Session W2.02C J U N E 2 Session W2 - NFMT

Session W2.02C

© 2015 NEMIC

JUNE 2–3, 2015 • FT. WORTH, TX

High-Performance Buildings Require High-Performance Environments

Davor NovoselChief Technology OfficerNational Energy Management Institute Committee

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J U N E 2 – 3 , 2 0 1 5 • F T . W O R T H , T X

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Establishing the energy performance baseline - OR –Are we focusing on the “correct” energy performance metrics?Metrics of high performing building environmentsStart with TAB to meet energy goals

Overview

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Establishing the Energy Performance Baseline

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19%

22%

31%28%

4

Commercial BuildingsResidential Buildings

IndustrialTransportation

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0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200

Education

Food Sales

Food Service

Healthcare Inpatient

Healthcare Outpatient

Lodging

Retail (Other Than Mall)

Office

Public Assembly

Public Order and Safety

Religious Worship

Service

Warehouse and Storage

Other

Major Fuel Consumption (trillion Btu) by End Use for Non-Mall Buildings

Heating

Cooling

Ventilation

Water Heating

Lighting

Cooking

Refrigeration

Office Equipment

Computers

Other

2003 Survey of U.S. Commercial Buildings Stock

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IssuesMeasure of large scale energy improvements are not clearly definedMeans how to measure are unclear

Quantifying energy use of a building is difficult because

Utility bills only provide consumption but not actual building energy efficiencyEnergy consumption is influenced by uncontrollable parameters (occupancy, usage patterns, type, weather) that may vary widely from year to yearNo general agreement on how to assess building performanceEasy to use, comprehensive building performance metrics are absent

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Currently accepted measure of the energy performance of a building:

EUI = Gross Square Footage

Annual Energy Consumption

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Energy Utilization Index (EUI)

ft² yr.

Btu=

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Building energy performance normative data:

Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)Energy Star® Portfolio Manager

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Ene

rgy

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n, k

Btu

/f²-

yr CBECS 24 yr Average (All Buildings)

25

50

75

100

125

1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20

AIA BEPS (1976)EO 13423

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0-7

5

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0A

-19

80

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-19

89

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-19

99

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

04

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

07

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

13

EO 13514: net-zero energy by 2030

95% Confidence interval

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

10

Year

DOE/EIA CBECS Trend with 95% CI (June 2006)

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Ene

rgy

Use

Ind

ex (

19

75

= 1

00

)

Year

1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20

90

100

70

80

40

60

30

50

20

10

14%

11%

16%

8%

4%

4%

?

CBECS Trend (June 2006)A

SHR

AE

Std

90

-75

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0A

-19

80

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-19

89

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-19

99

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

04

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

07

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

10

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

13

ASH

RA

E St

d9

0.1

-20

16

ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Use Index

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• 4,859,000 buildings• 71.658 billion ft²• Median building size

~ 5,000 ft²• Median age = 50 yrs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

2003 Survey of U.S. Commercial Buildings Stock

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Rate of Change of Buildings

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“Our basic argument is that

there is no such thing as a

building. A building properly

conceived is several layers

of longevity of built

components.”Francis Duffy, DEGW

Rate of Change of Buildings

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Skin: 25-50 years

Structure: 50-300 years

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Site: “eternal”

Services: 15-20 years

Space Plan: 5-7 years

Stuff

Building = Shearing Layers of Change (Six “S”)

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Structure

Services

Space Plan

Structure: 50 years

Services: 15-20 years

Space Plan: 5-7 years

Building Age

Cap

ital

Co

st

Traditional View of Building Costs

Cumulative Total over 50 Years

Building Life Cycle Costs

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To meet meaningful energy goals we must focus on existing buildings because

In 50 years most of the buildings constructed today will still be standing.

Net-zero energy goals will have no broad impact until significant building stock has been replaced.

Existing buildings offer the largest energy savings potential

Increasing the energy efficiency of today’s building from 50% to 70% would save about 20GW (10 Hoover Dams)

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Is energy efficiency the right metric to gauge how well a building performs?

How do energy conservation measures impact employees (building occupants)?

Energy Cost $2.50/ft²

Employee Cost$250.00/ft²

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Metrics of High Performing Building Environments

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Fundamental building objectives:

Safe, secure and healthy environment for occupants

Facilitate performance and productivity of occupants, facility managers, and owners

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Ene

rgy

Use

Ind

ex (

19

75

= 1

00

)

Year

1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20

90

100

70

80

40

60

30

50

20

10

14%

11%

16%

8%

4%

4%

?

CBECS Trend (June 2006)A

SHR

AE

Std

90

-75

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0A

-19

80

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-19

89

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-19

99

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

04

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

07

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

10

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

13

ASH

RA

E St

d9

0.1

-20

16

ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Energy Use Index

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While we increased the energy efficiency of new buildings by 100%, shouldn’t we have increased the productivity of the indoor environments proportionally?

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Year

100

1975 80 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20

90

70

80

40

60

30

50

20

10

110

150

130

140

120

Productivity of indoor environments

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0-7

5

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0A

-19

80

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-19

89

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-19

99

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

04

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

07

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

10

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

13

ASH

RA

E St

d 9

0.1

-20

16

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Social Factors• Secular trends• Social factors in mini-

environments

Personal Factors• Intrinsic• Adaptive• Psychological

environmental• Risk perception

Physical Factors• Sources• Building systems• Exposures

Motivating Factors• Economic• Other motivators

Human Responses• Objective• Perceptive• Affective

Human Factors

Occupant Performance

Productivity

Cost Factors• First costs• O&M costs• Other costs

Response FunctionsForcing Functions(Measurable forces that disturb building systems)

Extended Rational Model for Evaluation of Human Response, Occupant Performance and Productivity

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Occupant acceptability (OA) attribute is independent of the function of the building and can be correlated with exposure metrics of the indoor environment

OA can be measured and correlated to specific building environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, lighting, odors, draft, acoustics, etc.)

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Building Energy Performance Metrics

Energy Utilization Index (EUI)

Net-zero energy

Time dependent valuation (California Title 24)

Non-energy Building Performance Metrics

Human responses to indoor environments

Occupant performance

Economic performance

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Is there a relationship between the two sets of metrics?

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Acceptability index value (AIV)

AIV = Energy Utilization Index (EUI)

Occupant Acceptance (%) of a Specific Environmental

Parameter

Btu

ft² yr %

AIV =: Amount of energy that must be expended to achieve 1 percent occupant acceptability

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AIV can be developed for every environmental parameter:

Temperature

Humidity

Lighting

Odors

Draft

Acoustics

Others

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Bldg ID Location

Const.

Com-

pletion

Date

LEED™

Rating

No.

Floors

System Type EUI (Btu/GSF/yr) Occupancy Overall

Accept-

ability

(%)

Primary System Supply Air

Distribution

Reported Verified No. Density

(GSF/P)

1-6 PA 2004 Gold 4Steam/

Packaged RTUsVAV/UFAD 36,076 49,919 240 789 717

1-8 CA 2003 Gold 2Hot/ chilled

water AHUsVAV/CAD 40,507 40,717 75 697 470

1-9 MO 2004 Platinum 2

Steam/ Hot/

chilled water

AHUs

CAV/UFAD NA 61,171 170 641 950

6-3 NE 2004 Gold 3Hot/ chilled

water AHUsVAV/UFAD NA 79,118 100 680 1343

6-4 MO 2005 Platinum 4Hot/ chilled

water AHUsVAV/UFAD 40,506 45,716 300 400 779

FCH- 1 OR 2006 Gold 5Hot/ chilled

water AHUs

VAV/UFAD

(50% of floor

area)

53,386 180 1482 953

FCH- 4 FL 2003Not

Rated15

Hot/ chilled

water AHUsVAV/CAD 54,347 NA NA 597

Summary of Characteristics of Investigated Buildings

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Overall, Thermal and Acoustics Acceptability of Investigated Buildings

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0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

1-6G

1-8G

1-9P

6-3G

6-4P

FCH-1G

FCH-4NR

AIV

Building ID

Overall Acceptability

Thermal AIV

Acoustics AIV

ProposedOverall AIV Goal

Specific AIV Goal

LEEDTM Rating: G = LEED Gold; P = LEED Platinum; NR = No Rating

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Many pieces of equipment that need to operate in unison

No design is the same Usage changes over time Equipment degradation over time Control system degradation

Imagine your building as an orchestra …

Your building requires periodic fine tuning (TAB)!

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When to do TAB?Commissioning?Start-up?Tenant change?Annually?Change-over?When budget allows?

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Structure

Services

Space Plan

Building Age

Cap

ital

Co

st

TAB

TAB

TABTAB

TABTAB

TAB

When to do TAB?

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Base Load New Base Load

Re-commissioning

Lighting Upgrades

SupplementalLoad Reductions

Air DistributionUpgrades

HVAC Upgrades

TAB

TAB

TABTAB

TAB

Staged Approach to Building Upgrades

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Masterformat 2004 Division 23 - Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)

Section 23 0593: Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing for HVAC; last updated May 2010

Section 23 0800: Commissioning of HVAC

Defines scope, objectives, procedures, Contractor's responsibilities.

How to Specify TAB?

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Energy performance of a building needs to be viewed in context of an equally high performing indoor environment

Energy performance and occupant acceptability of their environment can be linked with AIVs

Acceptability Index Values can be developed for every environmental parameter

Investment decisions and operational goals should be tied to AIVs

Perform TAB to establish a baseline and ensure that your building operates as intended

Summary

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Davor Novosel

Chief Technology Officer

National Energy Management Institute Committee

8403 Arlington Boulevard, Suite 100

Fairfax, VA 22031

[email protected]

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Session W2.02C J U N E 2 Session W2 - NFMT

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