Session 3: Exodus...Session 3: Exodus Videos: • Exodus Part I (The Bible Project) • Exodus Part...

Session 3: Exodus

Videos:

• Exodus Part I (The Bible Project)

• Exodus Part II (The Bible Project)

Recommended Readings from the ESV Study Bible: • Introduction to Exodus (pp. 139–144)

• I AM WHO I AM (p. 149)

• The Tabernacle and Court (pp. 190–191)

Handout from The Bible Project:

• Exodus Overview Poster

Handouts from Dr. Parke:

• Old Testament Law

• Exodus — When?

• Timeline: Exodus 12 - Deuteronomy 34

Handouts from ESV Study Bible:

• Three Stages of Moses’ Life

• The Hardening of Pharaoh’s Heart

• The Battle between Yahweh and the Rulers of Egypt

• The Tabernacle Tent

Session 3: Exodus - of 21

Old Testament Law

The Hebrew noun torah, translated “law,” also means “instruction” and “teaching.”

The Israelites did not despise the Law. On the contrary, it inspired them to sing: e.g.,

Psalm 19:7-14 and Psalm 119, the longest “chapter” in the Bible.

The Law revealed God’s nature. It defined God’s will.

The twelfth-century Jewish philosopher Maimonides tabulated the laws in the Pentateuch (AKA

Torah), Genesis - Deuteronomy.

248 Admonitions [“dos”]

365 Prohibitions [“don’ts”]

613

Collections of Law

ì Covenant CodeExodus 20:22 - 23:33

í Priestly Code Exodus 25-31; Exodus 34:29 - Leviticus 16:34; portions of Numbers

î Holiness CodeLeviticus 17-26

ï Deuteronomic Code Deuteronomy 12-26

Kinds of Law

APODICTIC LAW: “Absolute Law”

unconditional, categorical directives such as admonitions and prohibitions

absolute orders about right and wrong--NO exceptions

personal, direct address; brief

“Thou shalt . . . ”

“Thou shalt not . . . ”

FOCUS: moral and religious matters

Examples

Ten Commandments

Lex Talionis (“Law of Retaliation”)

“Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for

wound, bruise for bruise.” [Exodus 21:24-25]


CASUISTIC LAW: “Case Law”

IF -----> THEN format

The “if” clause describes the case concerned, the “then” clause describes the legal penalty for

infractions.

impersonal, third-person style; wordy

FOCUS: civil or criminal matters

Examples

“IF men have a quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with his fist, and he does not

die but remains in bed, IF he gets up and walks around outside on his staff, THEN he who

struck him shall go unpunished; he shall only pay for his loss of time, and shall take care of

him until he is completely healed.” [Exodus 21:18-19]

“IF a fellow countryman of yours becomes so poor he has to sell part of his property,

THEN his nearest kinsman is to come and buy back what his relative has sold.”

[Leviticus 25:25]

Descriptions and Principles

ì Old Testament Law is selective, NOT exhaustive.

“The OT’s legal sections do not constitute a comprehensive legal code. Instead, they present

a select sample of illustrative cases or topics whose legal principles were to serve as a guide

to Israel. Their purpose was to teach the Israelite fundamental values, not to provide them

with a handy legal reference tool. In short, their aim was instructional rather than judicial.”

^ Our societal laws are voluminous in order to anticipate every contingency and to close

loopholes.

í The context for Old Testament Law is covenant.

“OT law represents the personal demands of Israel’s sovereign Lord, not an abstract system

of morality or a technical legal code. In light of this, readers must interpret law relationally--

as the guidelines that govern Israel’s ongoing life with her gracious God.”

^ We obey our societal laws in order to avoid punishment, NOT to please any person.

How does Old Testament Law Relate to Christians?

ì Some Old Testament laws retain their literal validity for Christians.

Examples

Exodus 20:1-17

Leviticus 19:18

Deuteronomy 6:5


í Sometimes, a New Testament teaching makes an Old Testament law more strict.

Examples

Murder and HatredMatthew 5:21-26

Adultery and LustMatthew 5:27-30

Divorce and RemarriageMatthew 5:31-32

î Some Old Testament laws, in light of New Testament teachings, no longer have a literal

validity.

Examples

Dietary Regulations Mark 7:19; Acts 10:9-16

Circumcision Galatians 5:2-6

Sacrificial System Hebrews 10:1-10

ï Old Testament laws that no longer have a literal validity still teach important timeless truths.

“To properly interpret law the student must discover the timeless truth beneath its cultural

husk.”

“All of the OT applies to Christians, but none of it applies apart from its fulfillment in

Christ.”

“All of the Old Testament law is still the Word of God for us even though it is not still the

command of God to us. The Bible contains all sorts of commands that God wants us to know

about, which are not directed toward us personally.”

“Only that which is explicitly renewed from the Old Testament law can be considered part of

the New Testament ‘law of Christ.”

“mistake to conclude . . . that the Law is no longer a valuable part of the Bible”

Examples: Odd Laws

Exodus 23:19 and 34:26

Numbers 5:11-31

Deuteronomy 22:9-12

John H. Sailhamer, The Pentateuch as Narrative, 481-516.

William W. Klein, Craig L. Blomberg, and Robert L. Hubbard, Jr., Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, 275-82.

Gordon D. Fee and Douglas Stuart, How to read the Bible for All Its Worth, 153-54.


HANDOUT: Exodus--When?

Early Date Late Date

REASONS

1 Kings 6:1In the fourth

year of his

reign, King

Solomon began

the construction

of the temple in

Jerusalem, 480

years after the

EXODUS.

966 B.C.

+ 480 years

1446 B.C.

Jerichodestroyed no

later than 1325

B.C., not

resettled until

the 7th century

B.C.

1876 B.C.

1446 B.C.

1400 B.C.

|

|

|

Period of the

Judges

|

|

|

1050 B.C.

Jacob and his

family enter

Egypt.

|

|

430-year

stay

Exodus

12:40-41

|

|

The Israelites

leave Egypt.

EXODUS

The Israelites

enter the

Promised

Land after

wandering

40 years in

the

wilderness.

Saul

becomes

Israel’s first

king.

1720 B.C.

1290 B.C.

1250 B.C.

|

|

|

Period of the

Judges

|

|

|

1050 B.C.

REASONS

stele of

Merneptah

1220 B.C.

Exodus 1:11construction of

Raamses and

Pithom, cities

attributed to

Rameses II

Numbers

20:14-21no Edomite

settlement

before 1300

B.C.

Aireoccupied

1220 B.C.

Betheldestroyed 1250

B.C.

Hazordestroyed 13th

century B.C.

Lachishdestroyed 1234

B.C.

Megiddo

Aphekdestroyed 1135

B.C.


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Three Stages of Moses’ Life From the ESV Study Bible (p.148)

Location Age Reference

Egypt 0–40 Ex. 2:11; Acts 7:23

Midian 41–80 Ex. 2:15; 7:7; Acts 7:29–30

The wilderness 81–120 Deut. 31:2; 34:7; cf. Num. 14:33–34; Deut. 29:5


The Hardening of

Pharaoh’s Heart From the ESV Study Bible (p.151)

Declarations Hardenings

I [Yahweh] will harden Pharaoh’s

heart.

Yahweh hardened the heart of

Pharaoh.

Pharaoh’s heart was hardened.

Pharaoh hardened his heart.

4:21

7:3

7:13

7:14

7:22

8:15

8:19

8:32

9:7

9:12

9:34

9:35

10:1

10:20

10:27

11:10

14:4

14:5

14:8


The Battle between Yahweh

and the Rulers of Egypt From the ESV Study Bible (p.156)

Exodus records the instructions and events of the plagues for the purpose of showing how

the Lord revealed both his person and his power through delivering Israel from Egypt. The

plagues fall on areas of life supposedly protected by Egypt’s gods, thus demonstrating the

Lord’s power over the gods of the world’s mightiest nation. The narrative of the plagues is

therefore not necessarily an exhaustive account of everything that happened but is

shaped in order to communicate the aspects of each plague that are necessary for its

purpose. For example, the section describing the third plague (8:16–19) does not record

either the instruction or the event of Moses and Aaron going before Pharaoh, but the fact

that the magicians seek to reproduce the sign (v. 18) indicates that it is likely they

performed it initially in the presence of Pharaoh and his court. Each of the sections on the

third, sixth, and ninth plagues are similar in their brevity and style, which also lends to the

shape of three cycles of three plagues leading up to the tenth and final plague.˝


Type of Plague Reference Warning?

Time of Warning Instruction Agent Staff?

Pharaoh promises to let people go?

Pharaoh’s heart hardened?

1ST CYCLE

1. Nile to blood

7:14–25 YesIn the morning

Go to Pharaoh; Stand

Aaron Yes – Yes

2. Frogs from the Nile

8:1–15 Yes –Go in to Pharaoh

Aaron Yes Yes Yes

3. Dust to gnats

8:16–19 – – – Aaron Yes – Yes

2ND CYCLE

4. Flies 8:20–32 YesEarly in the morning

Present yourself to Pharaoh

God – Yes Yes

5. Egyptian livestock die

9:1–7 Yes –Go in to Pharaoh

God – – Yes

6. Boils 9:8–12 – – – Moses – – Yes

3RD CYCLE

7. Hail 9:13–35 YesEarly in the morning

Present yourself before Pharaoh

Moses – Yes Yes

8. Locusts 10:1–20 Yes –Go in to Pharaoh

Moses Yes Yes Yes

9. Darkness 10:21–29 – – – Moses Yes Yes Yes

10. Death of firstborn

11:1–10; 12:29–32

Yes – – God Yes Yes Yes


The Tabernacle Tent From the ESV Study Bible (p.186)

The entire tent was 45 feet (13.7 m) long, 15 feet (4.6 m) wide, and 15 feet (4.6 m)

high. It was a wooden skeletal structure, overlaid with gold, with no solid roof or front

wall (Ex. 26:15–29). Five wooden bars (overlaid with gold) passed through rings

attached to each frame(Ex. 26:26–30).˝


Session 3: Exodus...Session 3: Exodus Videos: • Exodus Part I (The Bible Project) • Exodus Part...

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