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![Page 1: Severely wrong or slightly wrong? Sanctions and Moral Behavior Laetitia Mulder Tilburg University, The Netherlands.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea75503460f94ba9609/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Severely wrong or slightly wrong?
Sanctions and Moral Behavior
Laetitia MulderTilburg University, The Netherlands
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![Page 3: Severely wrong or slightly wrong? Sanctions and Moral Behavior Laetitia Mulder Tilburg University, The Netherlands.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea75503460f94ba9609/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
My previous research
Context: social dilemmas
Sanctions’ effect on trust
Alternative behavioral options
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Sanctions and trust
Expectations of cooperative behavior“assurance” (Yamagishi)
Expectations of cooperative intentions“trust” (Yamagishi)
Sanction
+
_
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“Removing the Sanction” Paradigm
No sanction:Trust
Sanction:Assurance
Phase 1: Phase 2:
No sanction:Trust
No sanction
No-sanction
Sanction
Condition:
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Phase 2 trust(data of Study 3, Mulder et al. JESP in
press)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Low initial trust High initial trust
No sanction in phase 1 Sanction in phase 1
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Phase 2 cooperation (data of Study 3, Mulder et al. JESP in press)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Low initial trust High initial trust
No sanction in phase 1 Sanction in phase 1
![Page 8: Severely wrong or slightly wrong? Sanctions and Moral Behavior Laetitia Mulder Tilburg University, The Netherlands.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea75503460f94ba9609/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
My previous research
Context: social dilemmas
Sanctions’ effect on trust
Alternative behavioral options
![Page 9: Severely wrong or slightly wrong? Sanctions and Moral Behavior Laetitia Mulder Tilburg University, The Netherlands.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea75503460f94ba9609/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Garbage reduction
No garbagereduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
![Page 11: Severely wrong or slightly wrong? Sanctions and Moral Behavior Laetitia Mulder Tilburg University, The Netherlands.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea75503460f94ba9609/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
![Page 24: Severely wrong or slightly wrong? Sanctions and Moral Behavior Laetitia Mulder Tilburg University, The Netherlands.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649ea75503460f94ba9609/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
No garbagereduction
Garbage reduction
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DumpingGarbage reduction
No garbage reduction
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Moving to Belgium
Paying taxes Tax fraud
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Expectations
Authority
Focus on moderating factors:
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Alternative defective option
0,3 0,63
2,9
0,5
low expectations high expectations
no sanction
sanction
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Contribution to group(in three—options condition)
6,196,55
4,12
7,2
low expectations high expectations
no sanction
sanction
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Conclusions from my previous research
Sanctioning systems may foster negative motivational effects (i.e. distrust in cooperative intentions)
Social decisions more complex than a simple dichitomous decision. Essential for the issue of sanctions.
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Present research
Influence of sanction on moral norms
Sanctions may trigger business-like considerations and induce a business frame (e.g. Tenbrunsel & Messick, 1999; Gneezy & Rustichini, 2000; Frey, 1999; Fehr & Falk, 2000)
But may they also trigger moral considerations and induce a moral frame?
When does a sanction trigger a business frame and when a moral frame?
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First factor of research: sanction size
Research question:
How does the size of a sanction on a certain rule affect moral considerations? How does it affect moral judgement of how “wrong” breaking the rule is?
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How sanction size may affect moral judgements
Sanction indicates “how bad” certain behavior is.
Hypothesis: Large sanction higher moral judgments than a small sanction
2 experiments to test this
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Experiment 1
Participant: unknown number of lottery tickets.
“Participants of an other experiment” no lottery tickets (i.e. no chance of winning)
Possibility to donate tickets to participants of other experiment.
Request: “please donate 2 tickets”
“When you donate less than 2 tickets: fine of €0,20 (small sanction) / €2,50 (large sanction)”Control condition: no fine, only the request.
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Dependent variables
Moral dissapproval (5 items):Donating less than 2 tickets…- …seems morally wrong- …is something I would morally dissapprove of- etc.
Perceived moral dissapproval of experimenter (4 items):- The experimenters think that donating less than 2 tickets is very unfair- The experimenters morally dissapprove of donating less than 2 tickets to the other participants
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Results
Moral dissapproval:no sanction: 3.41
small sanction: 3.47
large sanction: 4.27
Perceived moral dissapproval of experimenter :no sanction: 3.64
small sanction: 3.86
large sanction: 5.04
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Experiment 2
The effect of sanction size on social dissapproval of someone who does not follow the rule.
Role of authorities: Sanction installed by authority. Therefore sanction shows the moral judgement of the authority. Whether people adopt this judgement, depends on their trust in authorities.
Hypothesis: Sanction size influences moral judgements to a greater extent when people have high rather than low trust in the authority.
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Experiment 2
General trust in authorities (8 items):-“Generally I completely trust authorities’ decisions”-“Authorities often do not know what they are talking about”-“Authorities usually know what is best for the group”
Dependent variables:-Social dissapproval (preferring a rule-complier to a rule-breaker)-Moral judgement
Sanction size: small vs large
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Experiment 2
Participant in observer role. Observed the following situation:
10 chips
Allocator:each chip €2
Recipient:each chip €?
division
Experimentator requested a 3/7 division
Fine of €0,50 or €5 (uncertain whether they would be monitored)
Allocator A (“Susan”) obeyed and proposed 3/7
Allocator B (“Eve”) disobeyed and proposed 5/5
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Dependent variables
Moral dissapproval (7 items):That divider B donated less than 7 chips…- …I found morally wrong- …is something (s)he should feel ashamed of- etc.
Social dissapprovalWhich would you prefer:- a division of €3/ €3 with you and allocator A (“Susan”)- a division of €4/ €4 with you and allocator B (“Eve”)
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Results
Figure 2: Moral judgment as a function of sanction size and general regard for authorities
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Small sanction Large sanction
Mo
ral
jud
gm
ent
low general trust inauthorities (SD = -1)
high general trust inauthorities (SD = 1)
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Results
Figure 1: Social Dissaproval (percentage of participants choosing to split money with allocater A rather than B) as a function of sanction size and general regard for authorities
01020304050607080
Small sanction Large sanction
So
cial
dis
sap
pro
val
low general trust inauthorities (SD = -1)
high general trust inauthorities (SD = 1)
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Conclusion
Sanctions can increase moral norms. Large sanctions increase moral norms more than small ones.
Especially when people trust authorities
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Further research
Large sanctions may be excessive/unjust. Effect of sanction size may be moderated by perceived (in)justice of sanction.
Recognizing the goal behind rule/sanction? Influence self-benefitting or self-sacrificing leadership
Difference sanctions and rewards?
Do sanctions work through anticipated shame? And if so, do rewards work through anticipated pride?