Session 1INTRODUCTION

Course : S0663 – Land Surveying

Year : 2007

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Definition (1)

General Description

Surveying is the art and science of taking field measurements include horizontal and slope distance, vertical distances, and horizontal and vertical distances

Look: http://surveying.mentabolism.org/buckner.html

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General Background

1. Surveys are made to collect data, which can then be drawn to scale on a plan or map (preliminary surveys or pre-engineering surveys).

2. Field surveys are made to lay out dimensions taken from a design plan and thus define precisely the location of the proposed construction facility.

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Definition (2)

Geomatics– A term used to describe the science and technology of dealing with earth measurement data.– Include data collection, data processing, data analysis, and data presentation

Geomatics cover of :– Geodetic– Surveying or Land Surveying– Remote Sensing– Photogrammetry– Cartography– Geographic Information System/ GIS– Global Positioning System (GPS)

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Geomatics Data Model

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Measurement Units

a. Distance MeasurementUsed metric systems, such as meter, kilometer, centimeter, etc

b. Area MeasurementEx. m2 (square meter), km2 (square kilometer), are (1 are = 100 m2), hectare (1 ha = 10,000 m2)

c. Volume Measurement Ex. m3 (cubic meter), km3 (cubic kilometer),

d. Angle Measurement 3 types of angle measurement system:

–SecsagesimaleDivided circle in 360 degrees, 1 degree = 60 minutes and 1 minutes = 60 seconds

–CenticimalDivided circle into 400 grades (each quadrant = 100 grades), 1 grade = 100 centigrades (1g = 100c) and 1 centigrade = 100 centi centigrades (1c = 100cc)

–RadialDivided circle by 2 with is about 3.1416 or a half of circle perimeter divided by its radius.

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Measurement Units

Several Equation of angle measurement

1 circle = 360o = 400 grade = 2π rad

• Degree1o = 60’ (minute)1’ = 60” (second)

• Grade1 grade = 100 centigrade (centesimal)1 centigrade = 100 centicentigrade

• Radian1 rad = 57.30o

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Scale

• Scale on the map is the ratio of distance on the map and true distance at the earth surface.

• This scale enables to draw wide area on the paper with limited size.• Example:

Distance between point A and B on the map is 1 cm and true distance at the earth surface is 1 km. The scale of the map is:

1 cm : 1 km 1 cm : 100.000 cm 1 : 100.000

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Scale

Scale could be described as:a. Number ratio, exampe:

“1 : 10,000” or “1 : 250” etc

b. Graphical Scale: a line, use to describe the distance on the map which equivalent to certain actual distance (e.g. 1 km). This scale line is usually divided into some parts (normally 10 parts) to facilitate the map reading. Garis Skala ini biasanya dibagi dalam bagian-bagian (biasanya 10 bagian) untuk memudahkan pembacaan peta. Generally the scale sign lay on the bottom side of map.

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Scale

• Example of Graphical Scale:

Graphic Scale

0 1 2 3 km1 0.5

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Scale

Scale functions at map:• To enable of the wide area of earth surface drawing into

limited paper size.• Can be used to assist the measurement of actual

distance at the earth surface.

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Scale

Scale can be divided into 2 types:

a. Large ScaleTo draw the small area, example “1 : 10” or “1 : 20” or “1: 50” etc.

Use for detail drawing of a location.

b. Small ScaleTo draw the large area, example “1 : 500” or “1: 25,000” etc.

Use for drawing of the wide area of earth surface.

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Map

a. Technical Map– Technical map is made for advance construction design before

the construction execution. Example: technical map for building construction, road construction, bridge, hydraulic structure, railway construction etc.

– This map has a scale up to 1 : 10,000, and it is usually adjusted to the condition of planning construction.

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Map

b. Topography Map– To describe the high and low of the surface of a region/country.

This map is a detail map of wide area, which use smaller scale than 1 : 10,000 - 1 : 100,000.

– An example, topography map of Indonesia region with scale of 1 : 25,000, which consists of some pages of topography map to describe the regions of our country.

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Map

c. Geography Map– A map is used to describe the earth suface condition. This map is

usually made with scale less than 1 : 100,000.

– An example: country map which is made in scale of 1 : 1,000,000.

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Map

• The other maps– Geology Map

– Hydrography Map

– Tourism Map

– City Map

– Irrigation Map

– Forestry Map