Settling the Settling the Northern ColoniesNorthern Colonies1619-17001619-1700

New England

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New

England1. good harbors

2. small farms and towns

3. trade centered around harbors

4. hilly, forested and shallow soil

5. cities: Boston

• 15,000 – 1750

6. fishing, lumber and trapping

7. Family, religion and community

Massachusetts

New Hampshire

Rhode Island

Connecticut

Contrast with Virginia:Contrast with Virginia: Different Different environment & key role of religion for environment & key role of religion for PuritansPuritans

Congregationalists/Puritans & Congregationalists/Puritans & SeparatistsSeparatists PilgrimsPilgrims founded Plymouth (1620) founded Plymouth (1620)

Separatists!Separatists!– Fled Religious and Political

Persecution

Pilgrims merge with the Puritans to form Massachusetts Bay

ColonyCommunities well

organizedEstablished towns

Protestant Work EthicFamily values

•John Winthrop, founder of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

•Middle class settlers, educated and organized

•Successful as fur traders, fishermen and shipbuilders

•Ruled as “Bible Commonwealth” or theocracy

•New England Way = Puritan covenant with God

•To establish holy society----”city upon a hill”

Building the Bay Building the Bay ColonyColony(4(4thth))

Franchise (right to vote) extended to Franchise (right to vote) extended to “freemen” – adult Puritan men of “freemen” – adult Puritan men of Congregational church (about 40% of men in Congregational church (about 40% of men in the colony ~ higher percentage than in the colony ~ higher percentage than in England)England)

However, in town government, all property-However, in town government, all property-owning males could vote in owning males could vote in town meetingstown meetings– Direct democracy----self governmentDirect democracy----self government

Since idea of government was to enforce Since idea of government was to enforce God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John God’s laws, religious leaders (e.g. John Cotton) were very influentialCotton) were very influential

Building the Bay ColonyBuilding the Bay Colony

Clergy were barred from formal political Clergy were barred from formal political office – early “church/state separation”office – early “church/state separation”

Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Puritan ideas: “calling” to God’s work, Protestant work ethic, limited worldly Protestant work ethic, limited worldly pleasures, fear of hellpleasures, fear of hell

Puritans were Calvinists God was all powerful and all-good. Humans were totally depraved. Predestination:Predestination: God was all-knowing

and knew beforehand who was going to heaven or hell.

"elect" were chosen by God to have eternal salvation

"Good works“ did not determine salvation (like Catholic Church) One could not act immoral since no one knew their status before

God. A conversion experience (personal experience with God) was

seen to be a sign from God that one had been chosen. -- "visible saints"

After conversion, people expected "visible saints"visible saints” to lead "sanctified“"sanctified“ lives as a model for the community.

Puritans insisted they, as God's electGod's elect, had the duty to direct national affairs according to God's will as revealed in

the Bible. Purpose of government was to enforce God's laws. This was called a Theocracy.Theocracy.

This union of church and state to form a holy commonwealth gave Puritanism direct and exclusive control

over most colonial activity. Commercial and political changes forced them to relinquish it at the end of the 17th

century.

John Winthrop: Governor of Mass. John Winthrop: Governor of Mass. Bay ColonyBay Colony

1. Covenant Theology: Winthrop believed Puritans had a covenant with God to lead new religious experiment in New World: "We shall build a city upon a hill"

2. His leadership helped the colony to succeed.

Religion and politics:Religion and politics: "Massachusetts Bible "Massachusetts Bible Commonwealth“Commonwealth“

3. Governing open to all free adult males (2/5 of population) belonging to Puritan congregations; Percentage of eligible officeholders was more than in England.

4. Eventually, Puritan churches grew collectively into the Congregational Church

1. Non-religious men and all women could not vote2. Townhall meetings emerged as a staple of

democracy 3. Town governments allowed all male property

holders and at times other residents to vote and publicly discuss issues. Majority-rule show of hands.

3. Provincial gov't under Governor Winthrop was not a democracy4. Only Puritans -- the "visible saints""visible saints" -- could be freemen; only

freemen could vote 5. Hated democracy and distrusted non-Puritan common people. 6. Congregational church was "established": Non-church members

as well as believers required to pay taxes for the gov't-supported church.

Contributions to American Contributions to American charactercharacter

Democracy (within church) via town meetings and voting rights to church members (starting in 1631)

Townhall meetings, democracy in its purest form.Villagers met to elect their officials and attend civic issues

Perfectionism:Perfectionism:Puritans sought to create a utopia based on God's lawsArgued against slavery on moral grounds Ideas lay foundation for later reform movements: abolition of slavery, women's rights, education, prohibition, prison reform, etc. Protestant work ethic: those who were faithful and worked hard and succeeded were seen favorably by God. Education and community.

Trouble in Bible ColonyTrouble in Bible Colony(Puritan Rebels)(Puritan Rebels)

Social harmony when only Social harmony when only Puritans, but that didn’t lastPuritans, but that didn’t last

Quakers: fines, floggings, Quakers: fines, floggings, banishments, executionsbanishments, executions

Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t Anne Hutchinson: truly saved don’t need to obey (“need to obey (“antinomianismantinomianism” ” the theological doctrine that by the theological doctrine that by faith and God's grace a Christian is faith and God's grace a Christian is freed from all laws (including the freed from all laws (including the moral standards of the culture) moral standards of the culture) – Banished from Mass. BayBanished from Mass. Bay– Travels to Rhode Island with her Travels to Rhode Island with her

children and helps organize this children and helps organize this settlementsettlement

Trouble in Bible ColonyTrouble in Bible Colony (Puritan Rebels)(Puritan Rebels)

Roger Williams: extreme Roger Williams: extreme Separatist, denied right of civil Separatist, denied right of civil government to govern religious government to govern religious behavior, challenged charter for behavior, challenged charter for illegally taking land from Indiansillegally taking land from Indians

Avoided exile to England by Avoided exile to England by fleeing to Rhode Island where in fleeing to Rhode Island where in 1636, aided by Indians, he 1636, aided by Indians, he started a colony in the Providence started a colony in the Providence areaarea

Started the first Baptist churchStarted the first Baptist church Allowed complete freedom of Allowed complete freedom of

religionreligion

Roger Williams

The decline of Puritanism First generation Puritans began losing

their religious zeal as time went on. Puritan population moved out of town

away from control of church. Too much religious intoleration

Children of non-converted members could not be baptized. "Half-Way Covenant",1662: sought to attract more members by

giving partial membership. Members grandchildren could now be baptized.

Eventually, Puritan churches baptized anyone and distinction between the "elect" and other members of society subsided.

Salem Witch Trials, 1692 -- The decline of Puritan clergy

New England Spreads New England Spreads OutOut

1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by 1635: Hartford (Conn.) founded by Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans Dutch/English settlers. Some Puritans moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. moved westward to Connecticut with Rev. Thomas HookerThomas Hooker

1639: Fundamental Orders – modern 1639: Fundamental Orders – modern constitution established democratic constitution established democratic governmentgovernment

1641: New Hampshire taken over by 1641: New Hampshire taken over by overly aggressive Bay Colonyoverly aggressive Bay Colony

1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, 1679: Annoyed by greed of Bay Colony, king arbitrarily separates it, becomes king arbitrarily separates it, becomes royal colonyroyal colony

MassachusettsMassachusetts•1621—PilgrimsPlymouth Colony•1630---PuritansMass. Bay Colony

William BradfordWilliam Bradford•Pilgrims

John Winthrop•Puritans

•Plymouth merges with Mass. 1691

Religious freedom, avoid religious

persecution, to start a “city upon a hill”, and to begin a new life.

Mayflower CompactTheocracy

General CourtRoyal Colony

Rhode IslandRhode Island•1644

•Formed from Mass.

Roger WilliamsRoger Williams•Exiled from Mass.

Anne Hutchison•Exiled from Mass.

•Dissatisfied with Mass. Bay Colony

•Religious freedom

•Consent of the governed

•Self-governing colony

ConnecticutConnecticut•1662

•Formed from Mass.

Rev. Thomas Hooker

Religious freedom, exploring the frontier

and settling new areas.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Self-governing colony

New Hampshire•1679

•Formed from Mass.

John MasonSir Ferdinando

Gorges

Part of Mass. Bay Colony and set up for greater opportunity in frontier---trade goods, fur, fishing & lumber

industry

Royal Colony

Colony/DateColony/Date Person ResponsiblePerson Responsible Why FoundedWhy Founded Governed/OwnerGoverned/Owner

Middle Colonies

New YorkPennsylvaniaNew JerseyDelaware

Middle Colonies

1. River systems

2. Valleys – fertile soil

3. ."bread basket" large farms - surplus food

4. diverse population

5. manufacturing

6. iron mines, glass, shipyards, and paper

7. Cities: New York and Philadelphia

New YorkPennsylvaniaNew JerseyDelawareMiddle Colonies

America, a “melting

pot”

New NetherlandIn1609--Dutch

New York—1664England

Henry Hudson for Netherlands

Duke of York of England names it New

York

English fleet takes New Amsterdam from Dutch in 1664 and becomes New York City---Good

harbor for trade

New Netherlands was an autocracy1689---English Bill of RightsRepresentative GovtRoyal Colony

New Jersey---1702Indian land---Dutch

and Swedish gift from King Charles II to

brother James---gives to his friends Lord John Berkeley & Sir George

Carteret

Attract new settlers for Dutch and Swedish

colonistsRoyal Colony

Pennsylvania—1681

Delaware--1682

William Penn

Swedes

Penn founded for religious freedom for the Quakers---Holy

Experiment—invited all people

Representative govt

Royal Colony

Maryland--1634 Lord BaltimoreReligious toleration—those who believed in Christ---allowed persecuted Catholics to settle in Maryland

Representative govt

Proprietary Colony

Colony/Date Person Responsible Why Founded Governed/OwnerChart 13a

New Netherland New Netherland (New York)(New York)

1609: 1609: Henry Hudson Henry Hudson sailing for Dutch East India sailing for Dutch East India Company sails into Hudson River looking for Company sails into Hudson River looking for passage through continent ~ claims area for Dutchpassage through continent ~ claims area for Dutch

1623-24: 1623-24: Dutch Dutch WestWest India Company India Company establishes New Netherlandestablishes New Netherland

Goal: Goal: quick-profit fur trade; commercial tradequick-profit fur trade; commercial trade ““Bought” Manhattan Island from IndiansBought” Manhattan Island from Indians Company town: Company town: no religious tolerance or free no religious tolerance or free

speech, harsh governorsspeech, harsh governors

New New NetherlanNetherlan

ds &ds &New New

SwedenSweden

New New NetherlanNetherlan

ds &ds &New New

SwedenSweden

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

Urban Population Urban Population GrowthGrowth

1650 - 17751650 - 1775

New NetherlandNew Netherland Colony had aristocratic influence Colony had aristocratic influence

((a member of a ruling class or of a member of a ruling class or of the nobilitythe nobility) with large feudal ) with large feudal estates (“estates (“patroonshipspatroonships” – one ” – one was larger than Rhode Island)was larger than Rhode Island)

Very diverse populationVery diverse population: in : in 1640s missionary observed 18 1640s missionary observed 18 languageslanguages

New YorkNew York

Manors &Manors &

Land Land GrantsGrants

PatroonshiPatroonshipsps

similar to similar to the fedual the fedual

systemsystem

New York Harbor, New York Harbor, 16391639

New York Harbor, New York Harbor, 16391639

New AmsterdamNew AmsterdamNew AmsterdamNew Amsterdam

Dutch ConflictsDutch Conflicts

Dutch cruelties to Indians brought Dutch cruelties to Indians brought retaliatory massacres retaliatory massacres – Dutch built wall (Dutch built wall (Wall StreetWall Street) around ) around

New Amsterdam (peg leg New Amsterdam (peg leg Peter Peter StuyvesantStuyvesant.).)

Connecticut rejected Dutch settlersConnecticut rejected Dutch settlers

Dutch in New Dutch in New YorkYork

English immigration to New Netherland English immigration to New Netherland resulted in 1/2 total population - resulted in 1/2 total population - English regarded Dutch as intrudersEnglish regarded Dutch as intruders

Charles II will take the land from Dutch Charles II will take the land from Dutch & will later give it to his brother James & will later give it to his brother James (Duke of York)(Duke of York)

English squadron comes, New English squadron comes, New Netherland leader, Peter Stuyvesant, Netherland leader, Peter Stuyvesant, Gov. of New York had no defense; Gov. of New York had no defense; surrendered, renamed New Yorksurrendered, renamed New York

An Angry Peter Stuyvesant

Duke of York

New JerseyNew Jersey

James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley James gave 2 friends, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, the section of and Sir George Carteret, the section of New York located between the Hudson New York located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1664River and Delaware Bay in 1664– He felt the territory of New York was too He felt the territory of New York was too

large to administerlarge to administer Both proprietors allowed religious Both proprietors allowed religious

freedom and an assembly in addition to freedom and an assembly in addition to giving generous land offers to attract giving generous land offers to attract settlers settlers

Lord John Berkeley

Mid-1600s: religious Mid-1600s: religious dissenters named dissenters named QuakersQuakers arose in Englandarose in England

Hated by authorities Hated by authorities because:because:

– they refused to pay taxes to they refused to pay taxes to Church of England, Church of England,

– refused to take oaths, refused to take oaths, – refused military servicerefused military service

Penn governs the colony, unusual for a proprietorAdvertised in Europe, promising land & freedoms

Frame of Government (guaranteed elected assembly), Charter of Liberties (freedom of worship, open

immigration), fair treatment of Native Americans

Penn’s family owed a large debt from the British Crown. Given a

land grant in 1681. Pennsylvania

Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn

Royal Land Grant to Royal Land Grant to PennPenn

Penn & Native Penn & Native

AmericansAmericansPenn & Native Penn & Native

AmericansAmericans

Penn’s Treaty with thePenn’s Treaty with theNative AmericansNative Americans

Penn’s Treaty with thePenn’s Treaty with theNative AmericansNative Americans

That an example may be set up to the nations as ... a

holy experiment.

  William Penn

All men have a natural and infeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the dictates of their own

consciences; no man can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry against his consent; no human authority can, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of

conscience, and no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establishment or modes of worship.

  - William Penn, Declaration of Rights

Penn, more than any other individual founder or

colonist, proved to be the chosen vessel through which

the stream of demand for respect for individual rights was to flow so richly into our

American reservoir of precious ideals.

PennsylvaniPennsylvania & a & NeighborsNeighbors Penn Penn boughtbought land from land from

Indians ~ treatment of Indians ~ treatment of them so fair that Quakers them so fair that Quakers went to them unarmed and even went to them unarmed and even employed Indians as babysitters employed Indians as babysitters

However, as However, as non-Quakernon-Quaker immigrants immigrants came, they were came, they were less tolerant less tolerant of of Indians (Scots-Irish) Indians (Scots-Irish)

Liberal features: Liberal features: elected assembly, no elected assembly, no tax-supported church, freedom of tax-supported church, freedom of worship, only 2 capital crimesworship, only 2 capital crimes

DelawareDelaware

Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Penn granted the lower 3 counties of Pennsylvania their own assemblyPennsylvania their own assembly

Governor was the same as Governor was the same as Pennsylvania’s until the American Pennsylvania’s until the American RevolutionRevolution

William PennWilliam Penn

Rebellions in America during Glorious Revolution:

• Leisler’s = NY = new rich win

• Coode’s = MD = Catholics lose

1692 Salem Witch Trials• Young girls had “seizures” & accused others of doing it to

them through witchcraft.• Why did this happen?

– No one knows– Factors: eco tension b-w classes, Indian attacks, rural vs. urban,

independent women

• Result:– 19 people hanged, pressed or stoned to death in Salem (more jailed)– Increase Mather, Congregationalist minister, asked for leniency– Spectral evidence (not provable (dreams)) used– Girls started accusing important people in town.– Witchcraft stopped being a capital offensive after this