AQM 2005, 26-30 September 2005, Istanbul, Turkey

Severe Air Pollution in Lanzhou China

Peter C Chu, Naval Postgraduate School

Yuchun Chen and Shihua Lu,Institute of Cold & Arid Environment &

Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Central China

−500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Geography and isobaths

80oE 85oE 90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE 110oE 115oE

28oN

30oN

32oN

34oN

36oN

38oN

40oN

42oN

44oN

46oN

Yel

low

Riv

er

Yellow

Rive

r

Yangtse River

Yangtse River

Urumqi

Lhasa

DunhuangJiuquan

o+Lanzhou

o+Zhangye

QinghaiHu

T I A

NS H A N

QILIANSHAN

QING ZANG PLATEAU

Terim Basin

Topography around Langzhou, China

Lanzhou – One of the Most Polluted Cites in China

LANDSAT-TM imagery representing air pollution on 3 January 2001.

0.540.050.06Xigu (District-2)436.09103.63St-80.520.050.04Anning (District-4)1536.10103.74St-70.560.030.02Chengguan (District-1)1936.04103.92St-60.280.010.01Yuzhong County435.84104.09St-50.680.060.08Xigu (District-2)2236.10103.63St-40.740.050.05Qilihe (District-3)1536.08103.71St-30.570.040.03Chengguan (District-1)1136.07103.84St-20.690.060.08Chengguan (District-1)2536.04103.84St-1

TSPNOxSO2RegionHeight (m)LatitudeN

LongitudeESite

Location of observational stations and mean concentrations (mg m-3)

80oE 90oE 100oE 110oE 120oE 130oE

20 oN

25 oN

30 oN

35 oN

40 oN

45 oN

50 oN

2500m

2500m

1500

m

C1

C2C3

JunggarBasin

G1 G2

G3

LANZHOU

BEIJING

Qinghai−Tibet Plateau

Terim Basin

Taklamakan

M O N G O L I A

a

36.0oN

36.05oN

36.10oN

36.15oN

103.5oE 103.6oE 103.7oE 103.8oE 103.9oE 104.0oE

1

23

4

6

78

E

III

IIIIVL

LL

LH

HH

HHHH

Geography and isobaths (unit: m)

b

1700

160017001900

2300

21002000

1800 1700 1800

1600

17001800

1600

17001800

1700

1600

17001800

1600

2100

2400

1900 1900

1600

2400

1700

1800

2200

Baita

Gaolan

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

st−1

SO

2(mg.

m−

3 )

st−1

NO

x(mg.

m−

3 )

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

st−1

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

st−3

SO

2(mg.

m−

3 )

st−3

NO

x(mg.

m−

3 )

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

st−3

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

st−4

SO

2(mg.

m−

3 )

st−4

NO

x(mg.

m−

3 )0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

st−4

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA

st−7

SO

2(mg.

m−

3 )

1999 2000 2001

st−7

NO

x(mg.

m−

3 )

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA1999 2000 2001

st−7

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA1999 2000 2001

Daily MeanConcentration

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−1

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−2

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−3

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−4

1999 2000 2001

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−5

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−6

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−7

MeanMax

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

st−8

1999 2000 2001

Monthly mean(■) and maximum(●) Concentrations (mg m-3) of TSP at St-1 to St-8.

Air Quality Management≤≤≤≤

Air pollution is severe; The general public is advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities.

High-level pollution

V>300

Persons with existing heart or respiratory illnesses are advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities.

Mid-level pollution

IV1

IV2

200-300

Persons should be careful in outdoor activities.

Low-level pollution

III1

III2

100-200

No action is needed.Good II50-100

No action is needed.Clean I< 50

Air Quality Description and Management

Air Quality Classification

Air Pollution Index

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−1

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−2

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−3

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−4

1999 2000 2001

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−5

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−6

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−7

TSP

SO2

NOx

100

200

300

400

500

600

O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A

st−8

1999 2000 2001

Monthly mean API at St-1 to St-8.

Dust Storms and (TSP, PM10) in January 2001

#5

7Sts

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 /2001

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0S S S S S S S S S→ → → → → → → → →

TS

P(m

g.m

−3 )

January

a

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 /2001

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

2.1

2.4

2.7 S S S S S S S S S→ → → → → → → → →

PM

10(m

g.m

−3 )

b

Factors Affecting Air Quality

• Meteorological Conditions

Stable stratification especially Inversion

Low Winds

Valley Wind

• Pollution Sources

Mountain-Valley Wind (at Night)

Coupled RAMS-NYPACT Model

HYPACT

NCEP/ECData

DPREPModule

ISANModule

TopographyLand Surface

RAMS

REVUGraphicModule

Grads NCARV5D

Source Initialization

Model Description

• Nonhydrostatic

• Multi-grid System: 9 km, 3 km, 1 km

• 23 vertical levels, to 50 hPa

• 30”- Topography data

• Assimilation of observational data

• Land surface model

• Integration area: 720 km (E-W),540 km (N-S)

Centered at 103.8oE, 36.1oN

Multi-Grid System

Model Integration

• Winter Simulation (Dec 2000)• Initial Time: 08 BT, Dec 5, 2000• Initial Conditions (NCEP Reanalysis)• Lateral Boundary for the Largest Area

(Every Six Hours, NCEP Reanalysis)• ∆t: 60 s, 30 s, 10 s

Simulated Wind and Temperature Fields at 800 hPa on: (a) 08, (b)14, (c) 20, (d) 02 BT

Simulated (v, w) and T in the north-south cross-section across the GaoLanShan Mountain on: (a) 08, (b)14, (c)

20, (d) 02 BT

Dust Sources (1000 kg)

1700

1600

1550

1800

1800

1700

1600

15501600

17001800

1900

2000

2100

2200

2300

1800

1900

1700

18002000 19

00

1700

1800

1700

The Yan Chen in 2000(1000kg)

103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE36.00oN

36.02oN

36.04oN

36.06oN

36.08oN

36.10oN

36.12oN

36.14oN

36.16oN

22

1 9

2 40 1 4 75 51 11 541_ 19 7

19 23 32 240 39 16 106 25 25 9 1382_13 8 20 3 4 3 46 139_ 130126126133 80 42 25_9 112599_ 91 13 89 18 178 79172 54 38 76 3 1_

7 16 48 64 13337 25 23 71 121_ 18 35 22 12 1

3 2 28 11 13 166_ 3 272_ 48 23 336_ 79 98_ 9

9 3 20 40_ 15 5 19 66 1 33 3_ 6

3 5 24 71_ 290_ 41 22 46 67 19 62 4

15 81 61 14 4 4 1 104 8_ 50 48 44 37 1 11

38_ 14 14 349_ 15 8 37 66 63 96 14_106935_ 2 25 2 5 1_ 7 4_ 10

810_ 6_5730_ 5_ 7_ 1

0 8 5

543_ 6_ 27 389_ 1

H

H H

H

H H

H

H

H

H H

H H

1

23

4

6

7

8

◇ Industrial □ Residential

CO Sources (1000 kg)

1700

1600

1800

1700

1700

1600

1700

1600

1700

1800

1900

2100 1800 1900 1600 1800

The CO in 2000(1000kg)

103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE

36.02oN

36.04oN

36.06oN

36.08oN

36.10oN

36.12oN

36.14oN

36.16oN

11

18 3

0 451 0 1 24 107 3 117_ 6 2

1 7 15 606 18 5 28 25 6 9 55447_3 3 7 1 2 19 14 50_ 59 39 39 48 26 20 13_3 387395_ 22 6 28 7 58 40 56 16 13 36 1 0_

2 4 25 27 55 280 11 7 14 25_ 6 19 60 4 0

1 0 15 5 7 53_ 1 61_ 27 12 18_ 15 25_ 3

2 1 10 24_ 8 2 15 13 0 10 2_ 3

3 3 18 39_ 39_ 11 11 8 19 10 15 1

3 20 20 5 2 2 1 172 3_ 24 28 20 17 0 1

8_ 6 4 402_ 1 3 190 20 38 55 8_5 635_ 1 5 1 144 0_ 2 2_ 6

25521_ 287_ 393_ 3_ 2_ 0

0 3 1

8240_ 450_ 11 9_ 1

H

H H

H H

H

H

H H

H H

1

23

4

6

7

8

◇ Industrial □ Residential

SO2 –Sources in 2000 (1000kg)

◇ Industrial □ Residential

1700

16 00

1800

1700

1700

1600

1700

1600

1700

1800

1900

2100 18 00 1900 16 00 18 00

Topography and isobaths (m ), SO 2 Source in 2000(1000kg)

103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE

36.02oN

36.04oN

36.06oN

36.08oN

36.10oN

36.12oN

36.14oN

36.16oN

132

1 36

1 64 3 13 260 173 393471_ 69 21

9 79 160540 76 60 200 119 59 201143_38 27 76 16 20 11 124 338_ 538 394 452297 208 36 65_35 280 520_ 237 50 226 78 513 248556 192 125 83 11 5_

20 27 117 239 600131 70 83 153191_ 67 34 74 45 0

13 6 161 24 45 520_ 8 740_ 225 104 169_ 122 219_ 21

17 4 46 165_ 10 12 176 114 4 122 21_ 6

7 26 82 403_ 770_ 39 63 50 124 26 71 9

17 734 88 8 2 8 7 158 13_ 117 138 198140 0 4

84_ 42 141439_ 6 11 40 76 175 345 63_132256_ 1 28 7 4 5_ 25 19_ 4

873_ 17_15039_ 35_ 11_ 2

0 26 5

289_ 18_ 14 52_ 0

H

H H

H

H H H

H

H H

H

H

H

H

H H

1

23

4

6

7

8

NOx Sources in 2000 ( 1000 kg)

◇ Industrial □ Residential

1700

16 00

1550

1800

1800

1700

1600

15501600

17001800

1900

2000

2100

22 00

23 00

1800

1900

17 00

18002000 19

00

1700

1800

1700

T he NOx in 2000(1000kg)

103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE36.00oN

36.02oN

36.04oN

36.06oN

36.08oN

36.10oN

36.12oN

36.14oN

36.16oN

76

0 21

0 31 2 8 149 93 224638_ 40 12

5 45 91 308 44 35 164 68 33 11 421_24 19 43 9 11 6 70 301_ 302 223 256191 111 16 36_20 172 361_ 144 39 133 44 330 139315 111 70 40 6 3_

11 15 65 140 346 75 39 47 102137_ 38 16 41 26 0

8 3 92 16 33 360_ 6 528_ 134 60 102_ 80 158_ 12

10 2 27 90_ 4 7 100 65 2 69 12_ 3

3 14 109 231_ 724_ 21 35 28 69 13 40 5

9 59 80 5 1 4 4 80 7_ 59 76 12778 0 3

51_ 27 15 300_ 4 5 21 50 109 204 35_8 4242_ 0 15 4 2 1_ 14 11_ 1

138_ 290_19449_ 20_ 6_ 1

0 18 3

45_ 13_ 18 59_ 0

H

H

H

H

H

1

23

4

6

7

8

TSP Concentration at Sta-1 and Sta-8 Simulated (dashed), Observed (Solid)

Simulated and Observed SO2 Concentration (mg/m3) on

December 25, 2000

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

1# 2# 3# 4# 6# 7# 8#

观测值

模拟值

SimulatedSimulated ((⃞⃞), Observed (), Observed (⃟⃟))

NOx07h Dec 11, 2000

NOx13 h, Dec 11, 2000

NOx22h, Dec 11, 2000

NOx07h, Dec 12, 2000

TSP13h, Dec 11, 2000

TSP01h, Dec 12, 2000

TSP22h, Dec 16, 2000

Conclusions• Severe air pollution is caused by heavy pollution

sources

• Meteorological conditions take important roles:– Inversion (Stable Stratification)– Valley Winds

• RAMS-HYPACT simulates the transport of the pollutants.