measure BOD?
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1.Waste water treatment process
2. Sludge dewatering method
3.Characteristics of sludge
4.Sludge treatment and disposal methods
5.Research and development in ZJU
Introduction of Sewage Sludge
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Sludge Drying
Sludge dryer
Convection dryer Solar dryer Conduction dryer
Belt Flash
Fluid bed Rotary
Disc
Paddle Thin film
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Sludge Drying
Belt dryer
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Sludge Drying
Fluid bed dryer
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Sludge Drying
Rotary dryer
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Sludge Drying
Disc dryer
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Sludge Drying
Paddle dryer
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Sludge Drying
Thin film dryer
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Sludge Drying
Solar dryer
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Sludge Drying
Dryer types Advantages Disadvantages
Convective dryer
• Design allowing easy
manipulation
• Dried product used in
agriculture
• Relatively long drying
time
• Bad odours
• Gaseous emissions
Conduction dryer
• No pollution of the heat
carrying medium
• Steam and odor confinement
• VOC concentration is low
• Reduction of fire and explosion
risks
• Dried product used in
industrial applications
• Relatively long drying
time
• Sticky phase alters dryer
performances
Solar dryer
• Use of free solar energy
• Pathogen free sludge
• Dried product used in
agriculture
• During the same operation,
important quantities are dried
• Depends on climatic
conditions
• Relatively long drying
time
• High surfaces are needed
Bennamoun L, Arlabosse P, Léonard A. Review on fundamental aspect of application of drying process to wastewater sludge[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, 28(28):29-43.
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Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which
microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the
absence of oxygen.
4 Stages:
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
Sludge digestion towers in Shijiazhuang, China
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Suspended organic matters
Soluble organics
Volatile fatty
acids(VFA)
H2+CO2 Acetate
CH4+CO2
Stage 1
Hydrolysis
Stage 2
Acidogenesis
Stage 3
Acetogenesis
Stage 4
Methanogenesis
Anaerobic Digestion
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Anaerobic Digestion
Recommended conditions:
pH: 7-7.5
Temperature :
Mesophilic digestion
(30~38℃)
Thermophilic digestion
(49~57℃)
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Anaerobic Digestion
Products from anaerobic digestion
Biogas: Digestate:
The material remaining after the
anaerobic digestion of a
biodegradable feedstock.
Uses: solid conditioner,
fertilizer
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Anaerobic Digestion
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Advantages Disadvantages
1. Gas production;
2. Low risk of air and water
pollution;
3. Reduction of sludge volume;
4. Relatively low capital costs;
5. Economic benefits
1. Long processing time;
2. Environmental Sensitivities
Anaerobic Digestion
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Composting
Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed
organic materials into a rich soil. Composting is a key ingredient
in organic farming.
Fundamentals• Carbon — for energy; the microbial oxidation of carbon produces the heat, if
included at suggested levels.
• Nitrogen — to grow and reproduce more organisms to oxidize the carbon.
• Oxygen — for oxidizing the carbon, the decomposition process.
• Water — in the right amounts to maintain activity without causing anaerobic
conditions
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Recommended conditions
• Water content : 50%~60%
• pH : 5~8
• C/N : 25~30
Composting
Stages• In the beginning, mesophilic phase, in which the decomposition is carried out
under moderate temperatures by mesophilic microorganisms.
• As the temperature rises, a second, thermophilic phase starts, in which the
decomposition is carried out by various thermophilic bacteria under high
temperatures.
• As the supply of high-energy compounds dwindles, the temperature starts to
decrease, and the mesophiles once again predominate in the maturation phase.
Uses of compost
• Agriculture
• Horticulture
• Erosion control
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Composting
Advantages Disadvantages
1. A reduction in the volume;
2. A facilitation of storage and use;
3. Control of compost material
specifications;
4. Control of nutrient content;
5. Product hygiene control before
agricultural application;
1. Long processing time;
2. Aeration consumes energy;
3. A need for an outlet market for
the compost end product
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Incineration
Incineration is a sludge disposal option that involves drying
and burning. The process reduces sludge to a mass of ash.
Drying occurs at a temperature of approximately 350℃, and
burning is sustained at 700~800 ℃.
The world’s largest sludge incineration plant: 2,000 metric tons of sludge from Hong
Kong’s 11 wastewater treatment plants
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Incineration
Rotary kiln incinerator
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Incineration
Multiple-Hearth incinerator
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Incineration
Fluid bed incinerator
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Incineration
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Reduction of the sludge volume;
2. Complete destruction of pathogens;
3. Recycling of sludge treatment
subproducts such as ashes and inert
material;
4. Low sensitivity to sludge composition;
1. High capital and operating costs;;
2. Reduces the potential beneficial use
of biosolids;
3. The residuals (ash) may be
classified as hazardous waste;
4. Discharges to atmosphere require
extensive treatment to assure
protection of the environment.
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Landfilling
Sludge Landfilling is disposal of sludge by burial, it’s the
oldest form of sludge treatment. The cost of landfilling is much
less than other treatments.
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Landfilling
Types of landfilling• Exclusive sanitary landfill
Especially designed and constructed to receive sewage
sludge, incorporating special features to cope with specific
sludge properties and to comply with environmental constraints.
• Co-disposal with other waste
Sludge is disposed of in a landfill with municipal solid
wastes. Mixing of sludge with other wastes tends to accelerate
the biodegradation process as a function of the nitrogen content
and the sludge inoculation potential. The inconvenience of this
alternative is the reduction of landfill lifetime if the amount of
sludge is significant
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Landfilling
Aspect to be considered Characteristics to be evaluated
Surface and groundwater
• Site geology and hydrology
• Localisation of surface water bodies
• Site location within the watershed and local use of
water resources
• Local climate
Air
• Local climate
• Direction of prevailing winds
• Distance and transition areas to housing developments
Soli
• Soils characteristics
• Local flora and fauna
• Site geology and hydrology
Anthropic environment
• Landscape changes
• Aesthetic changes
• Distance from housing developments
• Direction of prevailing winds
• Change in land value
• Local legislation
Main environmental aspects for selecting landfills sites
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Landfilling
Risks
• Heavy metals
• Organic chemicals
• Pathogens
• Odours
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1.Waste water treatment process
2. Sludge dewatering method
3.Characteristics of sludge
4.Sludge treatment and disposal methods
5.Research and development in ZJU
Introduction of Sewage Sludge
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In China, the total amount of the treated waste water is up to 0.13
billion m3 / day, the quantity of the sewage sludge is up to 30
million tons / year ( 80% moisture )
→ Beijing: 1600 tons/day
→ Shanghai: 3500 tons/day
→ Guangzhou: 2000 tons/day
→ Shenzhen: 2600 tons/day
Production of sludge
Year
Qu
an
tity
of slu
dge
(×
10
4to
n/y
ea
r)
The production of the industrial sludge is as many as the
sewage sludge
→Papermaking →Printing and dyeing →Textile
A serious environmental problem as MSW
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Because the safe disposal of the sludge was ignored
in the past, the traditional way is to pile or landfill
simply, which brought big challenge to environment
Sludge management became an ever-increasing
problem due to environmental pollution and energy
consumption in China
Challenge to environment
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3.45%
13.79%
3.45%
31.03%
3.45%
44.83%
Agricultural
Garden
No disposal
Incineration
Landfill
Landfill with MSW
More than 80% of the sludge has not yet been disposed safely
The Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) always is mixed by the
industrial waste water, incineration will become an increasing
disposal method for the sludge treatment in the coming years
Existed Treatment Method
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National policy
The technique of drying and incineration of sludge is
encouraged because it can turn sludge into energy
Sludge incineration plant and MSW incineration plant are
encouraged to be built together
Sludge is encouraged to be co-combustion in coal-fired power
plants boiler, cement kiln as a kind of low-quality fuel
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Sludge Cr Cd Hg Pb Ni Cu Zn Fe K Na As Se P
Dry
sea
son
Plant 1 60.859 5.875 101.311 53.616 66.497 853.410 465.116 13280.67 10743.73 2346.41 18.709 25.612 13.84
Plant 2 33.809 1.711 120.536 27.140 24.393 97.079 914.216 9908.217 5092.863 12781.6 11.172 31.847 11.02
Plant 3 30.315 2.590 112.465 62.266 16.342 133.782 520.396 14215.36 10267.01 2390.93 13.631 28.627 15.32
Plant 4 1843.79 10.825 149.442 68.130 626.432 681.848 3854.25 22402.59 5234.087 10994.9 11.335 40.678 33.10
Plant 5 104.088 2.954 75.611 52.999 156.558 424.443 1246.24 13870.22 4595.171 9452.77 6.051 40.709 13.24
Rain
sea
son
Plant 1 106.168 2.042 0.071 81.409 62.398 376.688 279.380 20204.02 17609.43 1219.23 6.148 3.371 7.324
Plant 2 143.381 2.873 0.084 72.547 51.852 168.660 587.044 21518.78 13514.98 1270.84 3.347 2.708 4.852
Plant 3 2614.012 5.087 0.016 133.961 1186.04 1043.014 3785.67 33818.66 10667.77 1958.72 12.672 1.197 3.230
Plant 4 82.084 2.466 0.050 80.074 15.717 66.044 197.519 22479.36 29438.65 3882.20 3.392 2.203 17.080
Plant 5 278.402 3.484 0.110 80.654 133.743 517.730 818.430 31942.96 10920.32 843.063 0.909 1.920 14.868
National
limitation for
agriculture
utilization
600 5 5 300 100 250 500 - - - 75 - -
Plant 1~Plant 5 are located in Guangdong Province, Unit: mg/kg Dry base
Heavy metals
Heavy metals is the first thing that we must consider for sludge
Chinese sludge always exceed the national limitation for agriculture utilization
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Moisture distribution in sludge
Free water
Interstitial water
Surface water
Bound water
Moisture content (%)Wate
r outp
ut ra
te (
kg/m
in k
gD
S)
Bound water
Surface water
Interstitial
water
Free
water
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
moisture distribution
free water interstitial water surface water bound water0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
pe
rce
nta
ge
(%
)
sewage sludge
printing and dyeing sludge
papermaking sludge
Thermal
drying to
remove
Why the moisture content still has 80% after mechanical dewatering?
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Sludge sourcesCd
(%)Hd (%)
Nd
(%)
St,d
(%)
Od
(%)
Ad
(%)
Vd
(%)
Qb,d
(MJ/kg)
Shangyu 17.76 2.74 2.18 3.52 8.74 65.05 34.56 7035.16
Shandong 22.24 3.70 1.19 1.83 19.11 51.93 42.03 9883.10
Linqi 23.67 2.62 4.01 0.72 17.82 51.17 43.46 10069.00
Liyan 20.45 4.20 1.96 0.40 23.58 49.40 43.76 7812.50
Sadesa 33.61 5.22 2.80 0.41 21.17 36.79 62.25 14240.17
Shuitou 26.12 3.67 1.34 0.46 22.56 45.85 49.02 9112.11
Shengxiong 30.37 3.22 2.80 0.86 21.60 41.16 58.67 11405.79
Dianchi 19.07 1.61 1.46 1.02 19.41 57.43 38.37 7689.63
Dongguan 14.51 2.78 2.20 0.50 13.07 66.95 29.39 5850.76
Jiaxing 25.42 3.15 1.20 4.75 13.61 51.86 47.78 10871.47
Shanghai 30.05 3.65 4.25 0.92 16.57 44.57 46.67 13073.25
Pingyang 21.30 3.25 2.73 3.35 15.58 53.78 45.86 7460.18
Ningbo 27.47 4.26 2.45 0.29 17.81 49.42 44.81 11487.48
Pinghu 25.07 4.87 0.80 1.20 22.40 45.61 47.57 9634.59
Yamei 20.84 4.12 1.79 6.29 15.98 50.98 46.14 8745.51
Jiangyin 20.93 3.11 1.95 5.84 21.97 46.20 51.50 7851.41
Chongqin 14.29 1.98 1.78 0.39 12.80 68.76 29.66 5181.30
Taopu 23.85 1.73 2.87 2.26 17.93 51.55 42.86 11382.61
Chengdu 23.00 3.24 3.51 0.71 14.61 58.40 39.88 9643.04
Shaoxing 28.24 3.56 2.26 6.16 12.92 46.86 48.53 11704.71
Hami 30.39 2.67 1.13 1.09 14.31 50.39 38.05 11304.02
Qige 33.33 5.01 3.92 2.27 15.13 40.34 52.47 13829.31
Baiyun 23.06 3.20 1.59 0.25 19.60 52.30 41.74 8669.02
Ruifeng 27.82 3.20 2.74 0.26 25.70 40.28 50.28 11433.52
average 24.29 3.36 2.29 1.91 17.67 50.71 44.80 9813.03
EU 20~40 60~80 16000~20000
Japan 24 76 17000
Sludge sources Ad (%) Vd (%) Qb,d (kJ/kg) Qb,d (kcal/kg)
Average
(China)50.71 44.80 9813.03 2344
EU 20~40 60~80 16000~20000 3821~4777
Japan 24 76 17000 `4060
Sludge in China:
Low organic content, Low heat value
Heat values
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Thermal Drying: Necessary Step
Sludge to Energy: thermal drying is a necessary step
After thermal drying, the moisture content of sludge can
reduce to 50% or even lower, the mass and volume of
the sludge will decrease and the heat value will increase
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Paddle dryer was always applied in chemical and food industries,
which has been developed to be used in the sludge drying
→The wall, paddle and shaft are hollow filled with the steam
→The heat of the steam will be transferred to the sludge by contacting
Saturation
steam
Rotatory
head
Chain
wheel
Slowdown
Gear
Raw
sludge
Dried
sludge
Saturation
water
Saturation
water
Waterish
gas
Upper
cover
InterlayerPaddleEmpty
axisBearing
Air Air
Paddle dryer
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Contact Dryer: Sludge Stickiness?
10
1
3
9
2
4 85
6
7
11
10
1
3
9
2
4 85
6
7
11
12
1. stainless steel plate, 2. electric heating panel, 3. hollow cylinder, 4. hook, 5. wire, 6. container,
7. weights, 8. wheel, 9. massive cylinder, 10. massive weight,11. sludge cake, 12. circular ring
Adhesion Cohesion
Shear force
0-m m g
A
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Sh
ea
rin
g f
orc
e(N
/m2
)
Moisture content(%)
Cohesion
Adhesion
Binhe sludge
Adhesion and Cohesion of Sludge
Henggang sludge
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 800
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000 Cohesion
Sh
ea
rin
g f
orc
e(N
/m2
)
Moisture content(%)
Adhesion
The adhesion and cohesion force of two kinds of the sludge
achieve the maximum in the moisture content range at 40%~65%
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Test in Paddle Dryer
Extraction
pump Electronic
balance
Dryer
Electric
motor
Oil
heating
tank
Oil pump
Electric
motor
condenser
Flow meter
Cooling
watercondensate
Oil
pump
Power meter
Temperature
controller
Thermal
couple
heater
P
P
Oil heating tank
Thermal oil
Exhaust
air
Sludge
Paddle
dryer
Electric balance
Extraction pump
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a. Moisture content 85% b. Moisture content 74%
c. Moisture content 65% d. Moisture content 57%
e. Moisture content 45%
g. Moisture content 29%
h. Moisture content 23%
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Dry
ing
ra
te(g
/min
·m2
)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
36
38
40
42
44
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Cohesion
Moisture content(%)
Adhesion
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
60
80
100
120
140
Slu
dg
e te
mp
era
ture
(℃)
Stirr
ing
po
we
r(kw
)S
he
ari
ng
fo
rce
(N/m
2)
Sticky Behavior
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Emission: Sludge sampling
Hangzhou
Shaoxi
n
Shanghai
Shenzhen
WWTPs: mainly municipal
wastewater, mix with a certain
amount of industrial
wastewater
Waste water treatment
techniques: Activated Sludge
Process (A/O or A/A/O)
Sludge dewatering method:
pressure filtration or
centrifugal dewatering
Emission from the drying and incineration is anther important aspect
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Proximate and Ultimate Analysis
UnitSludge
CoalShenzhen Shanghai Hangzhou Shaoxin
Moisture content wt. % 76.46 83.85 81.78 82.69 -
Proximate analysis
Ash % 52.75 35.64 52.86 46.40 37.93
Volatile % 40.97 56.78 43.15 48.05 6.65
Fixed Carbon % 4.93 7.44 2.52 4.57 54.09
Heat value kJ/kg 10159 15235 10840 11592 20860
Ultimate analysis
C % 25.14 41.90 26.05 27.96 54.10
H % 4.23 5.52 4.19 3.53 2.48
N % 2.84 4.53 2.83 2.24 1.22
S % 0.74 1.18 3.09 6.10 0.33
O % 12.93 11.09 11.1 12.79 2.61
Cl mg/g DS 1.30 0.69 0.30 0.93 0.06
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Pilot-scale Sludge Paddle Dryer
Detection here
2 tons/day
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Lab-scale electrically heated
fluidized bed incinerator
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Gaseous Emission
during Sludge Drying(mg/Nm3, dry base)
Gaseous
pollutants
Sludge
Shenzhen Shanghai Hangzhou Shaoxin
SO2 2.317 4.012 6.324 6.181
NH3 0.723 7.956 2.026 3.762
HCl 0.002 0.035 0.008 0.012
HF 0.002 0.009 0.011 0.056
HCN 0.014 1.210 0.239 0.936
CH4 0.184 0.243 0.102 0.274
Formic acid 0.007 0.136 0.142 0.211
Acetic acid 0.015 0.582 0.183 1.002
Propionic acid 0.025 2.448 0.379 2.764
SO2 NH3 HCl HF HCN CH4 FA AA PA
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
co
nte
nts
(m
g/N
m3
, d
ry b
ase
)
Gaseous pollutants
Shenzhen
Shanghai
Hangzhou
Shaoxin
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Where they are from?
SO2 and NH3 come from the sulfur and nitrogen in sludge
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
2
4
6
8
10
S/SO2
Gas
em
mis
sion (
mg/N
m3)
Element contents
Equation y = a + b*x
Weight No Weighting
Residual Sum of
Squares
0.55226
Pearson's r 0.97447
Adj. R-Square 0.92438
Value Standard Error
S/SO2 Intercept 1.64567 0.5638
S/SO2 Slope 1.52141 0.24787
N/NH3
Equation y = a + b*x
Weight No Weighting
Residual Sum of
Squares
1.44464
Pearson's r 0.97542
Adj. R-Square 0.92717
Value Standard Error
N/NH3 Intercept -9.63599 2.15914
N/NH3 Slope 3.91514 0.62538
The volatile
fatty acids
could be
produced from
hydrothermal of
organic matters
in sludge
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Dioxin in flue gas
PCDD/Fs Shenzhen Shanghai Hangzhou Shaoxin
2.3.7.8-TCDD 0.00569 0.0043 0.00010 0.0253
1.2.3.7.8-PCDD 0.01497 0.0033 0.00002 0.0653
1.2.3.4.7.8-HexCDD 0.00213 0.0002 0.00037 0.0099
1.2.3.6.7.8-HexCDD 0.00639 0.0004 0.00183 0.0137
1.2.3. 7.8.9-HexCDD 0.00457 0.0005 0.00000 0.0178
1.2.3.4.6.7.8-HepCDD 0.00351 0.0001 0.00179 0.0062
OCDD 0.00071 0.0000 0.00727 0.0006
2.3.7.8-TCDF 0.00418 0.0028 0.00001 0.0291
1.2.3.7.8-PCDF 0.00156 0.0009 0.00312 0.0064
2.3.4.7.8-PCDF 0.02335 0.0141 0.02997 0.0464
1.2.3.4.7.8-HexCDF 0.00303 0.0010 0.00376 0.0039
1.2.3.6.7.8-HexCDF 0.00430 0.0008 0.01460 0.0032
1.2.3. 7.8.9-HexCDF 0.00529 0.0010 0.00152 0.0064
2.3.4.6.7.8-HexCDF 0.00060 0.0003 0.00001 0.0016
1.2.3.4.6.7.8-HepCDF 0.00158 0.0002 0.00416 0.0009
1.2.3.4.7.8.9-HepCDF 0.00015 0.0000 0.00001 0.0004
OCDF 0.00008 0.0000 0.00075 0.0001
I-TEQ concentration 0.082 0.030 0.069 0.237
Unit: ng TEQ/Nm3
PCDD/Fs Shenzhen Shanghai Hangzhou ShaoxinNational
regulation
I-TEQ concentration
(ng/Nm3)0.082 0.030 0.069 0.237 0.1
Cl contents
(mg/g DS)1.30 0.69 0.30 0.93
S contents
(%)0.74 1.18 3.09 6.10
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Heavy metals in flue gas
Heavy metals
Concentration Chinese regulation
mg/Nm3
Cd 0.107 0.1
Hg 0.018 0.2
Pb 1.780 1.6
Sludge from Shenzhen
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Heavy metal leaching liquid
Heavy metals
Contents Leaching characteristics
Raw sludge Fly ash Bottom ash Chinese regulation
mg/kg DS mg/L
Cd 3.19 0.002 0.005 1
Hg 0.066 0.0032 0.0017 0.1
Pb 89.73 0.057 0.098 5
Cr 644.8 15.35 51.57 15
Ni 290.0 0.003 0.023 5
Cu 434.4 0.019 0.019 100
Zn 1134 0.027 0.002 100
For the Chinese regulation for sludge: if the concentration of heavy
metals in leaching liquid does not exceed to the limitation for the
hazard waste, the fly ash can be recycled in the material industry, for
example, cement industry
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Wet
Sludge
Demi-drying sludge
Agitated dryer
Low grade steam
Inclined
paddle
Fixed scraper
Angle adjustable blade
Turbine
Semi-
adiabatic
membran
e wall
Combined circulation inside
and outside the furnace
Gas-solid
separation
Vapor
condenser
Semi
dry
FGD
tower
Activated
carbon
Back to
incinerator
Plasma
degradation
Bag filter
To
stack
Combined dioxin
control technology
Indirect thermal dryer CFB incinerator Pollutant control
Semi-drying and Incineration System
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Paddle Dryer
The heat source is 0.4-0.6MPa (150℃) saturation steam
Hidden heat of the saturation steam is utilized, and the consumption of the
steam is less than flue gas drying technique
It is a kind of indirect drying technique. Steam has on contact with the sludge,
and the waterish gas can be treated easily
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New type of paddle
Paddle angle can be adjusted
Series from 10t/d ~ 150t/d
Minimum heat loss
Low energy consumption
One shaft
(Disk)
Two shaft
Four shaft
Styles of paddle dryers
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Gas-solid
separation
Vapor
condensation
Plasma
degradation
Incineration
back to
incinerator
Emission Control of Dryer
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Temperature distribution:
increase with the height
Suspension section need
spraying water to cool
Low energy efficiency
Dense
Phase
Zone
Dilute
Phase
Zone
Combined
circulation
inside and
outside the
furnace
Semi-
adiabatic
membrane
wall
Flue
Gas
Bubbling Fluidized Bed CFB Technology
Hot-cold
grading air
supply
Spray Water to Cool
CFB incinerator
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NOx:850℃~950 ℃ temperature, grading air
supply
SO2, HCl: Furnace calcium base de-sulfur, semi-dry
CO: Combustion optimization
PM: Bag filter
Dioxins:
“3T” control
Activated carbon and bag filter
HMs: Activated carbon
Traditional Pollutants Special Pollutants
Emission Control of Incinerator
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Drying Incineration Heat utilization Pollution control
Independent incineration
Sludge
Co-combustion with coal
SludgeCoal SludgeMSW
Co-combustion with MSW
Typical Application Solutions
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Jia’aisi – co-fired in CFB boiler
LocationJiaxing, Zhejiang Province
Year2009
SludgeThe sewage sludge
Capacity1000t/d
RoutineSludge is dried to 45-50%, and co-fired in
CFB boiler
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Jia’aisi – co-fired in CFB boiler
Sludge 1000 t/d
(80% moisture)
Coal 334 t/d
(5000 kcal/kg)
Steam 105 t/h
(485℃, 5.3MPa)
Ash 100 t/d Recycled
Power
6MWeBack pressure turbine
incin
era
tor
Fuels Ratio:
Wet sludge: coal=4:1
Dried sludge: coal=1:1
Sludge 334 t/d
(40% moisture)
Dryer
39 t/h (175℃, 0.981MPa)
66 t/h
(175℃, 0.981MPa)
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Jia’aisi – co-fired in CFB boiler
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Items Unit ValueChinese
regulation
EU
regulation
Dust mg/Nm3 13.3 80 10
SO2 mg/Nm3 45 260 50
HCl mg/Nm3 3.37 75 10
CO mg/Nm3 48 150 50
NOx mg/Nm3 18 400 NO2: 200
Hg mg/Nm3 <0.0011 0.2 0.05
Cd mg/Nm3 <0.0041 0.1 Cd+Ti: 0.05
Pb mg/Nm3 <0.043 1.6
Dioxin ng TEQ/ Nm3 0.004 1.0 0.1
Jia’aisi – co-fired in CFB boiler
Emission
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Location
Jiaxing, Zhejiang province
Sludge
Sewage sludge
Capacity
250t/d
Routine
Dried sludge as the fuel in
the power plant of 300MWe
Jiaxing – co-fired in power plant
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Pinghu – co-fired with waste paper
Location
Pinghua, Zhejiang province
Year
2009
Fuel
Sludge and waste paper
Capacity
Sludge 500t/d, waste paper 250t/d
Routine
Dried sludge with moisture content
40%, co-fired with waste paper
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Shaoxing – co-fired in MSW incinerator
Location
Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province
Year
2008
Fuel
Sludge and MSW
Capacity
Sludge 1000t/d, MSW 1200t/d
Routine
Dried sludge with moisture
content 40%, as the assistant fuel
of MSW
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Wenzhou - sludge drying and incineration
Sludge 60 t/d
(80% moisture)
Coal 2.32 t/d
(5000 kcal/kg)
Steam 1.47 t/h
Ash 4.8 t/d Recycle
Dryer
incin
era
tor
sludge:coal=1:0.039
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Other application of sludge
drying and incineration in China
Project name
Shanghai Shidongkou
waste water treatment
plant
Chongqing Tangjiatuo
waste water treatment
plant
Beijing cement
plant company
Xiaoshan waste
water treatment
plant
Sludge
Source Sewage sludge Sewage sludge Sewage sludge Sewage sludge
Treatment
amount(tons/d)180 192 500 360
Water content 80% 75% 80% 80%
Drying
Heat sourceThermal Oil (Heat
recovered from Boiler)Thermal Oil
Thermal Oil (Heat
recovered from
Boiler)
Exhaust gas
Temperature 85℃ 85℃ 240℃ 70℃-500℃
Drying methods Fluidized bed dryerThin-layer dryer+Belt
dryerThin-layer dryer Spray dryer
Moisture
content< 10% 10%-30% 30%
Incinerat
ion
Boiler Bubbling fluidized bed - Rotary kiln Rotary kiln
Temperature > 850℃ - 1500℃ > 850℃
Residence time < 2s - 20s < 2s
Auxiliary fuel √ - √ -
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Shanghai: Completed drying
Fluidized bed
dryer
Bubbling
fluidized bed
incinerator
SludgeSludge (5%-7%
moisture content)
Auxiliary fuel
Thermal oil
In the fluidized dryer, the temperature of
thermal oil is 180℃-220℃, while the
temperature of sludge is 85℃ The distribution of sludge particle is uniform,
the diameter is 1-5mm
Dewater
sludge
air
Drying
Particle
Oil
Gas
Distribution
Capacity: 213
ton/day
Operation cost:
280Yuan/ton
Problem: Wear is heavy because a lot of sands in sludge
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Oil thermal exchanger
Steam
CoolerDry sludge
particles
(moisture
content
less than
10%)
Dewater
Sludge
(moisture
content
70~82%)
HeaterCooler
Moving belt drying machine
CondenserPulverizer
(moisture content 50~60%)
Thin-layer dryer
Ventilator
Condensate poolCooling
air
Chongqing:
Temperature
of steam:110℃
Temperature
of sludge:85-95℃
Dried by hot
air at 100℃
Capacity:
240 ton/day
Composting
Problem: Difficult to shape due to sands and impurities
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Zhejiang University
Thank you for your attention!